Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)Management

through

Electricity Production

CONTENTS
Introduction MSW Management Techniques Municipal solid waste in KMC Related Organization Economic Analysis Existing Policies Key Issues Related to Waste Management References

Waste- Definition & Classification

Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.

Solid Waste

MSW Management
Solid Waste Management refers to all activities pertaining to Control Collection Transportation Processing, Recovery and Disposal

Strategies of Integrated Solid Waste Management

3R Concept for Waste Management

Solid Waste Generation Rate

is the main parameter in the field of solid waste for proper management & monitoring. Factors that affect G Rate are Geographic location Season of the year Characteristic of population Legislation

Solid Waste in Nepal

Source: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman
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MSW Generation Rate (kpd)

Municipal solid waste generation rates (kg/person/day) for 23 developing countries compared to rates of developed countries. (OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; European Union Developed Countries only).
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Solid Waste Generation in KMC

Population in 2009 will be around 10 lacs

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SWGeneration in KMC

contd..

waste generated = 1.2 lac tons (0.12million tons)/year

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Technology Choices available for MSW

Land filling Composting Bio-methanation

Combustion / Incineration
Pelletisation Anaerobic Digestion Pyrolysis

Waste to energy conversion method

Physical
RDF
Inciner ation

Thermal
Plasma arc

Biological
Landfill gas Anaerobic digestion

Pyrolysis

Gasification

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PELLETISATION -

PROCESS FLOW CHART

GARBAGE
DRYING IN GREEN HOUSE

SEPARATION
SIZE REDUCTION DENSIFICATION/PELLETISATION
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Refuse Derived Fuel - Pellets RDF Pellets Characteristics

Calorific

Value: 2500 3000 Kcal/Kg

High Volatile Matter ( 60% )

Emission characteristics of RDF are superior compared to coal with less NOX, SOX, CO & CO2
Bio fertilizer and the Fly ash are the useful by products

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Electricity from Anaerobic Digestion(AD

Organic Fraction of MSW is segregated and digested anaerobically. The digester gas contains a lot of moisture. After drying it is about 54% of methane and 40% of CO2 and the rest being others. Purified and burnt in gas turbine to produce electricity.
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AD contd..

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AD contd

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RELATED ORGANIZATION
Government of Nepal (MOE) JICA, Japan Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) Deutsche Gesellschaft Fuer Technische Zusammerarbeit (GTZ) , Germany Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center (SWMRMC), MoWT

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What about KMC?????

MSW per year = 1,20,000 tons MSW per day = 330 tons approx In avg 60% is the organic fraction of total MSW (JICA) . OFMSW per day = 200 tons 1 ton produces 35m3 biogas. The CV of 1m3 biogas = 23 MJ Total Energy produced = 161000MJ Overall Eff. of gas gen = 0.30*0.85=0.25
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Calculation contd.
Electrical energy produced = 0.25*161000 = 400 MJ Electrical Energy produced for 8hr = 1.4 MW Similarly, the Fertilizer produced from AD would generate more revenue than that from Electrical Energy.

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ECONOMICS OF BIOGAS ELECTRICITY GENRATION Organic waste generated per year = 89425 tons Total biogas generated per year = 2682750 m3
Total calorific value of biogas (MJ/yr) =53655000 MWh/yr with 20 % overall efficiency = 2980.833333 Revenue by selling electricity = Rs. 20,865,833.33 Life of plant = 20 years (BSP-N, 2010) Rate = 10% (assumed) Total investment cost = Rs. 875,000,000.00 Annualized investment cost = Rs. 102,777,940.92 Total annual cost = Annualized investment cost + Annual O & M cost = Rs. 230,527,940.92 Internal rate of return (IRR) = 90% Net present value) (NPV) = Rs 5,829,558,069 Payback Period (PP) = 1.111090124year
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Cost Considerations
Per unit cost is higher than natural gas but lower than wind energy as per the claim of Curtis Engine Company of USA sited in the web Recent low cost engine manufacturers from China and India can reduce the cost even lower Extensive labour cost of waste collection will also be less in Nepal than that in USA

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Currently KMC is spending approximately NPR149 million (approximately USD2 million) annually on SWM. This is equivalent to approximately NPR200 (USD2.7) per citizen/year or about NPR1,000 per family/year. KMC spends about 35% of its total expenditure on SWM. This indicates that SWM is a very important task for the municipality. Effectiveness in SWM can result in significant financial benefits,

Source: KMC Environmental Department, 2004.

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Importance of waste to Electricity

If considered in context of electricity production, it is not economically viable. But considering the following factor it is very important-

The incineration process reduces the volume of waste by up to 90% & converts waste to inactive form. Land saving It avoids methane & other emissions. It generates lower CO2 emissions than traditional fuel.
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Contd..
Energy from waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions in 2 way It avoids methane & other emissions. It generates lower CO2 emissions than traditional fuel.

Unemployment problem will solve for different level of people. It will prevent environmental pollution.

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EXISTING POLICIES
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ACT, 1987 THE TOWN DEVELOPMENT ACT, 1988 LOCAL SELF GOVERNANCE ACT, 1999 THE NEPAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY AND ACTION PLAN, 1993 (NEPAP (3)) THE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1996 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION RULE, 1997 (FIRST AMENDMENT, 1999) NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT COUNCIL, 1996

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Key Issues Related to Waste Management

Inadequate National Policy and Support
Coercion without assistance Lack of landfill site ,hazardous waste disposal facility Lack of guideline for efficient use of agricultural waste, rules for management of MSW Lack of Incentives for Environmental Management System (EMS) and Cleaner Production (CP)

Absence of a Strategy
The absence of waste management strategy Conventional approach Non-recognition of the role of informal service sector

Lack of institutional capacity

Lack of Resources, database & record keeping and Lack of partnerships

Lack of Public Cooperation

Negative public perception Absence of participatory mechanisms

Financing and Cost Recovery

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REFERENCES
Shah, Anirudh, K. 2010, Techno-economic Assessment of Waste-to-Energy Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion for Solid Waste Management in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Thesis, Tribhuvan University Aryal, S., 2006, Study of generation of biogas from cattle dung and grasses, M.Sc. Thesis, Renewable Energy Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Biogas in the Society, 100% Biogas for Urban Transport in Linkoping, Sweden, IEA Bioenergy Task 37 CeProIn 2002, Gharelu Phohormaila ko Vewasthapan, Center for Prosperity Infrastructure Kapdi et el., 2004, Biogas scrubbing, compression and storage: perspective and prospectus in Indian context, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi Karki, A., Shrestha, J., and Bajgain, S. 2005 (ed), BIOGAS As Renewable Source of Energy in Nepal : Theory and Development, BSP-Nepal, Kathmandu Kumar, Sudhir, 2000, Technology options for municipal solid waste-to-energy Project, TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science, New Delhi, India.

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Thank YOU

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