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"That it (Byzantine Empire) had nevertheless suffered very severely in the general decline caused by over-taxation, and by reduced commerce, neglected agriculture and diminished population, is attested by t h e magnificent ruins of cities which had already fallen to decay, and which never regained their ancient prosperity."

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1. A shorf History of the World vol. vii-p. 170. 2. Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanitv. v. p. 164.

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We have seen that, towards the close of the Vedic Age, occupation had started become more or less hereditary, and the germ of the caste system had been sown. The Vedic Aryans were alive to the need of maintaining the purity of their race by not mixing with the conquered peoples and when they advanced towards the east and subjugated vast populations, this need became still more manifest and the law-givers had to pay due regard to it. The Aryans understood the problems of race well; they had come to realize that if a ruling minority did not take proper care of itself, it was rapidly assimilated with the servile population and deprived of its identity.

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"The Arabs did not command any respect in the sixth century world. As a matter of fact, no one counted very much. It was a moribund period when the great empires of Eastern Europe and Western Asia had already been destroyed or were at the end of their imperial careers. "It was a world still dazed by the eloquence of Greece, by the grandeur of Persia, by the majesty of Rome, with nothing yet to take their places, not even a religion. "The Jews were wandering all over the world, with no central guidance. They were tolerated or persecuted according to circumstances. They had no country to call their own, and their future was a s uncertain a s it is today. "Outside the sphere of influence of Pope Gregory the Great, the Christians were propounding all kinds of complicated interpretations of their once simple creed and were busy cutting one another's throat in the process. "In Persia, a last flicker of empire-building remained. Khusrau I1 was extending the frontiers of his domain. By inflicting defeat on Rome he had already occupied Cappadocia, Egypt and Syria. In 620 A.C. (after Christ), when Muhammad was about to emerge a s a guide for humanity, he had sacked Jerusalem and stolen the Holy Cross and restored the might and grandeur of Darius I. It looked almost like a new lease of life for the splendour of the Middle East. Yet the Byzantine Romans still had a little of their old vitality. When Khusrau brought his army to the walls of Constantinople, they made ;n final effort to survive. "Further away in the east, the march of events was leavi.lg few landmarks. India still consisted of many unimportant F. :tty states which struggled mutually for political and military supremacy. ''The Chinese, a s usual, were fighting among tPemselves. The Sui dynasty came into power to be replaced Ly the Tang which ruled for three centuries. "In Japan, a n Empress occupied the throne for the first time. Buddhism was beginning to take root and to influence Japanese ideas and ideals. "Europe ,'ss gradually merging into the Frankish Empire, which would evelltually comprise France, Northern Italy, most

of the countries east of the Rhine a s far as the present Russo-Polish border. Clovis was dead and Dagobert, the last great Merovingian ruler, was soon to be crowned. "Spain and England were unimportant petty States. "Spain was under the control of Visigoths, who had lately been driven out of France which they had occupied a s far in the north a s Loire. They were persecuting the Jews, who would, consequently, do much to facilitate the Muslim invasion which was to follow a century later. "The British Isles were divided into independent principalities. One hundred and fifty years had passed since the departure of the Romans, who had been replaced by an influx of Nordic people. England herself was made up of seven separate kingdoms."

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"The intrinsic cause that doomed and condemned the Roman Empire was not any growing corruption, but the corruption, the evil, the inadaptation to fact in its very origin and being. No system of human organization that is false in its very principle, in its very foundation, can save itself by any amount of cleverness and efficiency in the means by which that falsehood is carried out and maintained, by any amount of superficial adjustment and tinkering. I t is doomed root and branch a s long a s the root remains what it was. The Roman Empire was, a s we have seen, a device for the enrichment of a small class of people by the exploitation of mankind. That business enterprise was carried out with all honesty, all the fairness and justice compatible with its very nature, and with admirable judgment and ability. But all those virtues could not save the fundamental falsehood, the fundamental wrong from its consequence."

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''The whole m a c h i n e j of rule in Egypt was directed to the sole purpose of wringing profit out of the ruled for the benefit of the rulers. There was no idea of governing for the advantage of the governed, of raising people in the social scale, of developing the moral or even the material resources of the country. It was a n alien domination founded on force and making little pretence of sympathy with the subject race."
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"For Although, there is not a single aspect of European growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic civilization is not traceable nowhere is it so clear and momentous a s in the geaesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme source of its victory-natural science and scientific spirit."

"Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab Civilization to the modern world ...I t was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European life."

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"All the strength of Christendom concentrated in the third Crusade had not shaken Saladin's power. His soldiers may have murmured at their long months of hard and perilous service year after year, but they never refused to come to his summons and lay down their lives in his cause............."

The Holy War was over; the five years' contest ended. Before the great victory at Hittin in July, 1187. not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordan was in the Muslim's hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192, the whole land was theirs except an arrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa. Saladin had no cause to be ashamed of the treaty.

Kurds, Turkmans, Arabs and Egyptians, they were all Moslem's and his servants when he called. In spite of their differences of race, their national jealousies and tribal pride, he had kept them together as one host-not without difficulty and, twice or thrice, a critical waver.

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