_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE UNIT 5. REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Chapter 6.

Some Types of Chemical Reactions in Chemistry by Whitten

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute is the substance present in the smaller amount. The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount. water-soluble solutes can be: 1. electrolytes aqueous solutions conduct electricity a. strong electrolytes b. weak electrolytes 2. non-electrolytes aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity

What happens when a substance dissolves in water? Dissociation: process in which an ionic compound separates into its ions when dissolved in water NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ionization: process in which acids and bases separate or react with water to form ions in solution acids and bases are molecular compounds that behave like ionic compounds in water HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Hydration: process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner

Non-electrolytes do not conduct electricity because molecular compounds do not form ions in solution.

ELECTROLYTES Ionic compounds that are soluble in water are strong electrolytes: 100% dissociation (strong electrolytes) Strong and weak acids strong acids 100% ionization (strong electrolytes) HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

all the HCl molecules are ionized into H+ and Cl-

weak acids partial ionization only (<5%) (weak electrolytes) CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) only <5% will ionize into CH3COO- and H+; >95% will remain as CH3COOH

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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE All weak inorganic acids ionize reversibly ( ) or in equilibrium reactions - Reversible Reactions This is why they ionize less than 100%.

Strong Bases soluble ionic metal hydroxides (usually of groups I and II), NaOH, KOH, CsOH some metal hydroxides are insoluble: Ca(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 similarly to strong acids, strong bases ionize 100% in water; weak bases that ionize slightly in water strong electrolytes Weak Bases partial ionization only; example: NH3 (weak electrolyte)

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS oxidation: increase in oxidation number loss of electron reduction: decrease in oxidation number gain of electron Examples: 2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8H2O oxidizing agent: substance that is reduced oxidizes the other substance reducing agent: substance that is oxidized reduces the other substance

2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2Mg + O2 2MgO

2H2SO3 + O2

4H+ + 2SO4-2

H2SO3 is oxidized. The oxidation state of S in H2SO3 is +4. In SO42-, S has an oxidation state of +6. O2 is reduced. Oxidation state of O in O2 is 0 In SO42-, O has an oxidation state of 2. H2SO3 is reducing agent. O2 is oxidizing agent.

Disproportionation reaction:

2H2O2

2H2O + O2

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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE COMBINATION REACTIONS Occur when two or more substances combine to form a compound There are three basic types of combination reactions: 1. element + element metal + nonmetal 2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) nonmetal + nonmetal P4 (s) + 6Cl2 (g) 2. compound + element binary ionic compound 2NaCl(s) binary molecular compound 4PCl3 (l)

compound PCl5 (s) compound CaCO3 (s)

PCl3 (l) + Cl2 (g) 3. compound + compound

CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS Decomposition reactions occur when one compound decomposes to form: 1. compound 2. compound 3. compound element + element 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) compound + element 2KClO3 (s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2 (g) compound + compound CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS Occur when one element displaces another element from a compound. These are redox reactions in which the more active metal displaces the less active metal of hydrogen from a compound in aqueous solution. Activity series is given in Table 4-14. 1. more active metal + salt of less active metal Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) 2. active metal + non-oxidizing acid Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2 (g) 3. active nonmetal + salt of less active nonmetal Cl2 (g) + 2NaBr(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Br2 (g)

re: activity series

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE METATHESIS REACTIONS Occur when two ionic aqueous solutions are mixed and the ions switch partners. AX + BY AY + BX Metathesis reactions remove ions from solution in two ways: 1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O 2. form an insoluble solid Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis reactions.

ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION the products are always a salt and water: acid + base example: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (g) salt + water

PRECIPITATION REACTIONS metathesis reactions in which an insoluble compound is formed precipitate: insoluble solid AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)

Solubility Guidelines for Compounds in Aqueous Solutions (SOLUBILITY RULES) 1) Common inorganic acids and low-molecular-weight organic acids are water soluble. 2) All common compounds of the Group IA metal ions and the ammonium ion are water soluble. Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+ 3) Common nitrates, acetates, chlorates, and perchlorates are water soluble. NO3-, CH3COO-, ClO3-, and ClO4 Common chlorides are water soluble. Exceptions AgCl, Hg2Cl2, & PbCl2 Common bromides and iodides behave similarly to chlorides. Common fluorides are water soluble Exceptions MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, and PbF2 4) Common sulfates are water soluble. Exceptions PbSO4, BaSO4, & HgSO4 Moderately soluble CaSO4, SrSO4, & Ag2SO4 5) Common metal hydroxides are water insoluble. Exceptions LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH & CsOH 7) Common carbonates, phosphates, and arsenates are water insoluble. CO32-, PO43-, & AsO43 Exceptions- IA metals and NH4+ BaCO3 is moderately soluble Moderately soluble MgCO3 8) Common sulfides are water insoluble. Exceptions IA metals and NH4+ plus IIA metals
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_____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE WRITING NET IONIC EQUATIONS Net ionic equation Shows ions that participate in reaction and removes spectator ions. Spectator ions do not participate in the reaction. In the total and net ionic equations the only common substances that should be written as ions are: Strong acids Strong bases Soluble ionic salts

Example: Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride. a. write the molecular equation: AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) b. write the ionic equation: Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + ClAg+ + NO3- + Na+ + ClAg+ + ClAgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

c. eliminate the spectator ions: (Na+ and NO3-)

d. what is left is the net ionic equation: AgCl (s)

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