Gang Wang

Graduate Research Assistant

Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Isotropic Face Plates and a Viscoelastic Core
Experimental and analytical validations of a Galerkin assumed modes analysis of sandwich plates are presented in this paper. The 3-layered sandwich plate specimen consists of isotropic face-plates with surface bonded piezo-electric patch actuators, and a viscoelastic core. The experimental validation is conducted by testing sandwich plates that are 67.31 cm (26.5 in.) long, 52.07 cm (20.5 in.) wide and nominally 0.16 cm (1/16 in.) thick. The analysis includes the membrane and transverse energies in the face plates, and shear energies in the core. The shear modulus of the dissipative core is assumed to be complex and variant with frequency and temperature. The Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) method is used to account for the frequency dependent properties of the viscoelastic core. Experiments were conducted on symmetric and asymmetric sandwich plates with aluminum face-plates under clamped boundary conditions to validate the model for isotropic face-plates. The maximum error in damped natural frequency predictions obtained via the assumed modes solution is 11 percent. Analytical studies on the inuence of the number of assumed modes in the Galerkin approximation have been conducted. Error in the rst plate bending mode is 112 percent when only a single in-plane mode is used; error reduces to 3.95 percent as the number of in-plane modes is increased to 25 in each of the in-plane directions. S0739-3717 00 00703-0

Sudha Veeramani
Graduate Research Assistant

Norman M. Wereley
Associate Professor Smart Structures Laboratory, Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742

Introduction

Damping augmentation of structures is of key interest to aerospace, mechanical and civil engineers. Noise and vibration reduction is a major challenge pertaining to these elds; specically in aerospace applications, the reduction must be achieved with minimal increase in weight. Viscoelastic shear layers integrated within the structure of vibrating members have been used towards this end. Flexural vibration of viscoelastic sandwich structures has been investigated since the 1950s. Much effort has been directed towards the analysis of beams and plates. Kerwin 1 presented an analysis for a simply supported sandwich beam using the complex modulus to account for damping and stiffness of the viscoelastic core. DiTaranto 2 extended this work and derived a sixth order partial differential equations of motion for sandwich beam in terms of longitudinal displacement u. Mead and Marcus 3 analyzed three layered sandwiched beams with a viscoelastic core using sixth order differential equations of motion in terms of transverse displacement w. Also, they examined the form of boundary constraints for many end conditions encountered in practice. Rao and Nakra 4 used the energy method to develop equations of motion including the inertia effects of transverse, longitudinal and rotary motion. Bai and Sun 5 relaxed the perfect interface and constant transverse deformation assumptions used by Mead and Marcus 3 . Ross et al. 6 studied simply-supported plates, and assumed a perfect interface and compatibility of transverse displacement in each layer. Rao and Nakra 7 developed the basic equations of vibratory bending of asymmetric sandwich plates with isotropic face-plates and viscoelastic core. Lu et al. 8 developed a nite element model and presented experimental data for sandwich plates under free boundary conditions. Cupial and Niziol 9 used the variational method to model sandwich plates with anisotropic face-plates, who presented simplied forms of the equations for a symmetric plate or for specially orthotropic face layers. The
Contributed by the Technical Committee on Vibration and Sound for publication in the JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS. Manuscript received January 1999. Associate Technical Editor: D. J. Inman.

modal frequencies and modal loss factors predicted by the analysis compared well with the results in Johnson and Keinholz 10 . However, they did not present experimental validations for the modal frequencies and loss factors. Viscoelastic materials exhibit both elastic and viscous characteristics, and the complex modulus is typically used to represent this behavior. The determination of the components of the complex modulus must be done experimentally for individual materials by applying harmonic excitation over a range of frequency and temperature. The complex modulus, G G jG , is dened in the frequency domain at steady state. The in-phase component of the complex modulus is the elastic modulus or stiffness, G , while its quadrature component is the viscous modulus or damping, G . Shortcomings of frequency domain models, such as their inapplicability to transient analysis, can be overcome by using time domain representations of viscoelastic materials. A number of approaches have been developed to account for the frequency dependent properties of viscoelastic materials, while also providing a time domain analysis. These include the Golla-HughesMcTavish method GHM 11 , and the anelastic displacement eld ADF method 12 . In place of using derivatives of damper force and displacement, both of these theories augment the mechanical analysis with internal dissipation coordinates to account for viscoelastic materials constitutive relationship. In the GHM method, the frequency dependent complex modulus is represented by a linear spring in parallel with a number of linear minioscillators, each having an internal dissipation coordinate. The additional coordinates can then be used to accurately model the variation in the complex modulus over a wide frequency range. In this paper, we wish to better understand the behavior, experimentation, and analysis of sandwich plates for practical application. Towards this end, we develop an analysis of sandwich plates, based on the Galerkin assumed modes method, for 3-layered plates with a viscoelastic core sandwiched between isotropic face plates. The assumed modes procedure is a similar analysis to that developed by Cupial and Niziol 9 , although our analysis is foJULY 2000, Vol. 122 305

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

Copyright 2000 by ASME

cused to the case of isotropic face plates. In many prior plate analyses Abdulhadis analysis from Johnson and Keinholz, 10 ; Cupial and Niziol 9 , the complex modulus was assumed to be constant over the frequency range of interest. This assumption is overly restrictive, as most viscoelastic materials exhibit a complex modulus that is frequency dependent. Thus, a primary contribution of our analysis is that the assumed modes analysis is augmented with internal dissipation coordinates, using the GHM method, to account for the frequency dependent complex modulus of the viscoelastic core. We validate our analysis via analytical comparisons for simply supported cases, as well as experimental comparisons for plates with all four sides clamped. We rst compare our results to the exact solutions of simply supported sandwich plates 10 in order to validate our model analytically. In this study, the shear modulus was assumed to be a constant value over the frequency range of interest as was done by Johnson and Keinholz. This validation is conducted primarily to validate the assumed modes analysis procedure. We also validate our assumed modes analysis of a sandwich plate with a viscoelastic core, where the GHM method is used to account for the frequency dependent complex shear modulus of the viscoelastic core. Experiments were conducted on symmetric and asymmetric sandwich plates, with all four sides clamped, to measure the natural frequencies and loss factors of the transverse bending vibration modes. In this study, surface bonded piezo-actuators were used for modal excitation. Thus, a second primary contribution of this work is that experimental plate test data were used to validate our analysis of a sandwich plate with all four sides clamped.

hoff hypothesis, b the core carries transverse shear, but no inplane stresses; it is linearly viscoelastic and has a complex modulus, c no slip occurs in the interfaces between the face-plates and the core, all points normal to the plate move with the same transverse displacement. 2.1 Sandwich Plate Energies. The analysis is outlined here using assumptions a c , as illustrated in Fig. 1b, the shear strain in viscoelatic layer can be expressed by:
x,2

u 32 u 12 h2

w x

u3 u1 h2

h 1 h 3 2h 2 w 2h 2 x h 1 h 3 2h 2 w 2h 2 y w t w dA t ui t
vi t vi dA (4) t

w v3 v1 v 32 v 12 h2 y h2 The variational kinetic energy is:

y,2

(3)

1h 1

3h 3

ch c A

i 1,3

ih i

ch c A

ui t

The variational potential energy, including the transverse bending, in-plane and shear and extension energies in the faces, and the shear energy alone in the core is: U
A i 1,3

N x,i

ui x ui y

i 1,3

N y,i

vi y
2

Sandwich Plate Model

i 1,3

N xy,i
2

vi x

i 1,3 2

M x,i w xy
v3

w x
2

The equations of vibration of a piezo-actuated, 3-layered sandwich with isotropic face-plates and a dissipative viscoelastic core are developed in this section. The layers are numbered 1 through 3, as depicted in Fig. 1. Layers 1 and 3 are the isotropic faceplates, i.e., aluminum, whereas the core is the viscoelastic material. The face-plates are assumed to have bending, in-plane shear and extensional stiffnesses. Their rotatory inertia has also been neglected in the model. The viscoelastic core is assumed to have transverse shear stiffness alone. The piezo-actuators patches are surface-bonded to the exposed surfaces of the two face-plates to enable efcient modal excitation of the plate. They are assumed to be orthotropic in nature, and the bonding is assumed to be innitely thin and perfect. The actuator patches are integrated into each of the face-plates as one of its laminae. The patch actuators cover a limited area in the center of the plate surfaces. Hence, a function is introduced. is unity over the area of the face-plates where the piezo-actuator is present, and is zero over the rest of the area. The mass in the area where the actuators are bonded differ from those in the surrounding area. The mass per unit area of the complete sandwich now is: m
1h 1 3h 3

i 1,3

M y,i u1

w y2 d 2

2
i 1,3

M xy,i Q y,2 1 h2

Q x,2
v1

1 h2 d 2 w y dA (5)

u3

w x

where
h i /2

N x,i , N y,i , N xy,i

h i /2 h i /2

x,i

, ,

y,i

, ,

xy,i

dz zdz

M x,i , M y,i , M xy,i

h i /2 h 2 /2

x,i

y,i

xy,i

Q x,2 , Q y,2
h 2 /2

xz,2

yz,2

dz

ch c

(1)

d 2h 2 h 1 h 3 (6) Here i 1,3 for the face plates 1 and 3. The shear stresses in face plates 1 and 3 are neglected. 2.2 Governing Equations. Applying the Hamiltons principle to the energies discussed above yields the equations of motion. There are 5 equations corresponding to the 5 independent coordinates. The governing equations are these:
2

where h 1 and h 3 are the thickness of face plate 1 and 3, respectively. Also, h c is the thickness, and c is the density, of the piezo-actuator. The mass per unit area of the face-layers is written as: mi
ih i ch c

i 1,3

(2)

h 2

We currently use the piezo-actuators only as exciters for the plate bending vibration modes in order to validate analytical predictions of the frequencies and loss factors of sandwich plates. The validation of actuation force will not be present in this paper. Also in our analysis, the stiffness contributions of piezo-actuators are neglected due to the small size of the piezo-actuator relative to the plate. The assumptions involved in the derivation of the governing equation of sandwich plate are: a the face plates are elastic and isotropic and suffer no transverse shear deformation, i.e., Kirch306 Vol. 122, JULY 2000

ch c w

Mx x2

My y2

M xy x y

Q (2) d x x 2h 2 (7)

Q (2) d y y 2h 2
1h 1 ch c

u1 u3

N x,1 x N x,3 x

N xy,1 y N xy,3 y

Q x,2 h2 Q x,2 h2

(8)

3h 3

ch c

(9)

Transactions of the ASME

1h 1

ch c

v1 v3

N y,1 y N y,3 y

N xy,1 x N xy,3 x

Q y,2 h2 Q y,2 h2

(10)

sG s

G0 1

s 2 2 k ks s 2 2 k ks 2 k

(15)

3h 3

ch c

(11)

Here M x M x,1 M x,3 M y M y,1 M y,3 M xy M xy,1 M xy,3 (12)

Where the factor G 0 is the equilibrium value of the modulus, i.e., the nal value of the relaxation function, G(t), and s is the Laplace domain operator. The hatted terms are obtained from the curve tting to the complex modulus data for a particular viscoelastic materials 14 . The number of terms, N, retained in the expression is determined from the high or low frequency dependence of the complex modulus. The equation of motion from Eq. 13 can be expressed in the Laplace domain as: M s 2x s K ex s sG s K x s F s (16)

Applying the Galerkin assumed modes method 13 , we can discretize the above ve equations as: Mx Ke Kv x F (13)

Now, an auxiliary coordinate is introduced such that: zk s 2 k s 2 2 k ks 2 k x s (17)

Where M is the mass matrix; K e is the stiffness contribution from the elastic part of the sandwich plates, and K v is the stiffness contribution from the viscoelastic core. The displacement vector is given by: x also Kv G K Details of the mass and stiffness matrix elements using Galerkin assumed modes method are given in the Appendix. 2.3 GHM Method for Constrained Layer Damping. After we set up the governing equation as shown in Eq. 13 using Galerkin assumed modes method, the Golla-Hughes-McTavish GHM approach is introduced to model the hysteretic linear damping. It is achieved by adding internal dissipation coordinates to the system to achieve a nonlinear hysteretic model providing the same damping properties. The GHM method requires that the complex modulus of the viscoelastic core be represented as a series of minioscillator terms. The complex modulus can be written in the Laplace domain as:

Using this new dissipation coordinate, a second order time domain realization of the Laplace domain expression can be obtained: M 0 0 1 K 2 0 Ke K0 x z K0 0 0 0 2 K 0 F 0 x z

w u1 v1 u3 v3

(14)

K0

K0

K0 x z

(18)

We demonstrate the case for k 1, that is only one mini-oscillator. Because K 0 is usually positive semi-denite, the above mass matrix may not be positive denite. To remedy this situation, spectral decomposition of K 0 is used 11 K 0 G 0K G 0 T R R (19)

Where is a diagonal matrix of the nonzero eigenvalues of K and the corresponding orthonormalized eigenvectors form the columns of . R

Fig. 1 a Sandwich plate showing its co-ordinate axes and dimensions and b layers forming the sandwich, and the displacements associated with each layer

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

JULY 2000, Vol. 122 307

The above case of a single mini-oscillator term can be easily extended to a multi-oscillator model. Here, we give the general form of the GHM method 11 . The stiffness matrix, K, and damping matrix, D, and mass matrix, M , in time domain are given by: Ke K0 1 K 1R T ] nR T M 0 M ] 0 0 0 D ] 0 where G0 R R We can now rewrite the equations of motion as a state space model and calculate the frequency response and time response using software packages such as MATLAB. 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 21 1 0 0 n 0 0 n 1R 1 0 0 0 0 0 ] 0 1 2 n 0 ] 0 2n n (22) (21) 0 nR 0 0 n (20)

Table 1 Plate bending vibration modes index. Here, n b is the number of assumed plate modes in w , i.e., bending modes; n e is the number of assumed plate modes in u, v in each of face plates, i.e. extensional modes.

v 3,k x,y,t

V 3,k t

x,y

V 3,k sin

n y m x cos L C

(24)

Analytical Validation: Simply Supported

This section compares the modal frequencies of free vibration predicted by an existing analytical solution 10 to those predicted by our analysis for a simply supported sandwich plate with symmetric isotropic aluminum face-plates and a viscoelastic core. The complex shear modulus of the core is assumed constant over the frequency range, so that it is not necessary to use the GHM method to account for the frequency dependent complex modulus of the viscoelastic core. For a simply supported sandwich plate, the assumed plate bending modes in w are of the form: w k x,y,t Wk
k

Here, m and n are obtained for the mode k via the mapping in Table 1. k (x,y) and k (x,y) are the mode shapes of the inplane and transverse bending motion respectively, which satisfy the geometric boundary conditions, where W k , U 1,k , U 3,k , V 1,k and V 3,k are the coefcients of the corresponding natural mode shapes. The mass and stiffness matrices are obtained using the rst 16 transverse bending and in-plane mode shapes. The predicted modal frequencies and the corresponding modal loss factors are tabulated against the exact solution in Table 2. The predicted values match the closed form analytical solution very well. Error is less than 1.2 percent for both the modal frequencies, and loss factors. Also, our results agree well with the numerical solutions of Cupial and Niziol 9 .

x,y

W k t sin

n y m x sin L C

(23)
Table 2 Comparison of natural frequencies and loss factors of a symmetric sandwich with isotropic face-plates: L 0.3480 m, C 0.3048 m, h 1 h 3 0.762 mm, h 2 0.254 mm, 3 E 1 E 3 68.9 GPa, 1 3 0.3, 1 3 2740 kgm , 2 999 kgm3, G 2 0.869 MPa, 2 0.5. The exact values are from the analytical solution of Abdulhadi from Johnson and Keinholz 10 and Cupial and Niziol 9.

Thus, the assumed plate bending mode used in the product of the appropriate Euler-Bernoulli beam bending mode in each x and y direction. The assumed extensional modes u and v for the face plates 1 and 3 are the appropriate rod extensional mode shapes, and are of the form: u 1,k x,y,t
v 1,k x,y,t

U 1,k t V 1,k t U 3,k t

x,y x,y x,y

U 1,k cos V 1,k sin

m x n y sin L C

m x n y cos L C m x n y sin L C Transactions of the ASME

u 3,k x,y,t

U 3,k cos

308 Vol. 122, JULY 2000

Table 3 Calibration of experimental set-up: the inuence of plate thickness on accuracy of the experiments. Aluminum plate dimensions: 67.31 cm52.07 cmt 26.5 in.20.5 in.t .

cos

ml

cosh

ml

(27)

Similarly, we can obtain n (y). The approximate extensional mode shapes assumed in face plates 1 and 3 for the case of a plate clamped on all sides are assumed to be rod extensional mode shapes, as follows: u 1,k x,y,t
v 1,k x,y,t

U 1,k t V 1,k t U 3,k t V 3,k t

k k k k

x,y x,y x,y x,y (28)

u 3,k x,y,t
v 3,k x,y,t

where

Experimental Validation: All Four Sides Clamped

k

x,y

sin

4.1 Set-up. This section presents an experimental validation of sandwich plates with aluminum isotropic face plates and viscoelastic cores. The test area of the plates is 67.31 cm 52.07 cm 26.5 in. 20.5 in. . The plates were clamped atop an aluminum stand using bars of cross section, 3.81 cm 1.5 in. wide and 0.953 cm 3/8 in. thick, around the perimeter, as shown in Fig. 2. Each bolt was inserted through the top clamping bar, the plate, and the test stand, and fastened with a nut. Each bolt was subsequently tightened to a constant torque, as measured by a torque wrench. Piezo-actuators were fastened to the plate, and used to excite bending motion of the plate. The response of the plate was measured using light-weight accelerometers. The stand was calibrated by testing uniform aluminum plates of varying thickness. Table 3 shows these results. For a thickness of 0.16 cm 1/16 in. the error in the rst modal natural frequency is 3.75 percent. Increasing the thickness to 0.24 cm 3/32 in. leads to increased error in the rst modal frequency of 16.6 percent. So it is established that for plate thickness at or below 0.16 cm 1/16 in. , the stand provides adequate clamping. Three different sandwich plates were tested. The rst of these is a symmetric sandwich, with aluminum face-plates of thickness 0.08 cm 1/32 in. , sandwiching a 0.00508 cm 2 mil thick viscoelastic layer. The remaining two plates are asymmetric, with face-plates of thickness 0.08 cm 1/32 in. and 0.04 cm 1/64 in. . One of these has a core thickness of 0.00508 cm 2 mil , and the other, 0.0127 cm 5 mil . The viscoelastic material used is 3M Scotchdamp ISD-112 15 . In our analysis, the GHM method is used to account for the complex modulus variation with frequency and temperature. The modulus and loss factor were obtained from the product information provided by 3M over the ranges of temperature and frequency of interest. A software code 14 was used to nd the minioscillator parameters in GHM model to match the product data provided by 3M. In this case, the three mini-oscillators terms were used to t the curve of storage modulus and loss factors. 4.2 Analysis. For the clamped-clamped end boundary conditions, the plate transverse bending mode shapes in the w direction are obtained from beam bending modes. Analytical mode shape of the Euler-Bernoulli beam in xed-xed end boundary conditions were used 13 . The plate bending mode shapes are the combinations of beam bending modes in x and y directions, so that w k x,y,t where
m

m x n y sin L C

(29)

Note that the in-plane mode shapes as represented by the rod extensional mode shapes, k , are different from those in section 3 because of the change in boundary conditions. The number of assumed modes used in the model are n b 25 in the transverse directions, and n e 25 in each of the in-plane directions, unless otherwise noted. 4.3 Results. The results of experiments conducted on the symmetric sandwich are tabulated against the frequencies predicted by the analysis in Table 4. Overall error in the frequency range under study 0200 Hz is below 7 percent. However, if the bandwidth is increased, the errors are likely to be higher and more bending and in-plane modes would need to be included to predict higher frequencies. The experimental validation of the asymmetric sandwiches is presented in Table 5. These plates have face-plate thicknesses of 0.04 cm 1/64 in. and 0.08 cm 1/32 in. . One has a viscoelastic core thickness of 0.00508 cm 2 mil , and the other, 0.0127 cm 5 mil . Good correlation between measured and predicted modal frequencies is seen. A downward shift in the modal frequencies occurs when the thickness of the viscoelastic core increases. The trend is manifested in both the experimental measurement of frequencies and the analytical predictions. For the higher modes, the error increases. The error for the 4,1 mode of the symmetric sandwich plate was 6.8 percent. For asymmetric sandwich plates, the error in the 4,1 modal frequency was 10.5 percent for 0.00508 cm 2 mil case and 7.7 percent for 0.0127 cm 5 mil case. The viscous damping of some modes is also measured and compared with the predicted values for the symmetric plate in Table 4 and for the asymmetric plates in Table 5. Larger error is seen for the rst modal loss factor implying the need for a more accurate damping model at lower frequencies. This error is also due to the well-known large impact that an imperfect clamp has on the damping at low frequency due to surface friction over the clamped length. To examine the inuence of number of in-plane modes on accuracy of modal frequency estimates in bending, the number of in-plane modes, n e , is varied while keeping the number of transverse vibration modes, n b , constant. These results are summarized in Table 6. The inclusion of the in-plane modes has a large impact in the analysis of sandwich plates. In-plane extension adds to the shearing of the dissipative layer, and therefore affects the overall stiffness of the sandwich. When n e 1, error is extremely large. The rst modal frequency prediction has 112 percent error. On increasing n e the error in prediction is reduced. When n e 6, error in the rst mode is down to 5.3 percent. However the errors are still high for higher modes. Once n e 12, the frequencies of the rst 6 modes agree well with the experimental results. Only for the 1,3 mode is the error large 76 percent . To reduce prediction error in the higher modes, more in-plane modes must be included. JULY 2000, Vol. 122 309

Wk t
mx

(25)

sinh

mx

sin

cos
ml ml

mx

cosh

mx

sinh m l sin cos m l cosh

(26)

Here m is determined using the characteristic equation for the xed-xed end boundary condition of a beam, which is: Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

When we decrease the number of bending modes from n b 25 to n b 18, error for the rst mode increases only from 3.95 percent to 4.21 percent. Thus, the shear strain in the viscoelastic core, Eq. 3 , is dominated by the extensional modes and only mildly by the bending modes. Also, the assumed bending and in-plane modes are orthonormal within themselves, but not to each other. Thus, accounting for the coupling between the extensional and bending plate modes is crucial in sandwich structure analyses via the Galerkin assumed modes method.

Conclusions

Analysis of sandwich plates with a dissipative core and isotropic face-plates was developed and validated. Transverse shear deformation of the face layers as well as the rotatory inertia are neglected. Flexural and membrane energies in the face-plates are accounted for, while the core is assumed to have shear stiffness alone. A rst order shear deformation theory is used to describe the deformation in the layers. The core shear modulus is assumed to have a complex value which is dependent on the frequency. A primary contribution of this paper is that a traditional Galerkin assumed mode analysis of plate transverse bending was augmented with internal dissipation coordinates, using the GHM method, to account for the frequency dependent complex modulus of the viscoelastic core. We established the validity of our Galerkin assumed modes analysis by comparison to an exact solution of a sandwich plate where the complex modulus of the viscoelastic core was to be constant over the frequency range of interest. Validation of our

analysis under simply-supported boundary conditions against this exact solution 10 shows an error of 0.4 percent in the prediction of natural frequencies. This comparison analytically validated our assumed modes analysis model. We also examined the practical situation where a sandwich plate, clamped on all four sides, has a viscoelastic core with a frequency dependent complex modulus. Experiments were conducted on such symmetric and asymmetric sandwich plates using a piezo-actuator as a modal exciter. The frequencies and modal loss factors were measured to experimentally validate our analysis. The incorporated GHM method successfully captures the effects of a frequency dependent complex shear modulus in the viscoelastic core. In addition, we demonstrated that the accurate prediction of the bending modal frequencies and damping required a large number of in-plane modes, and that these predictions were more sensitive to the number of in-plane modes than the number of bending modes.

Nomenclature
m k m k

uj vj u j,k
v j,k

wk G *

m th beam bending modes k th plate bending modes see Table 1 m th rod extensional modes k th plate in-plane modes see Table 1 in-plane displacements in face plate j of x direction in-plane displacements in face plate j of y direction k th in-plane modes contribution to the motion u in face plate j k th in-plane modes contribution to the motion v in face plate j k th plate bending modes contribution to the motion w complex shear modulus time derivative derivative with respect to x derivative with respect to y excitation frequency

Appendix
Mass and Stiffness Matrices. The elements of the stiffness and mass matrix for a sandwich with isotropic face-plates, ignoring shear in the faces, are listed here. The stiffness and mass matrices for the sandwich plate may be constructed in blocks or sub-matrices using the equations of motion, and mode shapes as the weighting function. They may be represented as: K ww K K v3w M ww M M v3w M v3u1 M v3v3 K v3u1 M wu 1 K v3v3 M wv3 (30) K wu 1 K wv3

For the aluminum face-plate sandwiched with the viscoelastic core, we show the stiffness and mass matrix as follows. We dene some constant terms: D1 D3 g1 E 1h 3 1 12 1 E 3h 3 3 12 1 E 1h 1 2 1 Transactions of the ASME
2 2

Fig. 2 Experimental setup for plate test.

310 Vol. 122, JULY 2000

g3 A1 A3 d

E 3h 3 2 1 E 1h 1 2 1 E 3h 3 2 1

The same is true for K ww i, j

A

. The rst row of stiffness sub-matrices are

i

G h 2d 2 2
j

** j **** 2 j
j **

D1 D3 K wu 1 i, j K wu 3 i, j K w v 1 i, j (31) K w v 3 i, j The second row:

dA

i A

G d 2 G d 2

dA

h 1 h 3 2h 2 2h 2 x

i A

dA

i A

G d * dA 2 j G d * dA 2 j (32)

i A

Table 4 Experimental validation using symmetric clamped sandwich of dimensions: 67.31 cm52.07 cm0.08 cm0.00508 cm-0.08 cm, 26.5 in.20.5 in.132 in. Al-2 mil VEM132 in.; GHM method is used to account for the frequency dependent property of viscoelastic core. Here n b 25, is the number of assumed plates modes in w ; n e 25 is the number of assumed plate modes in u, v in each of the face plates, at 20 deg.

K u 1 w i, j K u 1 u 1 i, j G 2
i A

i A

G d 2

dA

h2

A1 G 2
i

g 1 ** dA j

K u 1 u 3 i, j K u 1 v 1 i, j The third row: K u 3 w i, j

h2 A1 1 2

dA

i A

j*

dA

(33)

i A

G d 2

dA

Table 5 Experimental validation for 67.31 cm52.07 cm0.04 cm-VEM-0.08 cm 26.5 in. 20.5 in.164 in. Al-VEM-132 in. Al asymmetric clamped sandwich plate; GHM is used to account for the frequency dependent property of viscoelastic core; n b 25, n e 25, at 20 deg

Table 6 Effect of the number of assumed modes on the modal predictions for the symmetric sandwich plate, 67.31 cm52.07 cm0.08 cm-0.00508 cm VEM-0.08 cm, 26.5 in.20.5 in.132 in. Al-2 mil VEM-132 in. n b is the number of assumed plate modes in w; n e is the number of assumed plate modes in u, v in each of the face-plates, GHM method is used to account for the frequency dependent property of viscoelastic core, at 20 deg

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

JULY 2000, Vol. 122 311

K u 3 u 1 i, j K u 3 u 3 i, j G 2
i A

G 2
i A

h2 A3 1 2
j

dA

K u1v3, K u3v1, K v1u3, K v3u1 0 M wu 1 , M w v 1 , M wu 3 , M w v 3 0

h2
i A

g 3 ** dA j
j*

M u1w , M u3w , M v1w , M v3w 0 (34) M u1v1, M u1u3, M u1v3, M v1u1 0 M u3u1, M v3u1, M v1u3, M v1v3 0

K u 3 v 3 i, j The fourth row: K v 1 w i, j K v 1 u 1 i, j K v 1 v 1 i, j

A3

dA

i A

G d * dA 2 j 1 2
j*

M u3v1, M v3v1, M u3v3, M v3u3 0

(42)

i A

A1

dA

Acknowledgment
We thank the U.S. Army Research Ofce ARO for support under the FY96 MURI on Active Control of Rotorcraft Vibration and Acoustics, contract no. DAAH-0496-10334 Drs. Tom Doligalski and Gary Anderson, technical monitors , and for instrumentation support under the FY96 Defense University Research Instrumentation Program DURIP contract no. DAAH-0496-10301 Dr. Gary Anderson, technical monitor .

G 2
i A

h2

A 1 ** g 1 j G 2
i

dA

K v 1 v 3 i, j The fth row: K v 3 w i, j K v 3 u 3 i, j K v 3 v 1 i, j K v 3 v 3 i, j G 2

i A

h2

dA

(35)

i A

G d * dA 2 j 1 2 G 2
j*

References
1 Kerwin, Jr., E. M., 1959, Damping of Flexural Waves by a Constrained Viscoelastic Layer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 31, No. 7, pp. 952962. 2 DiTaranto, R. A., 1965, Theory of Vibratory Bending for Elastic and Viscoelastic Layered Finite Length Beams, J. Appl. Mech., 87, pp. 881886. 3 Mead, D. J., and Marcus, S., 1969, The Forced Vibration of a Three-layer, Damped Sandwich Beam with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions, J. Sound Vib., 10, No. 2, pp. 163175. 4 Rao, Y. V. K. S., and Nakra, B. C., 1974, Vibrations of Unsymmetrical Sandwich Beams and Plates with Viscoelastic Cores, J. Sound Vib., 34, No. 3, pp. 309326. 5 Bai, J. M., and Sun, C. T., 1995, The Effect of Viscoelastic Adhesive Layers on Structural Damping of Sandwich Beams, Mech. Struct. Mach., 23, No. 1, pp. 116. 6 Ross, D., Ungar, E. E., and Kerwin, J., 1959, Damping of Plate Flexural Vibrations by Means of Viscoelastic Laminate, Structural Damping, J. E. Ruzicka, ed., ASME, New York, pp. 4988. 7 Rao, Y. V. K. S., and Nakra, B. C., 1973, Theory of Vibratory Bending of Unsymmetrical Sandwich Plates, Arch. Mech., 25, No. 2, pp. 213225. 8 Lu, Y. P., Killian, J. W., and Everstine, G. C., 1979, Vibrations of Three Layered Damped Sandwich Plate Composites, J. Sound Vib., 64, No. 1, pp. 6371. 9 Cupial, P., and Niziol, J., 1995, Vibration and Damping Analysis of a Threelayered Composite Plate with a Viscoelastic Mid-layer, J. Sound Vib., 183, No. 1, pp. 99114. 10 Johnson, C. D., and Keinholz, D. A., 1982, Finite Element Prediction of Damping in Structures with Constrained Viscoelastic Layers, AIAA J., 20, No. 9, pp. 12841290. 11 McTavish, D. J., and Hughes, P. C., 1992, Finite Element Modeling of Linear Viscoelastic Structures: The GHM Method, Proceedings of the 33rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Paper No. AIAA-92-2380-CP. 12 Lesieutre, G., and U. Lee., 1997, A Finite Element for Beams Having Segmented Active Constrained Layers with Frequency-Dependent Viscoelastic Materials Properties, SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, SPIE Paper 3045-36, pp. 315328. 13 Inman D. J., 1994, Engineering Vibration, Chapter 6, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 14 Lam, M. J., D. J. Inman., and W. R. Saunders, 1997, Vibration Control Through Passive Constrained Layer Damping and Active Control, SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, SPIE Paper 304511, pp. 6069. 15 ScotchDamp Vibration Control Systems 3M 1993, Product Information and Performance Data.

i A

A3

dA

i A

h2

dA

h2

A 3 ** g 3 j

dA

(36)

Similarly, the rst row of sub-blocks in the mass matrix: M ww i, j

A i 1h 1 3h 3

ch c

j dA

(37)

The second row: M u 1 u 1 i, j The third row: M u 3 u 3 i, j The fourth row: M v 1 v 1 i, j The fth row: M v 3 v 3 i, j
i A 3h 3 ch c j dA i A 1h 1 ch c j dA i A 3h 3 ch c j dA i A 1h 1 ch c j dA

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

312 Vol. 122, JULY 2000

Transactions of the ASME