Developing A Framework For Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in The Building Envelope of Housing Developments

DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS
University of the Philippines College of Architecture
Developing a Framework for Applying EnergyEfficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments
Submitted by: Aaron Julius M. Lecciones
March 27, 2006 Approved by: Signature Names of Project Adviser, Jury Members and Research Committee Members Adviser: Prof. Jose F. Ignacio Research Committee Members: Prof. Ruby Teresa M. de Leon Prof. Emilio U. Ozaeta Prof. Grace C. Ramos Jury Panel Members: Head of Panel: Prof. Alex P. Evangelista Members: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis Prof. Ruel B. Ramirez Prof. Jesus C. Bulaong Prof. Paulo G. Alcazaren College Dean: Prof. Prosperidad C. Luis Date
Aaron Julius M. Lecciones
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Philippines has long been suffering escalating costs of imported crude oil. This foreign crude oil is imported into the Philippines to power industries, commerce, agriculture, transport and residences allover the country. Since the country has yet to achieve energy independence, there is no option but to continue this expensive dependence on foreign oil. The government has forecasted that from 2004 till 2014, spanning a decade, the country is likely to almost double its requirements for energy. This increase is led by the residential sector which requires about 3-4 percent more energy per year till 2014. Currently, the residential sector comprises 38 percent of the total energy demand. This is the largest contribution by any sector. The other sectors include agricultural, industry, commerce, and transport. There is a need to control the use of energy by the residential sector. The residential sector is made up of each individual household in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Energy consumption is by far greater in urban areas than rural areas. This is not only due to the fact of higher population density but also a higher income per capita in urban centers. Household energy use in urban centers is mainly from electricity. This is the main source of power for lighting, recreation cooling, cooking and refrigeration. Among all levels of the residential sector, the middle income group is the largest and contributes the most to energy demand. Among all households in this group, the highest energy consuming appliance in use is the air conditioner. The future demand of air conditioning in urban areas of the country is an average annual increase of 20 percent. Thus, space cooling is certainly an area which requires intervention at the household level. If this is achieved, there will be a positive effect on the consumption of energy in each household. Ultimately, this will lead to a decrease in energy demand by the residential sector. The thesis entitled Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments aims to achieve just that a house which does not require artificial space cooling. This is done by making sure that the building envelope of a house meets certain performance requirements which should ensure that there would be no need for space cooling. The unit of measurement used in this thesis for acquiring building envelope performance is the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The concept of thermal comfort is used from the book Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities by G.V. Manahan. The methodology used is the comparison of a Business as-Usual or BAU house and an Efficient State House. The energy consumption of air conditioning for a BAU case is taken from the analysis of a typical middle-income households energy use through an energy audit. The different materials used for the building envelope of the BAU case are compared to the materials that exhibit a more efficient OTTV level. Also included in the comparative analysis are differences in roof slope, sizes of fenestrations and solar orientation. From this different scenarios are produced and tabulated to come up with prescriptions that guide a designer in
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choosing the right materials for windows, walls, and roofs for a specific design to be energy-efficient. A handbook for non-technical users was developed in order for the laymen to apply these guidelines. This handbook was used in conjunction with the development of the design application of two prototype houses. The two prototype houses were designed using the prescriptions the first being based on parameters of the house design of a typical middle income household, while the second being a more extreme condition to test the guidelines in such a scenario. It is hoped that with such guidelines, future housing developments would become more environmentally sensitive through energy-efficiency and design with thermal comfort in mind.
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Acknowledgments
This thesis project would not have been possible without the help of so many family members, friends, classmates, teachers, experts and many individuals who gave their time to assist and guide me throughout my study. First and foremost, I would like to thank God for all the blessing he has given me in my life and especially during this thesis project. I would like to thank my mom Amy, who has always encouraged me when everybody seemed averse to my ideas. I thank you so much for listening to me even if I know that half of the time you didnt understand what I was talking about. I would like to thank my sisters, Larissa, Aisa and Sara, for always encouraging me and giving me advice. I would like to thank my dad Julius, for believing that I can do it. I would also like to thank my grandmother Rose, she always gave me all her support and love. Also all my cousins for cheering me up when times were rough! I would like to also thank my thesis adviser Prof. Ignacio I gave him a hard time and we had a lot of bumps and also smooth rides throughout the year. Thank you for trusting me and helping me with getting things into laymens perspective. Theres also Prof. Grace Ramos, who is my faculty adviser, without her strict guidance I would have missed my deadlines. I missed one and after that I never did, thanks to her! I also thank the other faculty adviser Prof. Ruby de Leon and Prof. Ozaeta. Many experts have helped me with my study - known professionals in their fields. I thank them so much for having shared with me their great knowledge and wisdom on the different topics touched in my thesis. These include in no particular order: Mr. Carmelito A. Tatlonghari, Eng. Artessa Saldivar-Sali, Mr. Wally del Mundo, Arch. Iskandar Shafie of Terelay, Arch, Eng. Noel Verdote of DOE , Ms. Helen Arias of DOE, Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Mr. Jesus Anunciacion of DOE, Arch. Delfa Uy, and Mr. Erwin Serafica of the Energy Efficiency Department of the NEC. There are also individuals who I want to thank for extending a helping hand during my study. These include, in no particular order: Ms. Karen Grande, Ms. Rose Sumulong, Ms. Hazel Vicencio, Mrs. Vicky Capito, and Ms. Elizabeth Navalta all from DOE; Mrs. Leonisa C. De La Llana, Mrs. Jessica V. Santos, Mrs. Ruth David, Ms. Nikki Lirios, Ms. Jenn all from Meralco, Mr. Mark Gomez, Mrs. Tony Yulo, Mr. Nubla of Mirant, , Mr. Ferdie Aguila of Aguila Glass, Ms. Ferrier of HUDCC, Ms. Grace Edralin, Ms. Celine Sychangco, Mr. Ellery Luague, Ms. Shirley Cuevas, Ms. Cynthia Layusa, Ms. Zenaida Ugat, Ms. Cheryl Prudente, and all the people at NHA, HUDCC, DOE, and Meralco! I would like to thank my fellow batch mates for their support. I love you all! I hope that I have not left out anybody and if I did - my sincerest apologies. Thank you again for all the support and help!
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Table of Contents
i. ii. iii. iv. I. Title Page Executive Summary Acknowledgements Table of Contents Project Background a. The Research Problem and Its Setting i. Rationale ii. Statement of the Problem iii. The Setting of the Problem 1. Delimitation of the Problem 2. Definition of Terms 3. Assumptions 4. Significance of Study 5. Theoretical Framework b. Hypothesis c. Methodology d. Review of Literature II. Present Conditions Analysis a. Present Conditions and Baseline Studies i. Demographic Data ii. Industry Profile iii. Baseline Studies III. Data Analysis a. Energy Situation Analysis c. Viability Studies IV. The Indicative and Investigative Survey a. The Framework i. Business as Usual Case ii. Efficient-State Replacement Sets .. 28 .. 43 .. 46 .. 62-76 .. 62 .. 73 .. 77-140 .. 77 .. 79 .. 82 .. 10 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 16 .. 19 .. 19 .. 23 .. 28-61 .. 7 .. 8 .. 1 .. 2-3 .. 4 .. 5-6 .. 7-27
b. Business As Usual Consumption Density Analysis .. 67
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b. The Results c. Analysis of Results d. Architectural Program for the Design Application i. Missions, Visions, Goals, PRs ii. Summary of Analysis of Results V. The Translation Guidelines a. Required State Program b. Concept Breakdown c. Guidelines for Building Envelope VI. Design Application of Guidelines a. Introduction b. Space Program c. The Prototype Houses i. Prototype Houses basic Design ii. Prototype House A iii. Prototype House B d. Project Estimate e. Project Schedule VII. Handbook for Designers and Other Users a. Introduction b. Concept c. Guidelines d. Building Envelope Prescriptions e. Replacement Sets VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. List of Units of Measurement List of Acronyms Conversion Rates List of Tables and Figures Appendices Bibliography
.. 92-121 .. 122-130 .. 131-140 .. 133 .. 137-140 .. 141-147 .. 141 .. 142 .. 143 .. 148-188 .. 148 .. 149 .. 159 .. 159 .. 163 .. 172 .. 182 .. 187 .. 189-210 .. 189 .. 193 .. 195 .. 197 .. 200 .. 211 .. 212 .. 213-214 .. 215-218 .. 219 .. 220-224
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PROJECT BACKGROUND 1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1.1 Rationale
The Philippines continues to experience an energy crisis as the cost of crude oil escalates on a regular basis. This crisis is partly due to the present heavy reliance of fossil fuel-based energy production in the country. The increasing demand for energy and the continued reliance on fossil fuelbased sources is leaving the country in an unsustainable situation. The government cannot continue to support the countrys long-term energy needs without compromising resources for other aspects of development.
The current trend in energy consumption cannot be sustained without potentially causing damage to the environment as well as the economy. Currently fifty-five percent of our energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels, thirty-seven percent of which is crude oil (PEPU, 2005). It is
estimated that by 2014 the country will need to import an additional 141 million barrels of fuel oil equivalent (MMBFOE) in the form of crude oil in order to meet the growing demand for energy (PEPU,2005).
Energy-efficient technologies have been invented and introduced into the marketplace in order to help reduce the existing energy demands. This is
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done by making energy consuming devices work with less energy. This is also achieved when technologies induce the consumption of less energy or reduce the required consumption of energy.
However, to date, very few designers use energy-efficient technologies in architectural designs. Additionally, there is a dearth of materials and references that can be used as a guide for using energy-efficient technologies in the Philippines. The Department of Energy continues to promote the use of these technologies but the concepts need to be understood by designers and translated into ideas that are easy to apply during the design stage (MEETSP, 1998).
Household energy consumption can be reduced by using environment friendly and energy-efficient technologies. A framework that will
benchmark energy performance for housing developments will be a valuable tool in realizing a reduction in the overall energy consumption of housing developments in the Philippines.
1.2 1.2.1
Statement of the Problem Main Problem
By how much can energy-efficient technologies help decrease the average energy consumption per density of housing developments?
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Can a benchmark leading to a design framework for housing developments be set based on these reductions?
1.2.2 1.2.2.1
Sub-Problems Where can energy-efficient technologies be applied in the energy consumption pattern of households to achieve the largest impact?
1.2.2.2
How much reduction of energy consumption per density in housing developments does each type of energy-efficient technology contribute and what combinations work best in reducing average energy consumption?
1.2.2.3
Can a housing benchmark be made for energy-efficient designs based on the reduction measured in energy consumption when compared to a Business as Usual setting?
1.2.2.4
What are the cost benefits versus the initial cost in the long-term of attaining the benchmark in housing
developments?
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1.2.2.5
What other related benefits does energy-efficient technologies generate aside from reducing average energy consumption per density?
1.2.2.6
Can we formulate a template for designers through a benchmark and quantify the reduction of average energy consumption per density for each technology introduced to various house types?
1.3 1.3.1
The Setting of the Problem Delimitation of the Problem
Site Selection In determining the site, the following factors were considered: (1) levels of present and future urbanization, (2) condition or nature of housing developments of the area, (3) nature of households in the area, (4) population growth rate of the area, (5) receptivity of government or private institutions to the study, (6) availability of energy-efficient technologies in the area. In view of the factors stated above, one area was identified to be favorable in Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna.
Characteristic of Housing Development The study will only be concerned with middle income group housing. Energy-efficient technologies, active or passive, require significant
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monetary investment. The lower income groups will not be able to sustain adoption of these energy-efficient technologies without external funding support. For this reason the middle income group housing is the target of the study.
Characteristics of Beneficiaries The identified target beneficiaries will be designers, house buyers, architects, developers, planners, and other related professionals in the government, institutions. non-government, semi-government, and private
Data Coverage Data coverage will be limited to information on energy consumption patterns for housing and housing developments; energy reduction measurement of energy-efficient technology which include: basic passive design technologies, basic lighting fixture technologies, and basic housing construction material substitutions. In calculating for overall thermal transfer value of the residential structure, only the walls and windows, not the roofing, shall be considered. In calculating for thermal comfort, climatological norms will be averaged into months within a year.
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1.3.2 1.3.2.1
Definition of Terms Energy Capacity to do work, that is, the condition of a physical situation from one state to another. Common units are Kilowatt hours (KWh) and Megawatt hours (MWh). (Asis, 2002)
1.3.2.2
Energy-efficient/Energy efficiency Doing more with equal or less energy input. (UNIDO, 2005)
1.3.2.3
Average energy consumption per density energy divided by time over a certain area. For example kilowatthour/meter squared. (Energy Star, 2005)
1.3.2.4
Benchmark A standard by which the current situation can be measured or judged (Dictionary, 2005). Also, a standard by which comparison and assessments can be made.
1.3.2.5
Life cycle The specific duration of which a device is measured for a certain variable. For example, the life cycle of an incandescent bulb over a six month period measuring its performance energy-wise.
1.3.2.6
Energy-efficient technologies technologies that contain either energy-efficient standby power devices, energy saving mechanisms or reduced energy consumption.
1.3.2.7
Energy Performance (of buildings) a measurement of the ability of a structure to use energy wisely through a comparison of energy need and actual energy consumption.
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1.3.2.8
Kilowatt-hour unit of measurement for energy. May be expressed as 1 KWh equals 3,412.14 BTUs or 895.845 kilocalories or 3.6 megajoules or 1.34102 horse
powerhours. (PEPU, 2005) 1.3.2.9 Exterior Closure or Building Envelope The outer shape of a building. The maximum extent of the envelope of any building type that may be defined by zoning laws. The exterior framework or walls and roof of a building. (Ching, 1997; Burden, 2003)
1.3.3
Assumptions
The study assumes that energy-efficient technologies have certain physical and quantifiable limits to their published outputs.
Furthermore, all technologies are affected by the climate conditions in which they are made to operate. It is also assumed that housing design interventions will be limited to basic housing construction material technologies, which include walls and fenestrations, and basic lighting fixture technologies.
Additionally, energy demand will increase globally with the bulk in developing countries (UNIDO, 2005). It is assumed that residential or housing developments contribute a large amount to the total energy consumption and to the total growth in greenhouse gas emissions.
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Evidently, energy consumption of housing developments will continue to grow as housing developments increase.
Specifically, it is assumed that the case study housing development will be powered on-grid electrically. Also, this assumes that any
calculations made for reduction of carbon dioxide emissions be based on the current energy production trend of the grid connection.
1.3.4
Significance of the Study
The study deals with how energy consumption can be reduced by employing technologies that affect the energy efficiency of the structure. This study will benefit various entities and advocacies:
home owners, building professionals, government, non-government, semi-government, private institutions, and also the protection of the environment.
To Home Owners The home owner benefits by being able to base decisions on building an energy-efficient home on the template. The home owners also can adopt performance contracting based on this template that is being practiced in other countries. This will lead to future economic savings for the home owner and also contribution to protecting the environment.
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To Architects, Designers and Related Professions A framework can help simplify the application of energy-efficient technologies in housing developments, therefore, encouraging the use of these technologies and giving the user an accurate account of benefits from installing technologies individually or in sets.
Architects, developers, designers, policy-makers, and other related professions can benefit from a template which delineates performance or cost-benefits of specific energy-efficient technologies as applied to housing developments.
The template and its benchmark will become the target for the designer in making an energy-efficient housing development by applying energy-efficient technology. Housing developments may now use this framework for achieving energy efficiency goals and will help contribute to reducing reliance on imported fossil-fuel based energy production in the country.
To Government, Non-government, Semi-government and Private Institutions This framework and its template can be used by government, nongovernment, semi-government and private institutions. The
framework can be a component of the environmental impact assessment study specifically for housing developments. The
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framework can also be used by the Department of Energy in its Energy Use Standards for Buildings Electricity Efficiency and Conservation Program.
To the Environment The study will encourage the research into other applications of energy-efficient technologies aside from housing developments. The long-term perceived benefits may stimulate industry and business into energy-efficient housing.
Most importantly, the benefits of the study are long-term solutions for the energy crisis and the protection of the environment. The
conservation of energy will help reduce the importation of fuel requirements of the country and help in the reduction of greenhouse gases by reducing the need for more power from fossil-fuel based power plants.
1.3.5
Theoretical Framework
The study will work within the framework presented in Fig. 1.3.5.1. The intervention can be categorized into two types passive and active. Where active are mechanical systems and passive are building or construction materials. These two interventions comprise the The
energy efficient technologies for housing developments.
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framework will address issues regarding energy efficiency in housing developments through the use of prescription based guidelines. The intervention of the study will be evident to private developers, housing developments, architects and other related professions, as well as government agencies. The benefits are reduced energy demand and equivalently, reduced energy importation requirements; and reduced greenhouse gas emissions and equivalently, reduced environmental impact.
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Theoretical Framework Diagram (Fig. 1.3.5.1) Power Plant PNOC/NAPOCOR Building Industry
Distribution MERALCO
Architects
Engineers
Other Professionals
PRIVATE DEVELOPER
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
GOVT AGENCY HLURB, DENR
Middle-Income HOUSEHOLD
Passive Technology Intervention
Activities
Consumption
Active Technology Intervention
Energy Consumption COST Business as Usual
Reduced Energy Consumption COST Energy-efficient Scenario Reduced Environmental Impact and Energy Demand
Energy-efficient Technologies
Environmental Impact Energy Demand
Framework For Applying Energyefficient Technologies In Housing Developments
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2.
HYPOTHESIS
A template can be formulated using data on reduction of average energy consumption per density of a housing development when the application of energy-efficient technologies is introduced, thus, leading to long-term economic savings and reduced environmental impact.
3.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology in the survey will be theoretically grounded on the postpositivism research approach. The study will use a case-study and logical
argumentation as research strategies. Tactics for the study include observation, field visits, interviews, collection of data from secondary sources, mapping and use of computer programs. The study is limited to a duration of one academic semester from June to September of the year two-thousand and five.
3.1
Systems of Inquiry
The study will employ the post positivism research approach.
This
approach will enable the study to be grounded on the scientific and objective conclusions of its calculation and analysis of data. This
approach will also require the analysis of the unit variable which is the energy consumption per density and its relationship to design interventions
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through energy-efficient technologies. Furthermore, by using this research approach the research study will preserve its context and allow future reanalysis of the data and its conclusions using qualitative methods (AOM, 2005).
3.2
Research Design or Strategy
The research design will use a combination of logical argumentation and case studies. The approach of the study is bottom-up, starting from the level of energy consumption patterns of the individual household in a housing development, energy efficiency will then be calculated for the whole residence. The benchmark will be based on the measurements and calculations of energy efficiency of a Business as Usual setting compared with a set-up using the selected energy-efficient technologies. Assessment of the impact on the environment due to the reduction of energy consumptions and thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emission will be based on the emissions coefficients of the fuels by which the energy is obtained (GCGHGI, 2002).
3.3
Tactics
The following instruments and tactics will be used in the study: observation, surveys, interviews, collection of data from secondary
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sources, and use of computer programs. The Methodology Flowchart (Fig. 3.3.1) shows how the study will tackle the problem.
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Methodology Flowchart (Fig. 3.3.1)

Identification of Problem
Delimiting Study/ Identification of Scope
Data Collection/Research
Run tests/ calculations
Selection of energy-efficient technologies
Acquire Business as Usual setting
Application of selected technologies in the housing development
Analysis of Business as Usual setting
Measuring/Calculating reduction in energy consumption
Measuring/Calculating cost and CO2 production
Measuring/Calculating Corresponding costs benefits/ CO2 reductions
Baseline of Business as Usual setting
Acquire benchmark for energy-efficient housing developments
Analysis of Data/ Acquire optimal benchmark
Translate into design guidelines
Formulate into template
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4.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Energy Situation, Residential and Household In the Philippine Energy Plan Update for year 2005, energy independence is listed as one of the five reform packages under the Philippine Plan Framework. The update reflects this through its title: Towards Energy Independence & Power Market Reforms. Under the same framework Energy Independence is cited under the Energy Sector Agenda as a goal to achieve the countrys energy and environmental goals. Furthermore, it identifies Energy Use Standards for
Buildings as a means to reach the goals under the Electricity Efficiency and Conservation Program.
An ongoing study by the National Statistics Office entitled the Household Energy Consumption Survey which was started in July 2003, aims to determine the energy consumption patterns of the residential sector.
The Census of Population and Housing of 2001 by the National Statistics Office provides statistical information on the number of households and household types in the different regions in the Philippines.
The Philippine Statistical Yearbook of 2002 by the National Statistics Coordination Board provides details on the population regarding housing type per income, household income expenditure by income decile, and other household demographics.
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Studies and Technologies related to Energy Efficiency In the book by Arch. Geronimo Manahan, Passive Cooling Technologies for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities, extensive information on the wise-use of energy in architecture is written and detailed. The book has technical descriptions of the many processes underlying the field of passive cooling technologies such as solar control in buildings, inducing air movement, and the sol-air approach. These descriptions include mathematical equations and models of thermal heat transfer, conductivity, heat load calculations and procedures for calculating intensity of solar radiation to name but a few.
The Act on Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Electricity Production of Denmark (Act No. 376, June 2, 1999) has written down a list of carbon dioxide emission factors for different fuels.
A report by the National Home Builders Association of Maryland, USA entitled A Net-Zero Fossil Fuel Use Home Case Study employs new and existing technologies in the building shell as well as technologies for heating and cooling to reduce energy consumption. The case-study also shows how a building can produce self-sufficient energy at times of peak consumption.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System for Homes (LEED-H), based in the United States, is a voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable
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buildings. The LEED-H provides a complete framework for assessing building performance, including energy efficiency, to meet sustainability goals for residential buildings. This provides for a possible framework of a similar nature in the Philippines.
The Energy Audit of the Hizon Residential Building by the Energy Efficiency Division gives an example of an energy audit of a residential structure. The study presents an energy consumption profile for the residence and lists down all electricity consuming appliances in the house. The study also states the estimated savings in pesos per year for every technological intervention introduced as part of the recommendation. Additionally, information on capital cost and simple
payback in years is included in the study.
The report DSM in the Pacific An Analysis Manual, prepared by SCRI for the South Pacific Forum Secretariat Energy Division delineates DSM options for pacific-rim countries. There is also an extensive list of DSM technologies and their detailed specifications.
The report Volume II, Appendix J, DSM Assessment Results is a compilation of energy-efficient technologies that were assessed according to the different regions in the Philippines. These include the technologies available and currently in use by each region and their corresponding benefit to the users.
DSM related studies in the Philippines
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The report entitled The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and Services in the Philippines by the Export Council for Energy Efficiency, studies the potential of demand side management programs in the country. The report presents data on the current market drivers for energy efficiency, the current climate for the introduction of energy-efficient technologies and services, and most importantly the potential savings of the country through energy efficiency. This data includes information on the current use and distribution of energy-efficient technologies in the country. Also, laws and regulations related to energy efficiency in residential sectors are also discussed.
The report Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Savings in APEC Economies by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan provides an extensive look into the technical and statistical detail of the energy efficiency aspect of the APEC economies. A report on the Philippines states the current status of energy efficiency programs in the country, describes the programs objectives, and states the major impediments to energy conservation in the country.
The Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, A Hawaii-Philippines Case Study aims to present a future scenario which the Philippines can take in energy deregulation specifically in energy efficiency by using the State of Hawaii policies as a reference. The book has extensive information on DSM technologies that deal with lightings, architectural building form, laws pertaining to the
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building code and energy code, appliance standards and practice, environment and greenhouse gas emissions, and performance contracting.
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2. PRESENT CONDITIONS ANALYSIS 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS AND BASELINE STUDIES

2.1 Demographic Data 2.1.1 Energy Demographics 2.1.1.1 Final energy consumption in the country rose 3.2 percent from 189.7 MMBFOE in 2002 to 195.9 MMBFOE in 2003. Energy demand will grow at 4.7 percent annually for the next decade and will amount to 335 MMBFOE in 2014. (DOEPEP, 2005) 2.1.1.2 Electricity consumption in the country for 2003 totaled 42,642 GWh or a 10.4 percent growth from the previous years 38,625 GWh. (DOEPEP, 2005) 2.1.1.3 The primary energy supply of the country grew by 2.2 percent from 255.4 MMBFOE in 2002 to 260.9 MMBFOE in 2003. (DOEPEP, 2005) 2.1.1.4 Currently 36.5 percent of the countrys oil is imported and another 6.4 percent of coal is imported. Imported energy is forecasted to grow 3.9 percent over the next ten years. Imported energy supply will account for 42.9 percent of the total energy supply in 2005 with a corresponding volume of 122.5 MMBFOE. (DOEPEP, 2005) 2.1.1.5 Energy use by the residential sector amounted to 74.7 MMBFOE in 2003 compared to 71.5 MMBFOE of the previous year. This amounted to 38.1 percent of the total
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energy consumption of the country. Electricity consumption by the residential sector in 2005 will amount to 10.06 MMBFOE or 4.65 percent of the total energy mix. Savings from energy efficiency and conservation will have amounted to 10.84 MMBFOE in 2005 or 5 percent of the total energy mix. An aggregated energy savings of 240.8 MMBFOE is estimated for the next ten years. (DOEPEP, 2005) 2.1.1.6 Electric energy consumption by the residential sector in 2001 was at 10,098 million kilowatt-hours. (NSCB, 2002) 2.1.1.7 Energy consumption in 2004 has resulted in 73.7 MMMT in carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon dioxide emission level is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.1 percent from 77 MMMT in 2005 to 131.1 MMMT by 2014. (DOEPEP, 2005)
2.1.2 Household Energy Consumption 2.1.2.1 The estimated no. of households in the National Capital Region numbers 2,132,989. The average monthly household income is P12, 384.67 and the average household size is 5.03. The
estimated population is 9,932,560. The average household size was at 4.63 persons. (NSOCHP-M, 2001) 2.1.2.2 Electricity is the main source of power for lighting, recreation, space cooling, cooking and refrigeration, ranking first at 83.9 percent household usage. Urban households that use electricity
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account for 91.8 percent of the total urban households or 5,866,000 households out of 6,391,000 households. Household electricity consumption in 1995 was at 8,134 GWh or an increase of 18.8 percent from 1989. Of this, 1,404 GWh was urban electricity consumption or an increase of 27.8 percent. (HECS, 1995) 2.1.2.3 Household energy consumption by end-use shows that eighty percent of households use electricity to light homes and power appliances for recreation. Around Fifty percent of households use electricity for space cooling. Urban Households use
electricity most for lighting at 93.1 percent of households. A majority also use electricity for space cooling at 69.6 percent of households, and ironing at 65 percent. Forty-six percent use electricity for refrigeration, sixteen percent for cooking and food preparation, and a mere two-point-three percent for heating water for bathing. (HECS, 1995) 2.1.2.4 Households earning P25,000 and above constitute 466,000 households, of these, eighty-nine point five percent use electricity. 2.1.2.5 Average home spends up to 25 percent of its monthly electric bill on lighting and may save up to 15 percent by using energyefficient lighting products and practices. (HECS, 1995) 2.1.2.6 Table 2.1.2.6.1 Number of Households (000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class,
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Urban 1995 shows the usage of incandescent and fluorescent lamps according to monthly income class. (HECS, 1995)
Table 2.1.2.6.1 Number of Households (000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995 Monthly Income Class Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp and Area Urban 4280 4809 P10,000 -14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000 681 406 240 795 425 249
2.1.2.7 Table 2.1.2.7.1 Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity Consumption, 1995, KWh shows the typical appliances used in an urban household and their corresponding average electricity consumption in kilowatt-hour.
Table 2.1.2.7.1 Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity Consumption, 1995, KWh Appliance Used Urban
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Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp CFL Rice Cooker Electric Stove Electric Oven Water Heater Radio/Tape Recorder Stereo Karaoke B/W TV Colored TV VHS / BETAMAX Ordinary Refrigerator Frost-free Refrigerator Freezer Air Conditioner Electric Fan Iron Washing Machine Water Pump
111.51 118.47 65.10 236.75 745.64 513.21 305.45 63.01 206.29 354.77 66.83 183.94 11.08 493.54 1219.25 725.82 4209.38 255.47 109.77 113.75 364.92
2.1.2.8 The top ten energy consuming appliances are the following: (1) Air Conditioner, 4,209.38 KWh; (2) Frost-Free Ref, 1,219.25 KWh; (3) Electric Stove, 745.64 KWh; (4) Freezer, 725.82 KWh; (5) Electric Oven, 513.21 KWh; (6) Ordinary Ref, 394.54 KW; (7) Water pump, 364.92 KWh; (8) Karaoke, 354.77 KWh; (9) Water Heater, 305.45 KWh; (10) Electric Fan, 255.47 KWh. 2.1.2.9 The Air Conditioner represents one of the largest sources of future demand in the residential sector at an average annual increase of 20 percent. It is a major contributor to the total energy consumption of households.
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2.1.2.10
Energy Efficiency in Households
2.1.2.10.1 The Department of Energy is pursuing to effect at least a 10 percent reduction in electricity use. 2.1.2.11 The average fuel prices for households in the National
Capital Region are shown in Table 2.1.2.11.1.
Table 2.1.2.11.1 Average Fuel Prices for Households Purchasing of Electricity in the NCR, Urban: 1995 Region Price of Electricity (Pesos/KWh) Urban/Rural Total <2 2-<3 3-<4 4-<5 5< Median Mean (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) Urban NCR National Capital Region 1,481 9 91 1,325 47 10 2.48 2.97
2.1.2.12
Table 2.1.2.12.1 shows the number of households using
electricity by End-Use.
Region and Area Urban NCR National Capital Region Region and Area
Table 2.1.2.12.1 Number of Households using Electricity by End-Use, NCR-Urban: 1995 End-Use Lighting Total Incandescent Fluorescent CFL Lamp Lamp 185 4,809 4,280 5,463 1,736 1,207 1,599 95
Others 1,077 441
End-Use Space Cooling
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Urban NCR National Capital Region
Total 4,079 1,643
Air Conditioner 136 82
Electric Fans 4,072 1,638
Others 14 4
2.1.2.13
Table 2.1.2.13.1 shows the annual average urban
household electric consumption in the NCR by end-use in kilowatt-hour. Table 2.1.2.13.1 Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use: 1995, KWh Region and End-Use Area Lighting Total Incandescent Fluorescent CFL Others Lamp Lamp 49.51 65.10 118.47 111.51 200.13 Urban NCR National Capital Region Region and Area Total Urban NCR National Capital Region 397 631.66 259.54 121.08 168.42 73.53 81.10
End-Use Space Cooling Air Conditioner Electric Fans 255.47 4,209.38 4,737.38 396.09
Others 192.73 21.62
2.1.2.14
Table 2.1.2.14.1 shows the number of households using
electricity by end-use and monthly income class. Table 2.1.2.14.1 Number of Households Using Electricity by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Monthly Income End-Use
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Class and Area Total Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000 Region and Area Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000 Total 4,079 751 430 236 5,463 836 451 266
Lighting Incandescent Fluorescent CFL Lamp Lamp 185 4,809 4,280 681 406 240 795 425 249 59 44 27
Others 1,077 233 155 108
End-Use Space Cooling Air Conditioner Electric Fans 4,072 136 23 38 58 748 428 235
Others 14 3 2 2
2.1.2.15
Table 2.1.2.15.1 shows the average annual urban
household electricity consumption in the NCR by end-use and monthly income class in kilowatt-hours.
Table 2.1.2.15.1 Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995, KWh Monthly Income End-Use Class and Area Lighting Total Incandescent Fluorescent CFL Others Lamp Lamp 49.51 65.10 118.47 111.51 200.13 Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 >P25,000 Region and Area Urban P10,000-14,999 P15,000-24,999 Total 397.13 368.64 710.59 241.05 446.08 341.04 108.74 198.93 178.60 134.26 255.85 172.74 58.35 66.67 105.57 102.47 93.64 24.44
End-Use Space Cooling Air Conditioner Electric Fans 255.47 4209.38 2540.28 3804.24 290.80 373.45
Others 192.73 8 2
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>P25,000
1722.09
5377.33
402.33
44
2.1.3 Housing and Population Demographics 2.1.3.1 Total Population of the National Capital Region is 9,932,560 as of May 1, 2000. The average annual family income in pesos for year 2000 is 144,039. (NSCB, 2002) 2.1.3.2 The National Capital Regions average annual income in 2000 was 300,304 while expenditure was 244,240. Fuel, light and water contributed to 6.3 percent of this expenditure. Table 2.1.3.2A shows total housing expenditure and percent to total family expenditure by decile for the year 2000. (NCSB, 2002)
Table 2.1.3.2A Total Housing Expenditure and Percent to Total Family Expenditure by Decile, 2000 (NSCB, 2002) Region Total Housing Percent to Total Family Expenditure Expenditure Maintenance Total Housing Rent/Rental (in P1,000) and Minor Expenditure Value of Repair House and Lot Philippines 272,311,759 15.1 14.2 0.9 First Decile Second Decile Third Decile Fourth Decile Fifth Decile Sixth Decile Seventh Decile Eight Decile Ninth Decile Tenth Decile 3,362,998 5,370,532 6,976,480 9,430,695 12,345,649 17,553,761 23,017,987 30,374,080 42,742,188 121,137,387 8.4 8.7 9.1 10.1 11.0 12.8 13.4 14.1 14.9 19.9 8.0 8.1 8.4 9.4 10.3 12.0 12.6 13.4 14.1 18.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1
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Table 2.1.3.2B shows the total and average housing income and expenditure by expenditure class in urban areas.
Table 2.1.3.2B Total and Average Housing Income and Expenditure by Expenditure Class, Urban, 2000 (NSCB, 2002) Expenditure 2000 Class Total Income Expenditure number of Average Average Total Total families (pesos) (pesos) (thousand (thousand pesos) pesos) Total 7,489,853 1,535,250,064 204,977 1,234,285,343 164,794
Under P10,000 10,000-19,999 20,000-29,999 30,000-39,999 40,000-49,999 50,000-59,999 60,000-79,999 80,000-99,999 100,000-149,000 150,000-249,000 250,000-499,000 500,000 and over 7,305 55,237 147,280 255,406 374,157 440,602 917,655 358,270 1,708,919 1,592,435 904,592 227,994 77,602 1,040,969 4,473,303 10,695,950 20,247,673 28,168,833 76,475,321 92,195,754 257,736,795 378,315,339 387,940,393 277,882,131 10,623 18,846 30,373 41,878 54,115 63,933 83,338 107,420 150,819 237,570 428,857 1,218,813 56,941 873,743 3,752,621 9,042,173 16,903,195 24,267,749 64,389,017 77,012,802 210,099,407 304,669,225 301,760,506 221,457,964 7,795 15,818 25,480 35,403 45,177 55,079 70,167 89,730 122,943 191,323 333,587 971,332
Table 3.1.3.2C shows the percentage distribution of total family expenditure by select major expenditure group for the year 2000.
Table 3.1.3.2C Percentage Distribution of Total Family Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups, 2000. (NSCB, 2002) Expenditure Group 2000 Total Family Expenditures 1,801,846,426 (in thousand pesos) Percent Housing 14.2
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Fuel, light, water Household furnishings and equipment Household operations
6.3 2.5 2.3
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2.1.3.3 Table 2.1.3.3.1 shows the use of building materials in residential houses for NCR in the year 1990.
Construction of Outer Wall
Table 2.1.3.3.1 Occupied Housing Units in NCR by Construction Materials of Outer wall and Roof: 1990 (NSCB, 2005) Construction Material of Roof Tile/ Concrete/ Clay Tile Half Galvanized Iron and Cogon/ Nipa/ Anahaw Makeshift/ Improvised / Salvaged Asbestos Others 210 339 3,733 897 607 983 434 81 113 26 6,045 742 55 1,465 30,570 318 79 29 1,044 47 387 31 39 Total Occupied Housing Units Galvanized Iron/ Aluminum Not reported 9 2 315 4 2
Total Concrete /Brick /Stone Wood
1,435,365 1,146,573 41,093 124,550 66,311 12,804 37,485 6,208 341 474,646 391,988 435,037 312,431 363,757 26,237 7,905 5,493 8,818 9,819 1,108 3,801 9
55,435 4,461
483,313 Half Concrete/Brick Stone & Half Wood Galvanized Iron /Aluminum Bamboo /Sawali /Cogon /Nipa Makeshift /Salvaged /Improvised Asbestos /Glass /Others 11,803
103,577 4,845
6,434
269
1,819
3,061
13,045
5,108
99
259
737
54,927
20,285
958
1,016
4,751
2,955 566
80 97
124 89
78 31
No walls/ Not 892 Reported
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Wood
2.1.3.4 The average household size in the Philippines decreased to 5.0 persons in 2001 from 5.07 persons in 1995. The average
household size in the National Capital Region registered at 4.62 persons down from 4.74 persons in 1995. (NCSB, 2002) 2.1.3.5 The National Capital Region had a total population of 9,932,560 with a total household population of 9,862,978. The total number of households was at 2,132,989 with an average of 4.62 persons per household. The annual growth rate for 1995 to 2000 was at 1.06 percent. (NSOCHP-M, 2001)
2.1.4 Southern Tagalog Demographics 2.1.4.1 The total population of Southern Tagalog as of May 1, 2000 is 11.8 million (NSOCHP-D, 2001). The population of Southern Tagalog grew at the rate of 3.72 percent, with Laguna growing at a rate of 4.08 percent or the second fastest growth rate in the region (NSCHP-M, 2001). Laguna was the second largest province in the region in the year 2000 with 1.97 million persons (NSOCHP-D, 2001). 2.1.4.2 The Southern Tagalog region has the second highest average annual family income at 161,963 pesos as of year 2000, after the National Capital Region at 300,304 pesos. The GINI
concentration ratio for Southern Tagalog was comparable to the National Capital Region at 0.4241 and 0.4451, respectively. The average GINI concentration ratio for the Philippines is
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0.4818.
Personal consumption expenditure of the Southern
Tagalog Region was second only to the National Capital Region at 141,509 million pesos and 279,540 million pesos, respectively. (NSCB, 2002) 2.1.4.3 Calamba, Laguna has a total population of 281,146 persons or approximately the population of the City of Mandaluyong at 278,474 persons. Canlubang is the largest barangay in
Calamba, Laguna with 45,294 total population, and 9,189 households. (NSOCHP-D, 2001)
2.1.5 Population Demographics 2.1.5.1 Poverty Threshold The National Capital Region (NCR) had the highest poverty threshold in 2000 (Table 2.1.5.1.1). In the NCR, an individual would need a minimum annual income of P15,678 to meet his food and non-food needs. Close to NCR were Batangas and Mt. Province, with thresholds of P15,305 and P15,285, respectively. (NSCB, 2005)
Table 2.1.5.1.1 Top Ten Provincial Poverty Thresholds (in Pesos) in the Year 2000 Province 2000 NCR 15,678 Batangas Mt. Province Cavite Rizal 15,305 12,285 14,965 14,787
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Nueva Ecija Pampanga Oriental Mindoro Benguet Lanao del Sur Bulacan
14,755 14,713 14,531 14,185 13,986 13,881
2.1.5.2 Mean Family Income by Decile Table 2.1.5.2.1 shows the Mean Family Income by Decile in the Philippines for the years 2000 and 2003.
Table 2.1.5.2.1 Mean Family Income by Decile, 2000 & 2003 (PMNSDS, 2005) DECILE INCOME GROUP 2000 2003 First Decile Second Decile Third Decile Fourth Decile Fifth Decile Sixth Decile Seventh Decile Eight Decile Ninth Decile Tenth Decile 24,506 39,620 51,250 64,321 80,247 100,549 128,203 169,290 237,029 556,277 23,258 37,218 48,377 60,513 75,036 93,172 118,166 154,467 216,115 479,645
2.1.5.3 Table 2.1.5.3.1 shows the average income, average expenditure and average savings of families at current prices by region for the years 2000 and 2003. (NSCB, 2005)
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Table 2.1.5.3.1 Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings of Families at Current Prices by Region, 2000 and 2003 Region
Average Income
2000
Average Expenditure Average Savings Average Income
2003
Average Expenditure Average Savings
Philippines NCR CALABARZON
145,121 300,304 178,600
118,839 244,240 149,592
26,282 56,064 29,008
148,616 274,529 185,661
123,277 225,936 159,267
24,239 48,593 26,394
2.2 Industrial Profile 2.2.1 Housing Industry 2.2.1.1 Low-cost and Socialized Housing 2.2.1.1.1 According to Memorandum Circular No. 02 Series of 2002 by the then Secretary of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, Secretary Michael T. Defensor, the Package for Socialized Housing has a loan ceiling of Php 225,000.00 and below, while Lowcost Level 1 has a loan ceiling of Php 225,000.00 to Php 500,000.00 to Php 2 Million. 2.2.1.2 Pag-ibig Housing Loan 2.2.1.2.1 The Pag-ibig housing loans allows for Pag-ibig members to up to PHP2 million for construction of new houses or renovation of existing houses. 2.2.1.3 Private Developer Data
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2.2.1.3.1
Data from Private Developers
2.2.1.3.1.1 Data from twenty different single detached houses from four real estate developers where used to compare and determine the average measurements for total floor area, number of floors, living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms, toilet and baths, and other spaces in a medium income group house. These houses were selected by comparing the monthly amortization with the established middle income group. Refer to Appendix I, Matrix I for the private developers matrix.
2.2.2 Energy-efficient Technology Market 2.2.2.1 Air Conditioning 2.2.2.1.1 According to the Consumer Guide Vol.1 Issue No. 2 of June 2005 choosing the air conditioning size depends on the room size corresponding to the table below (Table 2.2.2.1.1).
Table 2.2.2.1.1 Room Size vs. Aircon Capacity (CGDOE, 2005) Room Size (sq.m.) Cooling Capacity (kJ/h) Approx. HP Rating (hp) 0.50 5,275 6,700 10 13 14 16 17 20 21 25 Up to 40 7,385 9,495 12,660 18,990 8,440 10,550 13,290 20,045 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00
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2.2.2.1.2
Table 2.2.2.1.2 shows the energy cost per hour of use of air conditioners by cooling capacity and energy efficiency ratio. The energy efficiency ratio is taken by dividing the cooling capacity by the power consumption of the air conditioning unit.
Table 2.2.2.1.2 Energy Cost Per Hour of Use, PhP/hour (CGDOE, 2005) Cooling Energy Efficiency Ratio (kJ/Wh) Capacity 8.7 5,040 7,910 9,500 10,550 11,520 12,660 16,200 18,990 19,600 25,000 31,800 3.65 5.73 6.88 7.64 8.34 9.17 11.73 13.75 14.19 18.10 23.03 9.5 3.34 5.25 6.30 7.00 7.64 8.40 10.74 12.59 13.00 16.58 21.09 10.0 3.18 4.98 5.99 6.65 7.26 7.98 10.21 11.96 12.35 15.75 20.03 10.5 3.02 4.75 5.70 6.33 6.91 7.60 9.72 11.39 11.76 15.00 19.08 11.0 2.89 4.53 5.44 6.04 6.60 7.25 9.28 10.88 11.23 14.32 18.21 11.7 2.71 4.26 5.12 5.68 6.20 6.82 8.72 10.23 10.55 12.46 17.12
The Consumer Guide Vol.1 Issue No. 2 of June 2005 lists down all available citified window-type and splittype room air conditioners as of May 31, 2005.
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2.3 Baseline Studies 2.3.1 Studies by Meralco 2.3.1.1 Residential Bill Computation for April 2005 with National Power Corporation (NPC) Increase and VAT Report shows the impact of the NPC increase and VAT on the bills and rate per KWh of residential customers for the month of June as compared to April of 2005.
Below is table 2.3.1.1.1-3 which shows the information of the report in table format.
Table 2.3.1.1.1 Number of Residential Customers by KWh Limits, April 2005 Number of Percentage of Cumulative Percentage Bill KWh Limits Customers Total No. of of Total Amount From To
Customers
0 51 71 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901
50 70 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
586, 665 321, 447 529, 196 1, 264, 754 566, 153 249, 568 122,217 67, 216 40, 739 27, 258 18, 643 13, 694
15.2% 8.3% 13.7% 32.7% 14.7% 6.5% 3.2% 1.7% 1.1% 0.7% 0.5% 0.4%
586, 665 908, 111 1, 437, 307 2, 702, 061 3, 268, 214 3, 517, 782 3, 639, 999 3, 707, 215 3, 747, 954 3, 775, 212 3, 793, 854 3, 807, 649
15.2% 23.5% 37.2% 69.9% 84.6% 91.0% 94.2% 95.9% 97.0% 97.7% 98.2% 98.5%
50 70 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
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1001
Excess
56, 328 3, 863, 977
1.5% 100%
3, 863, 977
100%
Excess
Table 2.3.1.1.2 Impact on Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Estimated June 2005 Total Percentage Bill April 05 Increase Increase Amount With NPC increase Increase due to W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC VAT Increase 50 11.70% 20.01 13.69 6.33 191.02 177.33 171.01 318.98 569.07 1,454.77 2,284.03 3,174.98 4,253.36 5,103.01 5,957.66 6,817.31 7,676.95 8,536.60 330.50 589.31 1,505.38 2,359.95 3,276.21 4,379.90 5,254.86 6,134.81 7,019.77 7,904.72 8,789.68 356.07 635.00 1,622.26 2,543.21 3,530.67 4,720.19 5,663.13 6,611.06 7,564.00 8,516.93 9,469.86 11.52 20.25 50.62 75.92 101.23 126.54 151.85 177.15 202.46 227.77 253.08 25.58 45.68 116.87 183.26 254.46 340.29 408.27 476.25 544.23 612.21 680.19 37.09 65.93 167.49 259.18 355.69 466.83 560.12 653.40 746.69 839.98 933.26 11.63% 11.59% 10.51% 11.35% 11.20% 10.98% 10.98% 10.97% 10.95% 10.94% 10.93% 70 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Table 2.3.1.1.3 Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Estimated June 2005 Total Percentage Bill Rate per Increase Increase Amount KWh With NPC increase Increase due to (April) W/o Vat W/ VAT NPC VAT Increase 3.70 0.2737 0.4002 0.1265 3.5467 3.4201 50 3.8204 4.5569 5.6907 7.2738 7.6134 4.7214 5.8931 7.5269 7.8665 5.0868 6.3500 8.1113 8.4774 0.1645 0.2025 0.2531 0.2531 0.3654 0.4568 0.5844 0.6109 0.5299 0.6593 0.8374 0.8639 3.61 3.56 3.48 3.32 70 100 200 300
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7.9374 8.5067 8.5050 8.5109 8.5216 8.5299 8.5366
8.1905 8.7598 8.7581 8.7640 8.7747 8.7830 8.7897
8.8267 9.4404 9.4385 9.444 9.4550 9.4633 9.4699
0.2531 0.2531 0.2531 0.2531 0.2531 0.2531 0.2531
0.6362 0.6806 0.6805 0.6804 0.6803 0.6802 0.6802
0.8892 0.9337 0.9335 0.9334 0.9334 0.9333 0.9333
3.19 2.98 2.98 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.96
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
2.3.1.2 According to the unbundling requirement by the ERC through Republic Act 9136 or the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) are the following: 2.3.1.2.1 The system loss charge due to technical and nontechnical reasons cannot exceed 9.5 percent of total charge. 2.3.1.2.2 Under Section 73 of the EPIRA, the ERC established the Lifeline Discount or Lifeline subsidy for customers consuming below 100KWh per month. Discounts will be given through the following: 50 percent discount for customers consuming less than 50 KWh, 35 percent discount for customers consuming between 51 and 71 KWh, and 25 percent discount for customers consuming between 71 and 100 KWh. The discount will be
sourced from the additional P0.0761 paid per KWh of customers consuming more than 100 KWh.
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The number of residential customers under the Lifeline subsidy totaled to 1.32 million or 40.32 percent of MERALCOs total residential customers. (PDP, 2005) 2.3.1.2.3 Interclass subsidy will provide P0.7130 per KWh subsidy for all residential customers. This subsidy will come from commercial and industrial customers. 2.3.1.3 Electricity Sales to Residential Customers by Meralco topped 8, 741.6 million KWhs for the year 2004 up by almost 10 percent from four years earlier and higher by 214.3 million KWhs from the previous year (MAR, 2004). 2.3.1.4 The brochure A Guide to Appliance Energy Use presents data on the wattage, daily use, and KWh per month of certain appliances and fixtures. The brochure information is found in Appendix I.
2.3.2 Energy Conserving Design Guidelines for Buildings, DOE 2.3.2.1 Building Envelope 2.3.2.1.1 The design criterion for the building envelope is known as the Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). The OTTV requirement is ultimately aimed at minimizing external heat gain and thereby reduce the cooling load of the air conditioning system.
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The OTTV equations developed for the Philippines are limited to offices and hotels. However, they are still indicative of the external heat gain of any building. The formula for Hotels will be used in this study since it resembles a residence more than an office. Tables 3.1 to 3.7 as found in Appendix I will be used to calculating the OTTV. The maximum allowable OTTV value is 48 watts per square meter. The OTTVh for hotels is as follows:
OTTVh = 5.40 A (1-WWR) Uw + 1.10 (WWR) Ug + SF (WWR) SC
Where: A is solar absorptance of the opaque wall, WWR is the window-to-wall ratio for the orientation under consideration, Uw is the U-value of the opaque wall, Ug is the U-value of the glass, SF is the Solar Factor, and SC is the shading coefficient of window glass.
The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) for the total wall area of the building shall be determined using the equation below:
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OTTV = A1 (OTTV1) + A2 (OTTV2) + + Ai (OTTVi) A1 + A 2 + + A i Where: Ai is the Gross Area of the ith exterior wall in square meters, OTTVi is the overall thermal transfer value for the ith wall, as calculated using OTTVh equation.
2.3.3 Passive Cooling Technologies for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities 2.3.3.1 Windows - Double pane windows using either a combination of heat-reflective, heat absorbing, glare-reducing and transparent film simulation are effective in hot-humid localities. 2.3.3.2 Table 4 in Appendix I show the Percentage of Solar Radiation Absorbed by Selected Building Materials and Insulating Values of Building Materials, respectively. 2.3.3.3 Sol-air 2.3.3.3.1 According to Borra, et al, Sol-air temperature is the temperature that would give the same temperature distribution and rate of heat entry into a surface in the absence of solar radiation. The following formula is used to calculate Sol-air:
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SOLAIR = to + It/ho - R/ho
Where: to It - is outside temperature - is 1.15(Solar Factor) in w/m2 - is Absorption Coefficient
/ho
R/ho - is 0 for vertical surfaces and 2.524oC for

horizontal surfaces
2.3.3.4 Bioclimatic Chart 2.3.3.4.1 Shows temperature as a function of humidity. Values will be based on the climatological norms of Metro Manila and Laguna, comfort zones will be based on the Bioclimatic Chart on page 20 of the book Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-Humid Localities by G.V. Manahan. The Bioclimatic Chart is at Appendix I, Bioclimatic Chart.
2.3.4 Current Methodologies, Standards and Formulas 2.3.4.1 From the report entitled Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre for the year 2002, on the section Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Measures
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are found formulas commonly used for energy efficiency projects as indicators of economic feasibility. These formulas include the net present value (NPV) and the simple payback period (SPP).
Net present value represents the sum of all discounted annual benefits less costs over the life cycle of the project implementing energy saving measure. The formula is given as:
NPV = Ni=1 (Bi Ci) / (1 + d)i
Where: Bi is the project benefit in year i mainly the price of the saved energy, Ci is capital, operation and maintenance costs in year i, d is a sector-specific discount rate, reflecting the cost of capital, and N is the lifetime of the project.
A positive NPV indicates that the project is economically viable. It is assumed that there will be no maintenance costs and that the lifetime of the project is set at 5 years.
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The simple payback period is defined as the number of years required to cover initial investment costs (Io) by average discounted revenues (Rav) generated in the project:
SPP = Io / Rav
According to the report, values commonly vary from two to five years.
2.3.4.2 In the approved simplified indicative baseline methodology of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for small scale clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, measurement for demand-side energy efficiency programmes for specific technologies are presented. The methodology
states that if the energy displaced is electricity, the energy baseline can be calculated as follows:
EB = i (ni . pi . oi)/(1 - l)
Where: EB is the annual energy baseline in KWh per year, i is the sum over the group of i devices replaced (e.g. 40 W incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is operating during the year,
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ni is the number of devices of the group i devices replaced (e.g. 40 W incandescent bulb, 5hp motor) for which the replacement is operating during the year, pi is the power of the devices of the group i devices replaced (e.g. 40 W, 5hp). In the case of new installations, power is the
weighted average of the devices on the market, oi is the average annual operating hours of the devices of the group i devices replaced, and l is the average technical distribution losses for the grid serving the locations where the devices are installed, expressed as a fraction.
The energy baseline is multiplied by an emission coefficient (measured in kg CO2equ/KWh) for the electricity displaced.
Based on the carbon dioxide emission factors for different fuels found at Appendix 1 of Act on CO2 Quotas for Electricity Production SLP, Danish Energy Agency, 2001, and using the conversion rate of 278 GJ equals 1 kilowatt-hour, the carbon dioxide emission factors for different fuels found at Table 2.3.4.2.1 can be used with the energy baseline previously mentioned.
Table 2.3.4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emission factors for Different Fuels, referring to lower calorific value Fuel CO2 kg/KWh
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Coal Refinery Gas LPG LVN (Light Virgin Nafta) Motor Gasoline Aviation Gasoline Kerosene Jet A-1 Gas/Diesel Oil Fuel Oil Orimulsion Petroleum Coke Spent Lubricants Natural Gas Coke Lignite Town Gas Straw Woodchips Firewood Wood pellets Wood Waste Biogas Fish oil Waste
0.341722619 0.204676259 0.23381295 0.23381295 0.262589928 0.262589928 0.258992806 0.258992806 0.26618705 0.28057554 0.287769784 0.366906475 0.28057554 0.204676259 0.377697842 0.348920863 0.204676259 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2.3.4.3 From the report Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, a Hawaii Philippines Case Study, the ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-
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conditioning Engineers) Standard 90.1R or Building Envelope Requirements for Residences are found. Tables 1 and 2 under Appendix I. This is listed as
In the same book under the Guam Lighting Requirements, residences or lodgings are allowed a maximum power density of 11 watts per square meter. Under the Guam Window Requirements Low-Rise Residential building types are allowed any window to wall ratio, are required tinted glass for un-shaded windows, no requirement for partially shaded windows and well shaded or north south facing windows.
In the same book under the Hawaii Energy Code, insulation for walls is required when the wall is un-shaded.
The report also states that prescriptive requirements would allow the easier implementation of energy codes. Through prescriptive requirements rather than calculations and formula requirements, the architect or designer and others in the industry will know immediately what they must do. It takes the mystery out of the standards in the energy code and makes the requirements more understandable.
The report also discusses performance contracting as a possibility
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to ensure the implementation and adoption of energy-efficient demand side management. The report states two means
guaranteed savings and shared savings. The guaranteed savings is more widely used and is preferred by US Energy Service Companies (ESCOs). follows: The building owner and the ESCO agree on a package of energy-efficient improvements. The ESCO agrees to install the package of measures in the owners building for a fixed amount and guarantees that the energy savings will exceed an agreed-upon amount. The building owner borrows money from a lending institution or draws from existing reserves to pay for the package of measures. The loan principal should be large enough to pay for the package of improvements. The The guaranteed savings model works as
payment required to amortize the loan should be less than the guaranteed savings. The ESCO implements the package of energy-efficient improvements and is compensated by the owner from the borrowed or existing funds. The energy performance of the building is monitored and compared with the base case. The base case is the energy use of the building prior to the installation of the package of
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energy-efficient measures.
The energy savings are the
difference between the base case and the monitored performance. If the energy savings are less than the amount guaranteed by the ESCO, the ESCO pays the owner the difference. This guarantees the owner that the savings will be greater than the payment required to amortize the loan. 2.3.5 PAG-ASA Weather Data 2.3.5.1 Metro Manila Climatological Norms 2.3.5.1.1 Data on Metro Manila (Manila, Quezon City, and Pasay City) Climatological Norms are found in Appendix I as Normals A to C. 2.3.5.2 Laguna Climatological Norms 2.3.5.2.1 Data on Laguna Climatological Norms is found in Appendix I as Normals D. 2.3.6 Laws and Legislation 2.3.6.1 Local Legislation 2.3.6.1.1 2.3.6.1.2 LLDA Mandate Republic Act 8749, Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
2.3.6.1.2.1 Under Article Two Section 31 it states: SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to
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effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard- setting activities. The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country.
2.3.6.2 International Treaties 2.3.6.2.1 United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change 2.3.6.2.1.1 According to the Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the Philippine Government to the UNFCCC in 1999, the main area of concern for the Philippines would be greenhouse gas emissions from five important sectors: energy, industry, agriculture, land use change/forestry and wastes. Among the GHG cited as main concerns, carbon dioxide was at the top of the listing. It is also stated that GHG emissions for the energy sector are primarily carbon dioxide, and the energy sector comprises forty-nine percent of total GHG
emissions, of which twenty-seven percent is for energy production and ten percent is residential energy use.
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2.3.6.2.1.2 The study also states that with the attainment of

reductions GHG emissions temperature increases through certain areas of the country can be mitigated. These increases are projected at up to three degrees annually. This mitigation of
temperature increase beneficial for the study since the attainment of GHG emissions reductions hits two goals with just one target the other being deferred use of air conditioning as a requirement for an energy-efficient building envelope.
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3.
DATA ANALYSIS
3.1 Energy Situation Analysis 3.1.1 General Energy Consumption 3.1.1.1 The countrys demand for energy continues to grow steadily at 4.7 percent, with this, imported energy will also increase by 3.9 percent over the next ten years. 3.1.1.2 The growth of energy demand in the Philippines will increase as the population increases and also as the populations demand for goods and services increases. 3.1.1.3 The country has in place mechanisms to attain energy sufficiency and energy independence. 3.1.2 Residential Power Consumption 3.1.2.1 The residential energy consumption amounted to 38 percent of the total energy consumption of the country (Figure 3.1.2.1.1).
Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Residential Energy Consumption Pie
38%
62%
Residential
Other Sectors
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3.1.2.2 Projected Savings will amount to 5% of total energy mix or a 10.84 MMBFOE in conservation (Figure 3.1.2.2.1). This
translates into 42 KWh reduction per month for every household in the country for a span of one year.
Figure 3.1.2.2.1 Projected Savings for 2005

5% 33%
62%
Residential
Other Sectors
Savings from Residential
3.1.2.3 Approximately 28.10 MMMT in carbon dioxide emissions were contributed by the residential sector energy consumption. A total of 73.7 MMMT of carbon dioxide was emitted for power generation in 2004. 3.1.2.4 Electricity was the main source of power for lighting, recreation, space cooling, cooking and refrigeration in the NCR
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at 83.9%.
Figure 3.1.2.4.1 shows the percentage of Urban
Households Using Electricity by Type of Use.
Figure 3.1.2.4.1 - Percentage of Urban Households Using Electricity by Type of Use (HECS 1995)
100 80 60 40 20 0
93.1 69.5 46
2.3
Lighting Heating Water for Bath Refrigeration Space Cooling
3.1.3 Average power consuming appliances and devices used 3.1.3.1 Figure 3.1.3.1.1 shows the consumption in KWh of basic household appliances. consumer. The air conditioner is the largest
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5000
Figure 3.1.3.1.1 Household Appliance Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)
Incandescent Lamp Fluorescent Lamp CFL Rice Cooker
4000
Electric Stove Electric Oven Water Heater
3000
Radio/Tape Recorder Stereo Karaoke B/W TV
2000
Colored TV VHS / BETAMAX Ordinary Refrigerator
1000
Frost-free Refrigerator Freezer Air Conditioner Electric Fan
Iron
KWh Consumption
Washing Machine Water Pump
3.1.3.2 The top ten energy consuming appliance are as follows: 1. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) 2. Frost-Free Ref (1,219.25) 3. Electric Stove (745.64) 4. Freezer (725.82) 5. Electric Oven (513.21) 6. Ordinary Ref (394.54) 7. Water Pump (364.92) 8. Karaoke (354.77) 9. Water Heater (305.45) 10. Electric Fan (255.47) Figure 3.1.3.2.1 shows this graphically.
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Figure 3.1.3.2.1 - Top Ten Highest Consuming Household Appliance

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 KWh
Air Conditioner Frost-Free Ref Electric Stove Freezer Electric Oven Ordinary Ref Water Pump Karaoke Water Heater Electric Fan
3.1.3.3 Appliance Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Air Conditioner (4,209.38) Water Heater (305.45) Electric Fan (255.47) Fluorescent Lamp (118.47) Incandescent Lamp (111.51) CFL (65.10)
Figure 3.1.3.3.1 shows this graphically.
Figure 3.1.3.3.1 - Household Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture Ranked by Electric Consumption in KWh (HECS 1995)
42
4000 3000 2000
09 .
5000
Air Conditioner Water Heater Electric Fan Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp
11 7 1. 51
5. 4
5. 4
1000 0
8. 4
30
25
KWh
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65 .1
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
66
3.1.3.4 Total contribution to Appliance Energy Consumption Addressable by Architecture to the Total Household Energy Consumption based on all Appliances listed on Table 2.1.2.7.1 are as follows:
For List 1-6 With Duplicates (Refs) 10,473.95 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 48.35 percent
Without Duplicates Only Frost Free Refrigerator: 9,980.41 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 50.75 percent Only Ordinary Refrigerator: 9,254.7 KWh vs. 5,065.38 KWh or 54.73 percent 3.1.3.5 A 10 percent reduction as being pursued by the Department of Energy for residential electricity use would amount to equivalently 18.85 KWh average monthly reduction of the total median average 2,262.3 KWh consumption annually for each residential customer of Meralco for the National Capital Region.
3.2 Business As Usual KWh/m2 Consumption Density Analysis 3.2.1 Establishing Middle Income Bracket
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3.2.1.1 From the standard NSO ten decile income categories, the middle-income category can be classified. 3.2.1.1.1 Using the Low-Cost to Socialized Housing Definition with the upper limit to the total housing at PhP 2 million. 3.2.1.1.2 Using the standard of the Social Weather Station ACBDE class category system where, the upper classes, ABC, make up the top 20 percent of the population while the middle D class takes 65 percent and the poverty stricken Es taking the bottom 15 percent. The middle D class is still divided into to subcategories the D1 and D2, for this study they will be evenly split and the higher D1 class will be considered
(SCMANGAHAS, 2000). 3.2.1.1.3 Using the poverty threshold for NCR to find out where the dividing line for the poor or in poverty starts. 3.2.1.1.4 Using the Total Housing Expenditure and Percent tot Total Family Expenditure by Decile to find out how much does each family in a certain decile bracket spend on rent or rental value of their house and lot. 3.2.1.1.5 Using the Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings of Families in order to ascertain how much savings per year does each family have which can be used to finance housing related projects.
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3.2.1.1.6
Using the Percentage Distribution of Total Family Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups in order to ascertain the amount the family spends on Housing.
3.2.1.1.7
By means of the Mean Family Income by Decile to gauge the middle income bracket using points from 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 results in the following (Table 3.2.1.1.7):
Table 3.2.1.1.7 Income Bracket as ascertained by points 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7

Decile Group Mean Family Income (PhP) Average 14.2 percent expenditure on Housing (PhP) Expenditure Class Average Housing Expenditure Plus Average Savings per Month Income Bracket
Under P10,000 10,000-19,999 First Decile Second Decile Third Decile Fourth Decile Fifth Decile Sixth Decile Seventh Decile Eight Decile 23,258 37,218 48,377 60,513 75,036 93,172 118,166 154,467 216,115 479,645 3,302.636 5,284.956 6,869.534 8,592.846 10,655.11 2 13,230.42 4 16,779.57 2 21,934.31 20,000-29,999 30,000-39,999 40,000-49,999 50,000-59,999 60,000-79,999 80,000-99,999 100,000149,000 150,000249,000 250,0007,352.056 9,334.376 10,918.954 12,642.266 14,704.532 17,279.844 20,828.992 25,983.734 34,737.75 75,159.01
LOW LOW MIDDLE LOW MIDDLE LOW MIDDLE LOW MIDDLE UPPER MIDDLE UPPER MIDDLE
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Ninth Decile Tenth Decile
4 30,688.33 68,109.59
499,000 500,000 and over
UPPER MIDDLE UPPER MIDDLE HIGH HIGH HIGH
Notes: 1. Based on NCR Poverty Threshold of PhP 15,678.00 2. Based on SWS Social Class Category System ABCDE, where ABC comprise 20 percent, D comprise 65 percent, and E comprise 15 percent. 3. Based on Housing Average Expenditure on Total Housing Expenditure of 14.2 percent. 4. Based on Mean Family Income, Average Housing Income and Expenditure. 5. Based on NCR Average Savings of Families of PhP 48,593.00 annually or 4,049.42 monthly.
3.2.1.2 With the Average Monthly Housing Expenditure and Average Monthly Savings calculated, it is concluded that the Middle Income Bracket can afford housing developments or projects within the range of approximately PhP 7,000 to PhP 30,000. The upper limit has been increased by about 40 percent from the actual to account for the mobility of the upper middle bracket in terms of their financial capacity. With this range a middle income family can afford a range of open market subdivision developments. 3.2.2 Establishing Typical or Average Middle Income Residence
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3.2.2.1 Living Area Size or Floor Area 3.2.2.1.1 According to PD 957 open market lot areas vary from 120 to 60 square meters. The median, 80 square meters, will be chosen for the lot size. 3.2.2.1.2 According to PD 957 minimum floor area for open market housing shall be 42 square meters. 3.2.2.2 Number of Rooms and Room sizes 3.2.2.2.1 Based on the number of family members in a household an average of 5 persons plus a house help, gives a total of 6 persons in a house. Average number of rooms will be 4 rooms. Where one room will be the parents or two persons, two rooms will be for the children or three persons, and one room for the house help or one person. 3.2.2.2.2 The room sizes will be based on the minimum standards for different room types as written in Section 806 of the Philippine National Building Code. 3.2.2.2.2.1 Room for human habitation shall be 6 square meters with a least dimension of 2.00 meters. 3.2.2.2.2.2 Kitchen shall be 3.00 square meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters. 3.2.2.2.2.3 Bath and toilet shall be 1.20 meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meters. 3.2.2.3 Other Provisions for Design Guidelines for Buildings
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3.2.2.3.1
Habitable rooms with natural ventilation shall have a ceiling height of not less than 2.70 meters. For
buildings more than one storey high, the minimum ceiling height of the first floor shall be 2.70 meters and 2.70 for the second floor. 3.2.2.3.2 The window sizes for the structure will depend on the floor area of the room which the window serves. A minimum requirement of the window size will be an area 10 percent of the floor area of the room being served (Grosslight, 1984). 3.2.3 Establishing Energy Audit of Typical or Average Middle Income Residence 3.2.3.1 Methodology for small CDM projects is explained in the UNFCCC GHG Methodology for Energy Efficiency
Improvement Projects as an indicative and simplified baseline. This study will employ the use of the Energy Baseline formula as stated in paragraph 2.3.4.2 of the Present Conditions and Baseline Studies section. 3.2.3.2 Using DOEs Hizon Residence Energy Audit Example 3.2.3.2.1 The study will model its energy audit from the energy audit done by the DOE for the Hizon Residence. 3.2.4 Establish Business As Usual (BAU) KWh/m2 Baseline
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3.2.4.1 The BAU baseline is set at 14.11 KWh/m2. Calculations and notes are in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy Baseline Calculation. 3.2.5 Corresponding GHG production based on BAU Baseline 3.2.5.1 The BAU GHG emission is set at . Calculations and notes are in Appendix I under Energy Audit and Energy Baseline Calculation. 3.3 Viability Studies 3.3.1 Technical Viability 3.3.1.1 Availability of Technology in Market the technology required to undertake an energy efficiency project for housing developments are already present in the country, the market mechanisms are already established as well. The Department of Energy has already set in place standards through the Philippine National Standards, and other energy rating programs. There is already technical know-how through
various technology transfer mechanisms and studies such as those conducted through the USAID Hawaii-Philippine CaseStudy. 3.3.2 Legal Viability 3.3.2.1 Funding and Sectoral Discounts 3.3.2.1.1 Meralco already offers discounts under section 73 of the EPIRA as ordered by the ERC through the Lifeline Discount or Lifeline Subsidy.
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3.3.2.1.2
The possibility of ESCOs, other energy companies, and government agencies to provide guarantees when entering into performance contracting as a DSM tool in the Philippines will help adoption of energy-efficient programs. Loans can be facilitated through special
funds of the DOE from the UN Development Programme or World Bank using the CDM of the UNFCCC or BioCarbon Fund, respectively. 3.3.2.1.3 The CDM is a fund established under the Kyoto Protocol to provide investments, soft loans, and grants in exchange for countries contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A Tripartite
Memorandum of Agreement was signed on 02 February 2004 among DOE, DENR and DBP to establish national institutional structures for the effective and efficient implementation of the CDM. Significantly, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed E.O. No. 320 on 25 June 2004, Designating the DENR as the National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism. Likewise, the DOE shall take the lead role in the evaluation of energy-related projects. 3.3.2.2 Energy Codes and Building Codes 3.3.2.2.1 The Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utilities Systems, adopted from the
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ASHRAE 90.1R 1989 6001+ BIN of the United States, provides performance benchmarks for commercial and industrial buildings. This can be a guide for the
eventual format of a energy-efficient guideline for lowrise residential housing development. The guideline is already a code officially in place as part of the building code but it is not currently being enforced. 3.3.2.2.2 The study should work within the current framework of the DOE by using Integrated Resource Planning, as mentioned in the Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer Hawaii-Philippine Case Study, by integrating the appliance standards and current adopted ASHRAE 90.1R 6001+ BIN standards. 3.3.3 Financial Viability 3.3.3.1 Sources of Funds 3.3.3.1.1 With capital investment for energy efficiency and conservation for the next ten years largest at PhP 55.5 billion, followed by the energy labeling and efficiency standards at Php 51.7 billion, there is likely to be a window opened for financing from the DOE. 3.3.3.1.2 Funds may be sourced from the DOE through a lending window provided by funds from either the UNDP through the CDM of the UNFCCC or the BioCarbon Fund of the Worldbank.
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3.3.3.1.3
Banks, especially development banks such as the Development Bank of the Philippines, are sources of funds for energy efficiency projects such as those for housing developments.
3.3.3.1.4
The USAID has granted assistance through the establishment of the Technology Transfer for Energy Management Demonstration Loan Fund or TTEM-DLF (INCCC, 1999).
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3. THE INDICATIVE AND INVESTIGATIVE SURVEY
3.1 The Framework 3.1.1 The framework of the indicative survey is based on the calculation of the Overall Thermal Transmittance Value of the exterior closure wall, windows, and roof of the typical middle income residential building to determine the following: 3.1.1.1 application of certain technologies for projected reductions in energy use, and 3.1.1.2 extent of which certain technologies can help reduce energy use 3.1.2 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) and its resulting simulations will depend upon the following calculations: 3.1.2.1.1 The Real Estate Matrix and its resulting design averages (average size of floor area, living area, no. of rooms and floors, etc.) is based on twenty different housing units and urban developments that fall into the investment capacity of the middle income group. The Real Estate Matrix is
located in Appendix I as Real Estate Matrix. 3.1.2.1.2 The Energy Audit and its resulting Energy Baseline is based on the average of two methodologies for calculating energy consumption of a residential house, namely the DOEs Example Energy Audit of the Hizon Residence, and the UNFCCCs Clean Development Mechanism
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Methodology for Energy Baseline. The Energy Audit is located in Appendix I as Energy Audit Calculations. The Energy Audit and its resulting energy consumption is the baseline that will yield the following indicators: 3.1.2.1.2.1 The Greenhouse gas emissions as a consequence of electric energy consumption 3.1.2.1.2.2 The energy consumption density when compared to the total living area from the Real Estate Matrix, and 3.1.2.1.2.3 The monthly cost of electric consumption 3.1.2.1.3 The calculation for thermal comfort will be based on the climatological norms for Quezon City. Data from the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometereology Branch is already corrected temperature in terms of affects by humidity. The variations of
temperature will be compared to the range of 21oC and 24oC as ranges of thermal comfort when compared to the ranges of humidity in the climatological norms of Quezon City. 3.1.2.1.4 Targeted reductions will be based on 5 to 10 percent reduction (DOE-PEP, 2005) points as given by the Energy Baseline. 3.1.3 The economic viability of the technologies being simulated in point 3.1.1 will be based on the SPP and NPV (EEIPES, 2002). Cost of the
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energy-efficiency project will be calculated by unit and material cost and labor, whenever available, using current prices from an example list and additional list found at Appendix I as Price List. 3.1.4 The formula used for calculating the OTTV from the DOEs Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utility Systems already incorporates a 5.4oC reduction from outdoor to indoor temperature. This reduction in temperature is already the maximum outdoor-indoor temperature difference present throughout the year, specifically for the month of May (Appendix, Normal-A). 3.1.5 The abovementioned framework (point 3.1.1) will use the following cases in its calculations and simulations, where values are taken from the DOEs Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utility Systems and Passive Cooling Technologies for Hot-Humid Localities by GV Manahan, as well as, from brochures from different manufacturers which are located under Manufacturers Brochures in Appendix I: 3.1.5.1 Business-as-Usual Case 3.1.5.1.1 Wall Construction 3.1.5.1.1.1 Concrete reinforced masonry wall painted finish 150mm to 200mm thick, having U-Value of 0.303 and solar radiation absorption of 25 percent to 50 percent. Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 shows the graphic representation of BAU wall set.
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Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 BAU Wall Set 3.1.5.1.2 Window Construction 3.1.5.1.2.1 Sheltered single clear glass pane 13mm thick, with Uvalue of 4.60 and glass shading coefficient of 0.88. Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 shows the graphic representation of BAU Window Set 1.
Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 BAU Window Set 1
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3.1.5.1.3 Roof Construction 3.1.5.1.3.1 Clay or Cement Tile, G.I. undersheeting, and Insulating Foil with U-value of 0.836 or 0.8. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1 shows the graphic representation of BAU Roof Construction.
Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1 BAU Roof Construction
3.1.5.1.3.2 BAU-1 is made up of clay tile 100mm deep and G.I. undersheeting with U-value of 0.5. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1 shows the graphic representation of BAU-1 Roof Construction.
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Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1 BAU-1 Roof Construction 3.1.5.1.3.3 BAU-2 is made up of clay tile and G.I. undersheeting with U-value of 0.822 or 0.8. Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1
shows the graphic representation of BAU-2 Roof Construction.
Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1 BAU Roof Construction
3.1.5.2 Efficient-State Replacement Sets 3.1.5.2.1 Wall Construction 3.1.5.2.1.1 Set 1 is made up of two CHB walls, the exterior facing wall 10cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height and the interior facing wall 7cm width by 40cm length by
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15cm height, with a 2cm airspace in between, painted finish having a U-value of approximately 0.148. Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 1.
Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 Wall Set 1
3.1.5.2.1.2 Set 2 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.044. Figure 3.1.5.2.1.2.1 shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 2.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 Wall Set 2
3.1.5.2.1.3 Set 3 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace, a 1cm thick insulating foil (reflectivity 95%) and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.018. Figure 3.1.5.2.1.3.1 shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 3.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.1.3.1 Wall Set 3 3.1.5.2.1.4 Set 4 is made up of a pre-fabricated integrated monolithic construction of polysterene-based walls called M2 copyright by the Marathon Building Technologies. This construction has a U-value of 0.44. The brochure, as well as a graphical representation of the wall, is found at Appendix I. 3.1.5.2.2 Window Construction 3.1.5.2.2.1 Set 1 is Flat glass, single pane, clear and sheltered with U-Value of 4.6. Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 shows the graphic representation of Window Set 1 (BAU Window Set 1).
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Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 Window Set 1 3.1.5.2.2.2 Set 2 is Flat glass, single pane with low emittance coating of e=0.20 and sheltered with U-Value of 3.12. Figure 3.1.5.2.2.2.1 shows the graphic representation of Window Set 2.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.2.2.1 Window Set 2 3.1.5.2.2.3 Set 3 is Insulating glass, double pane, clear with 0.55mm airspace and sheltered with U-value of 2.95. Figure 3.1.5.2.2.3.1 shows the graphic representation of Window Set 3.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.2.3.1 Window Set 3 3.1.5.2.2.4 Set 4 is Insulating glass, double pane with low emittance coating of e=0.60 and sheltered with 12.55mm airspace with U-value of 2.78. Figure
3.1.5.2.2.4.1 shows the graphic representation of Window Set 4.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.2.4.1 Window Set 4 3.1.5.2.3 Roof Construction 3.1.5.2.3.1 Set 1 is made up of R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 20mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.0643. Figure 3.1.5.2.3.1.1 shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.3.1.1 Roof Set 1
3.1.5.2.3.2 Set 2 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 100mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with an average U-value of 0.0622. Figure 3.1.5.2.3.2.1 shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure 3.1.5.2.3.2.1 Roof Set 2
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3.1.5.2.3.3 Set 3 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and a HeatShield Thermoplastic Roof with 20mm airspace between insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.04823. Figure 3.1.5.2.3.3.1 shows the graphic
representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure 3.1.5.2.3.3.1 Roof Set 3 3.1.5.2.3.4 Set 4 is made up of a Non-asbestos Fibre Cement Corrugated roof with no insulating foil and claytiles 100mm deep, with a U-value of 0.089. Figure
3.1.5.2.3.4.1 shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
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Figure 3.1.5.2.3.4.1 Roof Set 4 3.2 The Results 3.2.1 The raw data of the calculations of the results are found as follows:
3.2.1.1 Calculations of the result for the Energy Audit are found at Appendix I under Energy Audit Calculations. 3.2.1.2 Calculations for the conversion of emissions coefficients used in the Energy Baseline GHG emissions are found at Appendix I under Conversion of Emission Coefficients. 3.2.1.3 Calculations for the OTTV level requirement to reach certain comfort levels are found at Appendix II. 3.2.1.4 Calculations for the Business-as-Usual or BAU OTTV of walls, windows and roofs and their corresponding cases are found at Appendix III. 3.2.1.5 Calculations for the OTTV of the roofs for the different cases Sets 1 to 5 are found at Appendix IV. 3.2.1.6 Calculations of the OTTV of walls and windows for the different cases for Set 1 are found at Appendix V.
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3.2.1.7 Calculations of the OTTV of walls and windows for the different cases for Set 2 are found at Appendix VI. 3.2.1.8 Calculations of the OTTV of walls and windows for the different cases for Set 3 are found at Appendix VII. 3.2.1.9 Calculations of the OTTV of walls and windows for the different cases for Set 4 are found at Appendix VIII. 3.2.2 The results of the simulations are indicative values shown graphically by description as the following: 3.2.2.1 Figure 3.2.2.1.1 shows the BAU wall and window levels on
cardinal orientations north, east, south, west throughout the year with 17.5 percent fenestration using climatological norms.
Figure 3.2.2.1.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV levels on Cardinal Orientations Throughout the Year with 17.5% Fenestration, 1971-2000
30
25
20
15
10
Front/Rear BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 25.3 25.3 14.65 15.97 9.14
BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3
Right/Left 27.27 27.27 15.67 17.2 9.81

Set 4
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3.2.2.2 Figure 3.2.2.2.1 shows the roof OTTV levels of the BAU Case on all cardinal orientations throughout the year without skylights using the climatological norms.
Figure 3.2.2.2.1 - BAU Roof OTTV Levels on All Cardinal Orientations Throughout the Year w ith No Skylights, 1971-2000
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111
110
10 9
10 8
10 7
10 6
10 5
10 4
10 3
10 2
January Horizontal 25 deg 35 deg 45 deg 106.72 104.94 105.22 105.5 February 107.42 105.64 105.92 106.2 March 108.72 106.94 107.22 107.5 April 110.42 108.64 108.92 109.2 May 110.82 109.04 109.32 109.6 June 109.92 108.14 108.42 108.7 July 109.12 107.34 107.62 107.9 August 108.82 107.04 107.32 107.6 Septembe r 108.92 107.14 107.42 107.7 October November December ANNUAL 108.62 106.84 107.12 107.4 108.02 106.24 106.52 106.8 107.12 105.34 105.62 105.9 108.72 106.94 107.22 107.5
Ho r iz o nt al
2 5 d eg
3 5 d eg
4 5 d eg
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3.2.2.3 Figure 3.2.2.3.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for the BAU wall and window case throughout the year depending on the percentage of the fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.3.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages by Fenestration Ratio Throughout the Year, 1971-2000 140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
January 17.50% 20% 30% 40% 50% 64.99 68.26 81.36 94.45 107.54 February 66.25 69.6 83.02 96.44 109.85 March 68.59 72.1 86.12 100.13 114.14 April 71.67 75.37 90.16 104.96 119.75 May 72.39 76.13 91.11 106.09 121.07 June 70.76 74.4 88.97 103.54 118.1 July 69.32 72.87 87.07 101.27 115.46 August 68.77 72.3 86.35 100.41 114.47 September 68.96 72.49 86.59 100.7 114.8 October 68.41 71.91 85.88 99.85 113.81 November December 67.33 70.76 84.45 98.14 111.83 65.71 69.03 82.31 95.59 108.86 Annual 68.6 72.1 86.12 100.13 114.41
17.50%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Percentage of Openings
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3.2.2.4 Figure 3.2.2.4.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for the BAU wall and window case when there is a change in 1 degree Celsius temperature for different percentages of
fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.4.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages per 1oC Change in Temperature by Fenestration Ratio, 1971-2000 160 140 120
OTTVRating
100 80 60 40 20 0
17.50% 20% 30% 40% 50%
0 62.46 65.57 78.02 90.47 102.92
1 64.26 67.49 80.4 93.31 106.22
2 66.07 69.41 82.78 96.15 109.52
3 67.87 71.33 85.16 98.99 112.82
4 69.68 73.25 87.54 101.83 116.12
5 71.48 75.17 89.92 104.67 119.42
6 73.29 77.09 92.3 107.51 122.72
7 75.1 79.01 94.68 110.35 126.02
8 76.9 80.93 97.06 113.19 129.32
9 78.71 82.85 99.44 116.03 132.62
10 80.51 84.77 101.82 118.87 135.92
Decrease in Temperature in Celsius
17.50%
20%
30%
40%
50%
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3.2.2.5 Figure 3.2.2.5.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for the roof case when there is a change in 1 degree Celsius temperature for different percentages slope.
Figure 3.2.2.5.1 - BAU Roof OTTV Level Averages per 1 C Change in Temperature by Fenestration Proportion, 1971-2000
116 114 112 110

OTTV rating
108 106 104 102 100 98

0.00% 25% 35% 45%
0 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.2
1 105.2 105.2 105.2 105.2
2 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.2
3 107.2 107.2 107.2 107.2
4 108.2 108.2 108.2 108.2
5 109.2 109.2 109.2 109.2
6 110.2 110.2 110.2 110.2
7 111.2 111.2 111.2 111.2
8 112.2 112.2 112.2 112.2
9 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2
10 114.2 114.2 114.2 114.2
Decrease in Temperature
0.00%
25%
35%
45%
2006
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3.2.2.6 Figure 3.2.2.6.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for BAU construction depending on the percentage of fenestration for elevations that are facing east.
Figure 3.2.2.6.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for BAU Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
45 40 35 OTTV Rating 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 17.50% 20% 30% FRONT 22.37 25.3 37.72 REAR 21.84 25.3 37.72 RIGHT 20.58 27.27 40.67 LEFT 19.7 27.27 40.67
Elevation Facing East
17.50%
20%
30%
2006
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3.2.2.7 Figure 3.2.2.7.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for BAU construction depending on the percentage and type of fenestration for all cardinal directions.
Figure 3.2.2.7.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
45 40 35 30
OTTV rating
25 20 15 10 5 0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 26.29 39.19 Window Set 2 15.21 22.58 29.99 Window Set 3 16.58 24.64 32.7 Window Set 4 9.47 13.98 18.48 22.98 27.49
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
99
3.2.2.8 Figure 3.2.2.8.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for BAU construction depending on the percentage and type of fenestration when the left or right elevation is oriented facing the east.
Figure 3.2.2.8.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
45 40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 27.27 40.67 Window Set 2 15.67 23.42 31.07 Window Set 3 17.2 25.57 33.93 Window Set 4 9.81 14.48 19.15 23.82 28.49
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
100
3.2.2.9 Figure 3.2.2.9.1 above shows the different OTTV levels averages for BAU construction depending on the percentage and type of fenestration when the front or back elevation is oriented facing the east.
Figure 3.2.2.9.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type
Window Set 1 25.3 37.72
Window Set 2 14.65 21.74 28.83
Window Set 3 15.97 23.72 31.47
Window Set 4 9.14 13.47 17.81 22.15 26.48
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
101
3.2.2.10
Figure 3.2.2.10.1 above shows the different OTTV levels
averages for BAU construction for differing slope of roof.
Figure 3.2.2.10.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for BAU Construction for Differing Slope of Roof
200 180 160 140 OTTV rating 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 OTTV rating
10 105.77
15 109.5
20 114.71
25 121.17
30 129.61
35 140.45
40 154.44
45 173.06
Slope in Degrees of Roof
OTTV rating
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3.2.2.11
averages for different construction type and for differing slope of roof.
Figure 3.2.2.11.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type
200 180 160 140 OTTV rating 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 BAU SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4 10 105.77 8.135 7.87 6.1 11.26 15 109.5 8.42 8.15 6.32 11.66 20 114.71 8.82 8.53 6.62 12.21 25 121.17 9.32 9.02 7 12.9 30 129.61 9.97 9.64 7.48 13.8 35 140.45 10.8 10.45 8.1 14.95 40 154.44 11.88 11.49 8.91 16.44 45 173.06 13.31 12.88 9.98 18.42
Slope in Degrees of Roof BAU SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4
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3.2.2.12
averages for different construction type and for differing slope of roof excluding the BAU construction type.
Figure 3.2.2.12.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type Excluding BAU Construction
20 18 16 14 OTTV rating 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4
10 8.135 7.87 6.1 11.26
15 8.42 8.15 6.32 11.66
20 8.82 8.53 6.62 12.21
25 9.32 9.02 7 12.9
30 9.97 9.64 7.48 13.8
35 10.8 10.45 8.1 14.95
40 11.88 11.49 8.91 16.44
45 13.31 12.88 9.98 18.42
Slope in Degrees of Roof SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4
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3.2.2.13
averages for BAU-1 and BAU-2 construction type as well as Set 14 type and for differing slope of roof.
Figure 3.2.2.13.1 - Roof OTTV Levels for Differing Slope of Roof by Roof Type, Including BAU-1 and BAU-2 Case
180
160
140
120 OTTV rating
100
80
60
40
20
0 BAU-1 BAU-2 SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4
10 62.26 104 8.135 7.87 6.1 11.26
15 65.49 107.67 8.42 8.15 6.32 11.66
20 68.61 112.79 8.82 8.53 6.62 12.21
25 72.47 119.14 9.32 9.02 7 12.9
30 77.52 127.44 9.97 9.64 7.48 13.8
35 84 138.1 10.8 10.45 8.1 14.95
40 92.37 151.85 11.88 11.49 8.91 16.44
45 103.51 170.16 13.31 12.88 9.98 18.42
Slope in Degrees of Roof BAU-1 BAU-2 SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4
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3.2.2.14
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for differing elevations facing east and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.14.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Proportion for Elevation Facing East
45 40 35 30 OTTV Rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 17.50% 20% 30%
FRONT 22.14 25.09 37.53
REAR 21.62 25.09 37.53
RIGHT 20.36 27.05 40.48
LEFT 19.47 27.05 40.48
17.50%
20%
30%
2006
106
3.2.2.15
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration types and differing proportion of fenestration.
Figure 3.2.2.15.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
45 40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type
Window Set 1 26.07 39
Window Set 2 14.99 22.39 29.79
Window Set 3 16.37 24.46 32.54
Window Set 4 9.26 13.79 18.32 22.85 27.38
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
107
3.2.2.16
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the left or right elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.16.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for BAU Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
Window Set 1 27.27 40.67
Window Set 2 15.67 23.42 31.07
Window Set 3 17.2 25.57 33.93
Window Set 4 9.81 14.48 19.15 23.82 28.49
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
108
3.2.2.17
averages for SET 1 wall construction type for different fenestration types and differing proportion of fenestration when either the front or rear elevation is facing the East.
Figure 3.2.2.17.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 1 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Front or Rear Elevation
40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 25.09 37.52 Window Set 2 14.43 21.55 28.67 Window Set 3 15.76 23.54 31.31 Window Set 4 8.92 13.29 17.65 22.01 26.37
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
109
3.2.2.18
45 40
35 30 OTTV Rating
25 20 15
10 5
0 17.50% 20% 30%
FRONT 22.02 24.98 37.43
REAR 21.5 24.98 37.43
RIGHT 20.24 26.94 40.38
LEFT 19.35 26.94 40.38
17.50%
20%
30%
2006
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3.2.2.19
45 40 35 30
OTTV rating
25 20 15 10 5 0
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 25.96 38.91 Window Set 2 14.88 22.92 29.7 Window Set 3 16.26 24.36 32.46 Window Set 4 9.15 13.69 18.24 22.78 27.32
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
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3.2.2.20
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type
OTTV rating
Window Set 1 24.98 37.43
Window Set 2 14.32 21.45 28.59
Window Set 3 15.64 23.44 31.23
Window Set 4 8.81 13.19 17.57 21.94 26.32
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
112
3.2.2.21
Figure 3.2.2.21.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 2 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion When East Faces Left or Right Elevation
Window Set 1 26.94 40.38
Window Set 2 15.44 23.13 30.82
Window Set 3 16.87 25.28 33.69
Window Set 4 9.48 14.19 18.91 23.62 28.33
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
113
3.2.2.22
45 40 35 30
OTTV Rating
25 20 15 10 5 0
17.50% 20% 30%
FRONT 22.47 25.4 37.81
REAR 21.94 25.4 37.81
RIGHT 20.69 27.37 40.76
LEFT 19.8 27.37 40.76
17.50%
20%
30%
2006
114
3.2.2.23
Figure 3.2.2.23.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Levels for SET 3 Wall Construction by Fenestration Type and Proportion
Window Set 1 25.95 38.9
Window Set 2 14.88 22.29 29.7
Window Set 3 16.26 24.36 32.46
Window Set 4 9.15 13.69 18.23 22.78 27.32
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
115
3.2.2.24
40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type
Window Set 1 24.98 37.43
Window Set 2 14.32 21.45 28.59
Window Set 3 15.64 23.44 31.23
Window Set 4 8.81 13.19 17.57 21.94 26.32
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
116
3.2.2.25
Window Set 1 26.94 40.38
Window Set 2 15.44 23.13 30.82
Window Set 3 16.87 25.28 33.69
Window Set 4 9.48 14.19 18.91 23.62 28.33
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
117
3.2.2.26
45 40 35 30 OTTV Rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 17.50% 20% 30%
FRONT 22.02 24.98 37.43
REAR 21.5 24.98 37.43
RIGHT 20.24 26.94 40.38
LEFT 19.35 26.94 40.38
17.50%
20%
30%
2006
118
3.2.2.27
45 40 35 OTTV rating 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 26.39 39.28 Window Set 2 15.31 22.67 30.02 Window Set 3 16.69 24.73 32.78 Window Set 4 9.58 14.07 18.56 23.05 27.54
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
119
3.2.2.28
40 35 30 OTTV rating 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 25.4 37.81 Window Set 2 14.75 21.83 28.91 Window Set 3 16.07 23.81 31.55 Window Set 4 9.24 13.56 17.89 22.21 26.53
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2006
120
3.2.2.29
45 40 35 OTTV rating 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Fenestration Type Window Set 1 27.37 40.76 Window Set 2 15.87 23.5 31.14 Window Set 3 17.3 25.65 34 Window Set 4 9.91 14.57 19.22 23.88 28.54
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
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121
3.3 Analysis of Results 3.3.1 The following are analysis of figures 3.2.2.1.1 to 3.2.2.26.1:
3.3.1.1 From figure 3.2.2.1.1 can be concluded that the BAU Case has the highest OTTV rating and Set 4 having the least OTTV rating. 3.3.1.2 From figure 3.2.2.2.1 can be concluded that the highest OTTV ratings for roofs of the BAU Case throughout a year are from the months of April, May, and June typically regarded as the hottest months. It can also be seen that August and September closely match the Average Annual OTTV rating. It can also be concluded that the 0 degree slope or horizontal is the least effective since it has the highest OTTV rating and that the 25 degree slope is the most effective since it has the lowest OTTV rating, the 35 degree slope comes next and the 45 degree slope comes at the third most effective. 3.3.1.3 From figure 3.2.2.3.1 can be concluded that the larger the proportion of fenestrations of the building the higher the OTTV rating, in particular the spike of the curve for each proportion of fenestration of the building comes during the month of May. Also, the percentage of increase in OTTV rating decreases as the proportion of fenestration rises. Also, for every 10 percent increase in fenestration for the BAU Case from a baseline of 10 percent fenestration, there is a corresponding 14 watts per meter squared increase in the total OTTV rating.
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3.3.1.4 From figure 3.2.2.4.1 can be concluded that in the BAU Case for the Walls and Windows the increase in OTTV rating per incremental increase in temperature in degree Celsius is 12.45 watts per meter squared. It can also be concluded that the function of temperature to OTTV rating for any fenestration proportion is linear. Clearly concluded is that the higher the proportion of
fenestration, the higher the OTTV rating. 3.3.1.5 From figure 3.2.2.5.1 can be concluded that for any increase in temperature by an increment of 1oC is an increase in OTTV rating for the BAU Case Roof of 1 watt per meter squared. The degree of slope of the roof, be it 25, 35, or 45 percent, does not matter since the area of the roof is constantly exposed to the sun. 3.3.1.6 From figures 3.2.2.6.1, 3.2.2.14.1, 3.2.2.18.1, and 3.2.2.22.1 can be concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the residential structure, the higher percentage of fenestration, 30 percent, has the highest OTTV rating compared to 20 percent and 17.5 percent. It can also be seen that since the right and left elevations have a larger surface area exposed to the sun, on any orientation it is directed to, it will have a higher OTTV rating than the front and rear portions of the residential structure. 3.3.1.7 From figures 3.2.2.7.1, 3.2.2.15.1, 3.2.2.19.1, and 3.2.2.23.1 can be concluded that no matter what Wall Set is to be applied for the residential structure, Window Set 4 has the widest range of possible fenestrations, 20 to 60 percent, that fall into the
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performance requirements for energy-efficiency.
For 20 to 40
percent fenestrations, Window Set 2 and 3 can be applied. 3.3.1.8 From figures 3.2.2.8.1, 3.2.2.16.1, 3.2.2.20.1, and 3.2.2.24.1 can be concluded that for Left and Right Elevations facing the East from 10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements. Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are approximately 30 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate up to 60 percent fenestrations. 3.3.1.9 From figures 3.2.2.9.1, 3.2.2.17.1, 3.2.2.21.1, and 3.2.2.25.1 can be concluded that for Front and Back Elevations facing the East from 10 to 30 percent fenestrations all Window Sets can be applied to the exterior closure while meeting the performance requirements. Window Set 1 is not applicable when fenestrations are approximately 25 percent, while Window Set 4 can accommodate up to 60 percent fenestrations. 3.3.1.10 From figure 3.2.2.10.1 can be concluded that for the BAU Case
an increase in the degree of slope of the roof corresponds to an increase in the OTTV rating. The function of degree of slope of the roof and OTTV rating is exponentially increasing. The
difference of OTTV rating of 10 percent to 45 percent slope is almost 65 percent. 3.3.1.11 From figure 3.2.2.11.1 can be concluded that the BAU Roof
Case is the worse in performance in relation to solar heat gain as
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compared to Sets 1 to 4. However, it can also be concluded that when comparing Roof Sets 1 to 4, they have almost negligible values. 3.3.1.12 From figure 3.2.2.12.1 can be concluded that among the Roof
Sets 1 to 4, Roof Set 3 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain, while Set 2 comes in second, Set 1 third and least effective is Set 4. 3.3.1.13 From figure 3.2.2.13.1 can be concluded that when comparing
BAU Roof Case 1 (BAU-1) and BAU Roof Case 2 (BAU-2) to the Roof Sets 1 to 4 the range of difference is smaller. However, it should be noted that the solar heat gain values BAU-1 and BAU-2 when compared to the maximum 36 watts per meter squared performance requirement for walls does not meet the maximum performance requirement of the total closure of 48 watts per meter squared. 3.3.2 Figure 3.3.1.1 shows that the BAU Case has the highest OTTV rating compared to the other Sets (Set 1-4). It also shows that the BAU Case and Set 1 have negligible difference in OTTV rating. Set 4 the least OTTV rating and Sets 2 and 3 are within the same range, where Set 2 and 3 in between Set 1 and Set 4 in OTTV rating.
Consequently, Set 4 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain (OTTV) and Set 1 is almost as ineffective in reducing solar heat gain
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as the BAU Case. It should be noted that this is in regard to both the combined effects of the wall and window working together.
Figure 3.3.1.1 - BAU Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Construction Type for Elevations Facing East 30
25
OTTV rating
20 15 10 5 0
Front/Rear Right/Left
Elevation Facing East Front/Rear BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 27.27 27.1 14.65 15.97 9.14 BAU Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Right/Left 25.3 25.1 15.67 17.2 9.81
3.3.3
Figure 3.3.3.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the building envelope of the residential structure with 20 percent fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible just about a 5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4. Additionally, for 20 percent fenestration, all Window Sets can be used.
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Figure 3.3.3.1 - Wall/Window OTTV Level Averages for 20% Fenestration by Wall and Window Construction Type for All Cardinal Orientations
Wall Set 4
Wall Set 3
Wall Set
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 1
5 Wall Set 1
10 Wall Set 2 9.15 16.26 14.88 25.96
15
20 Wall Set 3 9.15 16.69 14.88 25.95
25 Wall Set 4 9.58 16.69 15.31 26.39
30
Window Set 4 Window Set 3 Window Set 2 Window Set 1
9.26 16.37 14.99 26.07
OTTV rating Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
3.3.4
Figure 3.3.4.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the building envelope of the residential structure with 30 percent fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible just about a 5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that Window Set 4 is the most effective in reducing solar heat gain, coming second is Window Set 2, third is Window Set 3 and least effective is Window Set 4. Additionally, for 30 percent fenestration, only Window Set 1 is not within performance requirements.
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Wall Set 4
Wall Set 3
Wall Set
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 1
5 Wall Set 1
10 Wall Set 2 9.15 16.26 14.88 25.96
15
20 Wall Set 3 8.81 15.64 14.32 24.98
25 Wall Set 4 9.58 16.69 15.31 26.39
30
9.26 16.37 14.99 26.07
OTTV rating
Window Set 1
Window Set 2
Window Set 3
Window Set 4
3.3.5
From figure 3.3.5.1 below shows that for any Wall Set applied to the building envelope of the residential structure with 40 percent fenestration, the difference in OTTV rating is negligible just about a 5 percent difference. It can also be concluded that only Window Set 4 and 3 are within performance requirements.
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Wall Set 4
Wall Set 3
OTTV rating
Wall Set 2
Wall Set 1
5 Wall Set 1
10
15
20
25
30 Wall Set 4 18.56 32.78 30.02 out of range
35
Wall Set 2 18.24 32.46 29.7 out of range
18.32 32.54 29.79 out of range
Fenestration Proportion Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
3.3.6
From figures 3.3.6.1 and 3.3.6.2 can be concluded that only Window Set 4 is within performance requirements.
Wall Set 4 Wall Set 3
OTTV rating
5
10
18.24 32.46 29.7
15
Wall Set 2
20
25
30
35
out of range
Fenestration Proportion
2006
129
OTTV rating
27.2
27.25 Wall Set 1
27.3
27.35 Wall Set 2 27.32
27.4
27.45 Wall Set 3 27.32
27.5
27.55 Wall Set 4 27.54
27.6
27.49 out of range out of range out of range
out of range out of range out of range
Fenestration Proportion Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4
3.3.7 The total reduction in energy consumption is 500.7 kilowatt-hour per

month, or reduction in monthly bill by PHP4,401.00 or 85 kilograms greenhouse gas reductions; since the use of air conditioners is deferred by the attainment of the temperature comfort zone by the building envelope. This is equivalent to an indicative reduction in energy
consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to 10 percent reduction.
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3.4 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION
PROGRAM
FOR
THE
DESIGN
The mission of the study is to create a prescriptions-based framework for the application of energy-efficient technologies in the building envelope of housing developments to attain reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while being economically-viable to the end user.
The issues involved in the study include the question of energy-efficiency, economy and environmental impact. The goal under energy-efficiency is that the building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure as provided for by the projected reduction requirements of the Department of Energy. The goal under economy is that the building envelope should be affordable to the majority of middle-income group residential users. The goal under environmental impact is that the building envelope should be able to reduce the impact on the environment due to energy consumption of the residential structure.
The performance requirements under the goal for energy-efficiency are divided into three: (a) Walls and Windows, (b) Roof, and (c) Total Exterior Closure. For Walls and Windows are the following performance requirements: (a) that the walls and windows should result in a five to ten percent decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that
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the walls and windows shall meet or exceed the DOEs guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per meter squared or 25 percent better than as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Roof are the following performance requirements: (a) that the roof should result in a five to ten percent decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005); and (b) that the roof shall meet or exceed the DOEs guidelines for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure of the roof by a maximum Uvalue of 0.8 watts per meter per Celsius degree (w/m-oC) for construction material of medium weight roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems. For the Total Exterior Closure are the following performance requirements: (a) the residential structures building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOEs guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls, windows, and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Designs of Buildings and Utility Systems; and (b) the building envelope should result in a 5 to 10 decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005).
The performance requirements under the goal for economy are as follows: (a) The total improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60 percent of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of PHP18, 000.00 per month for the time of the simple payback period or a maximum of PHP0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years; (b)
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The simple payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should not exceed 5 years (EEPTTHPC, 1999); and (c) The net present value of the total energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive (EEPTTHPC, 1999).
The performance requirements under the goal for environmental impact are as follows: (a) There should be at least a 5 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project; and (b) Materials or technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be sourced locally. Figure 3.4A shows the Mission, Issues, Goals, and Performance Requirements diagrammatically.
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Figure 3.4A Mission, Issues, Goals, Performance Requirements

MISSION
TO CREATE A PRESCRIPTIONS-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS TO ATTAIN REDUCTIONS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS WHILE BEING ECONOMICALLY VIABLE BY THE END-USER.
ISSUE 1 Energy-Efficiency
ISSUE 2 Economic
ISSUE 3 Environmental Impact GOAL

The building should be able to reduce the impact on the environment due to energy consumption of the residential structure
GOAL
The building envelope should result in a decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure as provided for by the projected reduction requirements of the Department of Energy.
GOAL
The building envelope should be affordable to the majority of middleincome group residential users
GOAL for Roof
GOAL for Walls and Windows PR1: The building

envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
PR1: The total

improvements of the energy efficiency intervention should not exceed 60% of the maximum allowable middle-income group investment capacity of P18,000/mo for the time of the simple payback period or a maximum of P0.432M if the time for the simple payback period is 2 years.
PR1: There should be

at least a 5% reduction in GHG emissions from the implementation of the energy efficient intervention project.
PR1: The building

envelope should result in a 5-10% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
PR2: Materials or
technologies to be used in the energy efficiency intervention project shall be sourced locally.
PR2: The residential

structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for Thermal Conductivity rating of exterior closure for the roof by a maximum of 0.80 U-Value for construction material of roofing system as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
PR2: The residential

structure's building envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls and windows by an average of 36 watts per meter squared or 25% better than as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
PR2: The simple

payback period of the energy efficiency intervention project should not exceed 5 years. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)
PR3: The net present

value of the total energy efficiency intervention project shall be positive. (EEPTTHPC, 1999)
GOAL for Total Exterior Closure PR1: The building envelope should result in a 510% decrease in energy consumption of the residential structure. (HECS, 1995; PEP, 2005)
PR2: The residential structure's total building

envelope shall meet or exceed the DOE's guidelines for OTTV rating of exterior closure of walls, windows and roofs by an average of 48 watts per meter squared as provided for in the Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Uitility Systems.
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3.4.1
The study aims, among other things, to show the influence of choosing fenestration, walls and roof (building envelope and exterior closure) proportion and material to the programming of spaces to attain a reduction in energy efficiency.
3.4.2
On the other hand, the reverse is true, where, the size of fenestrations are able also to affect the selection of building envelope construction material, the ultimate decision or compromise being which of the two has the more pressing or over-riding concern.
3.4.3
The following factors will affect the space program of the residential structure, and or the selection of building envelope construction material:
3.4.3.1 The size of the spaces or rooms inside the residential structure will depend on the sizes of the fenestration or windows of the room, since it is a practice to have either a minimum of 10 percent of the area of the room for the total window area (Grosslight, 1984) or a minimum of 20 percent of the total surface of the exteriorly exposed wall as window area. The differences of which are at a plus-minus 50 percent. 3.4.3.2 The months of April, May and June present the highest values in building envelope solar heat gain. calculate any prescription. 3.4.3.3 BAU-1 walls can be used for certain window sets (2,3,4) and is preferred against Wall Sets 1,2,3,4 since the OTTV reduction of the four are negligible and BAU-1 walls together with Window Set These values are used to
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2,3,4 with 20 percent fenestration can meet performance requirements. However, with 30 percent fenestration and above, Wall Set 2 is preferred among those able to be applied (sets 1,2,3,4) since it has the least construction components. 3.4.3.4 When Using BAU-1 wall construction, window sets 2, 3, and 4 can be used for 20 percent fenestration to meet performance requirements. For 30 percent fenestrations only window set 4 can be applied. BAU-2 does not meet any performance requirements. 3.4.3.5 Zero degree slope roof or horizontal roof is the least effective roof for all roofing sets. 3.4.3.6 Larger percentages of fenestrations result in higher solar heat gain values. 3.4.3.7 For BAU wall sets Window Set 4 combination is best. 3.4.3.8 Any Roofing Set can be used with any Window Set. 3.4.4 Based on the schematic design of the architect, fenestration percentage can be projected and with that fenestration percentage the architect can choose the appropriate building envelope technologies to use in order to meet the performance requirements which ensure a minimum 5 percent reduction in energy use. 3.4.5 Table 3.4.5.1 shows a summary of the analysis of the results as it relates to the programming of fenestrations:
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Table 3.4.5.1 Summary of Analysis of Results by Fenestration Programming Percentage of Fenestration 20% Wall Set/ Window Set Window Set Window Set Window Set Roof Set 1 2 3 4 BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 30% BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 None None Up to 45% Up to 25% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 30% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45%
(allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope)
Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45%
Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
None None Up to 45%
Up to 25% None Up to 45%
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Wall Set 2 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 40% BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 None None Up to 15% None Up to 10% None Up to 25% None None None None Up to 15% None Up to 45% Up to 10% None Up to 45% Up to 30% None Up to 45% None None None Up to 15% None Up to 45% Up to 10% None Up to 45% Up to 30% None Up to 45% None None None Up to 15% None Up to 45% Up to 10% None Up to 45% Up to 30% None Up to 45% None None Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
None None Up to 45% None None Up to 45%
Up to 25% None Up to 45% Up to 25% None Up to 45% Up to 25% None Up to 45%

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)
None None None
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Set 1-4 50% BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 60% BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1
None
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
None None None None None None None
Up to 15% None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 20%
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BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 70% and above BAU BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 BAU-2 Set 1-4
None None None None None None None None

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)

(allowable slope)
None Up to 45% Up to 20% None Up to 45% Up to 15% None Up to 45%

(allowable slope)
None None Up to 45% None None Up to 45% None None Up to 45% None None Up to 45% None None Up to 45%
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4. THE TRANSLATION GUIDELINES

4.1 Required State Program
Business As Usual
1,528 KWH consumption per month 14 KWH/m2 consumption density benchmark 261 Kilograms GHG emission per household P13,433 monthly electric bill.
Prescriptions
5-10% reductions across all indicators 76 to 153 KWH reduction of consumption per month (1375-1451) 12.7 to 13.4 KWH/m2 consumption density benchmark (0.7 to 1.4) 13 to 26 Kilograms reductions in GHG emission per household (248-235) Up to P1,343 savings per monthly electric bill
RESEARCH PROCESS
BLDG ENVELOPE & LIGHTING FIXTURE
Figure 4.1.1 Required State Program
The existing state and the future state are assessed in terms of energy consumption and several consequences of the aforementioned consumption. These are energy consumption density, greenhouse gas emissions, and monthly electric bill. However, the benchmark to gauge the improvement will ultimately be the energy consumption density. This is because there is a need to integrate the possibilities of different energy-consuming activities within the household, as well as, different sizes of houses. Furthermore, a standard to which residential developments can measure the energy consumption per square meter of a house independent of those factors is possible. That being the benchmark, two different houses of the same
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middle income group can be compared by their efficiency of energy use for each square meter they occupy.
Figure 4.1.1 shows the existing state and the future state indicators. Where the existing state shows current conditions and the future state indicates a target of 5 to 10 percent reduction.
4.2 Concept Breakdown 4.2.1 Architectural Design
4.2.1.1 The design of the exterior closure is dependent on the imagination of the designer and the extent of dynamic application of the material being considered. The study will affect the ultimate
decision as to the size of the fenestration of the building, as to meet prescriptions for energy-efficiency. 4.2.1.2 Building Envelope 4.2.1.2.1 The building envelope will be affected by the allowable fenestration proportion and material selection of the architect. The decisions will be based on the guidelines for building envelope as prescribed by this study as well as the imagination of the architect and any factors the client wishes to include. 4.2.2 Building Sciences
4.2.2.1 Building Materials
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4.2.2.1.1 The building materials used in the study are just selected materials from the market that have a high U-value rating. Their economic viability is also within the range of the study. Additionally, any other material substitution may be used with any of the sets as long as the U-value specified for that set is within plus or minus 10 percent of the specified value. 4.3 Guidelines for Building Envelope 4.3.1 Fenestration Percentage as the over-riding factor
4.3.1.1 Table 4.3.1.1.1 shows the prescriptions: Table 4.3.1.1.1 Building Envelope Prescriptions by Fenestration Programming Percentage of Fenestration 20% Wall Set/ Window Set Window Set Window Set Window Set Roof Set 1 2 3 4 BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 30% Up to 45% Up to 35% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 30% Up to 45% Up to 35% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 30% Up to 45% Up to 35% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 30% Up to 45% Up to 35% Up to 45%
(allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope)
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 20% Up to 45%
Up to 30% Up to 45%
Up to 35% Up to 45%
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30%
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 25% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 25% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 25% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 25% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 25% Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
(allowable slope)
40%
BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4 BAU
Up to 15% Up to 45%
Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10%
(allowable slope)
Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45%

(allowable slope) (allowable slope)
Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45%

(allowable slope)
50%
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BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4 60% BAU BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 1 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 BAU-1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 BAU-1 Set 1-4 70% and above BAU Set 1-4
(allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope) (allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
(allowable slope)
Up to 45%
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Wall Set 1 Set 1-4 Wall Set 2 Set 1-4 Wall Set 3 Set 1-4 Wall Set 4 Set 1-4 Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45%
4.3.1.2 Goals attained: 4.3.1.2.1 500.7 kilo-watt hour per month reduction in energy consumption. 4.3.1.2.2 PHP4, 4101.00 reduction in monthly electric bill. 4.3.1.2.3 85 kilograms reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. 4.3.1.2.3.1 This is equivalent to 181.304 kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for NCR or 361.889 kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for all urban households in the Philippines. 4.3.1.2.4 Total reduction is equivalent to an indicative decrease in energy consumption of 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to 10 percent reduction. 4.3.1.2.5 Benchmark energy consumption density is 9.4136 kilowatthour per month. 4.3.1.2.6 With a reduction of 1.86425 kilowatts per household per day, and 8.8 percent of households using air conditioning
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(PDI, 2005), with 5.866 million urban households, this is equivalent to 962 megawatts per year. This means that production from a power plant with 962 megawatt capacity is deferred every year. With this estimate only 0.79 percent of deferment is actually needed since the reduction per year projected by the report entitled the Philippines Initial National Communication on Climate Change requires only 7.6105 megawatts per year. This translates to about 1 in every 10 households adopting fully the prescriptions of the study as well as not using their air conditioners as an affect of the prescriptions.
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5. Design Application of The Guidelines 5.1 Introduction
The guidelines that were established from the research are applied in two different prototype houses. The two prototypes are House A and House B. The design of the two houses were developed from the same preliminary schematics. The schematics were derived from the real estate matrix of the
research namely the mean, mode and maximum values in the data from the matrix. The design of the prototype houses incorporated basic tropical The design development drawings were focused on
architecture concepts.
optimizing for energy-efficiency of each prototype house. This was done by applying the guidelines after calculations were made for each prototype house. The calculations included the total area exposed to the environment and the total area exposed to the environment that is windows (fenestration). From this a percentage is taken and is compared to the available windows, walls, and roof sets. The combination taken is wholly dependent on the designer. For these prototypes, House A and House B, have fenestrations of 20 percent and 31 percent, respectively. For House A, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 2 windows will be used. For House B, business-as-usual walls, Set 1 roof, and Set 4 windows will be used.
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5.2 Space Program
The following tables are the space program, detailed per room, of the prototype house. This is based on the real estate matrix as well as the base-case house used for the research project.
5.3 Space Living Room
Living Room Floor Area (minimum) 20 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Kitchen, Dining Room, Bathroom, Stairs Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Family friendly ambience
Activities/Usage General Family Activities, Social Interaction Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Overall Character: Warm, Welcoming, Relaxing at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 Noise Level: low to high noise level percent of exposed exterior wall area. Accessible convenience outlets Sufficient artificial lighting Other Requirements Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis. Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view Privacy: Allows privacy through controllable windows and doors. Proxemics: Social
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5.4 Dining Room Space Dining Room Activities/Usage Eating, medium level socialization Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 15 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Kitchen, Dining, Living, Bathroom Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: eating friendly ambience
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Overall Character: Warm, Appetizing, Relaxing at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 Noise Level: low to high noise level percent of exposed exterior wall area. Accessible convenience outlets Sufficient artificial lighting Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view although not necessary Privacy: nearest to Kitchen Proxemics: Social
Other Requirements Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.5 Kitchen Space Kitchen Activities/Usage Preparation and storage of Food Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 15 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Dining, Living Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Creative and inspiring atmosphere
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Overall Character: Warm, Inspiring, Bright at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 Noise Level: low to medium noise level percent of exposed exterior wall area. Accessible convenience outlets (provide countertop COs) Sufficient artificial lighting Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view although not necessary Privacy: nearest to Dining Room Proxemics: Social
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5.6 1st Floor Bathroom Space 1st Floor Bathroom Activities/Usage Personal Hygiene Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.10 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area 2.5 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Living, Dining Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Noise Level: low noise level at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Views and Vistas: a view is not necessary 1st Floor: 20 cm lower than floor level. Privacy: near to Dining, Living rooms Fenestration Requirement: direct exhaust Proxemics: Personal to Intimate by fenestration to exterior environment Grounded countertop convenience outlet near sink and mirror. Sufficient artificial lighting Other Requirements Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.7 Stairs Space Stairs Activities/Usage transport device to second floor Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 3 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Living, Dining Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean and Beautiful
Overall Character: Bright, Clean and Temperature: Ambient room temperature Beautiful Noise Level: low to medium noise level at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 percent of exposed exterior wall area. Sufficient artificial lighting Views and Vistas: Preferably with a view although not necessary Privacy: near Living, Dining Rooms Proxemics: Public to Personal Space Other Requirements Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.8 2nd Floor Bathroom Space 2nd Floor Bathroom Activities/Usage Personal Hygiene Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.10 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Location and Proximity Requirements Bedrooms, Hallway Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright Floor Area
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Noise Level: low noise level at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Views and Vistas: a view is not necessary nd Floor: 20 cm lower than 2 floor level. Privacy: near to Bedrooms and Hallway Fenestration Requirement: direct exhaust Proxemics: Intimate to Personal by fenestration to exterior environment Provide countertop convenience outlets near sink and mirror Sufficient artificial lighting Other Requirements Building envelope must meet guidelines set by this thesis.
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5.9 Bedroom 1 Space Bedroom 1 Activities/Usage Personal Space, Sleeping Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 12 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Hallway, Bathroom Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Noise Level: low to high noise level at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Views and Vistas: preferably with a view Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 Privacy: near Bathroom, Hallway percent of exposed exterior wall area. Proxemics: Intimate to Personal Accessible convenience outlets Sufficient artificial lighting
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5.10 Bedroom 2 Space Bedroom 2 Activities/Usage Personal Space, Sleeping Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 12 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Hallway, Bathroom Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright
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5.11 Master Bedroom Space Master Bedroom Activities/Usage Personal Space, Sleeping Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 20 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Hallway, Bathroom Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright
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5.12 Hallway Space Hallway Activities/Usage Transport Corridor to other spaces Quantitative/Technical Requirements Clearances: minimum 2.70 meters floor to ceiling height requirement Materials: Low maintenance flooring Floor Area minimum 4 square meters Location and Proximity Requirements Bathroom and Bedrooms Qualitative/Psychological Requirements Mood/Ambience: Clean, Bright Overall Character: Clean, Bright
Temperature: Ambient room temperature Noise Level: low to high noise level at maximum 24 degrees centigrade Views and Vistas: preferably with a view Fenestration Requirement: minimum 20 Privacy: near Bathroom, near bedroom percent of exposed exterior wall area. Proxemics: Social to Personal Accessible convenience outlets Sufficient artificial lighting
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6. The Prototype Houses 6.1 Prototype House Basic Design 6.1.1 Picture 6.1.1.1 below shows a graphic of one of many calculations made on shading devices using SunTool Solar Position Calculator by The Fridge Corporation, Dr. A.J. Marsh copyrighted in the year 1999. This shows a May 1 scenario where the sun shading can completely cover the sun during 3 o clock afternoon sun using 1200 mm horizontal sun shading devices.
Picture 6.1.1.1 SunTool Calculations
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6.1.2 The drawing below (picture 6.1.2.1) shows the location where the prototype houses were tested. It is an existing subdivision called the Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf Course. It is located in Lipa City, Batangas Province. The views to Mt. Malarayat are to the west and south, although there are some views to the periphery of the northern orientation. The exact Lot Location is the blue shaded region.
Picture 6.1.2.1 Subdivision Plan of Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf
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The lot location is situated near a lagoon to the northwest and a public park and playground with a gazebo to the west. It has access through a 10-meter wide road at the south. Is bounded a lot block 8, 343 square meters, to its east. 6.1.3 The Lot plan is shown below as picture 6.1.3.1. It is a regular polygon approximately 14 meters by 23 meters with a total area of 319 square meters. It is designated Block 9. Its longitudinal axis points along the northwest south east corridor.
Picture 6.1.3.1 Lot Plan of Block 9 of Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf Course
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6.1.4 The picture below (picture 6.1.4.1) is the actual area of the subdivision. It clearly gives the atmosphere of the site green, natural and tranquil.
Picture 6.1.4.1 Photograph of Malarayat Residential Estates and Golf Course
6.1.5 Wind orientation follows the prevailing northeast and southwest monsoon winds.
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6.1.6 Vegetation within the lot is mainly composed of grass, other various flora are located along the periphery of the property, these include the most numerous coconut trees. 6.2 Prototype House A 6.2.1 This model integrates passive solar features such as adequate shading devices as computed through simulation, adequate cross ventilation, roof vents, and design specifications for walls, windows, and roof systems, among others. It is also climate-responsive with regards to solar and wind
orientation. Conventional construction materials are used. 6.2.2 The diagram below (picture 6.2.2.1) shows a process of how the guidelines were used in the designing of the prototype.
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Picture 6.2.2.1. Integration of Guidelines into designing Prototype House A
The design for House As fenestrations is set at 20 percent of the total walls exposed to the sun. For this design Business-asUsual walls, Roof replacement set 1, Window replacement set 1, will be used as prescribed by the guidelines.
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6.2.3 Architectural Plans 6.2.3.1 Below is the perspective of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.2
Below are the floor plans of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.3
Below are the elevations of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.4
Below is the cross section and longitudinal section of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.5
Below are the reflected ceiling plans of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.6
Below is the windows and door schedule of the Prototype House A.
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6.2.3.7
The Prototype House A uses replacement sets which
amount to approximately P100,800.00 more than the normal business-as-usual set-up due to additional materials that would be required or substitution of materials. The return of investment for this is
approximately 35 months or 3 years. This house can save approximately P3,090.00 from energy-efficient design. 6.3 Prototype House B 6.3.1 Prototype House B was designed to contrast with Prototype House As design of 20 percent fenestrations. House B has approximately 31 percent fenestrations. It is designed with the same tropical design concepts as House A. 6.3.2 The diagram below (picture 6.3.2.1) shows a process of how the guidelines were used in the designing of the prototype.
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Picture 6.3.2.1. Integration of Guidelines into designing Prototype House B
The design for House Bs fenestrations is set at 31 percent of the total walls exposed to the sun. For this design Business-asUsual walls, Roof replacement set 1, Window replacement set 4, will be used as prescribed by the guidelines.
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6.3.3 Architectural Plans 6.3.3.1 Below are the floor plans of the Prototype House B.
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6.3.3.2
Below are the elevations of the Prototype House B.
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6.3.3.3
Below is the cross section and longitudinal section of the Prototype House B.
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6.3.3.4
Below are the reflected ceiling plans of the Prototype House B.
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6.3.3.5
Below is the windows and door schedule of the Prototype House B.
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7. Project Estimate & Schedule 7.1 The following is the detailed project estimate of Prototype House A:
Project: Two-storey Residential Building - HOUSE 1 Location: Lot 9, Malarayat Residential Estates & Golf Course Project Designer: Aaron Lecciones Project Title: Developing a Framework for Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments SCOPE OF WORK ET'D QTY. UNIT ET'D MAT'L TOTAL L+M UNIT COST COST (DIRECT W/ LABOR COST) 1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1 Building Permits, Electrical, Sanitary, Inc. Barangay Clearance 1.2 Homeowner's Subdivision Bonds 1.3 All-risk Insurance 1.4 Final Occupancy Permit 1.5 Miscellaneous Worker's I.D., Delivery Truck Trip 2.0 Mobilization/Demobilization 2.1 Manpower 2.2 Tools and Equipments 2.3 Clean-up (Hauling of Soils) 3.0 Temporary Facilities 3.1 Electrical Connection 3.2 Water 3.3 Bodege, Bunkhouse, Latrine 3.4 Batterbourds, Lineages 3.5 Perimeter Cover (hute +cocolumber, 4 sides) 4.0 Earthworks 4.1 Clearing and Grubbing 4.2 General Excavation (Loose volume) 4.3 Backfill compacted with 4" gravel bedding 4.4 Gravel bedding including driveway
319
sqm
80 verify 25000 14980 6000
25520 0 25000 14980 6000 71500 28800 5000 5000 38800 15000 12000 50000 14800 18720 110520 1595 19000 8750 8700
1 1 1
lot lot lot
720 1 1
m.hrs lot lot
40 5000 5000
1 1 25 148 104
lot lot sq.m. lm lm
15000 12000 2000 100 180
319 50 25 15
sq.m cu.m cu.m. cu.m.
5 380 350 580
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4.5 Earthfill (House proper) 5.0 Concrete and Masonry with Rebars Rebars, Formworks, Scaffolds, Shorings: Ready Mix 5.1 Column Footings 3kPSI 5.2 Columns 3kPSI 5.3 Footings Tie Beams 3kPSI 5.4 Wall Footings 3kPSI 5.5 Slab on fill with driveway 2.8kPSI 5.6 Trellia Beams 3k 5.7 Floor Beams/Tie Beams 5.8 Suspended slabs 5.9 C-joists @0.90 o.c. 5.10 Floor topping: Ground floor 5.11 Floor topping: Second floor 5.12 Stair components 3k 5.13 Roof Beams 3k 5.14 Lintel Beams (Job Mix) 5.15 General Concrete Plaster retouching on structural frames 5.16 Concrete electrical pole 5.17 Septic Vault Slabwork 3k 5.18 Lean Concrete Guide 5.19 6" CHB wall 700 psi with 10mm R&B plastered or prepared for masonry finish e.g stucco, etc. 5.20 4" CHB -106.0 Fencework 6.1 Foundation 6.2 6" ordinary CHB plastered on one side, tool joint exterior 6.3 Brickwork 6.4 Grillework (painted) 6.5 Steel Pedestillion & vehicular gate (painted) 7.0 Roof framing/Roofing 7.1 Steel trusses w/ accessories 7.2 Corrugated Pre-colored undersheeting with clips
54
cu.m.
150
8100 46145
12 2 2 0.5 12 1 4 2 20 6 6 2.5 3 3 3 1.6 1.2 2
cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m. cu.m.
13110 13,210 13110 7725 7725 13210 13210 11240 500 1900 5820 13210 13210 7725 2900 13210 13210 1900
157320 26420 26220 3862.5 92700 13210 52840 22480 10000 11400 34920 33025 39630 23175 8700 21136 15852 3800
80 84
sq.m. sq.m.
734 660
58720 55440 710850.5 24240 36180 64800 20880 34800 180900
2.4 54 86.4 11.6 11.6
cu.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m.
10100 670 750 1800 3000
95.6 95.6
sq.m. sq.m.
1750 520
167300 49712
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7.3 Earth tone flat finish clay troof iles with metal hat type battens complete w/ down-end tiles, ridge tiles, flashing & end tiles, including GI gutter 8.0 Stock Panels 8.1 Marine plywood on 2x2 timber ceiling joist treated with clear solignum 8.2 Ordinary ceiling boards 8.3 200mm wide fascia on underside of slab windows 8.4 Louvre vents of KD 8.5 1 X 5 TKD baseboards 8.6 1 X 3 TKD cornices 8.7 Ceiling vents TKD 8.8 Narra handrail 80mm 8.9 Kitchen Unit, cabinet works w/ accessories and sitting ledge 8.10 Bedroom 2 closet 8.11 Master bedroom closet 9.0 Doors and Windows 9.1 Aluminum Glastek custommade windows w/ frame 9.2 Main entrance door complete 9.3 Kitchen door complete 9.4 Panel door DELTAWOOD 10.0 Architectural Wall & Floor Masonry Finish 10.1 Living, Dining, Bedroom 10.2 Kitchen 10.3 Durastone Countertops 10.4 Carport 10.5 T&B (wall) GWT 10.6 T&B (floor) Vitrified Tiles 10.7 Stairs 10.8 Concrete Windows & Door casing 10.9 Kitchen splash tiles & under counter tiles 11.0 Specialty Metal Works 11.1 Stair Balusters 11.2 Steel Mesh
95.6
sq.m.
1000
95600 312612
54 54 35 6 60 60 40 6
sq.m. sq.m. l.m l.m l.m l.m l.m l.m
342 318 88 850 150 82 190 909
18468 17172 3080 5100 9000 4920 7600 5454
1 1 1
lot lot lot
100,000 13,000 16,000
100000 13000 16000 199794
35 1 1 5
sq.m. set set set
2400 12000 7500 4800
84000 12000 7500 24000 127500
35 15 9 24 3 3 11.2 120 6
sq.m. sq.m. l.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. sq.m. l.m. sq.m.
1200 1200 1000 250 1200 640 1650 45 400
42000 18000 9000 6000 3600 1920 18480 5400 2400 106800 15240 10800
6.35 9
sq.m. sq.m.
2400 1200
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26040 12.0 Protection Systems 12.1 Ground floor Moisture Barrier 6mils polysheet 12.2 Soil poison 12.3 Water proofing 12.4 Insulation 13.0 Sanitary System 13.1 2" PVC sewer (orange) 13.2 4" PVC sewer (orange) 13.3 6" PVC sewer (orange) 13.4 catch basin cover 13.5 Fittings & consumables (pvc) 13.6 12mm polymutan CWL 13.7 25mm polymutan CWL 13.8 32mm polymutan CWL 13.9 40mm polymutan CWL 13.10 Hose Bibbs 12mm 13.11 CV & GV 12mm 13.12 Consumables & fittings 13.13 ordinary water closet 13.14 special water closet 13.15 counter type lavatory with taps and fittings 13.16 Kitchen Sink SS double bowl single drain board & Italy made water spray taps 13.17 Shower Head 13.18 Floor drain with cover 13.19 Shower curtain rods 13.20 towel bars 13.21 Toilet paper and soap holder 13.22 950 gals SS cistern (BestanK) 13.23 150mm RCP w/ collaring 13.24 200mm RCP w/ collaring 13.25 250mm RCP w/ collaring 13.26 3" downspouts pvc 13.27 Basket strainer 3"
60 4 30 60
sq.m. gallon s sq.m. sq.m.
60 4000 370 150
3600 16000 11100 9000 39700 2100 8250 7560 4180 8000 3000 8250 7500 2388 150 1000 12000 4400 8400 7000
20 30 20 11 1 20 30 20 6 2 2 1 1 1 1
l.m. l.m. l.m. pcs lot l.m. l.m. l.m. l.m. pcs each lot sets sets sets
105 275 378 380 8000 150 275 375 398 75 500 12000 4400 8400 7000
1 2 3 2 3 2 1 10 10 10 45 8
sets sets sets sets sets sets sets l.m. l.m. l.m. l.m. pcs
14000 900 200 450 450 400 12000 180 210 250 195 50 included in concreting works
14000 1800 600 900 1350 800 12000 1800 2100 2500 8775 400
13.28 Septic Tank
131203
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14.0 Electrical Works (excludes fixtures) 14.1 Lighting outlets including switches conduit, wired w/ grounding 14.2 Special purpose Outlets 14.3 Convenience outlet w/ conduits, wired & earth ready installed 14.4 MPA 14.5 Telephone System 14.6 Entrance Cabling System 15.0 Painting Works 15.1 Exterior House paint 15.2 Interior House paint 15.3 Interior timber house paint 15.4 underside of slab exposed paint w/ surface preparation 15.5 Duco or varnish 15.6 Gen. Surface preparation, poisoning, putty, sanding, retouching 15.7 Detailing/consumables, masking tapes, paper, sand paper 15.8 Gen. scaffolding movement dismantling
20 6
sets sets
1600 2800
32000 16800
22 1 1 10
sets sets lot l.m.
2000 22500 12000 950
44000 22500 12000 9500 136800 51250 75000 12500
205 300 50
sq.m. sq.m. sq.m.
250 250 250
40 1
sq.m. lot
200 80000
8000 80000
505 1 1
sq.m. lot lot
180 12000 1500
90900 12000 1500 331150
Direct Cost Summary Summary of Estimates / Scope 1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2.0 Mobilization/Demobilization 3.0 Temporary Facilities 4.0 Earthworks 5.0 Concrete and Masonry with Rebars 6.0 Fencework 7.0 Roof framing/Roofing 8.0 Stock Panels 9.0 Doors and Windows 11.0 Specialty Metal Works 12.0 Protection Systems 13.0 Sanitary System 14.0 Electrical Works (excludes fixtures) 71500 110520 46145 710850.5 5000 180900 312612 199794 127500 106800 26040 131203 136800
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15.0 Painting Works PHP DIRECT COST: CONTRACTORS PROFIT: TOTAL PROJECT ESTIMATE: 2496814.5 3121018.125 Php3,121,018.1 3
331150 2496814.5
7.2 Project Schedule 7.2.1 The following are Gantt Charts for the schedule of the project:
WORK/TIME
week 1 Month 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1 Month 2 week 2 week 3
Mobilization Clearing Cut and Fill Excavation Fabricate Rebars Install Rebars Erect Scaffoldings Fabricate Column Forms
WORK/TIME
week 4 week 1
Month 3 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1
Month 4 week 2 week 3 week 4
Concrete Footings Install Forms Concrete Columns Remove Forms Backfill Footings Fabricate/Install Beam Rebars Fabricate/Install Beam Forms Concrete Beams
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WORK/TIME
week 1
Month 5 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 1
Concrete Beams Remove Beam Forms Install Girts/Girders Fab/Install Trusses/Rafters & Purlins Excavate Wall Footings Install Wall Footing Rebars Concrete Wall Footings Lay CHB Install Door/Window Frames Plaster CHB Compact Fill for Slab Fab/Install Slab Rebars Concrete Slab Finish Slab Topping Install Roofing
WORK/TIME
week 1
Install Roofing Install Doors and Windows Ceiling Works Wall Partition Works Cabinet Works Painting/Finishing Cleaning Project Closeout
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8. Handbook for Designers and Other Users
In order to facilitate the use of the guidelines as developed in this thesis, a handbook entitled Handbook for Designers and Other Users was written for the specific purpose of explaining in laymens terms the step by step process of applying the guidelines into the building envelope of residential structures. The printable version for handbook use is provided as a Microsoft Word Document at the appendix located in electronic format in the Compact Disk included with this book. Below are the contents of the handbook.
I. Introduction
This Handbook entitled Guidelines for the Building Envelope of Housing Developments was made for the easy application of the prescription set forth in the research Developing a Framework for Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Building Envelope of Housing Developments. This handbook is divided into three sections, namely, the Introduction, the Concept, and the Guidelines. The
sections are written to direct the reader or user of the handbook as simply as possible to the sets of prescriptions he or she will be applying by using a simple selection method. The Introduction is meant to inform the reader of where this handbook can be applied and other background information regarding the handbook and the research. The Concept orients the user to basic concepts used in the study and how
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they affect the selection method.
The Guidelines are where the user starts his
selection process using basic concepts introduced in the previous section.
The research was carried out as part of an undergraduate thesis of the College of Architecture of the University of the Philippines. The reason for the study was to protect the environment from the harmful use of fossil fuel-based energy consumption in housing developments. The rationale behind the study was to achieve a way to
avoid the use of air-conditioning in residential houses by maintaining a certain indoor temperature through the use of certain building materials for areas of the house exposed to the sun.
The guidelines are applicable to all low-rise housing types.
If you are
constructing a one- to two-storey residential structure then the prescriptions set in this handbook are applicable to your project. These might include single-detached units, row houses, duplex, and townhouses. The structure you are building must primarily be for residential use since no other uses are applicable to this study.
The guidelines are meant primarily for the use of a designer of the residential structure which is the normally Architect. The results of the prescriptions are meant to advise the architect on what materials he ought to use for the building envelope, the outside surfaces exposed to the sun and environment, so that he can meet the requirements of the study. Although primarily for the architect, users can use this handbook in deciding what the outside look of a house would eventually be this
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schematic phase is one of three definite areas where the guidelines are used in the building design process.
During the schematic phase the designer or architect can already decide on the direction of his design when considering the prescriptions required by the fenestrations, or windows, of his scheme. The considerations he might consider may be the cost of the project versus the prescriptions available to his scheme, or a certain preference for a material or ease of construction for the windows, walls or roofs. The second area would be design development where he can further analyze the cost of the prescriptions and decide which of the three main elements windows, walls, roofs, will be changed according to the prescriptions selected. The third area would be during the creation of the contract documents where the designer would finalize his decisions on the specifications of the walls, windows and roof.
General Benefits: The study targets that for every household that applies the prescriptions and in turn does not use their air-conditioners a 500.7 kilo-watt hour per month reduction in energy consumption, PHP4, 4101.00 reduction in monthly electric bill, and 85 kilograms reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be achieved.
In a larger scale this is equivalent to 181.304 kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for Metropolitan Manila or 361.889 kilometric tons of reduced greenhouse gas emissions for all urban households in the Philippines.
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This is a total reduction equivalent to 32.76 percent, way above the required 5 to 10 percent reduction. Households are expected to achieve an energy consumption density of 9.4136 kilowatt-hour per month. Moreover, with a reduction of 1.86425 kilowatts for every household every day, and an estimated 8.8 percent of households using air conditioning with 5.866 million urban households, this reduction is equivalent to 962 megawatts every year. This means that production from a power plant with 962
megawatt capacity is deferred each year. That is equivalent to saving millions of trees worth carbon sequestration. However, only 0.79 percent of deferment is actually needed since the reduction per year projected by the report entitled the Philippines Initial National Communication on Climate Change requires only 7.6105 megawatts per year. This translates to about 1 in every 10 households adopting fully the prescriptions of the study as well as not using their air conditioners.
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II. Concept
Business As Usual
1,528 KWH consumption per month 14 KWH/m2 consumption density benchmark 261 Kilograms GHG emission per household P13,433 monthly electric bill.
Prescriptions
5-10% reductions across all indicators 76 to 153 KWH reduction of consumption per month (1375-1451) 12.7 to 13.4 KWH/m2 consumption density benchmark (0.7 to 1.4) 13 to 26 Kilograms reductions in GHG emission per household (248-235) Up to P1,343 savings per monthly electric bill.
RESEARCH PROCESS
BLDG ENVELOPE & LIGHTING FIXTURE
Figure 1 Required State Program
Above is Figure 1 or the Required State Program. To understand the underlying concept of the study, the designer must know that there are two states upon which the study is based upon. The Existing State where it is business as usual, and the Future State where the prescription are used and applied in housing projects. Both are assessed according to energy consumption. The Future State depicts a setting where energy consumption is less in all of the four aspects being considered in the study electricity consumption per month, electricity consumption density, greenhouse gas emissions, and monthly electricity bill.
The future state is achieved by using the prescriptions of the study. This is possible because energy consumption in a household is largely due to the use of airconditioning. Households need air-conditioning since the design of their building
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envelope or the outer shell of the building was not meant to keep out enough heat radiated by the sun to maintain a comfortable level of indoor temperature.
The prescriptions specify certain construction sets for walls, windows and roofs for the designer to follow in his design in order to meet that comfortable level of indoor temperature.
As related to Architectural Design The prescriptions do not limit the aesthetic design of the buildings exterior. The final design is dependent on the imagination of the designer and the extent of which the materials specified by the guidelines will be used. However, the study will affect the final decision of the size of the fenestration of the building and its specifications.
As related to the Building Envelope The building envelope will be affected by the study because there are limits on the allowable size of fenestrations for each different materials used for walls, windows and roofs. The decisions, however, are solely the designers prerogative and will be based on the guidelines for building envelope as prescribed by the study, as well as the imagination of the architect and any factors the client wishes to include.
As to Building Materials
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The building materials used in the study are just selected materials from the market that have a high Thermal Resistivity rating (a value that measures how well a material rejects heat radiated or conducted). The economic viability of each construction set (set of materials for walls, windows, or roofs) is within the cost range reachable by the middle income group which is the target of the study. The sets may be replaced by any other material as long as the U-value specified for that set is within a range of plus or minus 10 percent of the target value. So if Material A as a U-value of 0.36 it may be substituted by Material B with a Uvalue of 0.396 or with Material C with a U-value of 0.324
III. Guidelines
Part I 4 Steps
The prescriptions can be chosen using a simple selection method. This method is done by accomplishing four steps.
First and foremost, the designer must calculate the Fenestration Percentage (Fp). This is the area of windows divided by the total area of walls exposed to the outside environment. The equation is shown below:
Fp =
Total Area of Windows in sq.m. Total Wall Area exposed to outside environment
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The second step after calculating for the Fenestration Percentage is to choose the table for the appropriate Fenestration Percentage (Fp) acquired from the last step from the tables listed at Part II Building Envelope Prescriptions. The values are classified into 20-29% fenestration percentage, 30-39% fenestration percentage, 40-49% fenestration percentage, 50-59% fenestration percentage, 60-69% fenestration percentage and 70% and above fenestration percentage.
The third step is to check which wall, window and roof sets are available from the table. Now, according to your design assign sets for each building envelope element windows, walls and roofs. Keeping in mind that each combination of there sets 1 for the window, 1 for the walls, 1 for the roof, allows for a certain roof slope. You may either start with a preferred roof slope, working backwards, or you may either choose based on a preference for easy construction choosing wall, window and roof sets which are easily installed. At this stage you may also already consider the cost of each combination of sets. This is done by multiplying the amount used in the design of each set (window, wall or roofs) to the cost per unit of the respective set. Then adding all three costs of windows, walls, and roofs to see if it fits within the budget of the project.
The fourth and last step is to finalize your prescriptions by looking at the specifications of each set at Part III Replacement Sets and integrating it into your design. This can be done in all parts of the design process be it the schematic, design development or contract documents. This is reflected normally at the
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Elevations, Windows Schedules, Technical Specifications, Job Orders for Windows, Roofs Materials, and others.
Part II Building Envelope Prescriptions
Fenestration Percentage 20-29%

Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S.: Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45% Up to 20% Up to 45%
Window Set 2
Window Set 3
Window Set 4
Notes: A.R.S. is Allowable Roof Slope Cost of each Set: Window Set 1: PHP 1,607.00 per 1x1.1m Window Set 2: PHP 2,587.00 per 1x1.1m Window Set 3: PHP 5,880.00 per 1x1.1m Window Set 4: PHP 6,860.00 per 1x1.1m Wall Set 1: PHP 734.00 per l.m. Wall Set 2: PHP 862.50 per l.m. Wall Set 3: PHP 1,912.50 per l.m. Wall Set 4: PHP BAU Wall Set: PHP 734.00 per l..m. BAU-1 Roof Set: PHP1,896.00 per sq.m. Roof Set 1: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Roof Set 2: PHP 2,246.00 per sq.m. Roof Set 3: PHP 3,192.00 per sq.m. Roof Set 4: PHP 2,366.00 per sq.m.
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Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S.: Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45%
Window Set 2
Window Set 3
Window Set 4

Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S:
Window Set 2
A.R.S: Up to 15% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45% Up to 15% Up to 45%
Window Set 3
A.R.S: Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45% Up to 10% Up to 45%
Window Set 4
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Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S:
Window Set 2
A.R.S:
Window Set 3
A.R.S:
Window Set 4
Fenestration Percentage 60-69-%

Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S.:
Window Set 2
A.R.S.:
Window Set 3
A.R.S.:
Window Set 4
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Fenestration Percentage 70% and above

Wall Set/ Roof Set
Window Set 1
A.R.S.:
Window Set 2
A.R.S.:
Window Set 3
A.R.S.:
Window Set 4
A.R.S.: Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45% Up to 45%
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Part III Replacement Sets

The Replacement set and their specifications are as follows: Wall Construction Concrete reinforced masonry wall painted finish 150mm to 200mm thick, having U-Value of 0.303 and solar radiation absorption of 25 percent to 50 percent. Figure A shows the graphic representation of BAU wall set.
Figure A BAU Wall Set Roof Construction Clay or Cement Tile, G.I. undersheeting, and Insulating Foil with U-value of 0.836 or 0.8. Figure B shows the graphic representation of BAU Roof Construction.
Figure B BAU Roof Construction BAU-1 is made up of clay tile 100mm deep and G.I. undersheeting with Uvalue of 0.5. Figure C shows the graphic representation of BAU-1 Roof Construction.
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Figure C BAU-1 Roof Construction
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Efficient-State Replacement Sets Wall Construction Set 1 is made up of two CHB walls, the exterior facing wall 10cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height and the interior facing wall 7cm width by 40cm length by 15cm height, with a 2cm airspace in between, painted finish having a U-value of approximately 0.148. Figure D shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 1.
Figure D Wall Set 1 Set 2 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.044. Figure E shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 2.
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Figure E Wall Set 2
Set 3 is made up of an exterior facing CHB wall 10cm thick, having normal dimensions of 40cm length and 15 cm height, 2 cm airspace, a 1cm thick insulating foil (reflectivity 95%) and an interior facing 2cm fiber cement board, painted finish having a U-Value of approximately 0.018. Figure F shows the graphic representation of Wall Set 3.
Figure F Wall Set 3
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Set 4 is made up of a pre-fabricated integrated monolithic construction of polysterene-based walls called M2 copyright by the Marathon Building Technologies. This construction has a U-value of 0.44.
Window Construction Set 1 is Flat glass, single pane, clear and sheltered with U-Value of 4.6. Figure G shows the graphic representation of Window Set 1 (BAU Window Set 1).
Figure G Window Set 1
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Set 2 is Flat glass, single pane with low emittance coating of e=0.20 and sheltered with U-Value of 3.12. Figure H shows the graphic representation of Window Set 2.
Figure H Window Set 2
Set 3 is Insulating glass, double pane, clear with 0.55mm airspace and sheltered with U-value of 2.95. Figure I shows the graphic representation of Window Set 3.
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Figure I Window Set 3
Set 4 is Insulating glass, double pane with low emittance coating of e=0.60 and sheltered with 12.55mm airspace with U-value of 2.78. Figure J shows the graphic representation of Window Set 4.
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Figure J Window Set 4
Roof Construction Set 1 is made up of R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 20mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.0643. Figure K shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure K Roof Set 1
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Set 2 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and clay tile 100mm deep with 100mm airspace between the insulating foil and undersheeting, with an average U-value of 0.0622. Figure L shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure L Roof Set 2 Set 3 is made up of a R-13, 95% reflectivity insulating foil, cold rolled G.I. undersheeting and a HeatShield Thermoplastic Roof with 20mm airspace between insulating foil and undersheeting, with a U-value of 0.04823. Figure M shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
Figure M Roof Set 3
Set 4 is made up of a Non-asbestos Fibre Cement Corrugated roof with no insulating foil and claytiles 100mm deep, with a U-value of 0.089. Figure N shows the graphic representation of Roof Set 1.
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Figure N Roof Set 4
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LIST OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
BFOE BTU CO2 GW GWh kV kW KWh KWh/m2 MMBFOE MMB MMMT PhP Sq.m. W/m2
Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent British Thermal Unit Carbon Dioxide Gigawatt Gigawatt-hour Kilovolt Kilowatt Kilowatt-hour Kilowatt-hour per meter squared Million Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent Million Barrels Million Metric Tons Philippine Peso Square meter Watts per square meter
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ASHRAE APEC BAU CDM CFL CHB DBP DENR DOE DSM ECEE EEIPES EPIRA ERC ESCO GHG G.I. HECS HUDCC LEED LEED-H MEETSP MERALCO NCR NPC NPV NSCB NSO OTTV PDP PEP PEPU PNS SCRI SPP UNFCCC UNIDO VAT American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Business As Usual Clean Development Mechanism Compact Fluorescent Lamp Concrete Hollow Block Development Bank of the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Energy Demand Side Management Export Council for Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Indicators and Potential Energy Savings in APEC Economies Electric Power Industry Reform Act Energy Regulatory Board Energy Service Companies Greenhouse Gas Galvanized Iron Housing Energy Consumption Survey Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED for Homes The Market for Energy-efficient Technologies and Services in the Philippines Manila Electric Company National Capital Region National Power Corporation Net Present Value National Statistics Coordinating Board National Statistics Office Overall Thermal Transfer Value Power Development Plan Philippine Energy Plan Philippine Energy Plan Update Philippine National Standards SCR International Simple Payback Period United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change United Nations Industry Development Organization Value-Added Tax
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CONVERSION RATES
Length 1 meter 39.3701 inches 3.28084 feet Area 1 square meter 10.7639 square feet
Energy and Power 1 International Table (IT) 1 calorie 1 kilocalorie=(IT) 1 kilo-watt hour 4.1868 joules 1.163 watts 3,412.14 BTUs 895.845 kilocalories (IT) 3.6 mega joules 1.34102 horsepower 1 kilowatt 737.562 foot pounds 1.35962 metric horsepower
Converting into Barrels-of-Fuel-Oil Equivalent (BFOE) Energy Forms are converted into a common unit, BFOE, based on fuel oil equivalent at 18,600 BTU/lb as follows: Electricity Regular Gasoline 600 KWh 1 bbl 1.0000 0.8470
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Fuel Oil Coal (10,000BTU/lb) 1 MT 3.5300
CONVERSION RATES
Abbreviation 109 106 103
Prefix Giga (billion 1,000,000,000) Mega (million 1,000,000) Kilo (thousand 1,000)
Symbol G M K
Conversion kWh to J J to kWh kWh to MJ MJ to kWh kWh to GJ GJ to kWh
Formula kWh x 3.6x106 J x 1/3.6x10-6 kWh x 3.6 MJ x 0.278 kWh x 3.6x10-3 GJ x 278
Units Joules kWh MJ kWh GJ kWh
Source: GRAEI, 2003
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LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES

TABLES Table 2.1.2.6.1 Number of Households (000) Using Electricity by Lighting End-Use, and Monthly Income Class, Urban 1995 Pg. 20 Average Urban Household Appliance Electricity Consumption, 1995, KWh Pg. 22 Average Fuel Prices for Households Purchasing of Electricity in the NCR, Urban: 1995 Number of Households using Electricity by End-Use, NCR-Urban: 1995 Pgs. 23 Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use: 1995 Number of Households Using Electricity by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pgs. 24 Annual Average Urban Household Electricity Consumption in NCR by End-Use and Monthly Income Class: 1995 Pg. 25 Total Housing Expenditure and Percent to Total Family Expenditure by Decile, 2000 (NSCB, 2002) Total and Average Housing Income and Expenditure by Expenditure Class, Urban, 2000 (NSCB, 2002) Pgs. 26 Percentage Distribution of Total Family Expenditure by Select Major Expenditure Groups, 2000. (NSCB, 2002) Pg. 27 Occupied Housing Units in NCR by Construction Materials of Outer wall and Roof: 1990 (NSCB, 2005) Pg. 28
Table 2.1.2.7.1
Table 2.1.2.11.1 Table 2.1.2.12.1
Table 2.1.2.13.1 Table 2.1.2.14.1
Table 2.1.2.15.1
Table 2.1.3.2A
Table 2.1.3.2B
Table 3.1.3.2C
Table 2.1.3.3.1
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Table 2.1.5.1.1
Top Ten Provincial Poverty Thresholds (in Pesos) in the Year 2000 Pg. 30 Mean Family Income by Decile, 2000 & 2003 (PMNSDS, 2005) Average Income, Average Expenditure and Average Savings of Families at Current Prices by Region, 2000 and 2003 Pgs. 31 Room Size vs. Aircon Capacity (CGDOE, 2005) Pgs. 34 Energy Cost Per Hour of Use, PhP/hour (CGDOE, 2005) Pg 35 Number of Residential Customers by KWh Limits, April 2005 Impact on Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Pgs. 36 Rate Per KWh of Residential Customers for Bills from NPC Increase and VAT by KWh, April Vs. June 2005 Pg. 47 Carbon Dioxide Emission factors for Different Fuels, referring to lower calorific value Pg 45 Income Bracket as ascertained by points 3.2.1.1.1 through 3.2.1.1.7 Pg. 55 Summary of Analysis of Results by Fenestration Programming Pg. 121 Building Envelope Prescriptions by Fenestration Programming Pg. 126
Table 2.1.5.2.1 Table 2.1.5.3.1
Table 2.2.2.1.1 Table 2.2.2.1.2 Table 2.3.1.1.1 Table 2.3.1.1.2
Table 2.3.1.1.3
Table 2.3.4.2.1 Table 3.2.1.1.7 Table 3.4.6.1 Table 4.2.1.1.1
FIGURES Figure 1.3.5.1 Theoretical Framework Diagram Pg. 11
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Figure 3.3.1 Figure 3.1.2.1.1 Figure 3.1.2.2.1 Figure 3.1.2.4.1
Methodology Flowchart Residential Energy Consumption Pie Projected Savings for 2005 Percentage of Urban Households Using Electricity by Type of Use
Pg. 14 Pg. 51 Pg. 53 Pg. 54
Figure 3.1.3.1.1 Figure 3.1.3.2.1
Household Appliance Consumption in KWh Top Ten Highest Consuming Household Appliance
Pg. 54 Pg. 56
Figure 3.1.3.3.1
Household Energy Consumption Addressable By Architecture Ranked by Electricity Consumption in KWh
Pg. 57
Figure 3.1.5.1.1.1.1 Figure 3.1.5.1.2.1 Figure 3.1.5.1.3.1.1 Figure 3.1.5.1.3.2.1 Figure 3.1.5.1.3.3.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.1.1.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.1.2.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.1.3.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.2.1.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.2.2.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.2.3.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.2.4.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.3.1.1
BAU Wall Set 1 BAU Window Set 1 BAU Roof Construction BAU-1 Roof Construction BAU-2 Roof Construction Wall Set 1 Wall Set 2 Wall Set 3 Window Set 1 Window Set 2 Window Set 3 Window Set 4 Roof Set 1
Pg. 65 Pg. 65 Pg. 66 Pg. 66 Pg. 67 Pg. 68 Pg. 69 Pg. 70 Pg. 71 Pg. 71 Pg. 72 Pg. 73 Pg. 74
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Figure 3.1.5.2.3.2.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.3.3.1 Figure 3.1.5.2.3.4.1 Figure 3.2.2.1-29.1 Figure 3.3.1-6.1 Figure 3.4A Figure 4.1.1
Roof Set 2 Roof Set 3 Roof Set 4 OTTV Calculations Analysis of Results Missions, Issues, Goals, PRs Required State Program
Pg. 74 Pg. 75 Pg. 75 Pgs. 77-105 Pgs. 110-114 Pg. 117 Pg. 125
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APPENDICES
Appendices are found in electronic format Compact Disk, included in book sleeve or catalogued separately.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Burden, Ernest. Illustrated Dictionary of Architectural Preservation. McGraw-Hill. New York: 2003. 279 leaves.
Ching, Francis D.K.. A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York: 1997. 319 leaves.
Department of Energy, Republic of the Philippines. Energy Planning and Monitoring Bureau. Demand Analysis and Planning Division. 1995 Household Energy Consumption Survey. Taguig: Department of Energy: 1995.
. Republic of the Philippines. Philippine Energy Plan Update 2005. Taguig: Department of Energy: 2005.
. Republic of the Philippines. Consumer Guide. Volume 1. Issue No. 2 Taguig: Department of Energy: June 2005.
Dorian, James P. et al. Energy Efficiency Policy and Technology Transfer, A HawaiiPhilippines Case Study. Manila: 1999. 102 pages with appendices.
Jane Grosslight. Effective Use of Daylight and Electrical Lighting in Residential and Commercial Spaces. Prentice Hall: 1984. New Jersey. 192 pages.
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Meralco Company. Annual Report 2004. Pasig: Meralco: 2004. 111 pages.
National Statistics Coordination Board, Republic of the Philippines. Philippine Statistical Yearbook. Manila: National Statistics Office: 2002, October.
National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines. Census on Housing and Population 2000 Report No. 1-M. Manila: National Statistics Office: 2001, April.
Theses Asis, Jeoffrey, et al. A Study on Building Forms and Envelope Design for Wind Induced Natural Ventilation. Unpublished: 2002. 116 pages.
Borra, Tyrone et al. Development of Simulation Tools for Energy Efficient Buildings. Unpublished: 2000.
Brochures EC Way of Life. Energy Conservation. Department of Energy. Republic of the Philippines. Compact Fluorescent Lamps. Taguig: DOE, October 2004.
Electronic Publication Academy of Management. (Summer 1999). Paradigms and Research Methods. 1999
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RMD Forum. Internet. Online. Available: http://www.aom.pace.edu/rmd/1999_RMD_Forum_Paradigms_and_Research _Methods.htm. June 25, 2005.
Guidelines for College-Level Greenhouse Gas Inventories (August 7, 2002). Version 1. Julian Dautremont-Smith. Internet. Online. Available:
Dictionary.com. 6 entries found for benchmark. Internet. Online. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=benchmark. June 23, 2005.
DOE.gov. Philippine Energy Plan Update 2005. (2005). Department of Energy. Internet. Online. Available: http://www.doe.gov.ph/pep/PEP_2005_2014.pdf. June 24, 2005. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Republic of the Philippines. The Philippines Initial National Communication on Climate Change. Quezon City: December 1999. Internet. Online. Available: Google Search.
Energy Star.gov. Comments of the Netherlands on the Directional Draft for the Energy Star Qualified Imaging Equipment Specification Revision. (April 2, 2004) Internet. Online. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downl oads/img_equip/Netherlands_Comments_4_2_04.pdf. June 23, 2005.
Export Council for Energy Efficiency. (September 1998). The Market for Energy
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Efficient Technologies and Services in the Philippines. Internet. Online. Available: www.ecee.org/pubs/assess/philippines.pdf. June 23, 2005.
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National Statistics Coordination Board. Provincial Poverty Thresholds. Internet. Online. Available: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/2000/00povth1.asp. July 21, 2005.
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Power Development Plan 205-2014. Department of Energy. Republic of the Philippines. Internet. PDF format.74 pages.
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Developing A Framework For Applying Energy-Efficient Technologies in The Building Envelope of Housing Developments

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DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS

University of the Philippines College of Architecture

Submitted by: Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

b. Business As Usual Consumption Density Analysis .. 67

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

PROJECT BACKGROUND 1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Statement of the Problem Main Problem

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

The Setting of the Problem Delimitation of the Problem

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Significance of the Study

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

energy efficient technologies for housing developments.

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

GOVT AGENCY HLURB, DENR

Passive Technology Intervention

Active Technology Intervention

Energy Consumption COST Business as Usual

Environmental Impact Energy Demand

Framework For Applying Energyefficient Technologies In Housing Developments

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

The study will employ the post positivism research approach.

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Research Design or Strategy

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Methodology Flowchart (Fig. 3.3.1)

Delimiting Study/ Identification of Scope

Run tests/ calculations

Selection of energy-efficient technologies

Acquire Business as Usual setting

Application of selected technologies in the housing development

Analysis of Business as Usual setting

Measuring/Calculating reduction in energy consumption

Measuring/Calculating cost and CO2 production

Measuring/Calculating Corresponding costs benefits/ CO2 reductions

Baseline of Business as Usual setting

Acquire benchmark for energy-efficient housing developments

Analysis of Data/ Acquire optimal benchmark

Translate into design guidelines

Formulate into template

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

payback in years is included in the study.

DSM related studies in the Philippines

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones

2. PRESENT CONDITIONS ANALYSIS 2. PRESENT CONDITIONS AND BASELINE STUDIES

Aaron Julius M. Lecciones