Optimising Thermal Performance of Building Envelope In High-rise Residential Buildings of the Tropics Case of Mumbai

Laukik Dhage M. Arch. Studies Advanced Architectural Studies School of Architecture, University of Sheffield September, 2007
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ABSTRACT

Looking at the energy situation on the global level, it is been seen that we posses twin threat of inadequate supply of energy and increase in environmental pollution by too much use of it. Global energy demand is predicted to reach about 66% in 2030 as compared to demand in 2000, with 40 % of this growth accounted by developing countries of Asian region [1]. Rapid increase in population and growing Urbanisation has led to significant rise in energy demand of Asian economic giants like India and China.

Taking the case of India, about 56% of total energy consumption in all the sectors comes alone from residential sector [2], major part of this being used by construction Industry; hence energy efficiency of the residential buildings is matter of great importance in India. With more and more people migrating to the cities, demand for houses shoot up and for the cities like Mumbai where the land is scarce the only way to cope up this problem is to grow vertical. Today when the city is on the verge of having the tallest residential apartment in India, its now time to direct this high-rise growth in a more sustainable manner, making these towers more energy efficient. Significant amount of total energy consumed in these buildings is on the maintenance of comfort conditions inside it due to the hothumid tropical climate of Mumbai.

Present study is focused on energy efficiency of High-rise Residential buildings in Mumbai by optimising thermal performance of building envelope using thermal insulation materials and high performance glazing to increase the comfort conditions in these buildings. The study is carried out by performing thermal

simulation analysis on a computer model of existing high-rise residential apartment in Mumbai using the building analysis programme ECOTECT.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation wouldnt have been possible without the support and guidance of the people I mention here. It is a pleasant aspect that I have now the opportunity to express my gratitude for all of them.

First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my beloved parents for their constant support and encouragement for my dissertation and the entire Masters course.

I sincerely want to acknowledge the sage guidance and encouragement I got from my Supervisor Prof. Steve Sharples, I thank him for helping me to carve my ideas and shape my thesis from inception to the final stage.

I am grateful to Architect T. Khareghat for allowing me to use case study one of their buildings for thermal analysis.

I would like to thank Mr. Ameet Shinde from Godrej and Boyence properties for providing me with the material specification data needed for the analysis. I would also like to thank Dr. Hasim Altan for his valuable feedback on the thermal simulation studies.

Finally I would like to thank all the faculty members, office and library staff at the University for their Cooperation and support throughout the year, and to all my friends for their valuable inputs.

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Global Energy Outlook Energy Insight India Energy and Building sector India Energy needs Buildings in Tropical region of India Rise of High-rise residential culture in Mumbai Sustainable approach for High-rise Residential growth in Mumbai 7 8 8 9 9 10

CHAPTER 2: Concept of Dissertation 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Origin of the Study Aim of Dissertation Simulation Studies performed Research Strategies 11 12 13 13

CHAPTER 3: Tropical climate and thermal comfort 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tropical warm and humid climate Thermal comfort in Tropics Vernacular architecture and thermal comfort Design considerations for thermal comfort in buildings 14 15 15 16

CHAPTER 4: Literature Review 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 Organisation of Literature Reviews Energy conservation and Building sustainability Building Envelope Case studies of Energy efficient buildings 18 18 22 27

CHAPTER 5: Study of Insulation materials 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 Thermal Insulation building materials Plastic Insulation materials Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Rigid Polyurethane Foam (PUR) 29 30 31 32

CHAPTER 6: Study of High Performance Glazing 6.1 6.2 High Performance Glazing options Insulated glazing and its importance in warm climate 33 36

CHAPTER 7: Analysis of typical Residential High- rise apartment 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Introduction to Modelled High-rise residential apartment Climate of Mumbai Use of ECOTECT for Thermal Simulation Analysis Thermal Simulation Analysis Summary of Results 37 39 40 41 48 50 51

7.5.1 Comparing U-values and costs of the thermal Insulation materials 7.5.2 Comparing U-values and costs of the Glazing materials used

CHAPTER 8: Conclusion 8.1 8.2 8.3 Summary Limitations of Study Future scope 52 53 53

REFERENCES

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APPENDICES

58

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1 Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Outlook for World Energy Supply / Demand (by Region) Growth in Energy Demand in the Asian Region 2000-2030 7 8

CHAPTER 3 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.3 Map of India depicting different climate zones Climate modification strategies and building tactics for hot-humid climate type 15 14

CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 RSI & R values of different insulation materials Comparison of building materials & relative insulation values under 'still' air Figure 5.2.1 Figure 5.2.2 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Rigid Polyurethane Foam insulation materials (PUR) 30 31 32 30

CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1.1 Figure 6.1.2 Figure 6.1.3 Figure 6.1.4 Figure 6.1.5 Figure 6.2 Triple Glazed Window Gas filled glazing Various tints of Glazing Reflective glazing Low-e coat on glass Graph- Annual Energy Savings achieved by use of four types of windows 36 33 34 34 35 35

CHAPTER 7 Figure 7.1.1 Figure 7.1.2 Typical floor plan of modelled building Rear view of Building facing Railway lines 37 38

Figure 7.1.3 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4.1

Front view of Building facing Express Highway Map of Mumbai Building Model in ECOTECT External double wall combination applied to model for Thermal analysis I

38 39 40

41

Figure 7.4.2

Materials applied to External single wall of model for Thermal analysis I 41 42

Figure 7.4.3 Figure 7.4.4

Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis I External double wall combination applied to model for Thermal analysis II

43

Figure 7.4.5

Materials applied to External single wall of model for Thermal analysis II 43 44 45 46 47

Figure 7.4.6 Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis II Figure 7.4.7 Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis III Figure 7.4.8 Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis IV Figure 7.4.9 Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis V Figure 7.5.1 Graph shows the comparison between comfort hours (In %) for whole year achieved by applying each set of materials Figure 7.5.2 Table displaying details about Thermal Insulation materials and glazing types used for different Thermal analysis Figure 7.5.3 Table displaying U-values of different wall types Figure 7.5.4 U-values and cost comparison of Thermal Insulants used Figure 7.5.5 Comparative capital cost and performance of thermal insulation materials . Figure 7.5.6 U-values and cost comparison of glazing materials used

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48 49 50

50 51

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 Global Energy Outlook: Rapid advancement in technology all around the world has hyped the demand for energy. Global energy demand is projected to grow by 1.6% annually on an average (from 2000 to 2030), resulting into 66% rise in demand in 30 years [3]. Rising worlds population which is expected to reach 8 billion by 2030 [3] is also a major concern to cope the rising energy demand.

Figure 1.1 [Outlook for World Energy Supply / Demand (by Region)] (Source: IEA/World Energy Outlook) [1]

One reason for the sudden rise in the global energy demand is its growing use in the developing economies of Asian region which sole account for 40% of the predicted growth (from 2000 to 2030), with China and India in particular showing substantial growth.

To tackle the energy crisis to be faced by both developed and developing world its now the time to develop and adopt efficient energy practices and technology in all the economical sectors of the world were use of energy is immense, to conserve the existing energy sources and to avoid adverse impact of development on the environment. 7

1.2 Energy Insight - India: Second most populous and

seventh largest country in the world, India is the fast growing developing political economy leader and a

among

developing nations [5], the per capita consumption of energy is 1/5th of the global average [4] and the predicted substantial
Figure 1.2: [Growth in Energy Demand in the Asian Region 2000-2030] Source: IEA/World Energy Outlook 2002 [2]

growth in energy demand by 2030 is said to be 267 Mtoe [1]. Such high demand for energy is mainly due to rise in technology and population, the country is a home to over one billion people living in various climatic zones [4].

India being in forefront of developing nations is constantly driving to improve the living standards by rapid Urbanisation and reducing poverty for which energy is prime source. This need for large source of energy in present sustained source situation directs of development in future to happen in more energy efficient manner.

1.3 Energy and Building sector - India: Construction industry is one of the largest energy consuming sectors in India. In India estimates suggest hat 20-25% of the total energy demand is for manufacture of building materials and another 15% goes in the maintenance (running cost) of the buildings [6]. Indian residential sector consumes 56% of total energy consumption of all sectors in India. This share is about 11% of worlds energy consumption in Residential sector [2].

Figures mention above explains how residential building sector in India plays a significant role in energy expansion. Increment in Energy efficiency of these 8

buildings and innovative ways to cut down energy demand are thus the issues of priority.

1.4 Energy needs Buildings in Tropical region of India: High temperature and humidity are the main reasons for creating thermal discomfort in tropical cities. In order to achieve comfort conditions use of airconditioning systems for cooling has gained popularity, not only commercial buildings but also residential buildings are becoming centrally air-conditioned. In addition to climatic conditions, population and congestion are also amongst the main reasons for growing discomfort in tropical cities. To achieve more comfort levels in buildings in tropical climates by opting energy efficient solutions one has to carefully deal with the day lighting, natural ventilation and shading parameters of the building. In modern buildings in tropical climate the present trend of building materials and methodologies used for construction needs to be evaluated for better thermal comfort with less consumption of energy.

1.5 Rise of High-rise residential culture in Mumbai: With the population of about 18 million as on 2006 Mumbai is the Indias topmost and worlds fifth most populous metropolitan area [7]. This commercial capital of India with the annual population growth rate of 2.2% is one of the most densely populated cities of the world with the density of about 27,220 people per square kilometre [7]. The ever increasing migrant population in the city demands for more housing on the limited land, hence in order to serve this housing need for the growing population the only alternative was to grow vertical. Following the present trend of having taller buildings in the city, which is the growing competition amongst mega cities of both developed and developing countries, Mumbai is also on the verge of having one of the tallest commercial as well as residential buildings in Asia. 9

1.6 Sustainable approach for High-rise Residential growth in Mumbai: As we go higher the energy usage of the building increases not only to achieve indoor comfort conditions but also for the vertical transport and building maintenance. In the light of the strained energy supply scenario more efforts should be made to minimise the energy use in the high-rise residential apartments by application of solar passive design techniques in design of new high-rise buildings and using renewable energy technology systems. In general, energy efficiency in new high-rise buildings can be achieved through: Bioclimatic architectural principles; Load minimization by the input of solar passive techniques in building design; Design and use of energy efficient lighting and HVAC systems; Use of renewable energy systems to meet a part of the building load; and Use of low energy materials and energy efficient methods of construction. [6]

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CHAPTER 2: Concept of Dissertation

2.1 Origin of the Study:

Previous chapter describes the need for energy efficient approach for High-rise residential construction in future. The following dissertation is focused on the energy efficiency of high-rise residential blocks in the city having tropical hot and humid climate. As discussed in paragraph 1.4 climatic conditions and growing urban heat island effect are the main reasons for growing discomfort in tropical cities. Thermal comfort is influenced by physical characteristics of the place. By adapting correct climate modification in a building; better thermal comfort can be achieved with less consumption of energy.

When we talk about climate modification we look at basic strategies controlled airflow for ventilation, solar gain, cooling and thermal mass. Various methods were been used in vernacular architecture in small-scale buildings to maximise comfort in warm humid weather.

Tropical buildings face hot and sunny weather for most of the time round the year. There two major thermal forces acting on the building envelope, radiation and convectional impacts. The radiation component consists of solar radiation and radiant heat exchange with the surroundings. The conventional component includes the air moving around and through the building. Various studies has been undertaken for optimizing natural ventilation in buildings to achieve better comfort conditions in its interiors, some of those study are done on sustainable technologies like use of wing walls, narrow plans, cross ventilation, these

methods are widely used in projects by Architect Ken Yang. Present research is based on optimising the design of building envelope for better thermal performance in tropical climate.

Referring to literature and research from the past, it is clear that most of the study done in field of energy efficiency in high-rise buildings is done in context of commercial buildings. In his book The Skyscraper bio-climatically considered

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(1996), architect Ken Yang has also proposed set of sustainable design principles for high-rise office buildings. There is only limited amount of research done on energy-efficient residential building design in hot and humid tropical conditions and to go further, a negligible amount of research literature was found done on Indian buildings in tropical cities of India. The study undertaken here is thus focused on energy efficiency of high-rise residential buildings in Indian tropical city; the case taken is of Mumbai located on west banks of India.

2.2 Aim of Dissertation: The aim of the research is to achieve thermal comfort in high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid tropical conditions in turn minimising the energy consumption of the building.

Building envelope comprises of external building fabric, window glazing and shading devices. The following study mainly concentrates on achieving more thermal comfort by optimising two components of building envelope wiz. Building fabric, window glazing. One part of the study is on investigating the possible role of thermal insulation in making the building envelope more energy efficient by improving thermal comfort in the interiors of the building. Second part investigates high performance glazing systems and its use in improving thermal comfort conditions inside the building.

To meet this effort an industry leading building analysis programme ECOTECT is used. The study involves improving thermal comfort inside the residential high-rise in tropical climatic zone of India; the building model chosen for performing simulation analysis is of existing high-rise residential apartment located in the suburbs of the of Mumbai city which comes under the same climatic zone. The building is 20 storeys in height, a typical example of high-rise construction in Mumbai.

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2.3 Simulation studies performed: For the following research two types of building insulation materials and high performance glasses are selected. Combination of these insulation and glazing materials were applied in four sets to the building model of the selected building made in ECOTECT. Then the detailed thermal analysis was run applying all the four sets individually. Results are derived in form of data regarding total comfort hours achieved for whole year, which is then compared to judge which of the four sets is more effective to achieve maximum comfort hours in the interiors of the Building model. The simulations were performed on the three floors at different heights for faster process.

2.4 Research Strategies: Study was carried out in different stages involving data collection from wide range of materials, reviewing literature related to study, choosing prototype of high-rise residential for analysis, performing computer simulations study on the prototype and analysing the findings. The stages followed are explained in this dissertation in eight main chapters. Chapter one mentioned earlier provides background to the study undertaken, reviewing global energy situation and need for sustainable approach towards growing high-rise culture in tropics. Chapter two introduces aim and objectives of the research. Chapter three discusses features of tropical climate and thermal comfort. Chapter four mentions reviews of the literature collected from wide range of sources. Chapter five focuses on Insulation materials by mentioning two of the materials in detail. Chapter six presents new range of high performance window glazing. Chapter seven mentions simulation studies performed on building model and comparison between different building thermal insulants and glasses used for study. The results, limitations and recommendation are concluded in final chapter eight.

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CHAPTER 3: Tropical climate and thermal comfort

3.1 Tropical warm and humid climate: The zone between Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23.5N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (latitude 23S) is defined as Tropical zone. This zone occupies about 40% of the land surface of the earth and holds half of the worlds population. There are

variations in climate within the tropics, the equatorial zone of tropics; the area within 10 of equator with not much seasonal changes of temperature has warm and moist climatic

conditions [8]. Some of the countries that lie in this zone are Brazil, part of Central African and Southeast Asian countries. In
Figure 3.1: Map of India depicting different climate zones Source: National Building Code 2005, Part 8, Fig. 2

India tropical warm and humid climatic band covers eastern,

western and southern parts of the country [figure 3.1]. Few of the important characteristics of the tropical warm and humid climate are listed below [9]: Air Temperature i.e. DBT: Maximum between 27C and 33C and minimum between 21 and 22C. Humidity (RH): varies from 75% to almost 100% Precipitation: High throughout the year annual rainfall of 2000mm to 5000mm, sometimes exceeds 500mm in a month. Wind speed: Typically low but strong winds occur during rain squalls. Gust of 30 m/s has been reported, usually one or two dominant directions. Sky conditions: Fairly cloudy throughout the year, skies can be bright. [9] 14

3.2 Thermal comfort in tropics: Thermal comfort conditions depend on various factors, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed of the location, not only the climatic factors but it also depends on the age, sex and type of activity performed by the person. The thermal comfort in the tropics usually lies between Temperature summer index (TSI) values of 25C and 30C with maximum per cent of people being comfortable at 27.5C, conversely cold temperatures between 19C and 25C (TSI) are tolerable. Hence if we have to achieve thermal comfort inside the house in tropical warmhumid climate, possible emphasis on design techniques should be made to keep the indoor temperature to TSI values around 27.5C in summer seasons. Along with the conditioning of indoor environment; provision of ample air movement is also an important requirement for building design in warm-humid climate. [10]

3.3 Vernacular architecture and thermal comfort: In traditional Vernacular architecture there are best design solutions to cater tropical climatic impact in most natural way. Naturally ventilating the building along with proper shading were the main features of Vernacular architecture. Stretched building with the prominent openings towards the predominant wind direction and providing cross ventilation provided better thermal comfort conditions in residential Vernacular architecture. These buildings had light construction with wide awnings or verandas shading large windows which were kept open during most of the year. Most of the important design strategies of Vernacular architecture are concluded in this table [11]:
Climate type Hot -humid Adverse climatic elements Rain Heat, high humidity Insolation Small diurnal variation Climate method Minimise heat gain Maximise ventilation Maximise shading Response strategies Thin plan with axis eastwest Cross- ventilation, high ceilings Ventilated roof Window shading all year Shaded veranda.

Figure 3.3: Climate modification strategies and building tactics for hot-humid climate type. Source: Climate Responsive Design [11]

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3.4 Design considerations for thermal comfort in buildings: Application of solar passive design techniques in the buildings located in tropical climate mainly aims in optimising internal thermal comfort. For keeping the indoor environment cooler passive techniques mainly focuses on reducing heat penetration through building envelope and optimising natural cross-ventilation in indoors. Some of the methods for reducing heat flow through building envelope are discussed below

Optimum Orientation: The amount of daily solar radiation incident per unit area on N and S facing walls is much less compared to that on the walls facing other directions [10], so orienting longer axis of building in East West direction will minimise solar heat gain by the envelope. Rectangular planning of the building with aspect ratio 2:1 reduces the fabric load by 30% compared to square planned building with equally distributed glazed window area on all the four sides [10].

Window Shading: Especially in tropics importance of shading is enormous. It was always a major issue in the vernacular architecture of tropics. The use of shading is critical to achieve thermal comfort and energy conservation in passive design. Shading to the windows can be provided by application of overhangs or providing louvers to the window to cut off the direct radiations from sun into the room. Effective length of the overhangs depends upon the sun path, and duration for which windows are exposed to the sun. Different shading techniques should be applied for different orientations of the windows to achieve optimum results for example a simple box type louver may be suitable on eastern faade, a slightly more complicated vertical and horizontal louver system on the southern faade and an egg crate type on western faade. For the northern facade receiving only very early morning sun - rain shade is sufficient [10]. While providing desired shading to the window care should be taken avoiding over shading which may obstruct required day light to enter in the room.

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Window Design: Windows are the primary source of heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer. In light of optimising energy efficiency of building by increasing thermal comfort in interiors various factors should be considered during window design. Window dimensions should be varied with varying orientation for the optimised results. Windows on the East and West facades should be avoided as they are worst orientations from heat gain point of view [10].

Insulating Window Glazing: By addition of the insulation layers to the single glazed window or by replacing single glazed windows with double or triple glazing will prevent the heat gain and loss in desired season in turn reducing energy demand. U- value of the glass indicates the rate of heat flow due to conduction, as a result temperature difference between inside and outside. Lower the U-value lower the heat transferred through the glass. The U-value is considered less (3 W/ m K) for a window system consisting of double glazing with an air gap of 12mm-18mm. Adoption of such system reduces heat gain by 10% [10].

Roof and Wall Insulation: Application of the insulation material on the external wall of the building increases the thermal resistance of the building envelope and helps to reduce space conditioning loads. Location of insulation in building envelope and roof and its optimum thickness are very important. In hot climate placing insulation on the outer face of the building envelope is proved effective as the thermal mass of the wall is weakly coupled with external source and strongly coupled with interior. Introduction of air cavity in the wall also increases its thermal resistance [10].

External Finishes: The external finish of a surface determines the amount of heat absorbed or rejected by it. Smoot and light colours reflects more light and heat in comparison to dark coloured surface. Lighter colour surfaces have higher emissivity and are ideal for use in warm climate. 17

CHAPTER 4:

Literature Review

4.1 Organisation of Literature Reviews: Literature selected for reference is informative providing suitable base for research and is in broader context of research topic; mainly focusing on the ideas behind different research, surveys done in the analysing thermal performance of the building envelope, energy conservation and building sustainability issues in Tropics. Literature is mainly extracted from research papers, books, articles from magazines and websites related to the topic. Reviews of these literatures are categorised broadly into three main topics as follow: 1) Literature related to Energy Conservation and Building Sustainability in Indian and Tropical context. 2) Literature focusing on Building Envelope (building fabric material, window glazing and shading). 3) Literature mentioning Case studies on Energy efficient buildings in India and China. All the literatures reviewed in above mentioned sections are been organised in ascending order of their dates of publication, putting the oldest publication at first, followed by the most recent works.

4.1.1 Energy Conservation and Building Sustainability: Climate Responsive Building - Appropriate Building construction in Tropical and subtropical Regions
Paul Gut, Dieter Ackerknecht (1993), [12]

Book describes alternative techniques for designing buildings to specific climates in tropical and subtropical regions. Emphasis is given on the measures that will reduce energy consumption, well considered construction and appropriate 18

selection of materials. Book provides background necessary to understand the climatic factors. Author describes many practical applications and low energy design techniques. Several case-studies done and thermal performance analysis performed on various materials suggests us on use of different energy efficient construction alternatives for best climatic performance.

Energy efficiency and building construction in India

Piyush Tiwari (July, 2000), [13]

The concern of the paper is energy consumption in building construction in India. In this paper the energy costs of alternative construction techniques using an optimization framework are assessed and compared. The alternative techniques evaluated in the paper are commonly used low cost techniques in India. Author also uses Energy efficiency housing options evaluation model (ENEHOPE) to identify combination of methods at different construction stages. Step by step evaluation of energy required for different building materials, for their use in different construction stages is mentioned clearly in form of tables. Author also gives general idea about cost, investments and labour needed for this construction process making the paper more practical in its inputs.

Sustainable Buildings in Tropics

Michael Laar and Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme (2002), [18]

In light of the major issue about Sustainable buildings in tropics, the present paper focuses on the measures for energy conservation in Buildings in the Tropics. The author defines thermal comfort in hot-humid climate referring to various findings and standards approved by bodies like ASHARAE. Author also investigates the potential of natural ventilation, optimisation and the impact of shading devices or lowering the consumption of energy for air conditioning in Office buildings located in tropical climate. Further in the paper the efficiency of day lighting control systems to reduce use of artificial lighting in office buildings is being discussed. In 19

this paper the potential of different techniques discussed in the paper are quantified by displaying results of simulation studies done on the office building in Rio de Janeiro using different simulation tools. Author concludes the essay suggesting the work to be done in various areas to achieve a major change in the existing paradigm towards sustainability in the built environment.

Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries - Indian Case

Kirtee Shah (2002), [16]

This paper is one of the nine position papers commissioned, three each from Asia, Africa and Latin America, by the International Council for Research and Innovation (CIB) as part of the Action Plan for the Implementation of the CIB Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction and to further its proactive approach on the subject. The paper mostly talks on social sustainability and sustainability through construction in India. It gives evidences from the past were some initiatives were taken in vision of sustainable construction development. Paper gives economic profile of Indian construction Industry, energy costs of different building materials in India. Mentioning the rural sustainability it also highlights the reinvention of mud as the sustainable building material. Author uses current examples that to in Indian context to back her comments which makes the paper more contemporary.

Indian Urban Building Sector: CDM Potential through Energy Efficiency in Electricity Consumption
Inderjeet Singh, Axel Michaelowa (August, 2004), [14]

Present paper belongs to series of papers concerning CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) potential and capacity building in India published by Hamburgisches Welt- Wirtschafts- Archiv (HWWA), Hamburg Institute of International Economics, and Germany. Paper mentions Indian energy situation in global context and 20

Energy used in building sector of India especially of residential sector and different climatic zones in India. Paper also assesses the potential to improve building energy efficiency and how measures in the building sector could be framed as projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. CDM case studies for large buildings in the Indian public and private sector are presented. Paper exhibits vital information about energy use in Indian building Industry both in Residential and commercial sector backed by the case studies. Chapter on Energy efficient glazing systems in Indian housing industry and suggestions on optimization of glazing area and building insulation is quite informative.

Tropical Sustainable Architecture: Social and environmental dimensions

Joo- Hwa Bay and Boon- Lay Ong (July, 2006) [17]

This book, developed from the first conference of the International Network for Tropical Architecture, supplies articles from experts worldwide covering the cultural, environmental and technical aspects of thinking, researching and designing for the tropics.

The article on High-rise High-Density Living; Socio-Environmental Dimensions: In Tropical Semi-open Spaces of High-rise Housing in Singapore was referred from this book. This article does not directly relate to the research topic, as it speaks about social- sustainability through design of semi-open spaces in High-rise housing in Tropical climate. The set of guidelines proposed for designing fore courts (Tropical Veranda) on upper levels of High-rise residential buildings to provide shade and reduce cooling load increasing thermal comfort, definitely suggest different aspect of designing building envelope.

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Thermal Control in Buildings

John Straube (2006), Building Science Digest 011 (November, 2006) [15]

This paper was extracted from the series of papers displayed on the Building Science website focusing on awareness of sustainability to promote the design and construction of buildings that are more durable, sustainable and economical than most buildings built today. The paper forms an introduction to large topic of thermal insulation in buildings. Author focuses on basic mechanism of heat

transfer, definitions of Thermal insulation, thermal bridging, air leakage in building envelopes, solar radiation through windows and Interior heat gains. Brief and basic information provided in the paper helps to understand need of thermal control in building. The chapter of thermal insulation materials discusses thermal properties of different insulation materials and their thicknesses required to achieve standard thermal resistance. Information mentioned in the paper provides understanding for thermal control in buildings. Paper serves as a basic reading material for any research done in the light of thermal and energy efficiency of building envelope.

4.1.2 Building Envelope: Influence of thermal insulation position in building envelope on the space cooling of high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong
M. Bojic, F. Yik, P.Sat (September 2000) [19]

This paper investigates into the influence of thermal insulation layer (positioning it in the external walls of the building) on the yearly cooling load and maximum cooling demand in two typical residential flats of high-rise residential building in Hong Kong by employing HTB2, detailed heat transfer simulation software. Performance of thermal Insulation of different thickness is being tested by varying their position in building envelope. Paper explains the parameters of modelled flats in details along with diagrams. Occupancy patterns and use of energy in flats are taken into consideration to derive more logical results. Step by step summary of 22

each case is presented and recommendations made through simulations are catering changing seasonal patterns. The results from the simulation study performed indicates reduction in maximum yearly cooling load which is 6.8% for air-conditioned residential flat in hot climate when thermal insulation faces inside the flat and reduction in maximum cooling demand is 7.3% when the thermal simulation faces either inside or outside the flats. Results also indicate that yearly cooling load in mildly sensitive to increase in thermal insulation thickness used i.e. 5cm. The paper is summarised by author highlighting on the need to perform energy simulations, for finding yearly cooling load demand during design stage of the high-rise residential buildings in hot climate.

Energy Performance of windows in high-rise residential buildings in Hong KongM. Bojic, F. Yik, P. Sat (March, 2001), [20]

The study investigates effect of three types of window glazing on yearly peak cooling loads of flats in high-rise residential tower located in hot and humid climate of Hong Kong. Calculations are performed using detailed building heat-transfer simulation programme HTB2. The two flats selected were of different sizes, facing different orientations. Results obtained indicate that optimised performance of different types of glass used for windows of flats depends on the orientation of flats. Values obtained also indicate that drops in values of yearly cooling load and yearly maximum cooling demand were higher for the larger flats then smaller ones and had slight difference depending on flat orientation. There is a detail mention of U-values of glazing, flat areas and occupancy assumptions. Calculation process is self explanatory and results are presented in form of tables and graphs. Author makes a note of limitations of study, concluding with suggestion on use of simulation studies to be performed while designing buildings in hot climates. Author further suggests that study should extend further calculating actual energy consumption, economic appraisal and environmental assessment of the buildings to be designed. 23

Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials &TechnologiesB.V. Venkatarama Reddy, K.S. Jagadish (November, 2001), [21]

Considerable amount of energy is spent in the manufacturing, transportation and constructional use of the building materials. The paper is focused around some issues pertaining to embodied energy of materials and technologies used in buildings construction, particularly in the Indian context. Initially in the paper authors describe the studies done in other countries and then they give details in Indian context. Paper gives us information about energy consumption in manufacturing process of main building materials in India followed by information about energy consumed in transportation of these materials thus suggesting the best building material in terms of energy efficiency in both manufacturing and transportation context. Comparative studies of different types of masonry, flooring and roofing systems are presented, comparing it with some of the conventional systems used viz. Reinforced concrete slab roof. At the end, paper discusses and compares various construction methods used in India through three examples of different buildings built with diverse methods of construction; analysis is also made regarding embodied energy involved in these methods.

Day lighting in the Tropics

R. Edmonds and P.J. Greenup (March, 2002), [22]

Low daylight factor in tropical buildings encourages optimised use of artificial lighting which contributes to peak cooling load in High-rise buildings in the tropics. Over shading of windows by external and internal shading devices is other reason for low day lighting levels in High-rise buildings even though the ambient luminance levels are very high. In order to overcome this problem some examples of optical shading systems such as Light guiding shades, Light deflecting glazing, Angle selective glazing further categorised into fixed, tiltable, skylight and atrium glazing, light piping systems are mentioned and described in detail in this paper in 24

terms of their angle, orientations, adaptability to changing seasons and ability to illuminate interiors avoiding excessive glare and heat gains. There is a brief mention of simulation of these devices in Radiance software.

Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope

I.Guedi Capeluto (July, 2002), [23]

This paper is about designing of self shading envelope for the buildings, implementing Solar Collection Envelope (SCE) concept which uses computer model Sust Arc for its application. This model can be used to understand the relationship between sun movement, building geometry and performance. Paper includes sections on solar collection Envelope method, case study of Bank of Israel as example of self shading envelope design and simulation of the office block model considered under different scenarios. Paper is informative and uses hypothetical models as well as live examples for its explanation. The author makes a point to mention limitations of SCE method.

Design development of a static sunshade using small scale modelling technique

Rahul V. Ralegaonkar, Rajiv Gupta (November, 2004), [24]

In the present paper, with respect to particular geographical location in Rajastan India, the desired sunshade has been developed and verified experimentally by small scale modelling technique. Two small scale experimental models of actual construction materials with varying static sunshades are constructed and analysed by models of insulating material (Polyurethane Foam [PUF]) [24]. Authors explain detailed methodology used for deciding on desired geometric shape and

dimensions for proposed static sunshade, the sunlit entry regulation in turn temperature effect has been studied over 6 months period for the proposed sunshade using different materials and their results are compared with the case of horizontal sunshade. 25

Thermal performance of bedrooms in a multi-storey residential building in southern Brazil

Enedir Ghisi, Ricardo Felipe Massignani (October, 2005), [25]

The paper is a case study presenting the methodology used to compare the thermal performance of bedrooms in multi-storey residential building located in Florianopolis, southern Brazil which comes under warm-humid climatic zone.. The assessment involved the measurement of absorptance of the colour of external surfaces, calculation of thermal properties of walls and windows, drawing of shading on the windows, correlation between external and internal temperatures and correlation between temperature differences and thermal properties.

The study was done mainly using physical instruments like data logger and results are mentioned for a specified time period. The primary conclusion derived from the experiment indicates that the thermal performance of bedrooms in multi-storey residential building located in warm-humid climate over summer would optimise if the faade areas and U-values are minimised, while in winter season maximisation of thermal performance and thermal time lag period really works. As mentioned in the conclusion the readings were measured in flat with no occupancy there lies the drawback of the study as the consideration of closing and opening of windows, internal thermal load produced by people and equipment is not taken into consideration, also readings were taken in winter months so affect of summer conditions are unconsidered.

High Performance Glass Indian Green Building Council, CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (2005), [26]

This article is a part of the technical bulletin from the website owned by Indian Green Building Council and it mainly speaks about the booming construction Industry in India and significant increase in use of glass in buildings which initiates need to choose right type of energy efficient glazing for significant low cost 26

building energy consumption. Article also explains different factors to be considered in glass selection, defines high performance glazing and mentions different types of energy efficient glazing. The Article is concluded with a section on integrated approach for selection of glazing and list of buildings in India using High Performance Glass. Article is informative giving general knowledge about need, selection and examples of High Performance glazing.

4.1.3 Case studies of Energy Efficient Buildings: In the following sub topic reviews of the books and articles mentioning case studies of Energy efficient buildings in India and other tropical climatic locations are mentioned. No specific case study was done on energy efficient buildings in Tropics, hence following literature was reviewed which was referred for studying energy efficient techniques used in buildings located in warm-humid tropical climate.

Energy- efficient buildings in India

Mili Majumdar (2002), TERI, India, [27]

In light of growing urbanisation and booming building construction in India following book was prepared under Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) project. The book covers 41 projects from Indias various climatic zones. The book provides insight on these various projects and emphasis on the energy efficient techniques used in them. From the 41 case-studies mentioned, three of the case studies on office buildings belonging to Renewable Energy Development Agency and Pollution control Board of Kolkata, India and an apartment building in Auroville were studied as these buildings are located in climatic zone:warm-humid. Use of energy efficient lighting systems, low-e glass for windows, adequate design of fenestrations with overhangs for efficient day lighting and cut off direct gains, optimum orientation and waste water treatment were some of the green features applied in these projects which are described in the book. 27

Green Buildings (Paper prepared for WEEA)

Debajit Palit (June, 2004), TERI, India, [6]

This is an occasional paper prepared for World Energy Efficiency Association (WEEA). The paper mainly focuses on the importance of energy efficient buildings. Paper discuses passive solar design techniques, use of renewable energy technologies and use of low energy methods for building construction to achieve energy conservation in buildings. The paper is concludes mentioning need of environment conscious building design and promoting passive design as a cost effective solution for building design. Giving evidence for effective working of passive design techniques author has mentioned the example of RETREAT complex at Gurgaon that demonstrates energy efficiency, sustainability, efficient use of natural resources and waste management systems establishing a zero energy in zero energy out building. Case-study presented explores effective use of building insulation, day lighting techniques, use of gas-fired ammonia absorption chillers and earth tunnel system to achieve energy savings upto 250,000 units of electricity and 2100LPG cylinders.

28

CHAPTER 5: Study of Insulation materials

5.1 Thermal Insulation building materials: Heat flow occurs through the building enclosure via external wall. All the materials used in building construction are in some sense resistant to heat flow. In order to retard the heat flow through the building enclosure some of the products having lower U-values are deliberately used in building assemblies, which are termed as Thermal Insulation materials.

Most of the building materials like concrete, wood, plastic have relatively high density, hence to minimise the total density of the building enclosure, thermal insulants having low-density, low conductivity materials are being used. Previously low density bricks were used for the building construction as they had moderate insulating and load bearing characters. In some of the constructions air gap is introduced between two brick walls in order to optimise its thermal insulation characteristics, but today Foamed plastics and Fibreglass bats having density of about 16 kg/m and thermal conductivity of 0.043 W/ m. K [15] are widely being used as the insulation material in most of the modern building enclosures.

At low densities the effective conductivity is generally high; density of glass fibre batt used is more commonly less than 1 pcf (pounds per cubic foot) (15kg/m) hence if we have to achieve higher strength high density fibrous products of 3 to 8 pcf are used which will increase the cost as more material is used, but instead if we use Foam plastic insulants like extruded polystyrene which provide better Rvalue for higher strengths we can resist pressures of 10 psi with density of only 2 pcf [15], hence plastic cellular insulations ranging from expanded polystyrene to phenolic foam boards are preferred over mineral fibre based insulation products to increase the thermal comfort in energy efficient buildings reducing space conditioning loads. The table displayed in figure 5.1 shows R & RSI (thermal resistance index) values of some of different thermal insulating materials. R-value is the measure of thermal resistance of the building insulation material, higher the R-value better is the thermal resistance of the material. R-value is inversely proportional to the U-value. 29

Figure 5.1: RSI & R values of different insulation materials Source: Thermal Insulation of Energy efficient Buildings [28]

5.2 Plastic Insulation materials:

Plastics products are mainly categorised into 3 forms viz. foam, rigid sheet and loose fill, as mentioned earlier thermal conductivity of these products are really low hence we can achieve great impact with small thicknesses. Plastic products are water resistant and do not rot or get affected by termites. Initially these products used HCFCs for their production which are ozone depletion agents but they are been replaced by other agents which have no impact on ozone layer. Two types of Plastic insulation materials widely used in building industry today are been described in this Chapter. compares The the diagram below of

degree

insulation of some of common insulating materials used in

construction, these figures are calculated under assumption of still air. [35]
Figure 5.2:Comparison of building materials & relative insulation values under 'still' air conditions, source:www.foam-insulation.co.uk [35]

30

5.2.1 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS):

EPS is an inert, organic material. It is popular as a building insulation material due to its stable R value and recognised energy efficiency and is used in multitude of building application.

Density: Available in varying densities usually from 0.90 pcf (pounds per cubic foot) to 1.8 pcf.

Thermal Conductivity (K-value): 0.032 0.040 W/Mk [29]

Thermal Resistance (R value at 1 inch thickness): 3.6 and 4 at mean temperatures of 75F and 40F.

Moisture resistance: moderate water vapour permeability per unit of thickness compared to other building materials, vapour and moisture barriers recommended for sever exposure. The small amount of moisture has little or no effect on the compressive or flexural strength, and the EPS insulation retains between 95% and 97% of its thermal efficiency. Permeance rating on EPS is 2.0 to 5.0.
Figure 5.2.1: Expanded Polystyrene Source: www.atlasroofing.com

Fire resistance: EPS softens at 180F and melts at the temperature of 240F.

Other characteristics: Nowadays we get these insulants free of HCFC and can also be recycled, this is an environmental benefit. These are rot free and resistance to mould and termite attack.

(Source: EPS technical data - www.insultech-eps.com) 31

5.2.2 Rigid Polyurethane foam (PUR):

PUR is efficient high performance insulation material which provides optimised energy savings at smaller thickness thus providing large occupational spaces.

Density: Density of PUR used for thermal insulation in buildings normally ranges between 1.87 pcf (pounds per cubic foot) and 2.8 pcf, for some of the applications it can reach up to 6.2 pcf.

Thermal Conductivity (K-value): 0.022 0.028 W/Mk [29]

Moisture resistance: PUR has lowest moisture permeability ratings then any of the products used by building industry. Permeance rating on PUR is 1.2

Fire resistance: resists fire (not ignite) until temperature reaches at about 1000F.

Other characteristics: Polyurethane Foam is resistant to most of the chemicals and like EPS it is resistant to termite and mould attack.

Figure 5.2.2: Rigid Polyurethane Foam insulation materials (PUR)

Source: Brochure of Federation of European on Rigid Polyurethane Foam Associations

(Source: Polyurethane Vs. EPS - www.sipsupply.com) 32

CHAPTER 6: Study of High Performance Glazing

6.1 High Performance Glazing options: The glass which reduces the intake of heat, allowing higher penetration of daylight through it is termed as High Performance Glass. These types of glazing have low U-value ranging from 1.7 3.0 W/m.K, low Shading Coefficient from 0.1 0.4 and VLT (Visual Light Transmittance) of 40-60% [26] and are the most energy efficient solutions for vertical fenestrations in building. High performance glass can provide 30-40% more energy savings compared to conventional glass enhancing occupant comfort. Some of the High Performance Glazing types are described below:

Insulated Glazing (double, triple glazed): The window having two or more glass panes which are separated by a spacer are termed as Multiple-pane or insulated glazing. Using multiple panes of glass paced with an air gap between them increases the thermal resistance of glass lowering the U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient without much reducing light

transmittance into the interiors. For the residential windows the air space from 12 to 30 mm is maintained between the glass panes for
Figure 6.1.1: Triple Glazed Window Source: www.gienow.com

effective insulation. A 16mm air gap is considered the optimum thickness and is usually recommended for most users [7]. The spacers introduced between the panes accommodate expansion and contraction of glass due to heat and provide moisture barrier and insulating barrier. Another advantage of using multiple glazed windows is that along with heat it also retards sound, for effective sound retardance the air gap between the panes should be minimum 25 mm.

33

Gas filled Insulated Glazing: Another way of further improving the thermal performance of multiple panes Insulated Glazing is to fill the air space between the glass panes with inert gases like Argon or Krypton. Both these glasses are non- toxic, odourless, clear and more resistance to heat flow than air. Care should be taken to avoid gas loss through window edges. Use of gas between window panes can bring down the U-values to 0.2-0.3 W/mC [26]. Use of this kind of technology does not add much of the
Figure 6.1.2: Gas filled glazing Source: www.efficientwindows.org Gas Fill

cost compared to air filled insulated glazing and do not reduce the VLT of window.

Tinted Glazing:

Figure 6.1.3: Various tints of Glazing

Source: www.patiorooms.com

Made by altering chemical composition of glass, tinted glazing absorbs large fraction of solar radiations, reducing glare, but the disadvantage is that it also reduces the Visual light transmittance of glass. This glazing type also reflects small amount of light and does not produce mirror like effect like reflective coated glass. There are some types of tints allowing greater amount of light to pass through them along with reducing heat gain, such glasses are called as spectrally selective Glazing. Tinted glazings are mainly used in the buildings located in 34

warm climates where reduction of solar heat gain is a major concern. Tints like bronze retards light and heat while blue and green allows more of light to penetrate, retarding heat transfer.

Reflective Glazing: Reflective glazing have better shading

coefficients than tinted glazing as they reflect most of the heat radiations than absorb it but at the same time reflective coats reduces visible light transmittance of window. These glazing are made by applying reflective coats made up of thin layers of metal or metallic oxides on the outer surface of the glass. These type of glazing are more recommended in hot climate to control solar heat gain, more preferred for commercial buildings as they give uniform aesthetic appearance.
Figure 6.1.4: Reflective glazing Source: betterbricks.com

Low-Emissive (Low-E) Glazings: Low-emissive or low-e are coatings applied on the glass. These films are microscopically thin and are transparent made of metal or metallic oxides. These films when applied to the window glazing reduces heat transfer through the windows. Low-e coats mainly reduce the heat transfer caused by long wave radiations [26]. Emissivities of the window glazing range from 0 to 1, lower the emmsivity lower is the heat transfer through the glass. Low-e coatings have emissivity ranging from 0.35-0.04 which is quite less compared to the emmisivity of clear glass that is 0.84 [26]. Low-e windows performs double role it reflects
Figure 6.1.5: Low-e coating on glass Source: www.greenspec.co.uk

35

heat to interiors in winter season and avoid heat loss while in summer season it reflects back the heat in the exterior reducing heat gains of interiors thereby increasing internal comforts. Figure 6.1.5 shows the position of low-e coating preferred in cold climate to avoid heat loss, when same coat applied on exterior surface heat radiations are reflected back keeping interiors cool in hot climate.

6.2 Insulated glazing and its importance in warm climate: For many years the use of insulated glazing for buildings was restricted in cold climatic zones, that too in the regions of North American and European countries. In the cold climate insulated glazing (double or triple glazed) are widely used for their ability to reduce infiltration and heat loss in turn reducing heating costs in winter seasons, while in summers they act as heat reflectors in turn reducing airconditioning costs. Heating systems are more efficient compared to cooling systems like air-conditioning, both environmental and energy cost point of view. In the buildings situated in warm humid climate were thermal comfort is the prime issue use of air-conditioning is in excess, hence use of insulated glazing in hot and warm-humid climates seems to be an important energy efficient solution. In order to optimise thermal efficiency of insulated glazing, filling of inert gas within the glass panes and application of low-e coat is recommended. Graph mentioned in Figure 6.2 indicates savings on cooling energy for residential place in cooling climates for four types of windows. Graph clearly suggest that the double glazed window with application of high
Figure 6.2: Graph- Annual Energy Savings achieved by use of four types of windows Source: Technical Manual Glazing- Hot humid [30]

performance ext. tint, a low-e coating, an argon gas fill and an aluminium frame can achieve cooling energy savings up to70% [30]

36

CHAPTER 7: Analysis of typical Residential High- rise apartment

7.1 Introduction to Modelled High-rise residential apartment: The study deals with the high-rise residential apartment in specific climatic zone i.e. warm and humid hence a residential tower located in suburbs of Mumbai (comes under warm-humid tropical belt passing through India) was chosen for analysis. The residential tower is already built and is a part of Godrej Garden Enclave residential complex in Vikroli (area located in suburbs of Mumbai). Building specifications are as follows: Building site Building site is adjacent to Railway lines

(on one side) and Express Highway (on other side) - (Refer Appendix A) Building shape In order to achieve economic loading of

of four flats on each floor, less ground coverage and to avoid view of the Railway tracks a sort of triangular shape was chosen for building design. Building orientation Two of the corners of triangle are facing

N-S direction, third corner facing East, with major windows facing S-E & N-E directions. (Refer Appendix A for Elevations of building)

Figure 7.1.1: Typical floor plan of modelled building

Source: Architect T. Khareghat

37

Number of storeys Number of flats on typical flrs. Number of flats on 20th floor and two Refuge floors

20 4

2 R.C.C (Reinforced Cement Concrete) 600mm thick external wall boxing which

Building envelope material External wall type

shades windows and air space between wall acts as the heat insulator. External wall finish External wall colour Roof Insulation Used Exterior acrylic putty White (acts as heat reflective surface) The Roof i.e. the terrace slab + brickbat-

coba layer + EPS 16Kg Density + reflective clay tiles. Elevation wall raised 6m above the terrace slab which hides the services on the terrace as well as cuts off sunrays directly falling on terrace slab reducing heat gain by the roof. Windows type Aluminium framed, single glazed 6 mm, float glass

Type of glass used for windows -

Figure 7.1.2: Rear view of Building Facing railway lines Source: Architect T, Khareghat

Figure 7.1.3: Front view of Building facing Express Highway Source: RADIANCE.

38

7.2 Climate of Mumbai: Location Latitude Longitude Elevation - Maharashtra, India - 18 53 N - 72 49 E - 11m above sea level Climate Seasons - warm humid - summers from April to mid June, Monsoon from mid June to mid Sept. winters from Nov, to Feb. Temperature (DBT) Dew point temperature Relative Humidity
Figure 7.2: Map of Mumbai Source: Google Earth [33]

- max. DBT of 38.5 C to min. DBT of 14.2 C - max. of 28 C and it goes min. to 2.9 C in winters - avg. relative humidity of 72% (usually varies between 62-85%

Rainfall Wind speed Wind direction

- annual average rainfall 2200mm (85 inches) - max. of 11m/s to as low as 0 m/s - predominantly blows from north and south west During monsoon seasons

(Source: Climatic data ASHARAE 2005 - [31])

39

7.3 Use of ECOTECT for Thermal Simulation Analysis: ECOTECT is industry leading building analysis programmes were we can model a building of any level of simplicity (or complexity) in details and apply wide range of materials on it. Various simulations can be performed on the model prepared applying different materials to get the best option out of it. There are various range of calculations we can undertake in ECOTECT. The results acquired can be visualised in form of graphs and tables and we can also compare these results. Some of the analysis we can perform in ECOTECT are Solar, lighting, acoustical and thermal. For the present research the Thermal analysis feature of ECOTECT was explored in detail. Under this Thermal analysis feature we can calculate heating and cooling loads for model and also predict the comfort levels. Thus statistical analysis is performed which can give details about the passive performance of building. [32]. The 3D model of building to be analysed was drawn in ECOTECT, forming various zones, then in material properties window new elements were added representing the building materials of the actual building. These materials were then applied to the building model, thermal analysis calculations are performed on the model and results were noted down in form of comfort hours achieved for whole year for given climatic condition. Similar calculations were performed by altering the materials with higher thermal performance and the results achieved thus were compared with earlier results. .

Figure 7.3: Building model in ECOTECT

40

7.4 Thermal Simulation Analysis: Thermal analysis was performed on the building model applying five different options of materials. First analysis performed was with application of the materials which are actually used in the existing building construction and other four simulations were performed by applying combinations of two types of thermal insulation materials viz. EPS and PUR (on the external wall) with two types of High Performance glasses which replaces the original glazing used for windows. Thermal analysis of the building model applying four different combinations of thermal insulants and high performance glazing and a thermal analysis with application of original materials (as used in existing building) are been discussed below

Thermal analysis I:
Flooring and ceiling:

Applying original materials

Concrete slabs covered with screed and ceramic tiles.

External wall material: 150mm Concrete Stone (1-2-4 Mix) material finished with cement plaster on outer and gypsum plaster on inner side was applied to external wall representing R.C.C materials of actual building.

.Figure 7.4.1: External double wall combination applied to model for Thermal analysis - I

.Figure 7.4.2: Materials applied to External single wall of model for Thermal analysis - I 41

The actual double wall (wall boxing) consists of two 150mm thick concrete walls separated by air gap of 450mm, finished by cement plaster on the outer surface of exterior wall and gypsum plaster on inner surface of inner wall. Window materials: Single glazed aluminium frame window element was selected from the ECOTECT library of building materials which was applied to all the windows in the model. The glazing material used was single glazed 6mm float standard glass.

Thermal Simulation Results: Results obtained by carrying out simulation with above sets of materials are as follows: Annual Temperature Distribution:

.Legengs:

- - - - - - Outside Temperature

___________ Inside Temperature

.Figure 7.4.3: Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis I The graph compares the Internal and external temperatures of building model predicting the comfort temperatures we achieve in whole year. Total we get 5005 hours (i.e. 57.1%) in comfort for the entire year by application of above materials to the building model. (comfort band considered 18.0 -27.0 C) - (Refer Appendix B for details) 42

Thermal analysis II:

Flooring and ceiling:

Applying EPS and SUNERGY single glass

Concrete slabs covered with screed and ceramic tiles.

External wall material: 150mm Concrete Stone (1-2-4 Mix) material with additional 75mm Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) layer on external side finished with cement plaster on outer and gypsum plaster on inner side was applied to external wall, The double wall (wall boxing) consists of two 150mm thick concrete walls with additional layer of 75mm Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) on outer surface of inner walls reducing air gap to 375mm. Walls are finished by cement plaster on the outer surface of exterior wall and gypsum plaster on inner surface of inner wall.

.Figure 7.4.4: External double wall combination applied to model for Thermal analysis II

.Figure 7.4.5: Materials applied to External single wall of model for Thermal analysis - II Window materials: Single glazed aluminium frame window element was selected from the EOTECT library of building materials changing the glazing material from single glazed 6mm float standard glass to 6mm thick SUNERGY single glass (clear) which has low e coating on it which reduces the heat gains through windows. 43

Thermal Simulation Results: Results obtained by carrying out simulation with above sets of materials are as follows: Annual Temperature Distribution:

.Legengs:

- - - - - - Outside Temperature

___________ Inside Temperature

.Figure 7.4.6: Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis II The graph compares the Internal and external temperatures of building model predicting the comfort temperatures we achieve in whole year. In total we get 5287 hours (i.e. 60.40%) in comfort for the entire year by application of above materials to the building model. (comfort band considered 18.0 -27.0 C) - (Refer Appendix B for details)

Considerations for all the Thermal Analysis from I-V: Comfort bands considered between 18.0 -27.0, HVAC system chosen is Natural Ventilation, Occupancy 4 people per flat, Activity type Sedentary Air change rate- 5.81 (The temperature distribution graphs are for simulations carried for 19th floor and the comfort hours results mentioned are average of results derived by carrying out thermal analysis on different floors.) 44

Thermal analysis III: Applying EPS and SUNERGY double glass with low-e coating.
Flooring and ceiling: Same materials as applied in case of Thermal Analysis - II External wall material: Same materials used as in case of Thermal Analysis II Window materials: Applying same window element as in case of Thermal Analysis II, changing the glazing material from SUNERGY single glazed to SUNERGY double glazed (clear) with Planibel Top N low-e coating. The entire glazing unit in this case consists of two 6mm thick glasses separated by air gap of 16mm with low-e coatings on it. Thermal Simulation Results: Results obtained by carrying out simulation with

above sets of materials are as follows: Annual Temperature Distribution:

Legengs:

- - - - - - Outside Temperature

___________ Inside Temperature

.Figure 7.4.7: Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis III The graph compares the Internal and external temperatures of building model predicting the comfort temperatures we achieve in the whole year. In total we get 5345 hours (i.e. 61%) in comfort for the entire year by application above materials to the building model. - (Refer Appendix B for details) 45

Thermal analysis IV: Applying PUR and SUNERGY single glass

Flooring and ceiling: Same materials as applied in case of Thermal Analysis - II External wall material: Same material combination as applied in case of Thermal Analysis II, changing the thermal insulation material from Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) to 75 mm Rigid Polyurethane Foam (PUR). Window materials: Applying same window element and same glazing applied as in case of Thermal Analysis II. Thermal Simulation Results: Results obtained by carrying out simulation with above sets of materials are as follows:

Annual Temperature Distribution:

Legengs:

- - - - - - Outside Temperature

___________ Inside Temperature

.Figure 7.4.8: Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis IV In total we get 5309 hours (i.e. 60.6%) in comfort for the entire year by application of above materials to the building model. (comfort band considered 18.0 -27.0 C) - (Refer
Appendix B for details)

46

Thermal analysis V: Applying PUR and SUNERGY double glass with low-e coating.
Flooring and ceiling: Same materials as applied in case of Thermal Analysis - II

External wall material: Same material combination as applied in case of Thermal Analysis IV Window materials: Applying same window element and same glazing applied as in case of Thermal Analysis III. Thermal Simulation Results: Results obtained by carrying out simulation with above sets of materials are as follows:

Annual Temperature Distribution:

Legengs:

- - - - - - Outside Temperature

___________ Inside Temperature

.Figure 7.4.9: Temperature Distribution graph for Thermal analysis V

In total we get 5391 hours (i.e. 61.50%) in comfort for the entire year by application of above materials to the building model. (comfort band considered 18.0 27.0 C) - (Refer Appendix B for details)

47

7.5 Summary of Results: The results of the Thermal analysis performed on building model by altering the materials are summarised in form of graph.
62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 60.4 60.6 61 61.5

57.1

II

III

IV

Comfort hours in %

.Figure 7.5.1: Graph shows the comparison between comfort hours (in %) for whole year by
applying each set of materials.

Thermal Analysis I II III IV V

Thermal Insulation material Original material concrete with no insulation EPS (75mm) PUR (75mm) EPS (75mm) PUR (75mm)

Glazing type Standard 6mm float glass Sunergy (clear) single glazed Sunergy (clear) single glazed Sunergy (clear) double glazed with Planibel Top N coating Sunergy (clear) double glazed with Planibel Top N coating

.Figure 7.5.2: Table displays details about Thermal Insulation materials and glazing types used for
Thermal analysis.

By analysing the above comparisons and discussions made in present and last two chapters (i.e. chapter 5 &6) following conclusions are been derived: It is clear that use of Insulation materials and high performance glazing definitely helps in increasing comfort inside the High-rise apartment, in turn reducing the energy consumption for conditioning of flats. We can get drastic rise of 3.34.5% in total yearly comfort hours by application of these materials. 48

The effective combination of PUR and High performance double glazing with low-e value coat gives maximum comfort hours inside an apartment when used in the building envelope.

Double glazed insulated windows have more advantage over single glazed and are recommended for their use in hot climates and addition of inert gases into these glazing will further yield higher results.

Results also suggest that Rigid Polyurethane Foam (PUR) has better thermal insulation, moisture resistance and fire retardance properties over Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and hence recommended over EPS.

If we compare the U-values of the actual external wall construction of the building [which is 1.972 W/(m2.K)] with the U-values of the external walls with addition of 75mm layer of EPS and PUR respectively [which is 0.35 W/(m2.K)value same for both the wall types] we can see that with addition of thermal insulation significant fall in U-value can be achieved in turn restricting rate of heat flow through wall, the U-values thus achieved are also less than the standard U-value for External wall specified by Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) [which is 0.352 W/(m2.K)]

Legend O

Wall Type Original concrete wall of the building made up R.C.C Original concrete wall of the building made up R.C.C with 75mm EPS insulation. Original concrete wall of the building made up R.C.C with 75mm PUR insulation. U Value Recommended By ECB code (Climate Zone Warm & Humid)

U-value (W/(M2.K) 1.972

EPS

0.34

PUR

0.34

0.352

.Figure 7.5.3: Table displays U-values of different wall types

Source: ECB CODE: The Energy Conservation Building Code,2006, INDIA [34] refer Appendix C

49

7.5.1 Comparing U-values and costs of the thermal Insulation materials:

12 10 8.00 8 6 4 2 0 EPS PUR cost (/m 2) 11.00

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.62

0.42

EPS

PUR U-values (in W/(M2.k)

Figure 7.5.4: U-values and cost comparison of Thermal Insulants used.(U-values from ECOTECT) Source: capital costs from Sustainability Thermal insulation, issue 41, 2006

[29].

The comparison of U-values (in W/(M2.K) of insulation materials Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Rigid Polyurethane foam (PUR) and cost (in /m2) analysis done serves as a guideline for the choice of effective thermal insulant considering the budget of the project. Following table compares thermal conductivity and capital costs of different insulation materials widely used in the building industry.
Insulation material Class Thickness (mm) Cost (/m) Thermal conductivity W/mK

Rock wool Glass wool Rigid urethane foam (PUR) Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)

Mineral fibre Mineral fibre

100 150

4-6 8-10

0.033 - 0.044 0.033 - 0.044

Plastic cellular

75

11-13

0.022 - 0.028

Plastic cellular Plant/animal fibre Plant/animal fibre

75

8-10

0.032 - 0.040

Cellulose fibre

100

9-11

0.036 - 0.040

Wool

100

13-15

0.037 - 0.040

Figure 7.5.5: Comparative capital cost and performance of thermal insulation materials Source: Building, Sustainability Thermal insulation, issue 41, 2006 [29]

50

7.5.2 Comparing U-values and costs of the glazing materials used:

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 SG SSG SDG 1.4 35 30 4.2 25 20 15 10 5 0 SG SSG SDG 5.00 11.70 29.00

5.38

U-values (W/(m 2.K)

Cost (in /m 2)

Legend SG

Glazing Type Standard 6mm float glass

U-value [W/(m.K)] 5.38

Cost (/m) 5.00

SSG

SUNERGY clear (single glazing) High performance glass

4.2

11.70

SDG

SUNERGY clear (double glazing) High performance glass with Planibel TOP N coating

1.4

29.00

Figure 7.5.6: U-values and cost comparison of Glazing materials used Source: www.myglaverbel.co.uk/products/brochureslist, costs mentioned are taken from quatations accuired from AIS glass solutions. (refer Appendix D)

There are many types of High performance glazing brands available in market, for the analysis made here the glasses selected are from the range of High performance glass from Glaverbel, which are supplied by AIS Glass Solutions in India. The information about U-values and and capita costs of the glazing materials used serves as a guide line to choose the right type of insulted glazing (according to the buget) suitable for the project for higher energy conservation. 51

CHAPTER 8: Conclusion
8.1 Summary:

This research investigates the thermal behaviour of the High-rise Residential apartment by applying thermal insulation layer in the envelope of the building and replacing the existing window glazing system by High performance glazing system. The investigations were based on the thermal analysis predicting the comfort hours achieved in the whole year. The thermal analysis was carried out by using the detailed building analysis programme ECOTECT. Thermal simulation results indicate that application of thermal insulation layer to the external wall and use of High performance glass in the window element of the High-rise Residential Building in the Tropical warm-humid climate can increase in the thermal comfort hours inside the building by 3- 4.5%. To find out, which combination of High performance glazing and thermal insulant can gain higher comfort hours in the building, four cases were analysed in the research. The cases with the results for individual analysis are described in the subtopic 7.5 in the Chapter 7. The results indicates that highest amount of comfort hours rise to 61.5% is achieved by use of Rigid Polyurethane Foam (PUR) as insulant in external wall and double glazing with low-e coating for windows, the rise is 4.5% more than the comfort hours achieved by using normal glazing for windows and no thermal insulation for external walls. The study performed on the cost analysis and U-value comparison further demonstrates the thermal performances of the materials used and gives the general idea about the material selection for the best results considering the budget of the project. Conclusions drawn from the study clearly demonstrates and suggests need of thermal insulation and High performance insulated glazing for High-rise Residential structures in warm-humid and hot climates to achieve more comfort hours throughout the year in turn reducing costs on energy need for airconditioning 52

8.2 Limitations of Study: As study investigate into thermal insulation and High performance glazing materials, the limitations of these materials for their use as a building material may be termed as the limitations of the study, apart from that use of ECOTECT for thermal simulation analysis shows some limitations. Use of thermal insulation layers in the building model envelope do show remarkable rise in yearly comfort hours but further simulation analysis carried out for lower U-value insulation materials and insulated glazing does not show much difference in the rise of comfort hours though the U-values are less than half the U-values of earlier material used.

8.3 Future scope: Use of Thermal insulation materials and High performance glazing to improve thermal performance of building envelope is one way to cut down energy costs of building by increasing comfort conditions in flats, there are other ways like optimisation of natural ventilation and use of energy efficient lighting systems by which high energy cuts can be achieved exploring these and some other techniques can be seen as future scope in this field. ECOTECT was used as the programme to carry out thermal analysis for this research but had some limitations, hence similar studies can also be performed using different building simulation soft-wares to find out the most effective one.

53

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Earth Trends: The Environmental Information Portal, World outlook, (enecho.meti.go.jp/english/energy/world/outlook) - last visited August 2007

2)

Earth Trends: The Environmental Information Portal, India, (earthtrends.wri.org/text/climate-atmosphere/country-profile-India) - last visited August 2007

3)

The Outlook for Energy- View of 2030, (www.exxonmobil.co.uk) - last visited August 2007

4)

Annex B Overview by country Short report on energy situation of India, P.K. Kaw (October, 2004), Report on Research and Development of Energy Technologies, IUPAP working group on energy

5)

Indian Urban Building Sector: CDM Potential through Energy Efficiency in Electricity consumption, Inderjeet Singh, Axel Michaelowa (August, 2004), HWWA discussion paper 2004

6)

Green Buildings,Occasional Paper prepared for WEEA, Debajit Palit [The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), June,2004], Agenda 21 for sustainable Construction in Developing Countries The Indian Case.

7)

Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia, (http://en.wikipedia.org)

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Special problems of conservation in the tropics, Baish, M .A. (1987), Conservation Administration News 31: 4-5. [Source: Preservation of Archives in Tropical climate - Gateway of Resource and information on Preservation (GRIP), www.knaw.nl/ecpa/grip]

9)

Manual of Tropical Housing and Building - Part one: Climate Design; Koenigsberger, Ingersoll, Mayhew, Szokolay (1974),pp.26 54

10) Climate Design for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, V.K.Mathur, I Chand (Octobe,2002), I E Journal-AR Vol. 84, pp. 34,35.

11) Climate Responsive Design: A study of Buildings in moderate and hothumid climates; Richard Hyde (2000). - E&FN Spon, London, pp.57

12) Climate Responsive Building - Appropriate Building construction in Tropical and subtropical Regions; Paul Gut, Dieter Ackerknecht, SKAT, (1993) Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management

13) Energy efficiency and building construction in India, Piyush Tiwari (July, 2000), Building and Environment 36, pp. 1127-1135.

14) Indian Urban Building Sector: CDM Potential through Energy Efficiency in Electricity Consumption, Inderjeet Singh, Axel Michaelowa (August, 2004)

15) Thermal Control in Buildings, John Straube (2006), Building Science Digest 011(November, 2006) www.buildingscience.com last visited August 2007

16) Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries Indian Case, Kirtee Shah (2002)

17) Tropical Sustainable Architecture: Social and environmental dimensions Joo- Hwa Bay and Boon- Lay Ong (July, 2006)

18) Sustainable Buildings in Tropics, Michael Laar and Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme (2002), RIO 02 World Climate & Energy Event, January 6-11, 2002, pp. 159-164

55

19) Influence of thermal insulation position in building envelope on the space cooling of high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong, M. Bojic, F. Yik, P.Sat (September 2000), Energy and Building 33, pp. 569-581

20) Energy Performance of windows in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong, M. Bojic, F.Yik, P.Sat (March, 2001), Energy and Building 34, pp.74-82

21) Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials &Technologies, B.V. Venkatarama Reddy, K.S. Jagadish (November, 2001), Energy and Building 35, pp. 129-137.

22) Day lighting in the Tropics, R. Edmonds and P.J. Greenup (March, 2002), Solar Energy Vol.73 (2002), No. 2, pp. 111121

23) Energy performance of the self-shading building envelope, I.Guedi Capeluto (July, 2002), Energy and Building 35, pp.327-336.

24) Design development of a static sunshade using small scale modelling technique, Rahul V. Ralegaonkar, Rajiv Gupta (November, 2004), Renewable Energy 30, pp.867-880.

25) Thermal performance of bedrooms in a multi-storey residential building in southern Brazil, Enedir Ghisi, Ricardo Felipe Massignani (October, 2005), Building and Environment 42, pp. 730-742.

26) High Performance Glass, Indian Green Building Council technical bulletin, CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (October, 2005). www.greenbusinesscentre.com last visited August 2007

27) Energy- efficient buildings in India, Mili Majumdar (2002), published by TERI and MNES, India. 56

28) Thermal Insulation of Energy efficient Buildings, Akash Singh, Mohd. Alam Khan, Juhi Gaur, Grishma Gupta (December, 2006), Paper presented for AER 2006 held by department of Energy Systems Engineering, IIT, Mumbai.

29) Sustainability Thermal insulation, Building magazine, issue 41, 2006.

30) Your Home Technical Manual -1.8b Glazing Hot humid, www.greenhouse.gov.au last visited August 2007

31) Statistics ASHARAE- weather data IND Mumbai, Climatic data ASHARAE 2005, www.eere.energy.gov last visited August 2007

32) Ecotect: An Overview, http://squ1.com/ecotect last visited August 2007

33) Location: Mumbai, India, Goggle Earth Version 4.2 -Virtual globe programme

34) Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBE), 2006, by Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India (BEE), draft found on www.energymanagertraining.com

35) Polyurethane Chemistry, www.foam-insulation.co.uk last visited August 2007

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APPENDIX A:

SITE LAYOUT .

SITE LAYOUT, GODREJ GARDEN ENCLAVE - HIGH-LIGHTING THE BUILDING

58

ARIAL VIEW OF THE SITE HIGHLIGHTING THE BUILDING USED FOR ECOTECT MODELLING.

59

CLOSE ARIAL VIEW OF THE BUILDING

REAR ELEVATION

FRONT ELEVATION

ELEVATIONS OF THE BUILDING

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APPENDIX B: ANNUAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION TABLES.

Annual Temperature Distribution Table for Thermal Analysis - I: Operation: Weekdays 00-24, Weekends 00-24. Comfort Band: 18.0 - 27.0 C In Comfort: 5005hrs (57.1%) TEMP. ------0C 2C 4C 6C 8C 10C 12C 14C 16C 18C 20C 22C HRS % ------- -------0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 125 1.4% 643 7.3% TEMP. ------24C 26C 28C 30C 32C 34C 36C 38C 40C 42C 44C 46C ------Comfort

HRS ------1211 3026 2738 942 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------5005

% -------13.8% 34.5% 31.3% 10.8% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% --------57.1%

Annual Temperature Distribution Table for Thermal Analysis - II: Operation: Weekdays 00-24, Weekends 00-24. Comfort Band: 18.0 - 27.0 C In Comfort: 5287hrs (60.4%) TEMP. ------0C 2C 4C 6C 8C 10C 12C 14C 16C 18C 20C 22C HRS % ------- -------0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 127 1.4% 846 9.7% TEMP. ------24C 26C 28C 30C 32C 34C 36C 38C 40C 42C 44C 46C ------Comfort

HRS ------1213 3101 2603 844 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------5287

% -------13.8% 35.4% 29.7% 9.6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -------60.4% 61

Annual Temperature Distribution Table for Thermal Analysis - III: Operation: Weekdays 00-24, Weekends 00-24. Comfort Band: 18.0 - 27.0 C In Comfort: 5345hrs (61.0%) TEMP. ------0C 2C 4C 6C 8C 10C 12C 14C 16C 18C 20C 22C HRS % ------- -------0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 65 0.7% 863 9.9% TEMP. ------24C 26C 28C 30C 32C 34C 36C 38C 40C 42C 44C 46C ------Comfort

HRS ------1285 3132 2653 746 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------5345

% -------14.7% 35.8% 30.3% 8.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -------61.0%

Annual Temperature Distribution Table for Thermal Analysis - IV: Operation: Weekdays 00-24, Weekends 00-24. Comfort Band: 18.0 - 27.0 C In Comfort: 5309hrs (60.6%)

TEMP. ------0C 2C 4C 6C 8C 10C 12C 14C 16C 18C 20C 22C

HRS ------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 157 842

% -------0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 9.6%

TEMP. ------24C 26C 28C 30C 32C 34C 36C 38C 40C 42C 44C 46C ------Comfort

HRS ------1192 3118 2580 845 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------5309

% -------13.6% 35.6% 29.5% 9.6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -------60.6% 62

Annual Temperature Distribution Table for Thermal Analysis - V: Operation: Weekdays 00-24, Weekends 00-24. Comfort Band: 18.0 - 27.0 C In Comfort: 5391hrs (61.5%) TEMP. HRS % ------------- -------0C 0 0.0% 2C 0 0.0% 4C 0 0.0% 6C 0 0.0% 8C 0 0.0% 10C 0 0.0% 12C 0 0.0% 14C 0 0.0% 16C 0 0.0% 18C 0 0.0% 20C 65 0.7% 22C 883 10.1% TEMP. ------24C 26C 28C 30C 32C 34C 36C 38C 40C 42C 44C 46C ------HRS ------1283 3160 2628 734 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ------Comfort 5391 % -------14.6% 36.1% 30.0% 8.4% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -------61.5%

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APPENDIX C:

BRIEF NOTE ON ECB CODES, 2006, INDIA .

The growth of economy and building construction in India lead to increase in energy intensity, the supply of energy was not up to the mark to meet the energy demands of various sectors in country which lead the Indian government to enact the Energy Conservation Act in 2001. The Act mainly provides framework for encouraging Energy efficiency in various sectors including Building construction Industry. The government also appointed a body named as Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for the effective implementation of this Act.

The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2006 has been developed by the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) under contract with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as a part of the Energy Conservation and Commercialization (ECO) Project providing support to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Action Plan [34]

The main aim behind developing these codes is to set minimum Energy performance standards for buildings and initiate the energy conservation by use of thermal efficient building materials, lighting systems and less energy consuming building construction techniques.

There has been a recent launch of The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2007 specifying energy performance requirements for all commercial buildings to be constructed in India.

For more details regarding The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2006 and Energy Conservation Act in 2001 following sites can be referred:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Conservation_Building_Code www.energymanagertraining.com/ECBC/DRAFTECBC27MARCH2006.pdf

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APPENDIX D: SPECIFICATIONS OF GLASS USED FOR ANALYSIS

65