Cordero, Jared Alphonse S.

2C-MT
Endocrine Organ Location Hormones released Produced by Target cell Function of hormone Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulinlike growth factors (IGFs); IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration. Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. clinical condition of hyper secretion or hypo secretion

Human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin

Somatotrophs.

liver

Gigantism (hyper.) resulting in excessive growth; acromegaly (hyper) resulting in growth of soft tissues; pituitary dwarfism (hypo) resulting in small stature

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

Thyrotrophs.

Thyroid Gland

Secondary hyperthyroidism; secondary hypothyroidism . Hypo and hyper secretion of this hormone causes several ailments to human body. Due to hyper secretion troubles like Premature Ovarian Failure or Premature menopause, Swyer syndrome, Testicular failure, Gonadal dysgenesis and various other diseases can happen. And hypo secretion of FSH causes disease like Hypothalamic suppression, Gonadotropin deficiency, Hyperprolactinemia, Kallmann syndrome and Gonadotropin deficiency. Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) is a significant cause of infertility and miscarriage in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome Hyperprolactinemia (hyper.) resulting in galactorrhea (milk production in non-lactating female), lack of menses, infertility in women; impotence in men Addison s disease (hyposecretion) resulting in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); Cushing s disease (hypersecretion, mainly of cortisol) resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar; steroid diabetes), redistribution of fat (moon face and buffalo neck), masking of infections;

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Pituitary gland (anterior) below the brain witin the sella turcica

Gonadotrophs.

Ovaries and Testes

In females, initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens. In males, stimulates testes to produce sperm.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotrophs.

Ovaries and Testes

In females, stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone. Together with other hormones, promotes milk secretion by the mammary glands.

Prolactin (PRL)

Lactotrophs

mammary glands

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin

Corticotrophs

adrenal cortex

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex.

weight loss, loss of muscle and bone mass; edema (effect of excess Aldosterone)

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Corticotrophs.

brain

It stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigments in humans but does not influence skin colour changes.

Parathyroid Gland

embedded in the posterior part of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid

bone

Increases blood Ca2_ and Mg2_ levels and decreases blood HPO42_ level; increases bone resorption by osteoclasts; increases Ca2_ reabsorption and HPO42_ excretion by kidneys; and promotes formation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), which increases rate of dietary Ca2_ and Mg2_ absorption.

Hyperparathyroidism (hyper) bone loss, elevated plasma Ca2+

Pituitary Gland (posterior)

lies below the brain protected within the sella turcica

Oxytocin

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus

Uterus and mammary glands

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands to cause milk ejection.

Hashimoto s thyroid (hypo) autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in myxedema; myxedema (hypo) low BMR, bradycardia, low body temp. mental sluggishness ; cretinism (hypo) mental and physical retardation due to hyposecretion during development; Grave s disease (hyper) autoimmune disease in which antibodies resemble TSH and over stimulate thyroid resulting in tachycardia, high blood pressure, high BMR, weight loss, nervousness, limited energy, exophthalmus (protrusion of eyeballs), toxic goiter

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus

kidneys, Sudoriferous (sweat)glands & arterioles

Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume; decreases water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

Diabetes insipidus(hypo) - defects in antidiuretic receptors or its inability to secrete ADH. Excretion of large volumes of urine which results to dehydration and thirst; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH) is a condition mostly found in patients diagnosed with small-cell carcinoma of the lung, pneumonia, brain tumors, head trauma, strokes, meningitis, and encephalitis. This is a syndrome characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary gland or another source. The result is hyponatremia, and sometimes fluid overload.

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) or thyroid hormones from follicular cells

Thyroid

all except brain

Thyroid Gland

front of the neck below the larynx

Calcitonin (CT) from parafollicular cells

Thyroid

bone

Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesisof proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acidsfor ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhanceexcretion, accelerate body growth, andcontribute to development of the nervous system. Lowers blood levels of Ca2_ and HPO42_ by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone

Congenital hypothyroidism - hyposecretion of thyroid hormone. Present at birth; Graves disease - hypersecretion of thyroid hormones is an autoimmune disorder in w/c the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH

extracellular matrix.

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) from zona glomerulosa cells

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

Kidneys (main), pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands

Increase blood levels of Na _ and water and decrease blood level of K _ .

Adrenal Gland (adrenal cortex)

top of the kidneys Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) from zona fasciculata cells Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex Liver, skeletal muscle

Increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, and depress immune responses.

Aldosteronism (hyper) increased Na+ retention leading to hypertension; loss of K+ leading to neural and muscular dysfunction; Addison s disease (hypo) resulting in decreased Na+ reabsorption leading to hypotension, increased K+ leading to neural and muscular dysfuncton; Cushing s disease (hyper; mainly of cortisol) leading to excess Na+ water retention, and hypertension, low K+ leading to neural and muscular dysfunction Addison s disease (hyposecretion) resulting in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); Cushing s disease (hypersecretion, mainly of cortisol) resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar; steroid diabetes), redistribution of fat (moon face and buffalo neck), masking of infections; weight loss, loss of muscle and bone mass; edema (effect of excess Aldosterone)

Adrenal Gland (Adrenal medulla)

Androgens (mainly dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA) from zona reticularis cells

adrenal medulla

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle; liver

Epinephrine and norepinephrine from chromaffin cells

adrenal medulla

smooth muscle of blood vessels

Assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes; in females, contribute to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause. Produce effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress.

Pineal Gland

attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

melatonin

pineal gland from the amino acid serotonin; enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract; pinealocytes

gastrointestinal tract, pancreas & liver (Melatonin receptors)

to contribute to the setting of the body s biological clock, which is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months, when day length is short. It is thought to be due, in part, to overproduction of melatonin. Fullspectrum bright-light therapy repeated doses of several hours of exposure to artificial light as bright as sunlight provides relief for some people. Three to six hours of exposure to bright light also appears to speed recovery from jet lag, the fatigue suffered by travelers who quickly cross several time zones.

thymus

behind the sternum between the lungs.

thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoietin

Thymus

lymphatic tissue

thymopoietin promote the maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell that destroys microbes and foreign substances) and may retard the aging process.

Pancreatic Islet or islets of langerhans

situated inferior and posterior to the stomach

Glucagon from alpha cells of pancreatic islets

pancreatic islets

Liver, skeletal muscle; adipose

Raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis), converting other nutrients into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis), and releasing glucose into the blood.

Insulin from beta cells of pancreatic islets

pancreatic islets

Liver, skeletal muscle; adipose

Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis), and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; also increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.

Diabetes mellitus Type I (IDDM) makes no insulin resulting in hyperglycemia (fight-or-flight response to hyperglycemia creates a positive feedback loop making things worse), lipidemia, glucosuria, ketonuria (as ketone bodies are made), polyuria, polydypsia (extreme thirst); untreated leads to ketoacidosis and diabetic coma. Type II (NIDDM) cells have decreased response to insulin; hyperinsulinism excess of insulin usually due to overdose leading to insulin shock

Somatostatin from delta cells of pancreatic islets

pancreatic islets

Pituitary glands, pancreas, Gastrointestinal tract, nervous system

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreatic polypeptide from F cells of pancreatic islets

pancreatic islets

pancreas

Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.

Ovary

located just inside the hipbones

Estrogens and Progesterone

Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

Breasts, adipose, bone, uterus

Together with gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary, regulate the female reproductive cycle, regulate oogenesis, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation, and promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

Gynecomastia in males (due to excess ACTH or adrenal tumor)

Relaxin

corpus luteum(female) & prostate (male) beta cells of the islets of Lagerhans

smooth muscles, striated muscles, cardiac muscle, connective tissue in the form of skin, ligament, tendon and cartilage liver, skeletal muscle, adipose

Inhibin

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery. Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.

Testes

located outside the body in a pouch of skin called a scrotum, which hangs between the legs below the penis.

Testosterone

Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

Skeletal muscle, gonads, bone

Inhibin

Breasts, adipose, bone, uterus

Stimulates descent of the testes before birth, regulates spermatogenesis, and promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. Inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary.

Masculinization in females (due to excess ACTH or adrenal tumor)

Gynecomastia in males (due to excess ACTH or adrenal tumor)