Unit 1: 1914-1919 Causes of World War 1 1) Nationalism a strong sense of pride in ones nation - Big nationalist groups at the

e time (Serbian group called the Black Hand) 2) Imperialism conquering colonies overseas - Competition between European power houses to conquer colonies 3) Militarism the building and maintaining of a strong military force - All European power houses were building up their armies and navy 4) Alliance System teams that standby each other in the war - Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia, United States - Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Italy Short Term Causes - June 28,1914: assassination of the archduke of Austria-Hungary/heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, Bosnia o by member of The Black Hand Serbian terrorist group unhappy w/Austro-Hungarian empire - Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and demanded they allow Austro-Hungarian police into Serbia to arrest members of Black Hand o Serbia refused, Austria-Hungary declared war - Austrio-Hungarian empire w/support of ally Germany declared war on Serbia - Serbs had pact w/Russia, who had alliance w/France & Britain - 6 weeks after death, the alliances were triggered, Germany invaded France & first world war had begun The Schlieffen Plan

Germany believed war w/Russia in 1914 was likely & France would attack as ally of Russia (wanted to avoid conflict on two fronts) so plan devised Plan was to defeat France rapidly, then turn to eastern front for a major offensive against Russia (before they could mobilize their armed forces) 90% of German military attack through Belgium to KO France Remaining 10% would defend the eastern border of Germany against Russian attack Germany made a # of assumptions: o Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize o France would be easily defeated in six weeks o Belgium would not resist German attack o Britain would remain neutral (thought treaty of Belgium+Britain was outdated) Declared war on the first August 2,1914, German army invaded Luxemborg + Belgium o Held up by Belgium army, backed up by the British expeditionary Force which arrived quickly, werent able to take Paris Russia mobilized in 10 days Germany was forced to withdraw troops from Belgium to defend against Russians

Canadas Entry into War - Britain declared war on Germany on August 4,1914 - As part of the British empire, Canada was obligated to help,

PM Robert Borden decided to send 426 000 to fight/126 000 were conscripted

Trench Warfare 1914, Germany dug deep holes in which they hid in Trench Warfare

Home -

Front Women stepped up and took over many of the mens jobs in factories + allowed men to go to war Victory bonds were created to help pay for the war Winnipeg General Strike 300 000 people went on strike Spanish Flu came after WW1 and killed 50 million people Canadian Patriotic Fund o Raised $ for soldiers families (struggle to survive on $1.10 daily salary of soldier) o Set up small stores where families could buy food + fuel at lowest price

Battles of WW1 Ypres (Belgium) April 15, 1915 Canadians were assigned to hold a 3.5km front near Ypres to stop Germans from breaking through - April 22,1915 the Germans used chlorine gas (first gas attack ever) - British soldiers relieved Canadians, but they got the reputation of courageous fighters Somme (France) June 24, 1916 between British + Canada against Germany Allied soldiers crossed into no mans land but were destroyed by German machine guns Newfoundlanders fought for the third time, and Britain and Canada accounted for 57 500 deaths Bad battle for Canada -

Vimy Ridge (France) March 20, 1917 Most successful battle for Canadians (no help from French of British) Used a tactic called creeping barrage (line of artillery followed by troops) to attack Took two hours for Canadians to take over Vimy Ridge (Germans were high up so this was hard for British and French when they tried) By April 12, 1917 it was over

Passchendaele - Germans were on high ground, had allied forces at mercy - Late October 1917, Canadians attacked & held on for five days until reinforcements came - 1/5 of soldiers remained, lots of casualties - Victoria Cross rewarded + displayed Canadas independence Conscription Crisis

1914 Canadians eager to enlist glory 1916 realities of war (deaths of 10s of thousands of them) Reluctant to enlist 1916 PM Borden promised to send 500 000 new recruits to Europe o Promised 100 000 more troops than able to deliver in 1917 o 1/6 men already in military, injured being sent back before healed

Military Service Act - August 1917 Bordens gov. Passed this act - Conscripted all able-bodied men between 19-45 years of age into the Canadian military effort for WW1 - Act was unpopular o Farmers needed sons & hired men to work farms (Quebec was mostly agricultural at this time) o Labourers needed for factories & munitions production o French-Canadians resisted being forced into Britains war (especially w/out French-speaking unit to be placed into) Election - Borden tried to make act legitimate by calling an election o If party was re-elected, must support conscription o & Vice versa - At the same time, formed coalition gov. (called Union Gov) & passed Wartime Election Act Wartime Election Act - Extended vote to women who served as battlefield nurses of had relatives serving in the military - Vote not extended to... o Immigrants from enemy nations o Pacifists (want peace in general) & conscientious objectors (war does not need me)

o Women w/out relatives in military Bordens coalition gov. Won election & conscription became law

French-English Tension - French- Canadians hated being dragged into war; felt no obligation to Britain Paris Peace Conference - June 1919 leaders from Allied & Central powers met near Paris to discuss terms of peace and officially end WW1 - PM Borden insisted Canada attend Conference independent of Britain o Canada contributed great deal to war effort o Canada entered war as a colony, emerged as a nation - Allowed to send two reps. to conference, but denied ability to vote on final version of treaty - Allowed to sign treaty Treaty of Versailles - Treaty signed June 28, 1919 - Allied powers (Britain, France & USA) determined most of terms in treaty o Germany forced to sign or risk another war that they were not prepared for & would lose o Germany had to take blame for the war, pay reparations & follow some other demands League of Nations - At Paris conference, President Wilson suggested it & Allied nations discussed setting one up o Made official in Treaty of Versailles Americans (USA) - Attempted to be isolationist this period in history - 1915 German U-Boat torpedoed Lusitania (passenger ship w/128 Americans on board) *claimed it was bringing war material from America to Europe o This was forgiven by the Americans - 1917 German U-Boats sunk to American ships o Isolationism was no longer an option o Turned American public squarely against Germany Unit 2: 1920-1939 The Roaring 20s - Time for prosperity everyone was living well and had more - Music lots of new artists and music, new artists (Group of 2, Emily Carr) - Women flappers, Persons Case (women now recognized as persons in 1929 because of the famous 5) Agnes MacPhail first woman in politics - Sports & Entertainment Dr. James Naismith created Basketball, Edmonton Grads are Canadas best sport team eve (14 Olympic medals) Science & Technology Banting and Best come up with insulin - Discrimination & Canadas Aboriginial People treated very poorly in residential schools (assimilation)

Prohibition - laws against making and selling intoxicated liquor in Canada o moist: alcohol can be purchased @ restaurants and bars o dry: alcohol is completely inaccessible by legal means - Alcohol made men abusive to women, alcohol made of grains (time when food was needed in the front lines) - Reasons to lift prohibition: o Health of citizens (regulating production *health inspections) o Collection of tax revenue (regulating sale) o Ensuring citizens dont drink too much in private (regulating consumption) o Resources to crack down on increasing crime o Political points with voters Canadas Road to Autonomy 1914-1918 World War 1: had decision as to what extent we wanted to help Britain 1919 Paris Peace Conference: first time Canada could represent itself nationally 1922 Chanak Affair: first time we refused to help Britain 1925 King- Byng: Britain doesnt control Canada power in internal politics 1926 Britains Imperial Conference: Britain declares Canada as a self-governing country 1931 Statue of Westminister : control over our foreign affairs Native Canadians Possess culture unique from British- & French- Canadian settlers Canadian gov. aimed to protect Native Canadians from mainstream i.e. white Canadian society by assimiliating them into that mainstream Canadian society

Residential Schools By law, Canadian gov. had to provide education for NCs living on reserves 1920: all NCs between 7-15 required to attend residential school o Required to live & attend, educators would attempt to assimilate children into mainstream Canadian culture Students treated as if they were uncivilized, physical + sexual abuse Native language not allowed Values of white culture (ex. Christianity) taught w/out regard for parents wishes Most NC children didnt have a 5th grade education by 18 Former students received compensation from gov. o Common Experience Payment: (up to) $10 000 for 1st year of schooling + (up to) $3000/year of schooling after initial year o Independent Assessment Process: victims of sexual abuse, serious physical abuse & other wrongful acts can apply for additional compensation depending on severity of wrongs suffered

The Depression 1930s

Stock market crash of 1929 reason for the Great Depression: Black Tuesday Downward spiral of the depression o Demand for goods dropped further o People couldnt buy goods b/c of debt

o o

Lower demand of goods caused businesses to shut down Jobs lost

Surviving the Depression

Living off the Dole: government issued food stamps that allowed citizens to trade them in for food Farmers: dust bowls, grasshoppers, and droughts cause farmers to go almost bankrupt Relief Camps: camps for men who were paid 40 cents a day for work and shelter Relief Payments: made less than lowest paying job to encourage homeless to find jobs (virtually impossible) On to Ottawa Trek: camp strikers left Vancouver and rioted all the way to Regina until they were stopped

The Rise of the Dictators Joseph Stalin Russia - Came into power in 1924 - Communist everything divided upon individuals equally (for the people) - Killed people who didnt listen to him Benito Mussolini- Italy - Got control by storming into Rome and overtook the government in 1922 - Created a Facist government (for the State) - Government controlled everything Adolf Hitler - Hitler got peoples attention using his amazing speaking skills, propaganda - Wrote all his feelings in a book called Mein Kampf mostly racist beliefs - He used all the unemployed people to get power - In 1933 a fire was set in the German parliament building enforced Enabling Act which gave him power Causes of WW2 Long Term Causes (The three Ds): 1) Defeat- Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair 2) Depression- Germanys economy was depressed immediately after WW1 a. Recall: reparations (paying for the damage)

b. Hyperinflation ($ over time decreases in value, inflates price of items) instability for German mark
c. High unemployment; civil unrest 2) Dictator- extremist parties began to appear

Hitler & the NAZIs appealed to the German peoples desire for restored glory, prosperity, and national solidarity Hitler promised to turn the nation around

Short Term Causes 1) 2) 3) Race & Space Hitler wanted unlimited living space (lebensraum) for a purely Aryan race Invade other countries + take their living space Non-Aryans already living in those spaces: deport, enslave, or eliminate them Hitler broke rules of Treaty of Versailles Abyssinia Crisis: 1935, Italy took over Ethiopia (known as Abyssinia in Europe before) - both countries were members of the League of Nations - Britain + France hesitated & didnt do as much as they could to stop the crisis from happening, but pushed Mussolini to alliance w/Hitler 4) Invasion of Austria - 1938, Hitlers forces marched into Austria, meeting no resistance - Austria: german-speaking country, Hitler saw merging of them as a union to create a Greater Germany (Anschlus) 5) Czechoslovakia (area known as Sudetenland) Hitler wanted this area, but Czechs didnt want to give it to him - Allied nations discussed and decided to give Hitler this land if he stopped all aggressions (appeasement) - Czechs had to agree or fight Germany alone Unit 3: 1939-1957 Early Events of WW2 NAZI-Soviet Pact/Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Plan: Germany invades from West, USSR invades from East o Each country occupies half of Poland - Officially titled Treaty of Non-Aggression (not to fight each other) between Germany + Soviet Union

Sept. 3,1939 Britain + France declare war on Germany (enough is enough) Unable to get troops to Poland for help; Poland remains in NAZI + Soviet hands Phony War: until Spring 1941, neither side prepared for battle o French: only ready to defend, o British: wary of leaving own borders, o Germans: waiting for their armies to regroup on Western Front Sept. 10 1939 Canada declares war o Parliament debates if entering war was of national interest, diff. from 25 years earlier of Britain: Operation Sea Lion one of the more important battles NAZIs ask Britain to surrender and join Axis Britain refuses and has to fight w/out Frances help Hitlers objective was to defeat/take control of British navy then turn against Soviet Union & attack USA

Battle -

Neutralize all 3 major threats to German domination

Three stages: 1) Luftwaffe eliminates Royal Air Force (since they have the skies, they can go for the sea) - Assume this is possible in British territory - Problem: British pilots could eject + return to air base, German pilots were taken as prisoners of the war (POW) 2) Bomb airfields + industrial centres to cripple RAF - Problem: had to bomb in daylight to see what they were hitting/ Britain had new RADAR technology to anticipate German approach from distance o Population would turn off their lights 3) Bomb Britain into submission: military, civilians, cities, towns, farms, etc. - Problem: British will was so strong rather see cities destroyed than surrender - Germany eventually forced to give up too difficult Japan Enters the War - Strongly anti-communist & anti-Western - While Germany is being aggressive in Europe, Japan is being aggressive in Asian Pacific (colonized most of Asian Pacific) - 1936: alliance w/Germany - In process of building its empire + taking over China - Western powers (incl. Britain, Canada & the USA) severed ties w/Japan Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 - W/out notice or declaration of war, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor (American naval base in Hawaii) - Wanted to cripple US forces in Pacific theatre (navy damaged, not destroyed) - 1930s: USA cut of Japans oil supply in response to aggressive expansion - USA declares war on December 8, 1941, joining Allied forces - Canada declares war on Japan: December 8, 1941 - USA declares war on Germany + Italy : December 11, 1941 Canadian Efforts in Battles: Not mentioned Home Front Industry: unemployment vanished and jobs were opening up everywhere - Most industries helped the war efforts (munitions, planes) - Women stepped up once again Aboriginals: helped raise $523 000 for the war - Worked in factories, helped with national unity Women: still paid less but more than in WW1 - Took jobs that were usually mens work in order to help war effort Conscription: King tried to avoid it but eventually had to for home defence only (National Resources Mobilization Act NRMA) - 1942: help plebiscite & the people voted yes to conscription - Invoked it (16 000 in total), angering the French-Canadians Japanese Internment: federal govt scared of Jap. Spies during the war

War Measures Act: all Japs living Canada sent to internment camps Families broken up, poor living conditions, hard labour Got the vote in 1949, public apology by Mulroney in 1988

Nazi Germany Hitler controlled Germany by - Instituting terror state: Gestapo & the concentration camps - Propaganda: mass rallies, posters, propaganda films NAZIs controlled + censored radio & newspapers School children brainwashed w/NAZI ideas @ school Hitler Youth & the Yong Maidens (youth programs to make you believe German values) - Popularity: ripped up Treaty of Versailles Created jobs for the depressed economy Enemies of the State (Hitlers Enemies): - Communists - Social Democrats (ex. Canadians) - Jews - Trade Unionists - The Work Shy (unable to work due to disabilities) - Homosexuals - Gypsies - Germans who brought from Jewish merchants - Pacifists - Jehovahs Witnesses (Christian cult) - Anyone who criticized Hitler or the NAZI party Concentration Camps: Gestapo would spy and arrest enemies of the state (ran the camps) - Auschwitz probably most infamous in 1942 - Prisoners, mainly Jews would arrive in overstuffed boxcars, do labour, waiting for eventual death in gas chambers, ovens, lethal injection sites - 6 million Jews killed by NAZI death squads & in camps - 7 million others such as enemies of the State killed Death Squads - Einsatzgruppen - specialized killing squads. - Large holes were dug while victims stripped down, stood on the edge, & shot into their [mass] grave. - Locals complained about all the blood - Killers complained about the psychological effects of their work Aryan Vs. Jew (Aryans were thought to be superior) 3-4 grandparents of Jewish descent = Jew. 2 grandparents of Jewish descent = mixed. 0-1 grandparents of Jewish descent = Aryan. 1939, Hitler initiated pogrom to rid Germany of handicapped population (beginning with the children and working up to the adults) o useless eaters: burden on the war effort. 140 000 Germans were killed in this pogrom.

Kristallnacht(night of broken glass) - November 9, 1938. - Hitler Youth, Storm Troopers, and hired thugs vandalized and destroyed Jewish synagogues, businesses, and homes. o 30 000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps under protective custody. - Attempt to isolate and stigmatize (label as socially undesirable) Jews in Germany. Ghettos (sections of cities set aside for Jews only) - Small, cramped, & starved for resources. - Often, forced labour (ex. production of Germany military uniforms) - Couldnt leave (Jewish population isolated, controlled + monitored 24/7) The end of World War 2 Stalingrad (large industrial city named after Stalin) - July 1942-February 1943: Hitler attacked to knock down the USSR - Stalin and Hitler both unwilling to back down. - Possibly largest casualty rate of any battle in history (up to 1.8 million) - Bombers supported from above, troops fought on ground - NAZIs overcommitted + too deep in Soviet territory Soviets able to attack NAZI flanks & surround much of 6th army Germany Surrenders - May 8, 1945: Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) - Cause of D-Day & German failure in Stalingrad, NAZI forces pushed back into borders of Germany by Allied forces - Hitler and wife, Eva Braun committed suicide since Soviet troops were only blocks away Manhattan Project - USA creates secret atomic bomb (worlds first nuclear weapon of mass destruction) w/some materials from Canada - July 1945: say they will use it if Japan doesnt surrender TIMELINE May 8, 1945 - V-E Day. Germany surrenders. July 26 - President Truman calls for Japanese surrender (Potsdam Declaration) or the USA will take devastating action. July 29 - Japan refuses to surrender. August 6 - USA drops Little Boy on Hiroshima, Japan. 70 000 are killed, 61 000 are injured. August 9 - USA drops Fat Man on Nagasaki, Japan. 40 000 are killed. August 9 - USSR invades Japanese territory in Manchuria. August 15 - Japan surrenders (declared Victory in Japan Day or V-J Day). September 2 - Japan signs the Potsdam Declaration aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, effectively ending World War Two. Cold War (1945-1991) - Communist/dictatorship nations (led by Soviet Union- USSR) - Capitalist/democratic nations (led by USA)

o o o o o

Propaganda Economic sanctions Diplomatic quarrels Related military clashes (Korea + Vietnam both sides in these hot wars) Space exploration

Causes of the Cold War 1. After WW2, alliances were realigned - North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO (West) o Canada, Britain, France, United States, + Others o Mutual defence: each nation contributes members to new NATO defence force o To discourage Soviet Union from takeover of Western Europe - WARSAW Pact (East) o Soviet Union + Satellite countries (ex. Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland) o Defend each other if any are attacked 2. Nuclear Arms Race a. USA & USSR engaged in arms race to see who could build biggest & most powerful nuclear arsenal (weapons storehouse) 3. Brinksmanship a. USA & USSR threatening to use nuclear weapons, each making threats strong to make the other break down a. This could lead to mutual suicide (both sides could launch their bombs & kill each other) Communism beliefs - No private property (everyone in society owns everything together) - Equal distribution of wealth to eliminate social class system - Soviet-style communism: govt controls economy & resource (command economy) Capitalism beliefs - Private ownership of property - Individuals can set up + run businesses - Individuals can sell their labour in exchange for cash payment (jobs!) - Exchange of goods + services between individuals - Minimal govt control over economy and resources (market economy) 4. Spread of Communism - Western powers worried that Soviet Empire and its allies were growing too rapidly Yalta Conference - During February 1945 - Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin wanted to figure out how to settle post war Europe Postdam Conference - Summer of 1945 - Big Three met again to figure out how to rebuild Europe (Truman replaced Roosevelt)

Decided to divide Europe into East (USSR control) & West (France, Britain, USA control)

Iron Curtain: describes separating of communist lands of Eastern Europe from West - Very little communication & travel between areas - Berlin divided into quadrants (separating East from West by a wall deep in Soviet sector) - Divided Germany into quadrants Truman Doctrine - Didnt want to repeat mistake of appeasement - USA could support free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures - USA provided aid to Greece and Turkey: $ to secure upcoming elections in Italy + funds to prevent advance of Communist trade unions in France - Doctrine was end of USAs previous isolationism Marshall Plan - Reflected strength of US economy - Offered huge sums to allow war-stricken economies of Europe to rebuild - By generating prosperity, USA hoped nations would reject appeal of Communism - USSR stopped any satellite countries from receiving aid (strict political system) Berlin Blockade & Berlin Airlift - West Berlin (deep w/in Communist zone) spies for both sides, challenge to Soviets - Berlin Blockade: attempt by Soviets to starve West city into obedience - Berlin Airlift: signalled Wests determination to use all resources to defend Berlin o Soviets couldnt stop Airlift (considerable # of Allied forces camped permanently on plains of West Germany - Both sides: Europe too dangerous a site for confrontation, looked elsewhere to compete *Refer to Political personalities of World War Two Page Towards a New Foreign Policy Unit 4: 1957-1984

Centralism- concentrating govt powers into single, central govt (federal govt in Ottawa) Decentralism dispersal of govt powers to many local govts Western Alienation - Feels federal govt has bias towards Central Canada (ON + Quebec) - Often reject mainstream parties for third-party parties o Social Credit o Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) eventually became NDP o Reform Party (later in 90s) Quebecois Alienation - La Survivance: maintenance of French language, Roman Catholicism, rural living + obedience to community leaders

Not benefitting French- Canadians o English Canadians mostly owned Quebec businesses o Job searches favoured Anglophones + gave them higher wages o Little to no support for Francophones outside of Quebec

Quebec - Natural resources (iron ore, nickel, copper, lead, etc. exported to USA) - Agriculture declined dramatically - Increased commerce, business, urbanizations, & outside investment (Ontario, USA) Ontario - Population boom: increased demand for goods & services increase in jobs - Natural resources: zinc, nickel, copper, etc. o 60 % of Canadas metal output - 1954: Elliot Lake, ON. o Uranium discovered, mines set up to satisfy uranium needs for cold war o Joined Denison mine: worlds largest uranium mine. - Sudbury, ON. o Nickel mine : major world supplier of nickel - Golden Horseshoe: farmland sold + developed - Heavy industry, tourism - Most prosperous, industrialized, developed part of Canada The Quiet Revolution & the FLQ - Quebec o 1944-1959: Premier Maurice Duplessis (Union Nationale) Time in office: La Grande Noirceur (The Great Darkness) o 1960-1966: Premier Jean Lesage (Liberal) La Revolution Tranquille (The Quiet Revolution) - Both determined to better French-Canadian situation Maurice Duplessis - Determined to protect French language + Roman Catholic faith - Resisted federal programs + grants for education & health care (to prevent influence of English Canada on Quebec society) - English + American private businesses welcomed o French-Canadian workers given difficult + low paying jobs - Quebec workers were unhappy (unions appeared, strikes more common) - Union Nationale: sided w/English business, often blocked union activity - Industrialization, urbanization + secularization (become less religious) on rise in Quebec o Quebec people tired of traditional ways, want to bring Quebec into 20th century Jean Lesage - 1960: Duplessis dies, Liberals defeat Union Nationale in election o things must change! - Canadien(ne)s become Quebecois - Equality w/English Canada as 1 of Canadas founding nations - Took education + social programs away from church - 1969: many more students @ schools

FLQ: Front de Libration du Qubec (terrorist group) - Encouraged separation of Quebec from Canadian confederation - independence or death: gain independence through use of violence October Crisis - October 5, 1970: 4 men from FLQ abducted British Trade Commissioner James Cross o FLQ demanded: $500 000 in ransom money Transportation to Cuba (to escape prosecution) Release of jailed FLQ members Reading of FLQ manifesto on national TV - October 7: Federal + Provincial govts (to appease FLQ) read manifesto on TV - October 12: FLQ abducted Quebec cabinet minister + deputy Premier Pierre Laporte o Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa urged Federal govt to invoke War Measures Act o Cross eventually reunited w/fam, Laportes dead body recovered from FLQ car - October 16: Pierre Trudeau declared War Measures Act took away civil rights of Canadians o Could be arrested w/out warrant + held for up to 9 days w/out hearing or bail opportunity - For 2 months: army in Montreal to protect official buildings + politicians Canadas New Flag - February 1965: switched from Red Ensign to our flag today CHANGE: Looking for a uniquely Canadian flag. Centennial year (1967) was approaching. Canada no longer part of British Empire. Social change; a climate of civil protest. 1922: had coat of arms of each founding nation on it (ON, Quebec, NB, NS) CONTINUITY: Flag must respect tradition. Colours and symbols associated with Canada already existed. French? English? Aboriginals? Who could expect recognition? 1963: PM Lester B. Pearson o Wanted to ease tensions b/w French + English (recently had been increasing) Common features were established in the proposals for Canadas new flag o Single maple leaf o Using Red Ensign o sprig of maple leaves (like the Pearson Pennant three maple leaves together) March 12, 1965: Queen Elizabeth II officially signs off on our flag today o Represents national unity: w/out distinction of race, language, belief, or opinion

Immigration and Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism Act, 1985 (see ppt. for what was declared in this policy) o Other cultures existed in Canada before this, Canada was now just officially multicultural (does not mean that mindset of the people was changed immediately) To immigrate to Canada, have to pass the point system, favouring. o Educated, bilingual, middle-aged experienced worker who will bring business for the economy, have not been convicted of a crime,

The End of the Cold War - September 1972: Summit Series o USSR challenges Canada to a friendly gift exchange, hand shaking series of hockey games - Soviets thought they had perfected hockey, wanted to defeat Canada (known as the best country in hockey) to show communism superiority - Basically, cold war - No overtime, therefore 8 games, 4 in Canada, 4 in USSR (could be a tie) - Soviet players: younger, (avg. age diff. up to 10 years), faster, stronger o First 4 games in Canada, Russia w/2 wins, Canada w/one win, & one draw o Fans in Vancouver are boo-ing the Canadian team, saying communism is better o Phil Esposito: interviewed showing his disappointment in the fans o Game 8, deciding game, 3-3-1, everyone watching game everywhere o Canada wins the final game, exhibits bad sportsmanship though - Did they have reason for bad sportsmanship? o Soviets stealing their food o Suspicion that Czech referee paid to call penalties in favour of Soviets o Team under a lot of pressure SALT - 1974: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty o Cold War Powers agree to limit their nuclear arsenals - SALT fails: 1983: USA announces Strategic Defense Initiative (nicknamed Star Wars) o Canada participates in developing + testing cruise missiles o Some Canadians protested Refuse the Cruise production continued - 1983: Trudeau peace mission to mediate b/w Americans & Soviets to take SALT seriously Chernobyl - 1986: reactor at nuclear power plant in city of Chernobyl melts down + explodes o Area around is contaminated w/radioactivity o 336 000 people evacuated and resettled - Soviet govt censored news of accident + its after effects o To not appear weak to Western powers & not alarm citizens o Forbade doctors from listing radiation as cause of death on death certificates - Gorbachev: leader of USSR & the Soviet Empire wanted to move into democracy o Took power in 1985 - Debate, participation, awareness of issues so citizens supported this - Freedom in media & truth about incidents (ex. Chernobyl) revealed for the first time

o Before was dependent on the state Religious freedoms/private property legal Censorship stopped altogether Non-communist parties legal Business ownership encouraged Contact w/Western world permitted (TV, radio, music), etc. Soviet Unions history, environmental damage + shear repression led to civil unrest + chaos

Revolution in the Satellite States - 1989: Warsaw Pact countries revolted against communism o Poland 1st, then Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania - East Berlin people tore down Berlin wall w/sledgehammers & their bare hands - More than 400 000 people fled East Germany to West Germany through newly opened borders of Czechoslovakia + Hungary - November 1989: communists soon joined in w/tearing down Berlin wall - Gorbachev allowed democratic reforms to take place sat. states became democratic - Led to collapse of Soviet Empire in 1989 - USSR into independent republics o Set up the Commonwealth of Independent States - December 1991 for civilized divorce - Agreements/cooperation w/economic, defense, foreign policy matters Terrorism - End of cold war, ppl. Hoped to find assurance that nuclear war would remain impossible - Feb. 26, 1993: World Trade Center o Truck bomb driven into parking garage below North tower & detonated o Hope for tower to collapse into other tower, knocking both down o 6 died, 1042 wounded o Involved had connections to Arab-Islamic extremist groups in Middle East - September 11, 2001: World Trade Center o Assumed to be masterminded by the guy who financed the first attack on WTF, o Hijacked airplanes being flown into both of the WTC towers o 4 planes hijacked: 2 for WTC, 1 for Pentagon, 1 for Camp David o Reasons: extreme disapproval of USAs lifestyle & role in the world o 2976 people from 90 countries died in attacks, approx. 6000 dead 1 week later o US govt immediately tried to find people responsible, passed PATRIOT Act + launched wars in Afghanistan + Iraq o When USA closed airspace, many planes headed for New York at the time, redirected to Gander, Newfoundland People here, w/no notice, able to feed, nurse, care for more than 6000 displaced travelers 21 *refer to prime ministers of Canada page