REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for

the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. The major organs of the external genitalia (penis and vulva) as well as a number of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads (testicles and ovaries). Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly communicable sexually transmitted diseases. Male reproductive system Main article: Male reproductive system (human) The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoafor fertilization of the ovum.

Major secondary sexual characteristics includes: larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and development of an adam's apple. An important sexual hormone of males is androgen, and particularly testosterone. Female reproductive system Main article: Female reproductive system (human) The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The breastsare also a reproductive organ during the parenting stage of reproduction[citation needed]. However, in most classifications breasts are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system.

GENERIC NAME: birth control pills (also known as oral contraceptives, OCs, BCPs, oral contraceptive pills, or OCPs) BRAND NAMES: see below
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) are medications that prevent pregnancy. They are one method of birth control. Oral contraceptives are hormonal preparations that may contain combinations of the hormones estrogen and progestin or progestin alone. Combinations of estrogen and progestin prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the release of the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland in the brain. LH and FSH play key roles in the development of the egg and preparation of the lining of the uterus for implantation of the embryo. Progestin also makes the uterine mucus that surrounds the egg more difficult for sperm to penetrate and, therefore, for fertilization to take place. In some women, progestin inhibitsovulation (release of the egg). There are different types of combination birth control pills that contain estrogen and progestin that are referred to as "monophasic," "biphasic," or "triphasic."
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Monophasic birth control pills deliver the same amount of estrogen and progestin every day. Biphasic birth control pills deliver the same amount of estrogen every day for the first 21 days of the cycle. During the first half of the cycle, the progestin/estrogen ratio is lower to allow the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to thicken as it normally does during the menstrual cycle. During the second half of the cycle, the progestin/estrogen ratio is higher to allow the normal shedding of the lining of the uterus to occur. Triphasic birth control pills have constant or changing estrogen concentrations and varying progestin concentrations throughout the cycle. There is no evidence that bi- or triphasic oral contraceptives are safer or superior to monophasic oral contraceptives, or vice versa, in their effectiveness for the prevention of pregnancy. y PREPARATIONS: Tablets, various amounts (Please see the birth controlarticle for non-oral contraceptives.)
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STORAGE: All oral contraceptives should be stored between 15 C (59 F) and 30 C (86 F). PRESCRIBED FOR: Birth control pills are prescribed to prevent pregnancy. When taken as directed, birth control pills fail in less than one in every 200 users over the first year of use. Birth control pills also are prescribed to treat mid-cycle pain, which some women experience with ovulation. Birth control pills, while regulating the menstrual cycle, reduce menstrual cramps and heavy bleeding, and because of the reduced bleeding, they may prevent the anemia that can develop in some women.

DRUGS:
GENERIC NAME: carbamazepine BRAND NAME: Tegretol, Tegretol XR , Equetro, Carbatrol
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Carbamazepine is an anti-seizure medication. Recurrent seizures (epilepsy) are divided into two main categories according to how much of the brain is involved, partial and generalized epilepsy (which includes petit mal, grand mal, and myoclonic epilepsy). Seizures are called "simple" if there is no loss of consciousness and "complex" if there is. Medicines that inhibit seizures are called anticonvulsants. Carbamazepine works as an anti-convulsant for partial and grand mal seizures by reducing or blocking certain responses in the brain. It is also used for treating trigeminal neuralgia. One dosage form, Equetro, has been approved for treating bipolar disorder. PREPARATIONS: Tablets: 200 mg. Chewable tablets; 100 mg. Extended release tablets; 100, 200, and 400 mg. Suspension; 100 mg/5 ml. Equetro is available in 100, 200, and 300 mg extended release tablets STORAGE: Carbamazepine should be stored in a tight, light resistant container at room temperature. PRESCRIBED FOR: Carbamazepine is used in the treatment of simple and complex partial seizures and in generalized seizures of the grand mal type. It is not used to treat petit mal seizures. Carbamazepine also is used to treat a painful nerve condition of the face called trigeminal neuralgia. Equetrol is used to treat bipolar disorder. DOSING: Carbamazepine may be taken with or without food. Carbamazepine is excreted by the kidney and metabolized by the liver and dosages may need to be lowered in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction. Drug blood levels of carbamazepine can be followed. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Carbamazepine interacts with multiple drugs and caution should be used in combining other medicines with it. Lower levels of carbamazepine are seen when administrated with phenobarbital, phenytoin(Dilantin), or primidone (Mysoline). Warfarin (Coumadin), phenytoin(Dilantin), theophylline, and valproic acid (Depakote, Depakote ER, Depakene, Depacon) are more rapidly metabolized with carbamazepine, while carbamazepine levels are elevated when taken with erythromycin,cimetidine (Tagamet), propoxyphene (Darvon), and calcium channel blockers. Carbamazepine also increases the metabolism (destruction) of the hormones in birth control pills and can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills. Unexpected pregnancies have occurred in patients taking both carbamazepine and birth control pills. PREGNANCY: If possible, carbamazepine should not be used in pregnancyor while breastfeeding.

NURSING MOTHERS: If possible, carbamazepine should not be used in pregnancy or while breast feeding. SIDE EFFECTS: Serious side effects include dangerously low red and white blood cell counts. Severe skin reactions can occur as well as serious liver abnormalities, such as hepatitis, resulting in jaundice. Low sodium levels and thyroid abnormalities have been described. Minor more common side effects include dizziness, unsteadiness, nausea, and vomiting. Rare patients with Asian ancestry rarely may develop severe skin reactions to carbamazepine (Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis). These patients can be identified by genetic testing, and such testing is recommended for all Asian patients before starting therapy. USES: Carbamazepine is used to prevent and control seizures. This medication is known as an anticonvulsant or anti-epileptic drug. It is also used to relieve one type of nerve pain (trigeminal neuralgia). This medication works by reducing excessive nerve signals in the brain and restoring the normal balance of nerve activity.OTHER This section contains uses of this drug that are not listed in the approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.This drug may also be used to treat certain mental/mood conditions (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and other types of nerve pain.

GENERIC NAME: RIFAMPIN/ISONIAZID - ORAL BRAND NAME(S): Rifamate

USES: This product is used to treat tuberculosis (TB). It contains 2 medications: rifampin and isoniazid. Both medications are antibiotics. Rifampin is known as a rifamycin antibiotic. This product works by stopping the growth of bacteria.This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness. SIDE EFFECTS:.Nausea/vomiting, upset stomach, heartburn, or headache may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.This medication may cause urine, sweat, saliva, or tears to turn reddish. STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Check the product package for the exact temperature range, or ask your pharmacist

Ormeloxifene (also known as Centchroman) is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, a class of medication which acts on the estrogen receptor. It is best known as a non-hormonal, non-steroidal oral contraceptive which is taken once per week. As Birth

Control: Ormeloxifene may be used as a weekly oral contraceptive. Hormonal birth control pills should be taken at approximately the same time each day. It has a failure rate of about 1-2% with ideal use which is slight less effective than found for combined oral contraceptive pills.

Adverse Effect:
There are concerns that ormeloxifene may cause urinary incontinence or uterine prolapse

Method of action:
Ormeloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator. In some parts of the body, its action is estrogenic (e.g, bones), in other parts of the body, its action is anti-estrogenic (e.g.,uterus, breasts.[10][11]) It causes an asynchrony in the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the development of the uterine lining, although its exact mode of action is not well defined. In clinical trials, it caused ovulation to occur later than it normally would in some women, but did not affect ovulation in the majority of women, while causing the lining of the uterus to build more slowly. It speeds the transport of any fertilized egg through the fallopian tubes more quickly than is normal. Presumably, this combination of effects creates an environment such that if fertilization occurs, implantation will not be possible.

SPERMICIDE
Spermicide is a contraceptive substance that eradicates sperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone. However, the pregnancy rate experienced by couples using only spermicide is higher than that of couples using other methods. Usually, spermicides are combined with contraceptive barrier methodssuch as diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps, and sponges. Combined methods are believed to result in lower pregnancy rates than either method alone.

Side effects:
Nonoxynol-9 has a number of possible side effects. These include irritation, itching, or the sensation of burning of the sex organs (either partner), and in women, urinary tract infections, yeast infection, and bacterial vaginosis.[22] These side effects are uncommon; one study found that only 3-5% of women who try spermicides discontinue use due to side effects.[23]

Concern has been raised over possible increased risk of birth defects in children conceived despite spermicide use, and also in children of women who, not yet aware of their condition, continued spermicide use during early pregnancy.[24] However, a review in 1990 of large studies on spermicides concluded "there appears to be no increased risk of congenital anomalies, altered sex ratio, or early pregnancy loss among spermicide users."