Chapter 2 : The Structure of the Atom A Matter

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter exists in three states solid, liquid and gas. Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction. An ion is a positively-charged or negatively-charged particle. Particles in matter are in motion. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move in between the particles of another subtance. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in gases, slower in liquids and slowest in solids, due to the different arrangement and movement of particles in the three states of matter.

6.
7.

The kinetic theory of matter. (diagram)

i) ii) iii)

The change in heat changes the state of matter. When a substance is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster. When a substance is cooled, the particles loss their kinetic energy and move slower. State of Matter Characteristic Solid
are packed closely together in an orderly manner Strong forces Particles vibrate and rotate about their fixed positon - has a fixed volume and shape Cannot be compressed

liquid
are packed closely together but not in orderly manner Strong forces but weaker than the forces in a solid Particles vibrate, rotate and move throughout the liquid. They collide against each other - has a fixed volume and follows the shape of the container Cannot be compressed easily

gas
Very far apart and in a random motion Weak forces Particles vibrate, rotate and move freely. The rate of collision is greater than in liquid Does not have a fixed shape of volume Can be compressed easily

Arrangement of particles

Forces of attraction Movement of particles

Shape / volume

compressibility

Do it yourself 2.1
1.Figure 1 below shows the heating curve of a pure substance at room temperature and pressure. Temperature/oC S 119 P Time / minute Figure 1 (a)Describe the movement of the particles of the pure substance at stage PQ of the curve ? (b)Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of particles of the substance at stage QR in the box below. Q R U T

(c)Explain why the pure substance is not water ?

(d)Samples of the pure substance at stage RS and TU are taken. Compare the movement of the particles of the substance at these two stages. (e)After heating at 500oC, the substance is cooled. Draw and label the cooling curve.

2.
Ice

P
water

Q
Salt solution

Apply heat

Apply heat

Saturate it then cool the solution

Boil it, then cool the vapour

water

steam

salt

water

(a)Name the process in P: R: T: Q: S: U:

(b)What will occur if matter undergoes a change of state ?.

(c)Compare the intermolecular distance and the packing of particles in the solid state and the liquid state.

The Atomic Structure

The historical development of atomic models. Scientist 1. John Dalton - imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball Atomic Models

2.J.J. Thomson

- described the atom as a sphere of positive charge which contains a few negatively-charged particles called electrons.

3. Ernest Rutherford

discovered proton the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in a small, central region called the nuclues electrons move in a space that is larger than the space occupied by the nucleus

4.Neils Bohr

proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus

5.James Chadwick

proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in the nucleus. Neutrons contribute approximately to half the mass of an atom.

Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles of an atom.

Subatomic particle Proton Electron

Symbol p e

Relative mass 1 1/1840

Charge +1 -1

Location In the nucleus In orbits around the nucleus In the nucleus

i)

At om s are

ii) iii) iv)

Neutron n 1 0 electrically neutral. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The proton number of an element is the number of protons in its atom. The nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in its atom. Therefore,

Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons

v) vi) Each element has its own proton number. Each element is given a name and a symbol Proton number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne A X Z Where A is the nucleon number, X is the symbol of an element, Z is the proton number. Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

An atom of an element can be written as

Do it yourself 2.2 Complete the table below. 27 Symbol of atom 13

Proton number Nucleon number Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons

19 Al 7 F

23 Na 11

Complete the table below Element (symbol ) Lithium (Li) Neon (Ne) Zinc (Zn) number of protons Number of neutrons Symbol of atoms

2.3 Isotopes and Their Importance 1. The isotopes of an element are the atoms of that element which contain a same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. 2. Isotopes of some element
Element Hydrogen Isotopes
1 1H 2 1H 3 1H

SPM

1 proton 0 neutron Carbon

12 6C

1 proton 1 neutron
13 6C

1 proton 2 neutrons
14 6C

6 protons 6 neutrons Oxygen

16 8O

6 protons 7 neutrons
17 8O

6 protons 8 neutrons
18 8O

8 protons 8 neutrons Sulphur

8 protons 9 neutrons

8 protons 10 neutrons -

Bromine

S 16 protons 16 neutrons 79 35 Br 35 protons 44neutrons

32 16

S 16 protons 18 neutrons 81 35 Br 35 protons 46 neutrons

34 16

3.

The uses of isotopes in daily life

Field Medical

Isotopes applications Gamma rays from cobalt- 60 are used to kill cancer cell without surgery in patient. This treatment is known as radiotherapy. Medical instrument are sterilized using gamma rays. Radioactive materials such as iodide-131 are injected into patients to detect malfunction of thyroid glands. Radioisotope carbon -14 is used to study the age of ancient artifacts. Carbon -14 is used to study the passage of carbon in photosynthesis of green plants. Isotope sodium-24 is used to detect leakage of underground pipes.

Archeology Agricultural Industrial

4.

The electron arrangement of elements with proton number 1 to 20. ( must know how to memorize)

2.4 Electron Arrangements / Electron Structures

First shell: 2 electrons Second shell: 8 electrons Third shell: 8 electrons

Last electron/s in the last outermost shell, we called as valence electron.

Nucleus ( contains protons and nucleus)

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Number of neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons Number of nucleon Electron arrangement Number of valence electrons