Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
What is 1xEV-DO?
Terminology Timeline Misconceptions Overview Protocol Stack
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer
Channel Overview Forward Link Reverse Link
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
What is 1xEV-DO?
Terminology
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
AN (Access Network) is the new term for base station AT (Access Terminal) is the new term for the mobile device Forward Link
AN transmits to the ATs
Reverse Link
AT transmits to the ANs
What is 1xEV-DO?
Development and Deployment Timeline
Introduction
12/1998 Milestone Description 10/1999 1xEV-DO Open Air Network 1/2000 1xEV-DO Open Air Capacity Tests 5/2002 Public Deployment in Korea
What is 1xEV-DO?
9/1998 HDR Live Demo @ PCS '98 4/1999 US West Lab Trial
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
1/1997 1/1997
1/1998
1/1999
1/2000
1/2001
1/2002 12/2002
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
6/1999 Sprint PCS 1xEV-DO Lab Trial 8/1997 HDR Concept Presentation to CDG
What is 1xEV-DO?
Misconceptions
Introduction
Misconceptions
1xEV-DO is a sub/superset of cdma2000 1x 1xEV-DO uses the same protocol stack as cdma2000 1x 1xEV-DV will be an upgraded version of 1xEV-DO
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Reality
Channel Overview Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
1xEV-DO shares the chip rate and bandwidth of 1x cdma2000 A number of internal components of cdma2000 are used, but not identically The protocol stack uses some common terminology, but it is different Common timing system with cdmaOne and cdma2000
However
1xEV-DO contains provisions to allow for handoffs to cdma2000 1x Future revisions of cdma2000 1x will support handoffs to 1xEV-DO
2002 Wireless Symposium - 1xEV-DO - Technical Overview
What is 1xEV-DO?
Overview
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
The reverse link transmits up to 4 different channels simultaneously Forward link data rates to 2.4 Mbps Reverse link data rates to 153.6 Kbps
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Default Signaling Application
Signaling Network Protocol Signaling Link Protocol Radio Link Protocol Default Packet Application Location Update Protocol Flow Control Protocol Test Application Forward Test Application Protocol Reverse Test Application Protocol
Introduction
Application Layer
What is 1xEV-DO?
Stream Layer
Stream Protocol
Protocol Stack
Session Layer
Channel Overview
Connection Layer
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Security Layer
Security Protocol
Authentication Protocol
Encryption Protocol
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Channel Overview
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Channel Overview
Definitions
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
RPC
Reverse Power Control Channel
DRC
Data Rate Control Channel
Channel Overview
RAB
Reverse Activity Bit Channel
ACK
Acknowledge
Data
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Data
Channel Overview
All channels Single AN
Pilot TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN CDM MAC TDM RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATA1
Introduction
TDM
What is 1xEV-DO?
AN (Access Network)
Data
TDM
Protocol Stack
TDM within slot CDM via MACIndex
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
ACK DRC Pilot RRI DATA TDM CDM CDM via fixed Walsh codes
Channel Overview
All channels Multiple ANs
Pilot TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN CDM MAC TDM RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATAX TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATA1 TDM at slot boundaries
Introduction
TDM
What is 1xEV-DO?
AN - A
TDM Data
Protocol Stack
Pilot
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
AN - B
TDM Data TDM within slot CDM via MACIndex ACK DRC Pilot RRI DATA TDM within slot
TDM
CDM
Channel Overview
Forward Link
Pilot TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN CDM MAC TDM RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATAX TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATA1
Introduction
TDM
What is 1xEV-DO?
AN - A
TDM Data
Protocol Stack
Pilot
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
AN - B
TDM Data
Channel Overview
Reverse Link
Pilot TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN CDM MAC TDM RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATAX TDM RPCN DRCLOCKN RPC1 DRCLOCK1 RAB DATAN DATA1
Introduction
TDM
What is 1xEV-DO?
AN - A
TDM Data
Protocol Stack
Pilot
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
AN - B
TDM Data
DATA
Physical Layer
Forward Link
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Forward Link
Timing Structure
Introduction
Source
Like cdma2000, all AN timing is derived from a GPS reference (PP2S)
What is 1xEV-DO?
Hierarchy
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Frames
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
26.67 ms duration 16 Frames per Control Channel cycle 75 Frames per 2 second period (PP2S)
Slots
1.67 ms duration 16 Slots per frame 2048 PN chips per slot
Forward Link
Timing Structure (continued)
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Frames aligned to PP2S edge (and zero offset PN rollover) The Slot is split into 2 Half Slots
0.83 ms duration 1024 PN chips per half slot 800 Data chips (in two 400 chip regions) 128 MAC channel chips (in two 64 chip regions) 96 Pilot chips
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Forward Link
Timing / Physical Structure
Introduction
PP2S
Pulse Per 2 Second 2 seconds
n-1
n+1
n+2
What is 1xEV-DO?
75 Frames
Frames
26.67 ms period
Protocol Stack
...1 0(15)1... ...1 0(15)1... Zero Offset I & Q Pilot PN Sequence Rollover
26.67 ms
16 Slots
Slots
Channel Overview
Half Slots
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
0.83 ms period 1 Half Slot (1024 chips) Data 400 chips MAC 64 chips Pilot 96 chips MAC 64 chips Data 400 chips
Chips
1.2288 MHz chip rate 813.8 ns chip period
Forward Link
Operational Overview
Introduction
No simultaneous transmissions
i.e. only a single data stream is transmitted Each subchannel is defined by TDMA principles The entire output of the base station is dedicated to a specific AT
Except Simultaneous power control to active mobiles in the MAC subchannel Overhead messages Pilot Channel
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
MACIndex is a selector that specifies an active AT Packets sent by the AN use an integral number of slots
(preamble + data length + pilot + MAC) mod 2048 = 0
Forward Link
Channel Descriptions
Introduction
Pilot
Used as a timing reference and a beacon to multiple ATs
MAHO is performed by the AT using pilots from multiple ANs
What is 1xEV-DO?
MAC
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
The only code domain encoded signal on the forward link A single bit per code channel per slot is transmitted Sub Channels
RAB Reverse Activity Bit MACIndex = 4 Update rate of the bit is configurable (from 8 to 64 slots) Indicates to the ATs that they should raise or lower the reverse data rate Not absolute, final decision is statistically based
Forward Link
Channel Descriptions (continued)
Introduction
MAC (Continued)
Sub Channels (Continued)
RPC Reverse Power Control MACIndex from 5 to 63 Individual power control bits to active ATs (via their MACIndex) Single power control bit per slot (600 Hz update rate) If (RPC == 0) then AT increases power else AT decreases power DRCLock Data Rate Control Lock Replaces the RPC bit on a periodic basis (TDM) Indicates that the AN is unable to receive the DRC channel from the AT If (DRCLock == 0) then AT may not point at that specific AN This is a recent change to the 1xEV-DO specification (C.S0024 v2.1)
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Forward Link
Channel Descriptions (continued)
Introduction
Data
Preamble
Used to address a physical packet to a specific AT (via the MACIndex) Using a bi-orthogonal W32 cover MACIndex from 5 to 63 Length depends on data rate
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Traffic
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Data rates from 38.4 to 2457.6 Kpbs Packet sizes from 1024 to 4096 bits (Using 1 to 16 slots per packet) Packets requiring more than 1 slot must be use an interleave factor of 4
Control
Data rates from 38.4 to 76.8 kbps (Using 8 or 16 slots per packet) Packet size is 1024 bits Formatted exactly as a traffic frame Differences exist in upper layers MACIndex 2 (38.4 kbps) or 3 (76.8 kbps) Control channel packets must be started within the first 4 slots of the control channel cycle
Forward Link
Traffic/Control Channel Framing Details
1 Slot (2048 chips) Half Slots
0.83 ms period 1 Half Slot (1024 chips)
Introduction
Data 400 chips MAC 64 chips Pilot 96 chips MAC 64 chips Data 400 chips
What is 1xEV-DO?
Chips
1.2288 MHz chip rate 813.8 ns chip period
Protocol Stack
128 Control 64 Traffic 0
400 chips
400 chips
400 chips
400 chips
1024
1600
256
512
Channel Overview
Packet Size
Modulation Type
Y Y Y Y Y N
38.4 kbps 1024 1/5 QPSK 76.8 kbps 153.6 kbps 307.2 kbps 614.4 kbps 307.2 kbps 614.4 kbps 1228.8 kbps 921.6 kbps 1843.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps 2457.6 kbps
1. Preamble always starts on a full slot boundary 2. MACIndex encoded as W 32 on I channel only
15 7 3 1
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N
3 1
3072 1/3 8-PSK 1 1536 4096 1/3 16-QAM 2 1536 4096 1/3 16-QAM 1 1536
Code Rate Total Slots
Preamble
Forward Link
Coding / Spreading / Modulation
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
A long code is NOT used on the Forward Link Final spreading is done using a Hybrid PSK system
Simplified version of the cdma2000 Forward Link spreading system
Bandpass and phase compensation filters are applied to the final signal
These filters are IDENTICAL to the ones used for cdmaOne / cdma2000
Forward Link
Subchannel Encoding / Spreading / Modulation
Subchannel encoding Quadrature Spreading (Complex Multiply) AN RF Convertor
TDM
TDM
cos(2fct)
Introduction
I Data I Q I Q I Forward subchannels Preamble O Q Q Q Data I Q
+
I Data
Bandpass Filter
Phase Compensation
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
To Antenna
Channel Overview
sin(2fct) I MAC Q PNQ Q-Channel PN Sequence @ 1.2288 Mcps PNI I-Channel PN Sequence @ 1.2288 Mcps I Pilot O Q
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Physical Layer
Reverse Link
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Spreading Modulation
Reverse Link
Timing Structure
Introduction
Source
All timing is derived from the received AN zero offset PN rollover
This provides a reference for the reverse frames Forward link flight time is invisible
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Hierarchy
Channel Overview
Frames
26.67 ms duration
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Slots
1.67 ms duration 16 Slots per frame 2048 PN chips per slot
Reverse Link
Timing / Physical Structure
Introduction
FwdLink Frames
26.67 ms period Zero Offset PN Sequence Rollover ...1 ...1 0(15)1... 0(15)1...
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
RevLink Frames
26.67 ms period ...10(15) 1... (15) 1... ...10
26.67 ms
Channel Overview
PN Sequence Rollover
16 Slots
Slots
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
1.67 ms period
1.67 ms
Chips
1.2288 MHz chip rate 813.8 ns chip period
Reverse Link
Operational Overview
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
The AT PN rollover point is different than for the AT (15 chips later)
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
AT: Midway between a string of 15 0 bits and a 1 bit This is the same as in cdmaOne and cdma2000 on both forward and reverse links AN: Midway between a 1 bit and a string of 15 0 bits
Reverse Link
Channel Description Access
Introduction
Access Channel
Uses
Communications with the AN when an active session has not been set up Registration of the AT within the network Requesting a session to be created
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Implementation
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Consists of two subchannels (Pilot, Data) Pilot is an all zero datastream (W160 encoded) on the I channel only Data is a 9.6 kpbs datastream (W42 encoded) on the Q channel only 256 bit packets Constant output power between preamble and data phases Data subchannel power is scaled relative to pilot power Pilot power is reduced by 6 dB during data phase Similar operation to the access probe sequencing defined in IS-95/IS-2000 Minimum data transmission length is 16 slots Governed by the message length of the Access Channel message Minimum preamble transmission length is 16 slots Governed by parameters specified by the network MAC layer
2002 Wireless Symposium - 1xEV-DO - Technical Overview
Reverse Link
Access Channel Structure
Introduction
ts ) Slo kets x n l Pa c 6 1 ica ys Ph n
What is 1xEV-DO?
(
Protocol Stack
gth en leL mb
Channel Overview
I
x 16
a Pre
6 dB
ts Slo C) A (M
nly so bp k 9.6
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Pilot Data P
Q t
Reverse Link
Channel Description Traffic
Introduction
Uses
Used continuously during an active session
What is 1xEV-DO?
Implementation
Protocol Stack
Consists of five subchannels (Pilot, Data, RRI, DRC, ACK) Continuous transmission
The Data subchannel is present only when there no data to send The ACK subchannel is present only when receiving Forward data packets
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Power control
Pilot channel is directly power controlled via Forward MAC subchannel Other channels are specified (via messaging) relative to the Pilot channel
Code division (from other ATs) is done via User long code masks
The long code is reset to a specific value at every reverse link frame start
Reverse Link
Channel Description Traffic
Introduction
Subchannels
Pilot
Used to train the AN receiver and assist in the recovery of reverse link data Pilot is an all zero datastream with a W160 cover on the I channel only
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
RRI
The 3 bit reverse data rate is encoded and spread/repeated across 16 slots Possible rates are: No data, 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 Kbps The first 1/8 of each slot of the Pilot channel is replaced with the RRI channel RRI has a W160 cover and transmitted on the I channel only
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
ACK
Used to acknowledge the successful reception of a forward traffic packet May be used to early terminate a packet transmission A single bit is spread/repeated across the first half of the slot Nothing is transmitted in its place in the second half of the slot Data is W84 covered on the I channel only Transmitted only when the AT is receiving packets on the forward link
Reverse Link
Channel Description Traffic (continued)
Introduction
Subchannels (continued)
DRC
Used to communicate two pieces of information to the AN Data rate control Specifies the rate that the AT can receive for the current conditions The 4 bit data rate is encoded as an 8 bit bi-orthogonal value Serving AN point Identifies which AN point is to deliver forward traffic to the AT Encoded as 1 of 8 W8 covers of the data rate control value DRC is transmitted for an entire slot, but is shifted one half slot late DRC has a final W168 cover and transmitted on the Q channel only MAC Parameters DRC Length (1 8) slots (sets the amount of time that an estimate is valid) DRC Gating (This allows the AT to transmit the DRC data only once and it remains in effect for DRCLength slots)
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Reverse Link
Channel Description Traffic (continued)
Introduction
Subchannels (continued)
Data
Data rates range from 9.6 to 153.6 kbps with packet sizes of 256 to 4096 bytes The encoded length of a reverse link physical packet is always 16 slots Frame Offset specifies the offset from the start of the reverse link frame to the start of the packet Data has a W42 cover and transmitted on the Q channel only Power level is set relative to the reverse pilot and per reverse rate setting
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Reverse Link
Reverse Traffic Channel Structure
Introduction
1/2 t Slo
What is 1xEV-DO?
I
1/2
t Slo
Protocol Stack
ACK
Channel Overview
ACKGain
1/2
t Slo
RRI
Pilot
DRCGain
Q
DRC Data
Reverse Link
Spreading / Modulation
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
Each subchannel is summed into the I or Q domain before the final spreading operation Final spreading is done using a Hybrid PSK system
Same as the cdma2000 Reverse Link spreading system
Reverse Link
Subchannel Encoding / Spreading / Modulation
Subchannel encoding Pilot TDM cos(2fct) + RRI subchannel Quadrature Spreading (Complex Multiply) AT RF Converter
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
ACK subchannel
I Data -
Bandpass Filter
Protocol Stack
DRC subchannel +
To Antenna
Channel Overview
Data subchannel
Q Data
+ sin(2fct)
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
I-Channel Short PN Sequence I-Channel Access/User Long-Code PN Sequence
Walsh Cover (+=) + Decimate by 2 Q-Channel Short PN Sequence Q-Channel Access/User Long-Code PN Sequence
1xEV-DO Measurements
Introduction
Measurement Specifications
Minimum Performance Specifications for Access Networks (MPS_AN)
A set of tests for the access networks at all layers including the physical layer 3GPP2 C.S0032 TIA/EIA IS-864
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
A set of tests for the access terminals at all layers including the physical layer 3GPP2 C.S0033 TIA/EIA IS-866
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
1xEV-DO Measurements
Physical Layer AT Tx
Section # Measurement Name Frequency Coverage Frequency Accuracy Time Reference Waveform Quality and Frequency Accuracy Redundant ACK Transmission Range of Open Loop Output Power Time Response of Open Loop Power Control Range of Closed Loop Power Control Maximum RF Output Power Minimum Controlled Output Power Standby Output Power RRI Channel Output Power Code Domain Power DRC Channel Output Power Code Domain Power ACK Channel Output Power Code Domain Power Data Channel Output Power Conducted Spurious Emissions Radiated Spurious Emissions Occupied Bandwidth Measurement Type Design Time Check Waveform Quality Waveform Quality vs Time Waveform Quality CDP (Triggered) Power (Triggered) Power vs Time Power vs Time Power Power Power (Triggered) CDP (Triggered) CDP (Triggered) CDP (Triggered) CDP (Triggered) Spectrum Spectrum Spectrum
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
3.1.2.2.2 3.1.2.2.3
Protocol Stack
Channel Overview
3.1.2.3.4 3.1.2.3.5
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
1xEV-DO Measurements
Physical Layer AT Rx
Section # Measurement Name Demodulation of Forward Traffic Channel in AWGN Demodulation of Forward Traffic Channel in Multipath Fading Channel Decision of Power Control Bit for Channels belonging to Different Power Control Sets Decision of Power Control Bit for Channels belonging to the Same Power Control Set Demodulation of Reverse Power Control Channel during Soft Handoff Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Single Tone Desensitization Intermodulation Spurious Response Attenuation Adjacent Channel Selectivity Conducted Spurious Emissions Radiated Spurious Emissions Measurement Type PER PER Power vs Time Power vs Time Power vs Time PER PER PER PER Spectrum Spectrum
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
3.1.1.2.4 3.1.1.2.5
Protocol Stack
3.1.1.3.1 3.1.1.3.2
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion
3.1.1.4.2
Summary
Introduction
What is 1xEV-DO?
Protocol Stack
Technical overview of 1xEV-DO Detailed examination of channel operation Forward link overview Reverse link overview Brief overview of the measurements defined for 1xEV-DO
Channel Overview
Physical Layer Forward Link Physical Layer Reverse Link Measurement Overview Conclusion