SOURCES FOR INDONESIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY IN JAKARTA

David Henley Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Leiden The resources available for economic history research in Jakarta are better than is often assumed. The primary source materials held by the Arsip Nasional are more complete than anything in the Netherlands for virtually the whole of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and are often consulted by foreign researchers who cannot find the information they need anywhere else. The Perpustakaan Nasional, for its part, still houses a collection of published colonial literature comparable with those of the best Dutch libraries. Using these resources effectively, however, requires a certain amount of knowhow as it is sometimes difficult to obtain an accurate overview of the available materials and the quickest ways of gaining access to them. This guide is intended to provide such an overview for those with no prior experience of research in Jakarta. It deals first and foremost with the Arsip Nasional (pages 1-19) but also includes shorter notes on the Perpustakaan Nasional (pages 20-25) and some smaller libraries (pages 26-27). The information presented was compiled in May 1996. ARSIP NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA (ANRI) Jl. Ampera Raya Cilandak Timur Jakarta 12560 Tel (021) 7805851-3 Fax (021) 7805812 General information The National Archive of Indonesia and its subdepot in Bogor contain somewhere between 15 and 25 shelf kilometres of documents (expert estimates vary between these limits) of which some three or four kilometres date from after the Second World War and the remainder from the VOC and Dutch colonial periods. The archive as an institution dates from 1892 and was transferred from Dutch to Indonesian hands in 1949. Between 1970 and 1990, under the capable leadership of the then director Soemartini, it was gradually restored from the state of neglect into which it had fallen during the Sukarno period and the bulk of the collection transferred from the old main depot in downtown Kota to the present headquarters in Cilandak, South Jakarta. About three kilometres of archives are still located in another depot outside the city at Bogor, although this material will Opening hours: Monday-Thursday 8-3 Friday: 8-11.30 and 1-3 Saturday 8-1.30 Sunday closed

2 eventually be brought to Cilandak too. In 1974 Soemartini also presided over an important

institutional change, the promotion of ANRI from a component of the Department of Education and Culture to the status of "nondepartmental government organisation responsible to the president via the State Secretariat". This extra proximity to the centre of power has helped the archive to become the relatively well-funded and efficient institution which it is today. The present director of ANRI is Dr. Noerhadi Magetsari. For more detail on its history, see the following publications:
Bluss, Leonard, Yulianti Parani, Mona Lohanda, F.G.P. Jaquet and P.B.R. arey, 1979. The Arsip Nasional of Jakarta. Itinerario 3(1): 36-63. Drooglever, P.J. 1985. Onaangeboorde bronnen in de Oost: de betekenis van de in Indonesi bewaard gebleven Indische archieven voor de geschiedwetenschap. In: K. Kooijmans, Th.S.H. Bos, A.E. Kersten, C.E. Keij and J.G. Smit (editors), Bron en publikatie: voordrachten en opstellen over de ontsluiting van geschiedkundige bronnen ('s-Gravenhave: Bureau der Rijkscommissie voor Vaderlandse Geschiedenis): 119138.

Besides the bulk of the archive collection, the main depot in Cilandak also houses a small but useful reference library including both prewar and postwar publications. Since 1977 regional subdepots of ANRI have been established in Ujung Pandang, Semarang and Aceh, but these fall outside the scope of the present report. Access In order to work in the Arsip Nasional, researchers who are Indonesian citizens are required only to show a letter of recommendation from the head of the educational or scientific institution with which they are connected. Foreigners, on the other hand, require an official surat izin penelitian (letter of authorisation to conduct research) from LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences). This authorisation is normally issued only in conjunction with a research visa. The procedure for obtaining it and the visa is laid out in the brochure Research procedures for foreign researchers in Indonesia, available from LIPI at the following address: Bureau of S&T Cooperation Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Sasana Widya Sarwono Building Jl. Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta 12710 Tel (021) 5225711 Fax (021) 5207226 Foreign researchers should be advised that although research visa applications have seldom been turned down in the last few years, they almost always take at least six months to process. It is not advisable to try to shortcut this process by taking advantage of the freedom of entry and the relaxed atmosphere in the archive and ordering documents without having presented a surat izin penelitian. This can lead to expulsion from the archive or even from the country. It should be added that once the credentials of a researcher have been established, further bureaucracy is limited to the requirement to sign the visitors' book each morning.

3 People It is very important to maintain good relations with the archive staff and to know who is who. The people with whom visitors will most often deal are archivists Bpk. Toto Widiyarsono and Bpk. Oloan Marpaung of the Layanan Informasi (Information Services) unit. They work together with a variable number of colleagues in the office behind the glass partition at one end of the reading room. Pak Oloan in particular knows the inventories and ordering procedures very well and can often help out when documents prove difficult to locate or retrieve. Pak Toto and Pak Oloan are also the ones to approach in the first instance for unusual requests such as photocopies of microfilm material. Only if a request goes beyond their competence will they refer the visitor to the head of Information Services, Bpk. J.R. Chaniago, who has a separate office opposite the main entrance to the archive building. Pak Chaniago should not normally be approached directly and never for routine matters, but may be able to help in special cases - for instance, when negotiating any kind of formal cooperation between the archive and another institution. Apart from Oloan and Toto, other useful staff members often seen in the reading room include Tri Wahyu (Ibu Tri), head of the Media Baru (New Media) subdivision of Information Services, and the archivists Ismi, Langgeng Sulistyo Budi (a historian in his own right) and Nurarta Situmorang. In knowledge of the structure and content of the archives themselves, however, nobody surpasses Mona Lohanda, the London-trained archivist who compiled the 1989 International Council on Archives handbook for Indonesia (see below). Ibu Mona now works elsewhere in the building and has no formal connection with Information Services, but can still be contacted and remains very approachable for those with serious enquiries. The younger archivist Ismarini, trained partly at the Rijksarchief in The Hague and currently attached to the New Media (sound and film) centre at ANRI, is also knowledgable regarding the colonial archives, including those still in Bogor. While the staff of Layanan Informasi guide and approve applications for archive material, those who actually retrieve the documents and bring them to the collection counter in the reading room belong under the separate administrative unit which controls the archive depots. Since any indifference on their part can mean wrong documents or no documents, and perhaps hours of additional delay for the researcher, and since moreover the same people are also responsible for photocopying, it is essential to be on good terms with them too. Unfortunately there seems to be a more rapid turnover of staff behind the collection counter than in Information Services, so that it can be difficult to develop a stable understanding. One man who is both regularly present and consistently helpful to archive users, however, is Bpk. Hardi, for whose patience and attention to detail many researchers have had cause to be grateful.

4 Making copies and taking notes Photocopying of documents at ANRI is expensive and subject to significant restrictions. As in most archives, visitors cannot make their own copies but must order them from the staff. The procedure is as follows: 1. Insert paper markers in the document bundle indicating as clearly as possible what is to be copied, and fill out a formulir pemesanan fotocopy (should be available in the reading room, if not ask the staff) in duplicate. It is a good idea also to keep a third set of notes for your own reference on what exactly you have ordered. 2. Take bundle and forms to one of the senior reading room staff. He or she will decide whether the desired material may indeed be copied and, if so, sign at the bottom of the forms and keep one copy. 3. Submit the whole bundle and the other copy of the form to the staff behind the retrieval counter. Payment normally occurs upon receipt of the copies but sometimes the researcher will be asked to pay a proportion of the cost in advance as uang muka. The price per F4 copy is: for academics and PhD students Rp.1,500 for other students Rp.350 for everyone else Rp.750 Other paper sizes are sometimes available, and A4 copies are somewhat cheaper than F4 in theory but often difficult to organise in practice. Indonesian researchers have been known to negotiate discount rates for large orders, but nobody should count on this. Photocopying is in any case limited to ten percent of any given document bundle, and - reasonably enough - to material which is in good enough physical condition to survive copying without damage. Where the documents concerned happen to be grouped into slim bundles or written on fragile paper (a particularly common problem with late nineteenth century material), these restrictions can put whole sections of the archives out of bounds for copying. Microfilm and microfiche sources, such as the memories van overgave, also present problems as ANRI currently has no facilities of its own for photocopying these. For Rp.1.500 per page the staff can arrange for the contents of films or fiches to be copied onto paper by a commercial copy service outside the premises, but they are generally reluctant to do so unless the order is for at least 150 pages. Such an order takes around a week to complete. The normal maximum waiting period for ordinary copies made on the premises is three days, but the ANRI photocopier has been known to break down for shorter or longer periods in which case a backlog may build up. The quality of photocopies made by the ANRI staff is generally high. Even so, copies received should always be checked one by one against the originals - again, a fairly time consuming process in itself - before the latter are returned to the depot, just in case anything needs to be repeated.

5 Given these various limitations, it is obvious that few visitors to ANRI will be able to rely exclusively or even mainly upon photocopying as a means of data collection. The ideal complement is a laptop computer with which to take rapid notes on documents which cannot be copied or are not worth copying in their entirety. The reading room contains a number of plug sockets and there are no rules against laptop use. But even researchers limited to pen and paper will often find written notes a quicker and more practical solution than photocopying. Ordering documents Documents are ordered per "bundle", an individually wrapped pile of variable thickness. Only one bundle can be examined at a time and no more than five may be held simultaneously by a single researcher - the one he is reading, and a maximum of four more being kept for him behind the collection counter. Since incomplete inventarisation means that many of the bundles ordered inevitably turn out to be of little or no interest after all, and since even the useful bundles are often quite slim, and given also that all documents to be read on Saturday must have been ordered and retrieved the previous day, it is obviously vital to develop an efficient ordering style. procedure is as follows: 1. Fill in a formulir pemesanan arsip in duplicate. These photocopied forms should be available - along with carbon paper - in the reading room, but is as well to keep your own reserve of forms for the times when the public supply temporarily runs out. Also make your own record of what you have ordered for reference. It is acceptable to order more than one document on the same form, but bear in mind the "five at a time" rule. Include full details of each document: the name of the inventory from which it comes ("jenis arsip/masalah"), the number of the bundle as listed there ("no. inventaris", not to be confused with the number on the front cover of the inventory), and a "keterangan" consisting of anything and everything which you suspect, on the often inconclusive evidence of the inventory, might appear on the spine of the bundle you are looking for. The keterangan is particularly important in those awkward cases where several bundles share the same inventory number. The staff in the depot will not normally open up a bundle and check its contents, and unless some words or dates on the spine of one of the bundles correspond to your keterangan they will tend to return emptyhanded and declare that what you are looking for tidak ada. As a last resort you can simply order all of the bundles bearing the same number and check them yourself - but again, remember that five bundle rule. Unfortunately it not possible for visitors to enter the depot themselves to check the situation. 2. 3. Take the completed forms to the office behind the glass partition and ask one of the Layanan Informasi staff to sign them. He or she will keep one copy. Take the other copy to the collection counter and give it to one of the retrieval staff. The

6 4. Wait for the documents to be retrieved. No announcements are normally made, it is up to you to check whether or not they have arrived. For collections stored within the Cilandak complex (the great majority) this normally takes about one hour. The best time to order is in the morning, and it is not advisable to irritate the staff by asking them to visit the depot again after, say, two o'clock. Material stored at the Bogor depot (meaning, for our purposes, the archive of the Algemene Secretarie) is ordered in the normal way but takes three weeks or more to arrive (see under "The archive of the Algemene Secretarie" below). The inventories The keys to the archive are the dozens of stencilled inventory books, most of them in soft covers and A4 or folio format, which are kept on the shelves of the Information Services office on the left as you walk in. Though dog-eared and usually out of order, these represent a rational and fairly complete set of access tools. Most belong to a larger series of inventories and carry a number within that series, although it is not always immediately apparent from the book itself to which series it belongs. Three series are important for our present purposes: the prewar series, the postwar series, and the microfilm series. Of these the prewar series is by far the biggest, including more than one hundred separate inventories. A list of all the prewar inventories, giving titles and numbers, is normally displayed next to the shelves and otherwise obtainable from the staff. It is always worth checking this list as well as the inventories actually on the shelf because some may well be missing or in use by another researcher. colleagues. Each inventory book lists all the document bundles belonging to a single collection (or "archive") and briefly summarises each of their contents. The quality and level of detail are generally quite high but do vary between collections. The compilers did not always have sufficient background knowledge to assess which of the diverse contents of a bundle were most worthy of specific mention (a difficult task even for the expert). In some cases, moreover, bundles have been reorganised or misplaced since the inventorisation took place so that the lists are no longer entirely accurate. In short, be prepared for some surprises and if a particular piece is not where it should be according to the inventory, search adjacent and related bundles before you despair. A number of inventories, including those for the important Arsip Perkebunan (see under that heading below) and for several residency archives, have been published by ANRI in booklet form and can be found not only on the premises but also in good libraries elsewhere (including that of the KITLV in Leiden). historian are: Inventaris Arsip Perkebunan (Archieven Cultures) 1816-1900 (1982) Inventaris Arsip Banda (1977) Those published inventories which might be of use to an economic If in doubt, ask Pak Oloan or one of his

7 Inventaris Arsip Borneo [Westerafdeling / Zuid- en Oosterafdeling] (1986) Inventaris Arsip Gorontalo (1976) Inventaris Arsip Lampung (1977) Inventaris Arsip Palembang (1986) Some of the published inventories are still available for sale. Unpublished inventories can be photocopied by special arrangement (contact Pak Oloan), but only at the same high prices which apply to archive material. For a general overview of the prewar archive holdings at ANRI, including partial inventories listing the "highlights" of each collection, see: International Council on Archives Guide to the Sources of Asian History 4: Indonesia. Vol. 1: National Archives (Jakarta: National Archives of Indonesia / UNESCO) [compiled by Mona Lohanda]. This publication too is available at the KITLV and other good libraries internationally. No such handbook is yet available for the postwar holdings of ANRI. The following sections deal consecutively with those collections or groups of collections, both prewar and postwar, which contain a significant quantity of economic information. Depending on their specific field of interest, researchers may also wish to look at other collections for instance, the maps listed in the Inventory of cartographic manuscripts of the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries (ANRI 1986). The residency archives The residency archives (residentie archieven, arsip daerah) are the the best known and most accessible sources for the economic history of Indonesia at a regional level during the colonial period. They contain, for example, the annual algemene verslagen (general reports, including import and export statistics) and kultuurverslagen (cultivation reports, including statistics on agricultural production) for each residency. The accompanying maandverslagen (monthly reports) and administrative correspondence of all kinds give an even more detailed view of developments. The core period covered by these archives is approximately from the beginning to the end of the nineteenth century, but most also contain a certain amount of material from the VOC era. There are 46 residency archives in total, each with its own inventory (in the prewar series). Not all relate to areas technically classified as residencies in the administrative hierarchy; some smaller units (Buitenzorg, for instance) also have "residency" archives of their own. The great volume and diversity of the materials concerned makes it impractical to go into great detail regarding these archives here. By way of example, however, the archive for the Residency of Manado measures 67 metres and contains papers dating from between 1677 and 1914, including comprehensive annual reports on the whole residency from 1824, 1829, 1833, and then every year from 1849 until 1894, cultivation reports for almost every year from 1853 to 1895, and an enormous quantity of correspondence and special reports on such subjects as compulsory labour

8 services, taxation, revenue farming, private commerce, and customs and excise. One great drawback of these archives is that because residency records were only transferred to what is now the Arsip Nasional once they reached the age of fifty years and were therefore considered to have outlived their usefulness to local administrators, very little material is included from the twentieth century. In accordance with the fifty-year regulation most material dating from after 1892 was still in the regions when the Japanese invaded in 1942, and almost without exception this has been lost. The archive of the Algemene Secretarie In theory this collection, consisting of the records of the colonial equivalent of the modern Sekretariat Negara or State Secretariat, should compensate for the abovementioned shortcoming of the residency archives since it contains a good deal of economic information for the period 19001942 and almost all of its contents have survived intact. And while the Algemene Secretarie was very much a central government institution, it also collected plenty of information on regional affairs whenever these were of interest to the Governor General and his staff. In practice, however, researchers would be well advised not to rely too much on this archive, and indeed to use it only after all other avenues have been explored. Ordering material from it is an uncertain and above all time-consuming process, and for three reasons: 1. The system of indexing is relatively complex and offers no overview of more than one year at a time. The stencilled "inventory" available in the office off the reading room indicates only on which pages of the annual klappers or index folios - weighty volumes in themselves references to documents on particular subjects are listed. The researcher first has to order these index books - no more than five at a time, of course - from the depot, then try to decipher the handwritten and for the most part abbreviated references they supply to various classes of document included in the three kilometres of archives which make up the collection. Even the most knowledgable ANRI staff are not always familiar with the codes used. 2. The archive itself is still in Bogor, where the Algemene Secretarie was located. Since ANRI vehicles only occasionally travel between Cilandak and Bogor, this means that each document or bundle takes three weeks or more to arrive. 3. When they do arrive, the documents delivered are often the wrong ones. Many materials appear no longer to be present at the locations indicated in the klappers, which for practical purposes means that they are lost. Researchers blessed with much time and patience can still make profitable use of the Algemene Secretarie collection with the help of the following handbook: R. Kramer and A.M. Tempelaars, 1990. Handleiding voor historisch onderzoek in het archief van de Algemene Secretarie en voorgangers, 1816-1942. Jakarta: ANRI.

9 This very complete - and complex - guide is available both in the reading room in Cilandak and at the Algemeen Rijksarchief in The Hague. The archive of the Binnenlandsch Bestuur This collection, the archive of the colonial civil service, offers a surer and quicker bet than that of the Algemene Secretarie for the period 1900-1942 since it is well inventarised and stored in the main building in Cilandak rather than in the Bogor depot. The index, in two bound volumes, is No.103 in the prewar series. Most of the contents deal with administrative and personnel affairs, but a fair amount of economic information is also included. The following is a selection of items of potential interest to the economic historian, by subsection and item number:
I. Algemeene Zaken 129-133 Paketvaart aangelegenheden 1926-1929 175-182 Coop vereeniging memorie van overgave 1931-1939 186-188 Coop vereeniging memorie van overgave 1933-1935 194-199 Coop vereeniging memorie van overgave 1938-1941 II. Bestuurszaken der Buitengewesten 407 Begroting 1941 landstreek Bangka en Biliton 408 Landstreeksbegrotingen 1941 409 Landstreek begrotingsboek houding van ingepaste landstreken 412 Landstreek begrooting Zuid-Celebes en Salajar 1940-1941 482 Agrarische regelingen in de buitengewesten 1936 558 Verleenen van vergunningen tot het doen van mijnbouwkundige opsporingen 1914-1915 559 Damarbedrijf 1929-1933 ("arsip rusak") 561-579 Agraria, mijnbouw, bosbouw, visserij, kolonisatie reservering 1932-1940 580-583 Kolonisatie Lampong 1941 584-606 Belasting en herendiensten 1927-1942 608-616 Verkeerswegen in de buitengewesten 1929-1942 617 Landstreek begrotingen 1941 845 Specialiseering van het toezicht op het geldelijk beheer 855 Praauwvaartkanaal 1910 857-865 Gewestelijke en andere vaartuigen inlandsche havens 1931-1940 900-905 Rubber aangelegenheden 1937-1941 1018-1026 Financin der zelfbesturen 1924-1938 1033 Wijziging van de kustvisserij ordonnantie 1923-1928 1037 Bosch exploitatie buitengewesten 1934-1935 1041 Kolonisatie; boschbouw erfpachtsperceelen enz. 1939 1042 Boschproductenbelasting in de Buitengewesten 1924 1045 Belastingen en heerendiensten, loonbelasting 1931-1934 1053 Inkomsten en loonbelasting van zelfbestuursonderhoorigen in de buitengewesten 1936 1055-1056 Loonbelasting zelfbesturen buitengewesten 1938-1941 1080 Caoutchoucsonderneming te Langsa (Atjeh en Onderhoorigheden) 1916, 1920 1128 Belastingheffing in Gowa 1910 1129 Werkplan boschwezen Celebes en onderhoorigheden landschapsboschbeheer 1910 1132-1134 Beschikbaarstelling van gelden in verband met de rubber-restitutie 1936-1937 1165 Bruggen en wegen in zelfbestuursgebied 1933-1939 1215-1216 Copra keur Sumatra's westkust 1933-1944 1224 Reserveering van produktie bosschen in het hoogland van Palembang 1932 1251 Buitengewesten, notulen apanage van de zuider afdeeling van Borneo 1939 III. Decentralisatie 1332 Burgerlijke openbare werken (Soerabaja) 1904-6 1348 Gewestelijke begrooting Madoera 1924-7 1381 Subsidie cultuurgebied 1927 1487 Algemeen Indisch Verslag 1930 1493 Algemeen Indisch Verslag 1931-1932 1497 Indisch Verslag 1934 1663 Welvaartsbevordering (Binnenlandsch Bestuur) 1941

10
1686 1728 1732 1913-1923 Kampongsverbetering 1928 Kampoengsverbetering gemeente Manado, Amboina en stadsgemeente Makasar Kampoengsverbetering 1941 Waterleiding verordeningen gemeenten 1920-1941

VIII. Agrarische zaken 2197 Aanvraag GRA Buloge om woeste gronden in Pekalongan 1972-1873 2198 Erfpacht perceel Preanger regentschappen 1882-1900 2199 Vergunning en bekrachtiging huur verlenging van een gedeelte der res. Soerakarta 1884 2201 Eigendomsaanvraag betreffende stukken grond gelegen in de residentie Cheribon, Preanger, Regent Bantam, Batavia en Pasoeroean 1890-1914 2202 Oprichting suiker fabriek in het Residentie Pasoeroean 1892-1906 2203 Agrarische zaken (suiker ondernemingen) 1900-1910 2204 Toestand van het grondbezit Inlandsche bevolking 1902-1903 2205 Toezending circulaires over landbouwconcessie's 1911-1913 2208 Eigendomsaanvraag 1906-1921 2209 Oprichting suikeronderneming Res. Madiun 1908 2210 Koloniaal beheer en landbouw 1908 2215 Agrarische zaken, vergunningen 1912-1916 2216 Nieuw grondhuur reglement in de Javaansche vorstenlanden 1913 2218 Concessie aanvraag 1911-1915 2221 Grondbedrijf Europeesch Gouvernement 1917 2227 Agrarische zaken, erfpachtsaanvraag 1922 2241 Commissie voor het grondbezit van Indo Europeanen 1932 2260 Maatregelen tot invordering cijns landbouw 1935 2266 Besluit resident Palembang voor het erfelijk individueel bezitrecht 1923 2267-2278 Aanvragen erfpacht groote landbouw 1926-1936 2273 Riet branden 1932 2281 Aanvragen erfpacht kleine landbouw 1928-1933 2294 Agrarische regelingen in buitengewesten 2310 Eigendom aanvragen, irrigatie wezen vergunningen tot gebruik van water IX. Agrarische inspectie 2343 Agrarische inspectie, irrigatie 1914 2347 Verhouding tusschen Landbouwvoorlichtingsdienst en BB 2368 Grondhuurschuld, individueel bezitsrecht, eigendomsaanvraag etc. 1938-1941 2370 Koffie en suiker veiling 1875-6 2373 Staking indigo onderneming Selodono Kandat, res. Kediri 1902-1912 2374 Suiker, indigo en cassave industrie 1906-1936 2381 Suiker, indigo en cassave industrie 1909 2396-2397 Suiker, indigo en cassave industrie 1913-1932 2454 Gegevens omtrent de mate van inkrimping van den aanplant der suiker ondernemingen (1933-4) en omtrent de wijze waarop met de verhuurders tot overeenstemming is gekomen of wordt getracht te komen 1930-1933 2464 Besprekingen inzake voorzieningen moeilijkheden Java suiker industrie 1932 2504-2513 Tabakscultuur 1921-1940 2515 Afschrijvingen en bijplantingen koffie boomen Preanger regentschappen 1887 2514-2519 Koffie cultuur 1938-1939 2520 Stukken van Assam thee onderneming Goenoeng Hidjaoe 1894-1912 2521 Overige cultures (kina) 1924 2522 Pamflet kinabast of kina zouten 1936 2523 Verbetering irrigatie Java en Madoera 1893-1896 2524-2533 Boschwezen 1914-1941 2535-2539 Riet branden 1914-1928 2541-2556 Agrarische and erfpachtspolitiek 2558-2561 Landbouwconcessies in de buitengewesten 2590-2605 Grondhuurordonnantie 1924-1939 2624 De aanleg van stedelijke kampongs 1935 2631 Verslag herendiensten Res. Amboina, Manado, Timor 1921 2632 Afschaffing herendienstplicht en invoering weggeldbelasting 1936-1940 2634 Hoofdgeld op Java en Madoera 2637 Landrente 2639-2641 Inlandsch kadaster 2642-2654 Irrigatie wezen 1922-1941 2655-6 Fabrieken en neringen 1938-9 2657-2707 Particuliere landerijen, 1903-1939

11
2710-2719 2722-2724 2727 2824 2854 Kolonisatie en arbeidersregelingen 1914-1941 Waterschappen ordonnantie 1920-1935 Overzicht agrarische rechtstoestand in het vorstenland Soerakarta 1910 Onderzoek economische verhouding en inlandsche bevolking over Java en Madura 1932 Rubberverordening oostkust Sumatra 1929-30

XII. Begrooting en Volksraad 5494 Eigendom aanvragen stukken grond in de residentien Batavia, Soerabaja 1917-1941 5503 Begrooting van Nederlandsch-Indi 1929-1930 5520 Volksraadstukken rubberrestrictie 1934 XXIII. Comptabiliteit 5559 Statistiek opname in allerlei plaatsen 1866-1873 5564 Landskas te Borneo, Celebes, Molukken 5585 Instelling eener algemeene kasinspectie 1922-3 XXV. Centrale kas 5995 Rapport betreffende het onderzoek naar de volksbank Palembang en Djambi 1933 5996 Decentralisatie van het volkscreditwezen 1922

The archive of the Departement van Financin This relatively little-known collection contains the records of the colonial finance department and a number of related government bodies - including, at certain periods, the authorities responsible for public works and compulsory cultivation - from 1816 to 1930. It contains a wider range of economic material than its name suggests and is of great interest to the economic historian. The index is No.49 in the prewar series and consists of two volumes. The following are selected subsections (italics) and individual items of potential interest from both volumes.
VOLUME 1: DOSSIERS I. Algemeen Beheer van 's lands financin (incl. Javasche Bank) Administratief beheer II. Belastingen Wetten en regelingen Organisatie van de dienst Uitvoering III. Muntwezen IV. Handel en scheepvaart Stukken inzake de samenstelling statistiek handel en scheepvaart 1880-1904 Stukken inzake de kustvaart 1880-1915 Stukken inzake scheepvaart en havens 1924 Stukken inzake de samenstelling van de statistiek van de handel 1921-1925 Aanvragen van passen voor inlandsche vaartuigen 1832 Stukken betreffende het verlenen van scheepspassen 1862-1863 Stukken inzake de vaststelling van nieuwe tarieven van in- en uitgaande rechten 1865-1866 Stukken inzake het ontwerp van de wet op de inkomende en uitgaande rechten op Java en Madoera c.1833 Register houdende bepalingen omtrent de inkomende en uitgaande rechten op Sumatra's westkust 1825-1838 Stukken inzake handel, vrijhavens en tolheffingen te Makassar, Menado, Molukken 1846-1896 Uitvoering (wijn en gedist., goud, zilver en koper, vuurwapens, petroleum en benzine, kina, diversen) Alfabetische staten houdende per artikel aantallen ingevoerde artikelen en handelsbewegingen o.a. te Makassar, Salijer, Ambon en Benkoelen 1835-1856 Staten van uitvoer 1844 Invoerstatistiek over 1824-1854 Staten van vertrokken en aangekomen schepen 1850 Staten van uitvoer 1841-1871 V. Verpachtingen en venduaangelegenheden VI. Inname en verkoop van producten en goederen

12
VII. Bemoeiingen met ondernemingen en bedrijven (landbouw, mijnbouw, nijverheid, diversen) Diverse stukken o.m. staat van het rijstgewas 1849 Jaarverslagen cultuurmaatschappij Kali Kempit 1908-1919 Registers deelhebbers tinmijnen Banka 1844 Wederinvoering delving van goud op Menado 1852 Jaarverslagen diverse Indische maatschappijen 1917 Parelvisserij Aru eilanden 1907 VIII. Varia Algemeen overzicht van het transportwezen op Java met aantoning van de betalingen per pikol en per paal van elk der gouvernementsproducten c.1860 VOLUME 2: VERBALEN 1. Raad en Directeur-Generaal van Financin 1817-1930 2. Directeur Middelen en Domeinen 1827-1860 3. Directeur Producten en Civiele magazijnen 1827-1866 4. Afdeling Handel en Scheepvaart, directeur in- en uitgaande rechten en accijnsen 1874-1925 5. Bezuiningingsdienst 1921-1923 6. Afdeling Belastingen 1845-1925

The first volume of the inventory is also availabe in the form of bound photocopies in the library of the KITLV in Leiden. Archieven Cultures A better known collection located at Cilandak is the archive of the Directie van Cultures en Landelijke Inkomsten and its successors, which in total covers the period from 1816 to 1900 but is most complete for the years of the Cultivation System (1830-1870). This collection, also known as the Arsip Perkebunan, was thoroughly inventarised by M.G.H.A. de Graaff, F.G.P. Jaquet and Djoko Utomo in 1978 and the results published by the Arsip Nasional in 1982 (see the list under "The inventories" above). The bulk of the archive is arranged according to the cash crops of the Cultuurstelsel period: coffee, sugar, indigo, tea, cinnamon, silk, cotton, tobacco, pepper and spices. There are also sections on rice, timber, livestock, corve labour and the political aspects of the compulsory cultivations. The collection contains too wide a variety of material, including The main limitation of this important statistical material, to reproduce even an extract here. other islands. Arsip Statistiek A small collection which contains some useful economic information from the first half of the nineteenth century, for the outer islands as well as Java. The inventory number is 83 in the prewar series. Contents include:
Register op de Statistiek Beschrijving van Nederlandsch-Indi, 1836 Statistiek van Nederlandsch-Indi door J.M. van Beusechem, 1836 Extract uit het Register der Resolutien van den Gouverneur Generaal van NI in Rade aan J.M. van Beusechem, 1832 Bundel statistiek opgaven op Java tusschen 1820 en 1840 Bundel staatrapporten 1832-1837

material is that it refers almost exclusively to Java and contains virtually no information on the

13
Statistiek Administratief Overzigt van Nederlandsch-Indi door P. Le Clercq, 1836 Statistiek beschrijving van Semarang, Surabaya, Rembang, Joana, Preanger, Pekalongan, Tegal, 1808

Arsip Amphioensociteit en Directie No.73 in the prewar inventory series, this small collection (four metres) contains information on the cultivation and sale of opium in the period 1742-1865, including details on the opium pacht or revenue farming system. Arsip Muntzaken/Muntwezen Contains 55 document bundles covering the period 1745-1863 (prewar inventory No.80). Contents include:
23. Memorie over het muntstelsel van Nederlandsch-Indi, door J. Kruseman, 8 November 1823 32. Missive van G. Murkus aan de Minister van Kolonin betreffende het muntwezen in Nederlandsch-Indi, c. 1844 38. Rapport over het muntstelsel, c. 1817 (fragment)

Arsip Handel en Scheepvaart A promising title, but unfortunately this collection (No.82 in the prewar series) is small and restricted to the period before 1816. No separate inventory is available at present but the contents are accurately listed on pages 298-301 of J.A. van der Chijs' Inventaris van 's Lands Archief te Batavia (1602-1816) (Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1882). This former standard work has otherwise become unreliable as a guide to the colonial archive due to the various reorganisations which have taken place since its publication, but the Information Services Unit possesses an original archive copy with extensive pencil annotations by Dutch archivists indicating which documents were moved to which new locations over the years. Information on trade and shipping during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be found in the archive of the Departement van Financin (see under that heading above). Memories van Overgave The Arsip Nasional holds microfilm copies of almost all the memories van overgave (final memoirs by colonial officials before their transfer to a new posting) still in existence. There are four separate collections, each with its own inventory. The inventory booklets are numbered 6, 7, 8 and 32 in the microfilm series, which as already noted is separate from the main prewar series. This less than convenient arrangement seems to have to do with the batches in which they happened to be received from Holland, where the originals are located. No.32, however, appears to be an original ANRI collection and may possibly contain some material not available in the Netherlands. Some of the memories van overgave in the other three collections are doubtless also present as originals in the archive of the Algemene Secretarie, but would have to be laboriously located via the index folios as detailed above. The full titles of each microfilm collection are as follows:

14
6. 7. 8. 32. On cover: "MVO Ie Serie". Inside: "Lijst van de gemicrofilmde memories van overgave en andere archiefstukken van dergelijke aard afkomstig uit het Tropen Instituut, Mauritskade 63, Amsterdam". On cover: "2e Memorie v.O.". Inside: "Lijst van de memories van overgave van het Ministerie van Binnelandse Zaken, Loogwaterstraat 125 voor het copiren op micorofilm (2e serie)". On cover: "M.V.O. (Serie 3e)". Inside: "Volgorde in het verfilmen van de memories van overgave der 3de serie". On cover: "(MVO Abad 20)". Inside: "Daftar microfilm. Document: memorie van overgave". This inventory consists of just two pages, mysteriously numbered 81 and 82.

The twentieth century memories van overgave often contain a great deal of economic information and are invaluable research tools, especially given the relative scarcity of other archive material for the period 1900-1942. The practice of writing memories van overgave actually originates from the VOC period, although it all but died out (at least under that name) in the first part of the nineteenth century. The residency archives between them contain a total of 78 VOC memories van overgave from the eighteenth century, and these have been listed, together with their locations, in the ANRI publication Daftar Memorie van Overgave (naskah serah terima) pedjabat2 V.O.V. dari abad 18 jang terdapat dalam koleksi Arsip Nasional R.I. Djakarta (1972). The texts of a number of memories van overgave have been published - see "ANRI source publications" below. Koloniale Verslagen ANRI possesses a complete set of the published annual Colonial Reports (the Dutch title varies) on microfilm, from the beginning (1849) up to the Second World War. Unfortunately the statistical companion volumes to that part of the series entitled Indisch Verslag (1931-1941) appear to be missing, although the text volumes are present. It may take some effort to obtain the fiches because they do not seem to be listed in any of the inventories in the reading room, and only certain staff members, such as Oloan Marpaung, know where they are kept. The Perpustakaan Nasional also holds a set of the Koloniale Verslagen, although this too may be incomplete. A note on postwar archives It is a little-known fact that ANRI not only houses significant archive collections from the period 1945-1965, traditionally regarded as a difficult one as far as primary sources are concerned, but has also produced inventories for some of them which are at least as detailed as those for the colonial period. The main series of postwar inventories as listed in the Information Services office includes 20 titles. In the course of 1995 and 1996 six more, not yet included on the main list, have been produced in a new format with blue covers. These as yet numberless inventories will be referred to here as the "new series". More of them are currently in preparation. The notes which follow cover only those collections which appear to be of greatest potential

15 significance for economic history. Researchers may also want to check through other postwar inventories including, for instance, those for the personal archives of Mohammad Hatta and H. Roeslan Abdulgani. It should be noted that the information given below is also based entirely upon inspection of the inventories and not upon personal experience of using the sources concerned. In principle, however, the procedure for ordering documents is the same as for the prewar collections. All postwar material is stored in the Cilandak depot, so retrieval should not involve long delays. Arsip Kementerian Dalam Negeri 1945-1949 No.20 in the main postwar series, the inventory of this small (less than one metre) archive lists 146 items from the revolutionary period including documents on state finance, welfare, and agrarian matters. Uniquely among the postwar collections, this one contains some regional material from the provincial governments of West, Central and East Java. Arsip Sekretariat Negara RI 1945-1949 Another small (3 metre) archive from the revolutionary period, including some material on state finance (133 items), welfare (33 items) and trade and industry (46 items). The inventory was compiled in 1995 and belongs to the new (blue) postwar series. Arsip Kabinet Presiden RI 1950-1959 A large collection occupying 90 metres of shelf space. The inventory is recent and belongs to the new postwar series. The following sections are of potential economic interest:
D. E. I. P. Q. S. T. U. Agraria 23 items Anggaran dan Perpajakan 191 items Kesejahteraan 79 items Perburuhan dan Tenaga Kerja 54 items Perindustrian dan Perdagangan 174 items Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Peternakan 49 items Telekomunikasi dan Transportasi 55 items Transmigrasi, items 9 items

It should be added that most items in these categories consist of just a few sheets of correspondence, so that the total volume is smaller than the numbers might at first sight seem to indicate. Arsip Kementerian Keuangan 1950-1969 The archive of the Ministry of Finance contains 474 items with a combined shelf length of three metres. The inventory, compiled in 1986, is No.9 in the main (old) postwar series. Selected contents include:
III. Anggaran IV. Pajak V. Bea dan Cukai 59 items 12 items 58 items

16
IV. Keuangan: A. Moneter C. Perbankan dan Perkreditan D. PMA dan PMDN E. Asuransi F. Ipeda

52 items 40 items 10 items 8 items 10 items

Arsip Kementerian Pertanian 1950-1981 The archive of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture and its successor organisations is of medium size (14 metres). The inventory, No.8 in the postwar series, was compiled in 1985. Below is a summary of the contents following the categories used in the inventory, and including the numbers of items listed in each major subsection.
I. Kementerian Pertanian [1950-1962] 44 items A. Peraturan Perundangan B. Perkebunan: a. Tebu dan pabrik2 gula b. Karet c. Berkas lain II. Departemen Pertanian dan Agraria [1952-1964] 53 items A. Peraturan pemerintah B. Keuangan C. Laporan D. Pupuk E. Perkebunan Karet F. Perusahaan gula G. Berkas lain III. Departemen Pertanian [1964-1981] 440 items A. Peraturan perundangan B. Sidang dan rapat kerja, bahan pidato C. Kepegawaian D. Keuangan E. Gedung, bangunan dan tanah F. Tata kerja dan organisasi G. Hukum H. Penanaman modal asing I. Bantuan dan kredit luar negeri J. Impor-ekspor K. Pertanian: 1. Padi: a. Bantuan benih b. Data dan laporan c. Pembukaan sawah dan penggilingan padi d. Berkas lain 2. Proyek2 pertanian 3. Pengembangan pangan dan gizi 4. Data dan laporan 5. Berkas lain L. Kehutanan: 1. Surat keputusan 2. Perkayuan 3. Suaka alam 4. Persoalan tanah 5. Laporan M. Perikanan: 1. Surat keputusan 2. Proyek-proyek

17
3. Penelitian, survey N. Peternakan: 1. Surat keputusan 2. Laporan 3. Berkas lain O. Pupuk: 1. Impor pupuk 2. Penyaluran dan pemakaian P. Perkebunan: 1. Gula 2. Kopi dan kapas 3. Teh 4. Tembakau 5. Karet: a. Surat keputusan b. Pengurusan kebun, Hak Guna Usaha c. Status tanah d. Laporan, peninjauan Q. Hubungan Luar Negeri 1. Kerjasama dengan FAO 2. Kerjasama dengan WFP dan WFC dalam bidang pangan 3. Kerjasama dengan UNDP 4. Kerjasama dengan badan/organisasi lain.

It can be seen that of the 537 items listed, 97 refer to the period before 1964 and 440 to the period thereafter. The ANRI library The Arsip Nasional has its own fairly extensive library, including, at least according to the catalogue, the following important older titles (followed here by their catalogue numbers):
Burger, D.H. De ontsluiting van Java's binnenland voor het wereldverkeer. Wageningen 1939. (VII.104) [Korte] Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek (VII.134): No.14 W.M.F. Mansvelt, Praauwvaart (1937) No.17 De economische ontwikkeling van Nederlandsch-Indi in cijfers en grafieken No.19 Handelsstatistiek Java en Madoera 1825-1873 No.20 Handelsstatistiek Nederlandsch-Indi 1874-1937 No.21 Het handelsverkeer met Singapore 1825-1937 No.165 Exportcultures van Ned.-Indi 1830-1937 Deventer, C.Th. van, Overzicht van den economischen toestand der Inlandsche bevolking van Java en Madoera. 'sGravenhage 1904 (VII.156). Fock, D. Beschouwingen en voorstellen ter verbetering van den economischen toestand der inlandsche bevolking op Java en Madoera. 's-Gravenhage 1904 (VII.181). Hasselman, C.J. Algemeen overzicht van de uitkomsten van het welvaart onderzoek gehouden op Java en Madoera in 1904-1905. 's-Gravenhage 1904 (VII.57). Pleyte, C.M. De inlandsche nijverheid in West-Java als sociaal-ethnologisch verschijnsel. Batavia 1911-1913 (4 volumes of which 1, 2 and 4 apparently present) (X.32). Pringgodigdo, A.K. Geschiedenis van de ondernemingen der Mangkoenegorosch rijk (VII.462). Rouffaer, G.P. De voornaamste industrien der inlandsche bevolking van Java en Madoera. Aanhangsel tot het overzicht van den economischen toestand der inlandsche bevolking van Java en Madoera door Mr. C.Th. van Deventer. 's-Gravenhage 1904 (VII.157). Semarang als industrieel, commercieel en cultureel centrum. Semarang 1941 (VIII.66). Verslag van den economischen toestand der inlandsche bevolking 1924. Amsterdam 1924 (VII.374).

In May 1996, unfortunately, all of the above (and indeed most of the prewar book collection) were

18 "temporarily" inaccessible due to a breakdown of the sliding storage racks in the archive depot where they are kept. Bpk.Caniago estimated then that the situation would be rectified within "two or three months". The newer part of the ANRI library collection remains readily accessible and is fairly strong on recent Dutch publications, including for instance the four volumes of P. Creutzberg's reference work Het ekonomisch beleid in Nederlandsch-Indi. (Groningen: Wolters-Noordhof and H.D. Tjeenk Willink, 1972-1975). Postwar books are kept either in the archive reading room or in the library proper, which is located to the right of the main entrance. The chief librarian is Ibu Rochana. ANRI source publications Over the years the Arsip Nasional has published complete or abbreviated transcripts of a number of important colonial archive documents from its collections. The titles of these publications are as follows:
Surat-surat perdjandjian antara keradjaan-keradjaan Bali/Lombok dengan Pemerintah Hindia-Belanda 1841-1939 (1964) Surat-surat perdjandjian antara Kesultanan Bandjarmasin dengan pemerintahan-pemerintahan VOC, Bataafse Republik, Inggris (1965) Surat-surat perdjandjian antara Kesultanan Riau dengan pemerintahan-pemerintahan VOC dan Hindia-Belanda, 1784-1909 (1970) Laporan Politik tahun 1837 (1971) Ikhtisar keadaan politik Hindia-Belanda, 1839-1848 (1973) Laporan-laporan desa, kumpulan dari J.W. Meyer Ranneft (1974) Sarekat Islam lokal (1975) Memori serah jabatan Jawa Barat, 1921-1930 (1976) Memori serah jabatan Jawa Tengah, 1921-1930 (1977) Memori serah jabatan Jawa Timur dan Tanah Kerajaan, 1921-1930 (1978) Ternate: memorie van overgave J.H. Tobias 1857; memorie van overgave C. Bosscher, 1859 (1980) Memorie serah jabatan Jawa Barat, 1931-1940 (jilid 1) (1980) Laporan-laporan tentang gerakan protes di Jawa pada abad XX (1981) Maluku Tengah di masa lampau: gambaran sekilas lewat arsip abad sembilan belas (1982) G.E. Rumphius' Ambonsche Landbeschrijving (1983)

Many of these titles are still available for sale.

19 PERPUSTAKAAN NASIONAL REPUBLIK INDONESIA Jl. Salemba Raya No.28A Jakarta 10430 Tel (021) 3101411 Fax (021) 3103554 Kotak Pos 3624 Jakarta 10002 General information The Indonesian National Library is the home of a very extensive collection of published literature from the colonial period, having inherited the whole library of the former Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen from what is now the Museum Nasional on Jl. Merdeka Barat. In fact it would still be almost as good in this respect as the best research libraries in the Netherlands were it not for the fact that many items are now missing or difficult to retrieve. Working conditions, thanks to malfunctioning air conditioning and poor organisation of space, also leave much to be desired. Worst of all is the Periodicals Division, where there is no reading room and visitors have to inspect the material on a few rickety desks placed in the cramped, hot, dark hall in front of the lift. With determination, patience, and mensenkennis, however, a lot can still be achieved. The three parts of this very large library which the economic historian will need to visit most often are the Main Catalogue on the second floor, the Rare Books Division on the fifth floor, and the Bound Periodicals Division on the seventh floor. Access All researchers enjoy free access to the Perpustakaan Nasional, and foreigners can work there without a research visa or a letter of authority from LIPI. On their first visit, however, all prospective users must take with them proof of identity, evidence of association with an educational or scientific institution, and two passport photographs. Upon payment of a small fee they will then be issued with a membership card. People When working at the Perpustakaan Nasional it is essential to know, and to be on good terms with, the few staff members who have a really good working knowledge of the older collections. The two key people at present are Bpk. Sanusi Mochtar, head of the Kelompok Buku Langka (Rare Books Division), and Ibu Zubaeda, head of the Kelompok Majalah Terjilid (Bound Periodicals Division). Pak Sanusi can guide the reader to printed catalogues not available in the main catalogue room, and also to the important prewar bibliographies which are not always to be found at the locations indicated by their catalogue numbers. Ibu Zubaeda can locate periodicals which do Opening hours: Monday-Friday 9-4 Saturday 9-1.30 Sunday closed

20 not seem to appear in any catalogue, or find misplaced volumes which other members of staff have written off as lost. It should go without saying that the help of these experts should be requested sparingly and only after other avenues have been explored. Other useful members of staff include the unfailingly helpful Bpk. J.B. Ginting in the catalogue room, the younger periodicals librarians Ibu Ambar and Bpk. Umar Hadi, and Bpk. Harmi in the maps room opposite the catalogues on the second floor. The head of the Perpustakaan Nasional as a whole is National Librarian Ibu Mastini Hardjo Prakoso. Making copies and taking notes Photocopying in the Perpustakaan is relatively quick and easy. Although it must be carried out by library staff rather than by readers themselves, this seldom involves much delay. Small orders are performed on the spot and large ones can usually be collected the following day. After obtaining approval from the staff on the floor from which the material originates and filling in a photocopy order form, visitors can usually take their own books to one of the several photoccopy machines and hand it directly to the operator. Particularly in the Periodicals Division, however, the staff may insist on doing this themselves. In either case the only restriction is that material to be copied must be in reasonably good physical condition, and even this rule tends to be interpreted more liberally than in the Arsip Nasional. The main photocopying facilities are located on the third floor. Although easy, photocopying here is not cheap. The tariffs vary on a sliding scale according to the age of the material to be copied. While prices for recent publications are low, anything older than 75 years incurs the maximum tariff of Rp.1,000 per A4 sheet - almost as expensive as copies of archive material at ANRI. Laptop computers are still a rarity in the Perpustakaan Nasional, and on the periodicals floor it may be difficult to find a usable electrical socket. Negotiate with the staff and be prepared to supply an extension cable. The catalogues The basic catalogue for prewar material was inherited along with the books it describes from the Bataviaasch Genootschap and consists of a single combined author/title list, alphabetically ordered, and bound in a total of 950 numbered red klappers or index booklets. After the war and up to the year 1980 this is continued as 243 black booklets labelled "tambahan". There is also a combined periodicals catalogue in 23 blue booklets for the whole period up to 1980. After that year the system switches to card index boxes and a systematic catalogue is also available alongside separate author and title catalogues. In addition to the booklets and card index boxes, published book catalogues exist for Perpustakaan Nasional holdings of specific types or on specific subjects. Unfortunately there is no

21 catalogue as yet on economics or economic history, but the following may be of use:
PERIODICALS Katalog majalah terbitan Indonesia koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional: kumulasi 1779-1980 (1984). Katalog majalah terbitan Indonesia koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional: kumulasi 1779-1980 (A-Z) (1985) Katalog surat kabar koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional 1810-1984 (1984) DISSERTATIONS Katalog disertasi koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional R.I. periode tahun 1880-1930 (1995) Katalog disertasi koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional periode tahun 1930-1944 (1986) Katalog disertasi koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional periode tahun 1945-1985 (1985) HISTORICAL Katalog sejarah Indonesia koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (1992) Katalog terbitan Indonesia selama pendudukan Jepang 1942-1945 (1983) MAPS Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (khusus Jawa) (1982) Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (khusus Jawa II) (1983) Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (Jawa dan Sumatera) (1983) Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (Jawa dan Sumatera II) (1985) Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan) (1985) Katalog peta koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional (Jawa, Nusatenggara, dan Sulawesi) (1987)

Of the two Katalog majalah terbitan Indonesia at the head of this list, the first is organised thematically and the second alphabetically. The contents appear not to be entirely identical. It often happens that not all of the published catalogues are available for reference in the catalogue room. If you cannot find the one you need, first ask Pak Ginting or another member of staff in the catalogue division, and if that fails see Pak Sanusi of Rare Books. If a particular booklet from one of the klapper series appears to be missing, first search elsewhere on the klapper shelves in case it has been misplaced, then make a note of it and try again in a couple of days' time. Discipline in the catalogue room is not high and library users as well as members of staff sometimes take klappers with them to other floors when searching for books. Ordering books Once you have found the location code, whether from the published, card index or klapper catalogues, fill in a book order form in duplicate using carbon paper (you will need your membership number) and take it to the counter at the entrance of the catalogue room. In most cases the staff there will sign it, keep one copy, and direct you with the other copy either to Rare Books (a category which includes most books from the colonial period) or to the Bound Periodicals Division (where annual government publications such as Koloniale Verslagen and trade statistics are also kept). Present your copy of the form to the staff there and wait for them to retrieve the book for you, which seldom takes long. Generally speaking, material can only be read on the floor of the building on which it belongs. Borrowing is not possible. Material with which you are still busy can be reserved overnight and sometimes for longer periods. Do not count on obtaining any further books after 3.00 pm.

22 Holdings What follows is only the most basic introduction to the relevant holdings of this major library, intended simply to give an idea of what is possible in research terms. Its scope is restricted to bibliographies, serials and statistical publications. Regarding ordinary books all that can be said is that most important prewar works are held and that the prewar collection is particularly strong on books actually published in the Indis. The following essential bibliograhic tools, to begin with, are present in the Perpustakaan Nasional:
Hartmann, A. et al. 1895-1934. Repertorium op de litteratuur betreffende de Nederlandsche kolonin, voorzover zij verspreid is in tijdschriften en mengelwerken [1866-1932] (9 volumes). 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. Location code: 016 (991) HAR Hooykaas, J.C. 1877-1880. Repertorium op de koloniale literatuur, of systematische inhoudsopgaaf van hetgeen voorkomt over de kolonin (beoosten de Kaap) in mengelwerken en tijdschriften, van 1595 tot 1865 uitgegeven in Nederland en zijne overzeesche bezittingen (2 volumes). Amsterdam: P.N. Van Kampen. Location code: 016 (991) HOO Kennedy, Raymond, 1945/1962. Bibliography of Indonesian peoples and cultures. New Haven: Yale University Press (second revised edition). Location code: XLII 727

Researchers should therefore be able to start by carrying out a comprehensive literature search on any subject - economic or otherwise - for the whole of the colonial period. Since these books are much used by the library staff they may be difficult to locate via the normal ordering procedure. The surest way to obtain them is to ask Pak Sanusi or Ibu Zubaeda. The following major serials are definitely present in the Perpustakaan Nasional, although in all cases the holdings may be incomplete:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indi. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indi Landbouw Indische Gids Koloniaal Tijdschrift Tijdschrift van het Binnelandsch Bestuur Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indi Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Tijdschrift van het Bataviaasch Genootschap) Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Tijdschrift voor Nijverheid en Landbouw in Nederlandsch-Indi

Not all serials are listed in the periodicals klappers so researchers are advised also to check the the combined author/title klappers and the published serials catalogues, and in the final instance to request the advice of Ibu Zubaeda of the Periodicals Division. Major government publications held include the annual Koloniaal Verslag under its various titles (1849-1930, location code A 208) together with its successor the Indisch Verslag (1931-1940, location code B 3019). Most of the important statistical publications produced by the colonial Central Statistical Bureau in the series [Korte] Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek are also present (location codes B 161-164, B 725, B 757, B 854 and B 1512), as are the

23 annual reports of some companies and commercial organisations - for instance, the Javasche Bank (1893-1952, location code B 248A) and the Handelsvereeniging Batavia (1911-1931, B 273). An indication of the richness of the sources available for economic history research in the Perpustakaan Nasional can be obtained from the following table of annual statistical publications on the single subject of interinsular shipping during the colonial period.
[1825-1873: data split into two series] 1. JAVA AND MADURA 1825-1870 Verslag van den handel, scheepvaart en inkomende en uitgaande regten op Java en Madura Present in Perpustakaan Nasional: 1827-1870 Geographical detail: points of departure and destination in the outer islands specified for voyages originating or ending there, but no geographical breakdown within Java and Madura except for the earlier years which distinguish between West, Central and East Javanese ports. Location code: B 161 1871-1873 Statistiek van den handel, de scheepvaart en de in- en uitvoerregten op Java en Madura Present in Perpustakaan Nasional: complete, bound in 2 volumes (1871-1872 and 1873). Geographical detail: as above. Location code: B 161 (continuation) 2. BUITENGEWESTEN 1846-1870 Overzigt van den handel en de scheepvaart in de Nederlandsche bezittingen in Oost-Indi buiten Java en Madura Present in Perpustakaan Nasional: complete, bound in 4 volumes (1846-1853, 1854-1859, 1860-1865, 18661870) plus an extra slim volume labelled "1846-1848 ex.2" and containing statistics for Makasar only. Geographical detail: breaks down all voyages (origin and destination) by administrative area (and sometimes by port). Location code: B 161B 1871-1873 Statistiek van den handel, de scheepvaart en de in- en uitvoerregten in de bezittingen buiten Java en Madura Present in Perpustakaan Nasional: complete, bound in a single volume. Geographical detail: no longer gives origin and destination of all voyages. Presentation is no longer per residency, but in the form of general tables. Location code: B 161

[1874-1938: data combined for all Indonesia] 1874-1908 Statistiek van den handel, de scheepvaart en de in- en uitvoerregten in Nederlandsch-Indi In Perpustakaan Nasional: complete except for the years 1880, 1882, 1901, 1902 and 1905. Geographical detail: still in the form of summary tables, not per residency or area. Beginning in 1879, however, the tables once more contain the information needed to reconstruct flows between areas. Changes to multivolume format in 1902 or 1903 (1903 already has the new format, previous two years missing). New format is - Volume 1: export and import, Netherlands Indis; Volume 2a: Java and Madura; Volume 2b: Buitengewesten. Location code: B 161A [1909-1938: data still combined for Indonesia as a whole, but now split in a different way into two series] 1. SCHEEPVAART 1909-1938 Statistiek van de scheepvaart in Nederlandsch-Indi Geographical detail: 1909-1911: as before (since 1879); 1912-1938: no more information on areas of departure or destination within Indonesia. Location code: B 162 2. HANDEL 1909-1923 Statistiek van den handel en de in- en uitvoerrechten in Nederlandsch Indi Location code: B 161A

In addition to the original annual statistics, the following qualitative and statistical summary publications relevant to the same subject of interinsular shipping were also available:
Handelsstatistiek Java 1823-1873. Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek 160 (1938). Location code: B 854 Handelsstatistiek Nederlandsch-Indi 1874-1937. Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek 161.

24
Location code: B 854 Het handelsverkeer met Singapore 1825-1937. Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek 162 (1938). Location code: B 757. Scheepvaartstatistiek 1825-1937. Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek 164 (1938) Location code: B 162A. De eerste Indische handelshuizen. Mededeelingen van het Centraal Kantoor voor de Statistiek 168 (1938). Location code: B 757.

One weakness of the Perpustakaan Nasional for our purposes is that it contains few of the many postwar foreign publications relating to the economy of Indonesia in the colonial period. The most serious omission is the important series of statistical publications, summarising the information contained in diverse colonial sources, produced by the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam since 1975 under the title Changing Economy in Indonesia. Except in private collections this series seems to be unobtainable in Jakarta. P. Creutzberg's source publication Het ekonomisch beleid in Nederlandsch-Indi. (Groningen: Wolters-Noordhof and H.D.Tjeenk Willink, 1972-1975) is, however, present in the Perpustakaan Nasional (location code A 1140) as in the Arsip Nasional.

25 THE GEORGE L. HICKS COLLECTION Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta 12710 Tel (021) 5251542 / 5225711 Fax (021) 5207226 A former private library now housed on the ground floor of the headquarters of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Hicks collection contains both a broad selection of books and periodicals in the field of economics and a very valuable collection of company records. The latter comprises 481 items, most of them annual reports produced by Dutch enterprises active in Indonesia. The earliest reports date from 1863 and the last from 1959. The collection includes companies active in practically every field of European investment in Indonesia. Here follows a sample of some particularly interesting items:
Algemeen Syndicaat van Suikerfabrieken in Nederlandsch-Indi. Verslag, 1887-1918, 1933-1936 Algemeene Maatschappij van Ondernemingen in Oost-Indi. Verslag, 1916-1934 Algemeene Nederlandsch-Indische Electriciteit Maatschappij. Verslag, 1909-1939, 1950 Algemeene Vereeniging van Rubberplanters ter Oostkust van Sumatra. Verslag, 1916, 1929-39 Bank Indonesia. Report, 1953-1959 Bond van Eigenaren van Nederlandsch-Indische Suikerondernemingen. Jaarverslag, 1918-1945 Borneo Sumatra Handel Maatschappij. Verslag, 1919, 1932, 1947, 1949 Deli-Batavia Maatschappij. Jaarverslag, 1911-1936, 1937-1952 Deli Planters Vereeniging. Jaarverslag, 1918/9-1924/25, 1929-1934, 1937-1938 Handelsvereeniging te Batavia. Verslag, 1912-1938 Indische Teak en Hardhouthandels. Verslag, 1912-1922 Internationale Vereeniging voor de Rubbercultuur in Nederlandsch-Indi. Verslag, 1914-1939 Java-China-Japan Line. Verslag, 1903-1945 Javaasche Bank. Verslag, 1853-1953 Koninklijke Ned.-Indische Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Petroleumbronnen in Ned.-Indi. Verslag, 1893-1947 Koninklijke Nederlandsch-Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij. Jaarverslag, 1930-1939 Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij. Verslag, 1891-1941/5 Maatschappij voor Ondernemingen in Nederlandsch-Indi. Verslag, 1914-1940 Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij. Jaarverslag, 1875-1948 (incomplete) Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorwegmaatschappij. Verslag, 1863-1939 Nederlandsch-Indische Suiker Unie. Verslag, 1922-1936, 1949-1950 Rotterdamsche Lloyd. Verslag, 1884-1940/45 Shell Union Oil Corporation. Jaarverslag, 1925-1945

The periodicals section of the Hicks Collection includes the following publications of direct relevance to Indonesian economic history:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1852-1988 Economisch Weekblad voor Nederlandsch-Indi, 1932-1951 (incomplete) Far Eastern Economic Review, 1959-1995 (incomplete) Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1923-1985 (incomplete) Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1905-1921 (incomplete) Pacific Affairs Quarterly, 1933-1965 (incomplete) Sluyters Monthly, 1920-1922 (incomplete) Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 1780-1896

26 OTHER LIBRARIES Besides the Hicks collection LIPI also has its own general research library, the Pusat Dokumentasi dan Informasi Ilmiah (PDII). This contains very little prewar material on any subject but may be useful for published sources and government or academic reports on economic subjects from the period of independence. Two other libraries in Jakarta which might be worth checking are those of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies and the Biro Pusat Statistik, with 25,000 and 45,000 volumes respectively. Centre for Strategic and International Studies Jl. Tanah Abang III No.27 Tel 021 3865532 Fax 021 375317 Biro Pusat Statistik Jl. Dr. Sutomo 8

Outside Jakarta but still inside Indonesia it is Yogyakarta which contains easily the best array of historical research libraries: the Perpustakaan Wilayah Yogyakarta, the Perpustakaan Islam, and the libraries of the Hatta Foundation, the Museum Sonobudoyo, and the Yayasan Ignatius de Loyola. The library of the former Mangkunegaran court in nearby Surakarta also contains a good collection of prewar material, including primary sources for the Solo area. All these institutions, however, fall outside the scope of this guide.

Leiden July 1996