WORKING PAPER

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management

THE CASE OF HYDERABAD CITY

Submitted by

PUTTA VANITHA
Masters in Planning with specialization in Housing, CEPT University, Ahmadabad Bachelors in Architecture, JNAFAU, Hyderabad Email Id: vanitha.ark@gmail.com

Under the Guidance of Dr. Anjana Vyas

for

Dissertation Year 2009 2011 at

Faculty of Planning and Public Policy CEPT University, Ahmedabad

Putta Vanitha
HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Abstract Rapid urbanization has increased the demand for urban infrastructure. The big cities in India which have grown bigger with large population size have lead to problems in delivery of urban basic services. The ULBs are finding it increasingly difficult to cope up with the demand due to the fast growth of population. This in turn is effecting the urban management and provision of adequate services to people. Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. There has been a significant increase in MSW (municipal solid waste) generation in India in the last few decades. This is largely because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country. The larger cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad etc. have adopted innovative methods for Municipal Solid Waste Management. These cities in India have been observed to progress well and achieve over 90% efficiency even with the growing population. In this background the following research is undertaken to understand the mechanism followed in solid waste management in larger cities in India taking the case of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

Key Words: Mechanism, Solid Waste Management, Integrated Solid Waste Management, Privatization.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

1. Introduction
The Municipal Solid Waste Management value chain can be unbundled into various components, including source segregation, collection, transportation, cleaning & sweeping, secondary storage, processing and disposal. (IMACS, 2009) Solid Waste Management is the responsibility of Local Government and it comes under the purview of State Government. Waste management services have certain common characteristics: they are expensive to set up (associated with high sunk costs), enjoy economies of scale and are consumed on a massive scale. In India it is becoming increasingly difficult to meet the growing demand for Waste Management Services, fuelled by the growing population and economy. Most Civic bodies are yet to take initiatives to comply with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000. The ULBs are exploring and implementing various ways and models to cope up with the increasing demand of infrastructure and efficient service delivery in solid waste management sector with the increasing population. The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India has initiated a number of steps to address policy, capacity building and financing challenges that are faced by ULBs. It recognizes Public Private Partnerships (PPP) as an important element to improve service delivery in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), apart from bringing in external investment and requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for technical assistance in developing a toolkit for guiding PPP initiatives in MSWM. (IMACS, 2009) The larger cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad etc. have adopted innovative methods for Municipal Solid Waste Management. These cities in India have been observed to progress well and achieve over 90% efficiency even with the growing population. In this background there is a need of research to understand the mechanism followed in solid waste management in larger cities in India. Study Area: Hyderabad is currently the second largest metropolis in India, covering an area of (621.48 km2). Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) is the sixth largest in India, with a population of 57.5 lakh in the year 2001. Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in the country with a decadal growth rate of 32%. (CDP Hyderabad) P Vanitha HSG 1109 3

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has won the national Clean City Award for three consecutive years and has been awarded as the "Best City" for its improvement in Solid Waste Management under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission for 2009-10. Thus Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has been selected for the study purpose. Scope and Limitations The scope of the study is limited only to Municipal Solid Waste Management Sector and its mechanisms. The study is based on the data available from the secondary sources and is used to understand the existing and emerging scenario in MSWM.

2. Solid Waste Management in India

Because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country there has been a significant increase in MSW generation in India in the last few decades. Urban solid waste includes household garbage and rubbish, street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, trade and industrial refuse and bio-medical solid waste (CPCB, 2000). The activities associated with the management of municipal solid wastes from the point of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six functional elements (CPHEEO, 2000):

waste generation; waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source; collection; sorting, processing and transformation; transfer and transport; and disposal

It is estimated that about 115000 metric tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated daily in the country. Per capita waste generation in cities varies between 0.20.6 kg per day and it is increasing by 1.3% per annum. With the growth of urban population, the increase in solid waste is estimated at 5%. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260 million tons per year by 2047 more than five times the present level. Cities with 100,000 plus population contribute 72.5 per cent of the waste P Vanitha HSG 1109 4

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

generated in the country as compared to other 3955 urban centers that produce only 17.5 per cent of the total waste. The 23 metro cities in India generates about 30,000 tonnes of such wastes per day, while about 50,000 tonnes are generated daily from the Class I cities. (Joseph) Waste Sorting of household waste is carried out both at the household level by the inmates and at the common bin level i.e at municipal bin or final disposal site by rag pickers. Further sorting is carried out in the recycling trade chain by kabaris and middlemen. For storage of waste at source very few people keep personal bins for storage of domestic, trade or institutional waste at source. Most of the waste is disposed on the streets or on public or private open plots or even discharged in the drains or water bodies nearby resulting in clogging of drains, pollution of water resources and increase in insanitary conditions in the urban areas. (CPHEEO, 2000) In India, the system of primary collection of waste is practically nonexistent, as the system of storage of waste at source is yet to be developed. Doorstep collection of waste through private sweepers or departmentally, does not synchronize with the facility of Waste Storage Depots and Transportation of Waste. The primary collection of waste is done, by and large, through street sweeping. In India, the system of providing waste storage depots is most inefficient, unhygienic and unscientific, posing a serious threat to the public health and environment. (CPHEEO, 2000) Deposition of waste at the open waste storage sites is most unscientific and unhygienic. Similar is the position of bins where waste overflows outside the bin as these are poorly designed and not user friendly. Waste stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with the help of loaders in traditional trucks. Manual loading takes time and reduces the productivity of the vehicles and manpower deployed. Besides, manual handling of waste poses a threat to the health of the sanitation workers as the waste is highly contaminated. Loading through loading machine necessitates large quantities of waste collected in open. (CPHEEO, 2000) Cities and towns generally have limited fleet of vehicles and most of them are old necessitating frequent repairs with the result the transportation of waste does not take place regularly. The waste is generally seen lying in heaps or scattered at the unscientifically designed dust bins giving unsightly appearance besides causing nuisance P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

and unhygienic conditions. In cities and towns, by and large, transportation net work is ill designed. Waste storage depots are not cleared at regular intervals. In many cities there is no separate system for collection and transportation of Waste from Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals, Construction Sites, Etc. (CPHEEO, 2000)

3. Policies Rules and Regulations (CPHEEO, 2000) (Joseph)

Until 2000, solid waste management in India was accorded low priority by local authorities. The intervention of the Supreme Court changed the scenario and various models are used by different local authorities to handle SWM in their areas. Under JNNURM, ULBS have to implement obligatory reforms, one of which is to encourage PPPs and also involve NGOs/CBOs/RWAs in planning, implementation and Operation and Maintenance of SWM services. The intervention of the Supreme Court changed the scenario and various models are used by different authorities at three tier levels to handle SWM. The committee constituted by the Supreme Court of India has provided with initiatives for improvement of MSWM which include: constitution of a National Waste Management Council (1990), formulation of a National Strategy paper on MSWM prepared by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute on behalf of the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, publication of a Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management (CPHEEO, 2000) and implementation of Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules (2000) under the Environmental Protection Act by Coordinated efforts of Municipal Agencies, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards. (Joseph) Recognizing the growing importance of improving efficiency in delivery of basic services in Indian Cities, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) has adopted National Benchmarks in four key sectors Water supply, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management and Storm Water Drainage, through Handbook of Service Level Benchmarking which

enables the systematic and sustained monitoring of services using standardized indicators

P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

against agreed targets and benchmarks and help effect performance improvements in the identified service sectors.

4. Role of Insititutions
In MSWM various institutions and bodies at different levels share the responsibilities in making Laws and rules, framing policies, preparing guidelines, manuals and technical assistance, providing financial support, planning, implementing and monitoring of MSWM. The responsible institutions for the above activities at the Central Government Level are Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering organization, The Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment and Forests. At State Level the Department of Urban Development, Project Monitoring Units at the State Level Nodal Agency and State Level Pollution Control Boards are the responsible institutions. (GoI, MoEF, & DoEF, 2009) Apart from the above activities the municipal authorities are responsible for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. Municipal Authorities can frame by laws, levy and collect fees for SWM services with the approval of State Government. Capital Investment in SWM Systems is done by Municipal Authorities, State Government and Central Government. The level of cost and technical knowhow associated with the provision of solid waste management services opens an opportunity for participation of the private sector. In general, the private sector potentially can play two key roles in the field of solid waste management: to increase the efficiency of the service and, thus, reduce the cost in existing waste management systems and to provide much needed sources of funds for capital investments PPP Intervention has evolved since 1996 from road sweeping, collection and transportation contracts to waste processing and Integrated Solid Waste Management. It is observed that a growing private sector interest in integrated management of value chain including collection and transfer. In Indian cities some of the best practices in MSWM include service contracts, competitive bidding, contracting to private operators, payment of tipping fees, user charges and other PPP models including BOT, DBO, O & M contract, DBFOT, Separate EPC, Concession Contract, etc. The above mentioned practices are being implemented in various components of MSWM Value chain such as collection,

P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

transportation, treatment, disposal and recycling and also in Integrated Solid Waste Management. In order to comply with Municipal Solid Waste Rules 2000 and to overcome various internal constraints, ULBs in many cities have resorted to outsourcing of SWM services. These outsourced service modules can be broadly classified as: activity outsourcing area based outsourcing

ULBs have realized that efficient and effective SWM can be achieved only with private sector participation. From the financial resource allocation point of view, various SWM models can be categorized as those that are: Supported by external funding. Fully funded by ULBs. Funded by user charges. Funded through capital investment by service provider or ULB along with a cost sharing arrangement between the ULB and the community. Funded through capital investment by ULB and cost sharing by ULB and community for SWM. Other Stakeholders in MSWM are NGOs by forming ward committees and community participation; Communities and Public by practicing sustainable consumption; conservancy workers and rag pickers.

5. The Case of GHMC

Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) is the sixth largest in India, with a population of 57.5 lakh in the year 2001. Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in the country with a decadal growth rate of 32%. It has established itself as a centre for sunrise industries such as information technology and accounts for 10% of IT exports of the country

P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

The urban agglomeration radiating out of Hyderabad is spread over an area of 778.17 sq km and consists of the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH), 12-peripheral municipalities, Secunderabad Cantonment, Osmania University and other areas. The population of HUA has increased from 43 lakh in 1991 to 57 lakh in 2001. The growth of population was more than 50 % during 1981-91 and 27% during 1991-2001 Consequent to the growth of population, the density in urban areas increased from 2500 in 1901 to 18,199 persons/sqkm in 2001. The city center or MCH area has a density of over 21,000 person/sqkm(2001), while the rest of the region within HUA or HUDA has lesser concentration of population. Hence concentration of population in the urban core has caused excessive stress on civic amenities. The reason for rapid population growth in Hyderabad since 1971 is place due to the growth of the Information Technology (IT), Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and other software services, which are increasingly concentrating in the outer areas that are designated for them by the State Government. Besides, large manufacturing and integrated Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are coming up in these areas. Recently, large real estate and construction activity has been playing a major role in the economic development and employment generation, and much of it is occurring in the areas outside the urban agglomeration. 5.1 Jurisdiction
local government for the City of Hyderabad until formation of GHMC the urban planning agency local government for the City of Hyderabad covers most of the urban development agency the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). GHMC is in charge of the civic needs and the infrastructure of the city Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) Hyderabad Metropolitan urban planning agency which formed in 2008 by expanding entire area of GHMC and its suburbs with 54 Mandals urban planning agency 300 villages

Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) Greater Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (GHMC)

P Vanitha HSG 1109

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City Development Authority (HMDA) 7,100 sq km the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA), Hyderabad Airport Development Authority (HADA), Cyberabad Development Authority (CDA) and Buddha Poornima Project Authority (BPPA).

5.2

A Profile of GHMC

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was formed on 16 April 2007 by merging 12 municipalities and 8 gram panchayats with the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
earlier known as the MCH is the urban planning agency. It is the local government for the City of Hyderabad. Its geographical area covers most of the urban development agency the

Hyderabad

Metropolitan

Development

Authority (HMDA). GHMC is in charge of the civic needs and the infrastructure of the city. The GHMC comprises the erstwhile Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, plus 10 municipalities & 8 panchayats in Ranga Reddy district and 2 municipalities in Medak district. The municipalities in Rangareddy District are L.B.Nagar, Gaddiannaram, Uppal Kalan, Malkajgir, Kapra, Alwal, Qutubullapur, Kukatpally, Serilingampalle and Rajendreanagar. The panchayats in Ranga Reddy district are: Shamshabad, Satamarai, Jallapalli, Mamdipalli, Mankhal, Almasguda, Sardanagar and Ravirala The municipalities in Medak district are: Ramachandrapuram and Patancheru
The GHMC is divided into five zones (south, east, north, west and central zones), 18 circles and 150 wards. Division of no. of wards in each zone is done based on population i.e each ward would cover about 37000 people.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

10

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City The Central Zone has 34% of population to total population percentage of GHMC. Also the central zone has the least area and high population compared to other zones and thus indicating the stress in the service provision. The Central Zone has the highest density, of 29201 persons/sq.km. Thus causing a stress over the service provision The West zone has the highly spread zone and less density. Even though the population is less in this zone, the coverage area is more and thus increases transportation costs from various collection points to final disposal point.

Service providers: Solid Waste Management is managed by GHMC. Hyderabad is one of the first urban centres, which has effectively experimented with a wide range of contracting system, starting from leasing to management contracting. MCH has been awarded with Cleanest City Certification for two consecutive years by rating agency CRISIL.
List of services and service providers in GHMC

Service Water Supply Sewerage Storm Water Drainage Solid Waste Management
Source: GHMC

Service Provider Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

Institutional Structure: In GHMC Decentralization is at three tiered one at circle/ward level, second at zone level and third at city level. And to avoid lack of coordination, one person is exclusively in charge of SWM in the city.
The GHMC is headed by a Commissioner and also has a Special Commissioner both of whom belong to IAS. Each zone has a zonal commissioner, an officer of the rank of additional commissioner with deputy municipal commissioners heading every circle (Chart 5-4). There will also be a separate engineering wing with a Engineer in Chief and Chief Engineer at head office level and a superintending engineer for each zone; a town planning wing with Additional Commissioner (Planning) and a Chief City Planner at the head office level and a city planner for each zone

The Solid Waste Management department in the city is headed by the City Health Officer (CHO), who is responsible for all health programs and is assisted by various assistant city health officers, medical officers, sanitary officers, public health inspectors & sanitary inspectors for discharging the MSWM functions effectively. Each circle is headed by an P Vanitha HSG 1109

11

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Assistant Medical Officers of Health. There are around 4,118 regular sanitary workers other than some 15,984 private sanitary workers for provision of MSWM services in the city 5.3 MSWM in GHMC

Waste Generation: The central zone of GHMC generates maximum solid waste as it has

the highest population amongst the five zones of GHMC followed by South Zone. The MSW generation estimated by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is significantly high at around 3,800 TPD. It is estimated that there are some 15.23 lakh households in the city with total population of around 70 lakh. The discrete sources of waste generators in the city include domestic households, commercial establishments, hotels, hospitals, vegetable and other markets. The waste generated from the domestic households is high followed by commercial establishments and vegetable and other markets.
Zone East South Central West North Area (sq.km) 130.09 102.65 91.4 173.45 119.47 Population 968,151.70 1,915,773.60 2,668,973.00 664,484.57 1,379,675.50 Density 7442 18663 29201 3830 11548 Waste generation(tpd) 629.50 1149.47 2206.23 398.70 827.83 Per capita generation(kg/day) 0.65 0.60 0.83 0.60 0.60 Waste Collection(tpd) 400 962.2 1913.17 271.83 526.67

Waste Segregation: It is observed that storage and segregation at source is generally absent in Hyderabad, and people in general are not aware of the benefits of developing such a practice. Collection: As per CPHEEO Manual for MSWM, streets are generally treated as receptacles of waste and primary collection of waste is done by and large through street sweeping. In GHMC it is estimated that the Corporation has covered 6,871km of road length out of 7,158km under daily sweeping program which shows a compliance rate of around 96%.Thus GHMC is achieving a compliance rate of around 96% and through the privatization of nearly 75% of its street sweeping through service contracts by and large primary collection of waste is done. Through the Clean Hyderabad Programme 2006-07 GHMC has encouraged the private operators by eliminating the competitive rating system and introducing a fair and transparent system for small fixed cost contracts. Maximum privatization reduced P Vanitha HSG 1109

12

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

financial and manpower burden on GHMC. The systematic approach of GHMC in street sweeping and collection of waste makes sure in achieving maximum coverage for primary collection and street sweeping. The Bulk Garbage Clearance from commercial establishments, vegetable and other markets is done by GHMC by levying bulk garbage collection charges depending on type of commercial establishment. Thus GHMC is generating revenue from these charges The GHMC Partnership Programs with RWAs and Slum residents under VDGS and Women NHC Scheme takes care of domestic household waste. GHMC acts as a facilitator. In this programme the rag pickers are employed as waste collectors and thus give employment to them so as to improve their quality of life and push them into mainstream section. And the RWAs and Slum residents would have a garbage free locality. Thus the various modes of collection take care of the waste generated from the distinct sources of waste generation. Secondary Storage: There are 3 (three) existing transfer stations including
1. Imbulin transfer station near MG Bus stand, 2. Tankbund transfer station near snow world, and 3. Yousufguda transfer station near Krishnakanth park.

All these three transfer stations are spread over in around 1.0 acre of land each. However, under the Integrated MSWM system, five more transfer stations are proposed and lands have been identified at Kapra, Seriligampally, Gandhamgudha, Samshiguda, and Fathullaguda.
Transportation: Transfer stations located at different locations in the city would reduce the

cost of transportation remarkably. Also, the modifications of the transfer stations will make an easy transfer of waste. Disposal Sites which are on an average located at 20 to 25 km away from the centre of the city which saves travel time and the fleet can be better utilized for making extra trips resulting in effective cleaning and sweeping a neat and hygienic look to the city. There is a saving on the consumption of the diesel; thus the cost of the garbage transport is minimized. P Vanitha HSG 1109

13

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

The new initiative has resulted in meaningful utilization of existing transfer stations, tracking of vehicle breakdowns, and empowering administration with management information system on fleet management and compliant monitoring and redressal.
Processing: Litter-free Hyderabad Programme has enabled the MCH to reduce

transportation of 500 MT of garbage per day, save transportation cost of Rs. 4 crore (Rs. 40 million) per annum (of Rs. 12 crores annual cost) and reduce the need and the cost for development of landfill sites for disposal. Through the PPP model of waste to energy programme with (a) SELCO International Ltd and (b) RDF Power Projects Ltd., GHMC is acquiring power generated through this process by supplying MSW and leasing land for setting up the processing plant by the entrepreneurs. Waste Disposal: The existing and proposed disposal sites are not engineered landfill sites; instead mixed waste from the city is generally haphazardly disposed of all over the site. Since the cost of landfill site and its operation and maintenance costs are high GHMC prefers the waste to energy programme to increase so that the land requirements will not increase. Also due to this reason, MCH doesnt take any money from the power generation company. Same is true for vermi composting, if taken up at decentralized level, would reduce garbage reaching the site and thereby reducing the land requirements for dumping the garbage. 5.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management

To bring in the capital investment from the private sector and obtain operational efficiencies, the corporation floated the idea of engaging private developer on suitable PPP format for 50% capital investment requirement, ideally to be funded by GHMC in the MSWM system. Thus under the PPP type DBFOT, the Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. Hyderabad, has been selected by following the two stage bid process and Concession Agreement entered between GHMC and REEL. The Activities of REEL would include Integrated Solid Waste Management Selection of P Vanitha HSG 1109
23

Comparison between MCH, Surrounding ULBs and GHMC

MCH 95 91 Surrounding ULBs 91 79 76 71 42 10
19

GHMC 88 69

78

14

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Developer for Primary & Secondary collection of MSW, Transportation of MSW, and Treatment & Disposal of MSW by Scientific land filling of inerts in GHMC area with a tipping fee of Rs. 1431/ton of MSW payable by GHMC. 5.5 Compliance with MSW Rules

The GHMC has managed to achieve reasonable compliance rate with MSW Rules in areas like waste collection and transportation and street sweeping of waste by engaging discrete private contractors for different wards/circles in the city. However, there are still significant gaps in provision of MSWM services especially in components like introduction of source storage & segregation, door-to-door collection, waste processing and scientific disposal of waste with development of engineered landfill site. 5.6 Budget Analysis

The overall budget scenario post formation of GHMC shows on one side the increasing fees and user charges, penalty from the contractors, bulk garbage collection charges and user charges as part of property tax (to some extent) has been source of revenue for the ULB and at the other side the expenditures towards operation and maintenance have increased. This can be due to the increased population and area post merger of the 12 municipalities and also due to the strict imposition of polluter pay and beneficiaries pay principle. It is also evident that the administrative and establishment expenses have decreased post formation of GHMC which is due to the implementation of ISWM in which staff in GHMC has decreased (40% of total staff) and private contractors staff has increased (up to 60% of total staff). Also the GHMC has decided to use the capital expenditure solely towards the land acquisition for land filling sites. Thus though the expenditures have increased, it would be a huge advantage in the future for a sustainable solid waste management in the municipal corporation.

6. Conclusion
GHMC has introduced various innovative mechanisms in Municipal Solid Waste Management System such as

Bulk Garbage Collection Charges from the bulk generators of garbage such as commercial complexes, markets, hotels, function-halls and industries.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

15

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City Collection of Administrative Charges from the persons committing sanitation offences like littering, spitting, dumping of debris, etc.

Adopted a unique system of privatization of sanitation called the Unit System wherein, the entire area of Hyderabad is divided into uniform units for sweeping and garbage lifting purposes and collecting penalty charges in case of poor or no performance by private operators.

Under PPP model, one garbage processing plant has been commissioned by a private company, M/s. SELCO International at the Gandamguda landfill site of the Municipal Corporation to process 700 MT of municipal solid waste (MSW) every day and generate 10 MW of electric power.

Established one more power-generating plant by private company M/s. RDF Power Projects under PPP model at Auto Nagar landfill site. This plant will generate 11 MW of power, using 700 MT of garbage per day.

Voluntary Garbage Collection Scheme operated by

Resident Welfare Associations

(RWAs) and DWCUA (Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas) Self-help Groups of women wherein GHMC encouraged community based solid waste management

Integrated Solid Waste Management System under DBFOT model - a 50-50% equity shared by GHMC and Private operator, Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd.

7. Issues & Observations

Issues
No Source Segregation

Recommendations
The GHMC should formulate and notify a policy that no waste shall be disposed of on the streets, open spaces, drains, water bodies, etc., and instead the recyclable and other biodegradable waste shall be stored separately at the source of waste generation and shall be handed over to the waste collectors as per the arrangements that may be notified by the GHMC from time to time. The GHMC should levy penalty or fine in case of not segregating waste at source.The GHMC can also give guidelines to the door to door waste collector to segregate the waste while collection.

The

collection

system

works

The GHMC should frame a policy of providing community bins for the storage of waste or daily door-to-door collection service in the slums to ensure sanitary conditions in the slums irrespective their legal or illegal status and should also plan a community based cost effective solution for low income groups.

efficiently in the middle and higher income groups but not in lower income groups especially in slums because of the difference in the capability to pay.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

16

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Observations Privatization: Due to labour law restriction, the MCH awards the contract for only 7 months as labour working for more than 210 days has to be treated as a permanent worker. Due to this, large numbers of contractors have come up. One work to one agency norm and the small size works has brought in a large number of contract agencies who can personally supervise and execute the works with optimum efficiency. Women: In all this system, women have benefited tremendously as most of the work is being given to them. Nonetheless, through the NCs in slums and the DWCUA groups, their financial status has improved a lot. Choice of Garbage Treatment System: Because of the low response of the people in vermi composting GHMC is encouraging power generation to be initiated amongst the two waste treatment systems, vermi-composting and power generation even though the former seems to be better option. Sweeping: Presently, 75 per cent sweeping is contracted to private players, which MCH wants to maintain and the existing awarding and monitoring system ensures an efficient and sustainable system. The monitoring structure of the GHMC is very successful especially the Ex service men teams. Transportation: Transportation of the garbage has been privatized only for the open or concrete bins. The MCH fleet transports the steel dustbins only. This shows that MCH contracts out the difficult work and in future when all the bins will be mechanized, MCH will do it on its own. Concept of transfer station has reduced the cost of transportation remarkably.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

17

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

8. Lessons Learnt
The GHMC MSWM system experience provides a number of lessons for urban management. These include: Direct involvement of taxpayers in the provision of civic services and providing them information regarding the costs and benefits of services ensure better tax compliance on part of taxpayers; Expenditure rationalization and cost cutting are equally important reform measures as resource mobilization efforts. Service delivery can be improved significantly with methods such as tender reforms, outsourcing, involvement of citizens in the provision of services, etc. With the introduction of PPP models in the solid waste management sector its observed that the ULBs have definitely improved service delivery and efficiency gains by separating the regulatory/monitoring role from the operating role and shifting the focus from asset creation to service delivery especially in a sector like solid waste management where risks are high and revenues are generally low. Also the various types of risk involved in Solid Waste Management like the financial constraints of ULB, lack of technical knowhow and technology, operating risk etc. are transferred to private sector operators. Besides, it brings in new investment and better technologies. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation experience reveals that with innovative mechanism in municipal solid waste management system the issues like lack of manpower, financial constraints, institutional coordination, efficient service delivery etc along with rapid urbanization faced by many large cities in India and other developing countries can be tackled to a great extent.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

18

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

Bibliography
City Development Plan, Hyderabad. Hyderabad. CPHEEO. (2000). Manual on Solid Waste Management. New Delhi: MoUD, GoI. Datta, P. (2006). Urbanization in India. Kolkata: Indian Statistical Institute. Dr. (Mrs.) Regina Dube, M. V. (2010). Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian Cities - Challenges and Opportunities. GTZ . Eleventh Five Year Plan. (2007). Urban Infrastructure, Housing, Basic Services and Poverty Alleviation. In Eleventh Five Year Plan (pp. 394-422). New Delhi: GoI. GoI, MoEF, & DoEF. (2009, November). Position Paper. The Solid Waste Management Sector in India . New Delhi, India. Goyal, A. (2001). Urban Local Bodies. Hyderabad: MA & UD Department. IMACS. (2009). Toolkit for Public Private Partnership frameworks in Municipal Solid Waste Management. New Delhi: GoI. Joseph, K. PERSPECTIVES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA. Chennai: Center for Environmental Studies, Anna University. Kundu, A. (2006). Trends and Patterns of Urbanization and their Economic Implications. In Indian Infrastructure Report (pp. 28-41). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Mahadevia, D., & Pathak, M. (2005). Local Government Led Solid Waste Management in a Metropolis Hyderabad-Secunderabad. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT University. MGI. (April 2010). India's urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth. MoUD. (2009). Handbook of Service Level Benchmarking. New Delhi: Government of India. Nallthiga, S. R. (2009). Managing Urban Growth using the Town Planning Schemes in Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad: Centre for Good Governance. P Vanitha HSG 1109

19

Mechanism of Solid Waste Management The Case of Hyderabad City

P U, A. (2006). Solid Waste Management. In INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT Urban Infrastructure (pp. 160-189). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Paul P. Appasamy, P. N. (2007). Financing Solid Waste Management: Issues and Options. International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management (pp. 537-542). Chennai: Madras School of Economics. Prakasam, C., & Ramani, P. (2006). Growth and future perspectives of Urban Agglomerations and cities in Andhra Pradesh: Census Data Analysis. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences. S Agrawal, V., & Gupta, N. (2008). Models for Solid Waste Management in India. In INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT Business Models of the Future (pp. 187-190). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Singhal, S., & Pandey, S. (2001). Solid Waste Management in India: Status and Future Directions. TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science , 6, 1-4. (2005). FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. In UNEP, Solid Waste Management (Vol. I, pp. 447-458). United Nations: UNEP.

P Vanitha HSG 1109

20