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oncern over work-family issues has been an enduring to grips with the state-of-the-art on work-family research within
preoccupation of researchers across disciplines for over the country, we have had to review research work in the field
four decades. Interest in work and family matters has of law, psychology, management, sociology, economics and
arisen on account of changes in the way in which work has been women’s studies. While reviewing literature it became apparent
defined and it has been fuelled by mechanisation and modernisation that while there was interdisciplinary research between
of production processes, industrialisation and the entry of increas- sociology and economics, under the broad umbrella of
ing numbers of women in to the world of paid work. Work and women’s studies, research within the fields of psychology and
family study has become a well-defined area of research in its management appeared to be following its own trends.1 Conse-
own right. Centres for work and family research have increasingly quently while tracing a timeline, the paper focuses mainly on
been set up in North America and Europe to study changing review of research in women’s studies, psychology and manage-
demographics and their impact on work-life balance and well- ment as a parsimonious way of getting around the problem. It
being of individuals. identifies themes arising in the literature across four phases or
Developing countries including India however seem to be decades – independent India, mid 1970s-mid 1980s, mid 1980s-
characterised by a clear and distinct lack of focus on work and mid 1990s and mid 1990s-mid 2000. The paper ends by iden-
family research. Part of the reason for this is a gender in- tifying neglected areas of work-family research that could be
egalitarian culture and the low status accorded to women and addressed by future researchers.
women’s issues in the country. Traditionally the sex ratio in India
has always been biased against women. The latest government Independent India: Laying Legal Foundations
report of the Census Survey of India of 2001 indicates that there
are 935 women for every 1,000 men in the country, making the India gained formal independence from British rule in 1947.
female population about 48 per cent of the total population. The The British government is said to have been largely responsible
working population constitutes around 36 per cent of the total for initiating modernisation efforts within the country. Social
population and women constitute about 32 per cent of the working reforms and access to education initiated by various Indian
population. Majority of working women are crowded in the leaders and influenced and aided by the British government paved
unorganised sector. As per the Country Report presented at the the path for increased participation of women on various plat-
Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 only forms – political, social and economic.
4 per cent of all women working are employed in the organised The immediate concern for independent India was to build its
sector. This means that only about 0.005 per cent of India’s economy and bring social order to various parts of the country.
population comprises of working women in the organised India grappled with problems of unifying separate states and
workforce. Not only do these statistics explain absence of re- initial years went into bringing peace and stability to the nation.
search in the work-family area, but they also build a case for In keeping with its nation-building activities, India adopted its
it, especially since redistribution of work and family roles is comprehensive Constitution in 1950. The Indian Constitution is
critical for empowerment of women. the largest written Constitution and provides the guideline for
This paper makes an effort to understand the treatment of work India’s future development mainly through its Directive Prin-
and family issues within the Indian context, by endeavouring to ciples of State Policy. By making a number of welfare activities
trace a timeline of work-family research in India. Tracing a mandatory for state and private organisations either by legislation
timeline is not an easy venture especially since much of social or through trade practices, this influential document could be
science research in India has taken place simultaneously within considered to be India’s first formal attempt to address work and
narrow silos of independent disciplines. In an attempt to come family matters.