Collecting and transporting Proper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and environmental

quality. It is a labour-intensive activity, accounting for approximately threequarters of the total cost of solid-waste management. Public employees are often assigned to the task, but in general it is more economical for private companies to do the work under contract to the municipality or for private collectors to be paid by individual homeowners. A driver and one or two loaders serve each collection vehicle. These are typically trucks of the enclosed, compacting type, with capacities up to 40 cubic yards (30 cubic metres). Loading can be done from the front, rear, or side. Compaction reduces the volume of refuse in the truck to less than half of its loose volume. The task of selecting an optimal collection route is a complex problem, especially for large and densely populated cities. An optimal route is one that results in the most efficient use of labour

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and equipment, and selecting such a route requires the application of computer analyses that account for all the many design variables in a large and complex network. Variables include frequency of collection, haulage distance, type of service, and climate. Collection of refuse in rural areas can present a special problem, since the population densities are low, leading to high unit costs. Refuse collection usually occurs once per day because of the rapid decomposition of food waste. The amount of garbage in the refuse of an individual home can be reduced by garbage grinders, or garbage disposals. Ground garbage puts an extra load on sewerage systems, but this can usually be accommodated. Many communities now conduct source separation and recycling programs, in which homeowners and businesses separate recyclable materials from garbage and place them in separate containers for collection. In addition, some communities have drop-off centres where residents can bring recyclables._ Transfer stations If the final destination of the refuse is not near the community in which it is generated, one or more transfer stations may be necessary. A transfer station is a central facility where refuse from many collection vehicles is combined into a larger vehicle, such as a tractor-trailer unit. Open-top trailers are designed to carry about 100 cubic yards (76 cubic metres) of uncompacted waste to a regional processing or disposal location. Closed compactor-type trailers are also available, but they must be equipped with ejector mechanisms. In a direct discharge type of station, several collection trucks empty directly into the transport vehicle. In a storage discharge type of station, refuse is first emptied into a storage pit or onto a platform, and then machinery is used to hoist or push the solid waste into the transport vehicle. Large transfer stations can handle more than 500 tons of refuse per day.

Solid-waste treatment Once collected, municipal solid waste may be treated in order to reduce the total volume and weight of material that requires final disposal. Treatment changes the form of the waste and makes it easier to handle. It can also serve to recover certain materials, as well as heat energy, for recycling or reuse. Technological advances continued during the first half of the 20th century, including the development of garbage grinders, compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection systems. By mid-century, however, it had become evident that open dumping and improper incineration of solid waste were causing problems of pollution and public health. As a result, sanitary landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on waste

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incineration. In many countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and nonhazardous, and separate regulations were developed for their disposal. Landfills were designed and operated in a manner that minimized risks to public health and the environment. New refuse incinerators were designed to recover heat energy from the waste and were provided with extensive air-pollution control devices to satisfy stringent standards of air quality. Modern solid-waste management plants in most developed countries now emphasize the practice of recycling and waste reduction at the source, rather than incineration and land disposal. Solid-waste characteristics Composition and properties The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments are classified as hazardous; these are discussed separately in Hazardous-waste management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste. Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and handling. Solid-waste characteristics vary considerably among communities and nations. American refuse is usually lighter, for example, than European or Japanese refuse. In the United States paper and paperboard products make up close to 40 percent of the total weight of municipal solid waste; food waste accounts for less than 10 percent. The rest is a mixture of yard trimmings, wood, glass, metal, plastic, leather, cloth, and other miscellaneous materials. In a loose or un compacted state, municipal solid waste of this type weighs approximately 200 pounds per cubic yard (120 kg per cubic metre). These figures vary with geographic location, economic conditions, season of the year, and many other factors. Waste characteristics from each community must be studied carefully before any treatment or disposal facility is designed and built.

Incineration Furnace operation Burning is a very effective method of reducing the volume and weight of solid waste. In modern incinerators the waste is burned inside a properly designed furnace under very carefully controlled conditions. The combustible portion of the waste combines with oxygen, releasing mostly carbon dioxide, water vapour, and heat. Incineration can reduce the volume of un compacted waste by more than 90 percent, leaving an inert residue of ash, glass, metal, and other solid materials called bottom ash. The gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion, along with finely divided particulate material called fly ash, are carried along in the incinerator airstream. Fly ash includes cinders, dust, and soot. In order to remove fly ash and gaseous by-products before they are exhausted into the atmosphere, modern incinerators must be equipped with extensive emission control devices. Such devices include fabric bag house filters, acid gas scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. Bottom ash and fly ash are usually combined and disposed of in a landfill.

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If the ash is found to contain toxic metals, it must be managed as a hazardous waste.Municipal solid-waste incinerators are designed to receive and burn a continuous supply of refuse. A deep refuse storage pit, or tipping area, provides enough space for about one day of waste storage. The refuse is lifted from the pit by a crane equipped with a bucket or grapple device. It is then deposited into a hopper and chute above the furnace and released onto a charging grate or stoker. The grate shakes and moves waste through the furnace, allowing air to circulate around the burning material.

Modern incinerators are usually built with a rectangular furnace, although rotary kiln furnaces and vertical circular furnaces are available. Furnaces are constructed of refractory bricks that can withstand the high combustion temperatures. Combustion in a furnace occurs in two stages: primary and secondary. In primary combustion, moisture is driven off, and the waste is ignited and volatilized. In secondary combustion, the remaining unburned gases and particulates are oxidized, eliminating odours and reducing the amount of fly ash in the exhaust. When the refuse is very moist, auxiliary gas or fuel oil is sometimes burned to start the primary combustion. In order to provide enough oxygen for both primary and secondary combustion, air must be thoroughly mixed with the burning refuse. Air is supplied from openings beneath the grates or is admitted to the area above. The relative amounts of this under fire air and over fire air must be determined by the plant operator to achieve good combustion efficiency. A continuous flow of air can be maintained by a natural draft in a tall chimney or by mechanical forced-draft fans. Energy recovery The energy value of refuse can be as much as one-third that of coal, depending on the paper content, and the heat given off during incineration can be recovered by the use of a refractorylined furnace coupled to a boiler. Boilers convert the heat of combustion into steam or hot water, thus allowing the energy content of the refuse to be recycled. Incinerators that recycle heat energy in this way are called waste-to-energy plants. Instead of a separate furnace and boiler, a water-tube wall furnace may also be used for energy recovery. Such a furnace is lined with vertical steel tubes spaced closely enough to form continuous sections of wall. The walls are insulated on the outside in order to reduce heat loss. Water circulating through the tubes absorbs heat to produce steam, and it also helps to control combustion temperatures without the need for excessive air, thus lowering air-pollution control costs. Waste-to-energy plants operate as either mass burn or refuse-derived fuel systems. A mass burn system uses all the refuse, without prior treatment or preparation. A refuse-derived fuel system separates combustible wastes from non combustibles such as glass and metal before burning. If a turbine is installed at the plant, both steam and electricity can be produced in a process called cogeneration.

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Waste-to-energy systems are more expensive to build and operate than plain incinerators because of the need for special equipment and controls, highly skilled technical personnel, and auxiliary fuel systems. On the other hand, the sale of generated steam or electricity offsets much of the extra cost, and recovery of heat energy from refuse is a viable solid-waste management option from both an engineering and an economic point of view. About 80 percent of municipal refuse incinerators in the United States are waste-to-energy facilities._ Composting Another method of treating municipal solid waste is composting, a biological process in which the organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions. Microbes metabolize the organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as 50 percent. The stabilized product is called compost or humus; it resembles potting soil in texture and odour and may be used as a soil conditioner or mulch. Composting offers a method of processing and recycling both garbage and sewage sludge in one operation. As more stringent environmental rules and siting constraints limit the use of solid-waste incineration and landfill options, the application of composting is likely to increase. The steps involved in the process include sorting and separating, size reduction, and digestion of the refuse.

Sorting and shredding The decomposable materials in refuse are isolated from glass, metal, and other inorganic items through sorting and separating operations. These are carried out mechanically, using differences in such physical characteristics of the refuse as size, density, and magnetic properties. Shredding or pulverizing reduces the size of the waste articles, resulting in a uniform mass of material. It is accomplished with hammermills and rotary shredders._ Separation Before any material can be recycled, it must be separated from the raw waste and sorted. Separation can be accomplished at the source of the waste or at a central processing facility. Source separation, also called curbside separation, is done by individual citizens who collect newspapers, bottles, cans, and garbage separately and place them at the curb for collection. Many communities allow commingling of nonpaper recyclables (glass, metal, and plastic). In either case, municipal collection of source-separated refuse is more expensive than ordinary refuse collection.In lieu of source separation, recyclable materials can be separated from garbage at centralized mechanical processing plants. Experience has shown that the quality of recyclables recovered from such facilities is lowered by contamination with moist garbage and broken glass. The best practice, as now recognized, is to have citizens separate refuse into a limited number of categories, including newspaper; magazines and other wastepaper;

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commingled metals, glass, and plastics; and garbage and other nonrecyclables. The newspaper, other paper wastes, and commingled recyclables are collected separately from the other refuse and are processed at a centralized material recycling facility, or MRF (pronounced murf in waste-management jargon). A modern MRF can process about 300 tons of recyclable wastes per day.At a typical MRF commingled recyclables are loaded onto a conveyor. Steel cans (tin cans are actually steel with only a thin coating of tin) are removed by an electromagnetic separator, and the remaining material passes over a vibrating screen in order to remove broken glass. Next, the conveyor passes through an air classifier, which separates aluminum and plastic containers from heavier glass containers. Glass is manually sorted by colour, and aluminum cans are separated from plastics by an eddy-current separator, which repels the aluminum from the conveyor belt.

Reuse Recovered broken glass can be crushed and used in asphalt pavement. Colour-sorted glass is crushed and sold to glass manufacturers as cullet, an essential ingredient in glassmaking. Steel cans are baled and shipped to steel mills as scrap, and aluminum is baled or compacted for reuse by smelters. Alluminum is one of the smallest components of municipal solid waste, but it has the highest value as a recyclable material. Recycling of plastic is a challenge, mostly because of the many different polymeric materials used in its production. Mixed thermoplastics can be used only to make lower-quality products, such as plastic lumber. In the paper stream, old newspapers are sorted by hand on a conveyor belt in order to remove corrugated materials and mixed papers. They are then baled or loose-loaded into trailers for shipment to paper mills, where they are reused in the making of more newspaper. Mixed paper is separated from corrugated paper for sale to tissue mills. The processes of pulping, de-inking, and screening wastepaper are not generally more expensive than making paper from virgin wood fibres, the market for recycled paper should improve as more processing plants are established. Rubber is sometimes reclaimed from solid waste and shredded, reformed, and remoulded in a process called revulcanization, but it is usually not as strong as the original material. Shredded rubber can be used as an additive in asphalt pavements, and discarded tires may be employed in tire playgrounds. In general, the most difficult problem associated with the recycling of any solid-waste material is finding applications and suitable markets. Recycling by itself will not solve the growing problem of solid-waste management and disposal. There will always be some unusable and completely valueless solid residue requiring final disposal._

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Refuse Disposal System technique for the collection and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste management. Although all societies have had some systematic form of refuse disposal, it was not until relatively recent times that the modern concept of solid-waste management became recognized as an essential health and welfare service. Carelessly deposited garbage was for centuries a prime source of disease, whether through the infection of water supplies or as a breeding ground and food source for flies, rats, and other carriers of disease. The industrialization of modern societies resulted in a vast increase in the amount of refuse generated per person. In the late 1970s between 50,000 and 58,000 pounds (22,700 and 26,300 kilograms) of refuse per person per year was produced in the United States alone. Industry has created new types of waste, especially toxic chemicals and radioactive materials, that are highly dangerous to public health and safety if they are disposed of improperly. There have already been several instances of entire communities being contaminated and evacuated because of careless handling or decomposition of toxic chemicals. Individuals share in the carelessness by littering roads and highways with trash and indiscriminately dumping such items as wrecked cars and old refrigerators. Estimates for the United States have put the bulk amount of these materials at 20,000,000 cubic yards (15,300,000 cubic metres) per year. Refuse is seldom collected by manually picking up trash bags from individual households, especially in under developed countries or, usually, by mechanically emptying large community trash containers into trucks equipped with compactors to maximize their capacities. The refuse is then taken to a disposal site, of which the favoured design site is a sanitary landfill. Refuse of a landfillas opposed to garbage in an open dump which is left exposedis dumped into trenches, levelled and compacted with a bulldozer, and then covered with a layer of soil. When the landfill has reached its full capacity after a period of years, it may be used as a recreational area. Many cities have begun to run short of landfill space, however, and have begun to transport refuse to areas with sparse populations.

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Two methods of constructing a sanitary landfill. (The top and bottom liners and the leachate collection systems are not shown.)_ Incineration has proved to be a satisfactory means of refuse disposal in areas where there is little or no landfill capacity. Combustible refuse is brought to a plant that is, in effect, an enormous furnace. There it is burned thoroughly by putting it through two combustion stages, and to protect air quality, the exhaust gases are cleansed. The expense of such a system can sometimes be reduced by putting the heat energy to use; plants of this type are in operation in Munich, Frankfurt, Paris, and Montreal. Disposal of refuse in water often creates pollution that can be a hazard for living things; for this reason the long-practiced method of dumping garbage at sea from scows has been greatly restricted. A relatively effective and safe method of disposing of organic refuse in water is the use of a food grinder attached to the sewage system of a household or food-handling establishment. Although these devices add only a small quantity of water to the community sewage system, they do increase the amount of solid material that must be handled at the treatment plant. The practice of recycling such salvageable materials as metal, glass, and newsprint began in earnest during World War II and has been revived to some extent since the early 1970s. Several states have passed laws requiring deposits on beverage containers (refundable with the return of the containers), which has resulted in reduced roadside litter. A variety of salvage companies have been established; products made of recycled paper, for example, have become common technique for the collection and disposal of the solid wastes of a community.

SOME EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGIES:

The compostable quantity referred to a population of 300.000 units is about 60.000 t/year. If we take into consideration the possibility of a higher compostable quantity to be treated in the future, due both to a higher pro-capita production and/or a higher number of residents to be served, we may decide to foresee either the realisation of another plant/other plants or the expansion of the original one. In this last case, the plant shall have since the beginning an appropriate surface and the general services (sewage, etc.) shall be appropriately foreseen. The technological part is in a proportion to the compostable quantity and is absolutely expandible.

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In the case of an actual plant with a treating capabiliy of 100.000 t/year, potentially expandible, the relevant costs will be as follows:

Biotunnel Plant or Plant With Gore Tex Coverage

V.1.1.1 : - Buildings, free areas, streets, other installations to be calculated according to Libyan regulations. - Concrete Tunnels or concrete tunnels with biofilters - Grinder and mixer - Composting plant - Mellowing and refining - Carrier

INCINERATION PLANT FOR HAZARDOUS (HOSPITAL) WASTE

1. Foreword Summary presentation.The plant described below is the result of some recent work that EICemaco group subsidiary has carried in Italy. It specifically represents the evolution of an operating special hospital waste plant, and it allows the heat content of the flue gas generated by the combustion to be exploited, by producing vapour to be primarily used for sterilising the instruments and the means of transport used for containing, handling and transferring hospital waste. The plant basically consists of a rotary chamber kiln for heat destruction waste disposal of SHW, up to 500 Kg/hr for 24 hours a day, and includes the following main sections: waste loading system, combustion or primary chamber, post-combustion or secondary chamber automatic ash discharge and venting system heat recovery system with vapour production flue gas treatment system, emission parameter monitoring and recording system,

as better specified and detailed below.

The plant is manufactured in compliance with the European directive 76/2000/CE specifications.

Energy recovery equivalent to the production of between 1800 and 2300 kg/h of steam at 5 bar or 1.900.000 kcal/h can be obtained according to the available heat output by cooling the flue gas coming from the post-combustion chamber, performed by means of a suitable indirect flue gas to water exchanger. Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

In any case a parallel steam to air heat exchanger automatically guarantees the cooling of the flue gas before it enters the bag filter, even when there is no adequate heat utilisation. 2.1 Project data, performance and approximate consumptions.
Pos a b c d e f g h i l m n o p q r Name Type of operation Destructive capacity Reference lower calorific value Mean apparent density of the waste Humidity Minimum postcombustion temperature Primary chamber max. thermal load Max. emission flow rate (wet) Plant operation Recoverable waste heat Natural gas consumption Mean electrical rating Mean reagent consumption Na(HCO3) Cooling water consumption Ash from 1st chamber Powder and dry spent reagents from the filter U. M. kg/h Kcal/kg kg/m3 % C kcal/h Nm3/h days/year kcal/h Nm3/h kW kg/h l/h kg/h kg/h Value Continuous 24 h/day up to 500 3200 80 25 850 2.000.000 7000 310 1.600.000 80 100 125 30 150 25-30 30-40

2.2 Running the combustion chamber heat exploitation for 12 ton/day SHW The plant is designed for continual operation 24 hours a day 7 days a week for an annual period of 310 days; 55 days being planned for stops and/or routine and extraordinary maintenance. The work will be organised in three 8 hour shifts and each shift squad will consist of at least: 2 blue collar workers 1 expert 1 expert preferably qualified iron and steel technicians electro technical or electronics qualified to run vapour boilers, preferably a heat technology expert. The operating squad must be able to communicate with someone responsible for running the plant at all times, who will in any case be asked to guarantee his availability.

3. Legal references for smokeless emissions The plant will be designed in compliance with the legislation laid down in point 1. Particularly: the size of the pre-combustion chamber is designed for a temperature of no lower than 850C, with a residence time of no less than 2 seconds and with a free oxygen concentration of no less than 6%.

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probes are foreseen for measuring and recording the temperature in the combustion and pre-combustion chambers. a probe is foreseen for continually measuring and recording the oxygen concentration coming out of the post-combustion chamber. probes are foreseen for recording the CO and NOx levels at the chimney outlet the mean daily limit values and times of concentration of the main pollutants of the emissions to be observed (MD 124/2000) are the following: - mean values standardised at the conditions: - temperature 273 K pressure dry gas 101.3 kPa

free oxygen rate 11% in volume

mean daily value mean hourly value particulate Sulphur oxides nitrogen oxides hydrochloric acid hydrofluoric acid COT CO Hg / Cd + Tl heavy metals (1) heavy metals (2) I.P.A. dioxins & furans < 10 mg/Nm3 < 100 < 200 < 10 < 1 < 10 < 50 absolute value

30 mg/Nm3 200 400 60 4 20 100 1x10-4

0,05 mg/Nm3 0,05 0,1 0,01

In order to neutralise the flue gases, particularly to abate the HCl and SO2 content, the use of Na (HCO3), sodium bicarbonate, is foreseen in accordance with the tried and tested dry process Neutrec which gives a much higher pick-up performance (up to 90%) than the more traditional calcium hydrate Ca (OH) 2 or Na (OH) systems. The flue gas pipe between the exchanger and the filter may also be prepared for injecting activated carbon.

4- Description of the plant The plant will be designed and constructed in accordance with the legislation cited above; the rotary combustion chamber is supplied by an automatic loading system, controlled according to the temperature of the chamber itself. If there is an abnormal increase in temperature exceeding the value set for the combustion chamber or if there are other emergency conditions determined by the plant control system, the microprocessor disables charging and it can only start up again when the parameters which caused the disabling return to the normal operational values.

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The charging system includes the following equipment according to the system used to collect the waste outside the plant: 1. a horizontal belt conveyor for loading boxes of similar dimension and characteristics with the function of storage unit, capable of ensuring an operating margin of 30 to the people responsible for charging. 2. an electro-hydraulic piston ram charging device with a 1 m3capacity bay. 3. a hydraulically activated fire stop guillotine closing the entry bay to the combustion chamber. The cinders resulting from the combustion are discharged automatically in accordance with a programmed time interval with a hydraulically driven collector which transfers the ash from the post kiln to a container below which transported by means of a chain unit conveyor line and is upturned into a demountable container (not included in the supply), located outside the building. A system of water sprinklers cools the ash when it drops into the collector. The collector transport system is located inside a tunnel closed in by means of metal panels and kept in depression with a fan + filter system to prevent the ash from spreading outside. At the top of the post-combustion unit, there is an emergency flue with a check valve (outlet height 12 m from the ground), designed to automatically open while, in the same time, the loading device is disabled and stops loading, if there is an emergency not contemplated in the process logic and in any case if there is a power cut. The body of the valve has an anti-explosion safety gate. The plant has two gaseous fuel auxiliary burners (natural gas) one for the primary chamber, with two flame rates, the second burner is also a natural gas one but is modulating and is capable of both maintaining the operative temperature foreseen in the process transients, during which the waste is not capable of guaranteeing the required temperature set-point alone, and reaching the same temperature in the pre-heating phase in a relatively short time. An integrated system, consisting of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. continuous temperature detection probe in the combustion chamber continuous temperature detection probe in the post-combustion chamber continuous free oxygen detection probe in the post-combustion chamber control microprocessor electromechanical actuators for the combustion air modulation valves in the combustion and post-combustion chamber

allows the incineration process to be kept under control, so as to keep the flue gas flow and its temperature within the designed range, as well as guaranteeing a free oxygen level in the post-combustion phase of over 6% and a residence time of above 2 seconds, as requested by the laws in force. The continual determination of the CO also allows the fuel performance to be kept under control. The energy recovery system consists of:

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 waste gas to steam heat exchanger auxiliary dissipation circuit which automatically cools the unused steam because the utilities connected to the exchanger are not capable of absorbing all the energy recovered in flue gas cooling. The flue gas treatment section located downstream of the flue gas heat exchanger consists of a series of bag filters preceded by a dry neutralisation reactor with sodium bicarbonate reagent according to a process of SOLVAY Neutrec aimed at abating firstly the SO2, HCl, HF and more generally the acidic components of the emissions. An automatic cleaning system (7 bar compressed air in counter current controlled by a special control panel in programmable cycles and according to the upstream downstream vacuum pressure differential of the filters), keeps the chemiabsorbtion and filtering processes as well as flue gas expulsion stable and efficient. The base Archimedean screws and the motor driven discharge valve of the filter ensure that the powder captured and the products resulting from the neutralisation process are expelled. A final flue gas extractor, with a radial sector modulating valve controlled by a detection system of the vacuum pressure at the post-combustion chamber outlet or, alternatively, with an electric motor activated by an inverter, guarantees the correct extraction of the flue gas, keeping the chambers at a constant vacuum pressure value corresponding to the best one for the rate set on the regulation instrument.

A final process flue, with an outlet height of 16 m from the ground discharges the flue gases into the air at a temperature of over 130C (a condition which guarantees the absence of plumes visible from vapour) with an outflow rate at the outlet of > 15 m/s. The supply is completed with the electrical command and control system, which, apart from the power panel with the relevant CE standard cabling, consists of a microprocessor system for controlling and regulating the operating temperature, for timing the charging system and for regulating the primary and secondary air flow and the other regulation systems described above. In particular there is an appropriate in field control section for controlling the filter washing operations and for the vacuum pressure control and regulation devices in the treatment circuit. In order to make it easier for the control operators to supervise and monitor the functional parameters of the plant, there is also a dynamic and interactive mimic video, managed by a computer along with the storage and printing data. The instrumentation on the other hand includes: 1) thermocouples for measuring the temperature in the combustion chamber, post-combustion chamber (1 operating one and in addition 1 back-up), at the diathermic oil exchanger outlet and in the section immediately upstream of the filter entry 2) system for measuring the concentration of oxygen at the post-combustion chamber outlet consisting of:

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 zirconium oxide oxygen detection probe diaphragm pump flowmeter 3) instruments for measuring the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxides expressed as NO2 in the stack. The system proposed is a multi-parameter infrared one with a long optical course. The supply includes: sample removal and preliminary treatment system Connection piping sample final treatment system and calibration unit infrared multi-parameter system for measuring the different parameters indicated above housed in a metal cabinet compressed service air production unit 4) recording system of the measurements determined by the instruments described above with continual multi-trace printer.

5 Description of the supply Waste-containers tipping device The waste container lifting & tipping device is conceived to automatically tip standard wheeled bins up to 800 litres capacity (to be fixed by the user) into the mechanical loading box; the system, which is entirely steel made, develops vertically and is operated by means of a translation coupling system driven by a gear motor. The system is designed to comply with current safety regulations and includes the necessary safety protection and device. The bin elevator is then provided with mesh guards, while a gate equipped with a special micro switch closes the access to the lifting area, such that operation of the system is not possible unless the gate is closed and the stopping of the translation movements automatically occurs in case of accidental opening. The PLC controlling the plant operation makes the bin loading possible on a timed cycle which has inhibits to prevent loading in case of kiln over temperature, secondary chamber low and high temperature and low oxygen level. This ensures that bins may only be loaded when the correct combustion conditions exist. When the operating conditions are suitable, the PLC would automatically open the top lid of the loading box and start the bin elevator which would then tip the content of the bin into the hydraulic loader. The bin would then reverse and when clear of the top lid of the loader would trip a limit switch which causes the lid to close, the empty bin continues to the bottom of the elevator and stops automatically. Loading device

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The loading device consists of a loading bay made of sheet steel communicating with the kiln by means of a guillotine, covered in refractory material, activated by means of a hydraulic cylinder which is raised when the waste is to be charged. A pushing ram pushes the material into the kiln once the all clear signals confirming that the side door is closed and the fire stop guillotine is raised have been given. All the drives are controlled by hydraulic cylinders operated from a hydraulic unit activated by a 7.5 kW electric motor. If there is a power shortage, an emergency continual current system supplied by batteries allows the pushing ram to return and the guillotine to close, thus bringing the device to safety conditions. The loading system is automatic and operates according to a pre-set time; it is controlled by the temperature in the combustion chamber, as described above, and is enabled only when the temperature in the post combustion chamber is higher than the value of 850C. The loading sequence is automatic: it starts with the opening of the side door of the loading bay which is followed by the advancing of the conveyor by one step, with the consequent transfer of a block of material, the closure of the loading bay, the opening of the guillotine and the stroke of the pushing ram to introduce it into the kiln. All the limit switches for signalling the different positions of the moving parts of the loader and the conveyor are included. Rotary combustion chamber, It consists of a rotary cylinder with a slight inclination, made of sections bolted to one another, the shell is made of thick sheet steel. The internal useful volume of the chamber is approximately 15 m3. The combustion chamber is internally lined with two layers: a 125 mm thick layer of refractory cement in flame contact to be laid with mechanical vibration with a with a high alumina content and characterised by a high abrasion resistance, a less dense 125 mm thick layer with a function of refractory insulating layer in contact with the metal wall.

The refractory materials are capable of withstanding a temperature of up to 1600C; longitudinal and transversal expansion joints are foreseen. The choice is made in order to guarantee the minimum dispersion of heat to the outside, in conformity with the operating temperature and the normal construction practice. Anchorage is made of AISI 310 type stainless steel. Any parts with temperatures continually exceeding the limit of 80C will be appropriately protected with barriers to avoid accidental contact with the operator.

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

In order to preserve the refractory material in time, the stopping and starting of the kiln must be carried out in accordance with the methods established by the manufacturer. On the hood of the chamber there are the connections for the burner, the combustion air distribution system and the loading inlet with the relevant fire stop guillotine. Rotary chamber supporting frame and support rollers The kiln is supported by two supporting units, each one of which has two rollers fitted on supports with antifriction bearings. At the front there are two pairs of balancer rollers to contrast the axial thrusts. The rollers making up the terminal pair on the post kiln side are flat in order to allow the free heat expansion of the chamber. Rotary unit drive The front rollers are motor driven by means of a chain transmission and a 3 kW speed variator unit. The transmission of the movement to the drum is carried out by traction on a roller race obtained by a laminated, calendered and finally turned plate. The unit has appropriate accident prevention protections as laid down by the law. The rotation speed can be regulated so as to guarantee residence time of the material of at least 45 - 60' to obtain complete combustion.# Auxiliary burner for the combustion chamber A compact methane gas supplied blown air support burner with two flame rates is foreseen for pre-heating the rotary chamber until the temperature necessary for sustaining combustion is reached. It has a maximum potential of approximately 550,000 kcal/h, and comes with a combustion air fan, igniting electrode, flame detector and regulation and safety devices in compliance with standards. The burner should be quenched with the combustion chamber operating at peak rate and normally supplied. The burner comes with all the devices necessary for its correct operation like air and gas pressure switches, gas valve units, control and setting instruments, etc. The following components are excluded: filter, pressure reducer, anti-vibration joint, because they are considered parts of the gas supply line and thus the customer is responsible for them. The gas manifold pressure must be between 15 and 40 mbar. Primary chamber air fan and setting system The combustion air is supplied by a centrifuge electric fan and is automatically regulated by means of a valve activated by an electric actuator in order to maintain the established temperature in the combustion chamber.

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

The power of the fan is 2.2 kW. The air is appropriately distributed inside the combustion chamber by means of a series of orifices made in the charging hood of the kiln.

Fore-kiln The combustion chamber leads into in the post-kiln, a fixed metallic structure internally lined with refractory and insulating material like the chamber. The lower part of the post-kiln houses the ash discharge device; in the upper part there is a connection with the post-combustion chamber, A manhole is also foreseen for inspecting and cleaning. Ash discharge system It is a mobile box collector which, after having collected the ash, provide at programmable intervals to its transfer to the container, where it is sprayed with water to cool it. A 4 kW hydraulic power pack is foreseen. Ash conveyor The ash discharged into the container is taken to the collection point, located outside the building and consisting of a demountable box. The 3 kW power rating conveyor is completely enclosed in a coating and kept in a vacuum by means of a centrifuge fan to prevent powder from coming out. Post-combustion chamber The vertically positioned post-combustion chamber has a volume of approximately 18.5 m3; the external metalwork is made of very thick carbon sheet steel. It consists of flanged parts internally lined with a layer of 150 mm thick refractory cement and a 150 mm thick layer of insulation, just like the combustion chamber. Inspection is possible by means of the manhole. Burner for the postcombustion chamber A natural gas burner is provided in order to pre-heat the postcombustion chamber until the operative temperature of no less than 850C is reached and to maintain it at that temperature. The burner is a compact blown air one with flame modulation, and comes with a combustion air fan, igniting electrode, flame detector and flow regulation device. The heat output is 2,500,000 kcal/h.

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

The modulation is controlled in order to guarantee that a constant temperature is maintained in the post-combustion chamber. Postcombustion chamber air fan In the same way as the combustion chamber, the combustion air for postcombustion is blown through a centrifuge electric fan with a power of 2.2 kW The air is sucked after having passed into a pitted cavity located under the sliding table of the ash box obtaining both the cooling of the sliding table and a useful preheating of the combustion air. The aperture of a valve controlled by an electric actuator and fitted in order to automatically control the suction flow rate, depends on the value of the concentration of oxygen required. Emergency stack An emergency stack is located on the post-combustion chamber with the job of discharging flue gas directly into the air if, only under emergency conditions, the downstream part of the plant is unable to accept the flue gas. The self supporting emergency stack is of the following dimensions: - height of the outlet section from the ground: 16 m - flue gas passage section: 1000 mm.

It is made of 6 mm thick carbon sheet steel and is lined internally with 150 mm of refractory cement. A counterweighted check valve is located at the discharge end and is kept in position by means of a pneumatic cylinder. Under emergency conditions, for instance if there is a power cut or if there is an excess rise in the temperature or pressure in the diathermic oil exchanger, the valve opens automatically and the flue gas is discharged directly into the air. The valve is normally open, in the safety position, when the kiln is not operating

Waste heat steam generator It is a water tube type nest exchanger with the following main features: Max. exchange capacity: 1,600,000 kcal/h Max operating pressure: 12 bar Proof pressure: 20 bar Tubes material carbon steel Fe 35.1 or C14 diameter 76,1 x 3,2 Plating material Fe 410.1 carbon steel

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

The control and safety instruments are those laid down in the standards in force.

Dissipation unit Steam to air forced heat exchanger Max. dissipation capacity No. of air centrifuge electric fans : 2 : 1,600,000 kcal/h

Flue gas treatment unit The flue gas conveyance piping is made up as follows: section connecting the PCC with the waste heat exchanger, lined with refractory material (thickness 150 mm.) Section connecting the heat exchanger with the filter and the filter and process stack: made of 3 mm thick AISI 304 steel lined with 50 mm thick rock wool and covered in aluminium sheet

The reagent inoculation system consists of an AISI 304 stainless steel Venturi tube and a injector batcher.

Upstream of the bag filter there is an automatic protection system of the filter bags against excessive temperature, including: 1. a butterfly valve for false cooling air, assisting the temperature control system, with activating servomotor and continual regulation 2. An automatic temperature control and setting system consisting of a PT 100 probe and of a thermoregulator.

The 125 mm diameter and 2500 mm long pierced felt bag filter is of a rectangular section with filtering fabric designed for continual operating temperatures of up to 190C. Total filtering area: 180 m2 It comes with: a hopper for collecting the powder, in turn fitted with a Archimedean screw for collection and a discharge star valve, activated by a single 1.5 kW servomotor

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

 bag holder hood with internal manifolds, diffusion nozzles; a series of pneumatic valves for cleaning the bags. electric control board of the bag washing system with the possibility of regulating the intervention times and their duration. 500 mm thick mineral wool insulation lined with aluminium sheets. Access ladder to the top and protective railings. The filter is also fitted with a differential vacuum pressure switch, connected to a regulator which controls the cleaning of the bags according to the loss of load through them. The flue gas extraction system consists of: 1. centrifuge fan made of AISI 304 stainless steel, suction flow rate up to peaks of 10,000 m3/h, head 450 mm approx. with 30 kW power rating electric motor, with trapezoidal belt transmission, protective guards, belt tensioner slides, anti-vibration joints, etc.. 2. radial sector modulating valve, installed on the suction mouth of the fan, including electromechanically activated servomotor for continually regulating the flow rate, made of AISI 304 steel. 3. automatic vacuum pressure control and regulation system at discharge of the postcombustion chamber including a pressure detector transducer and a regulator 4. discharge stack with outlet section at 16 m, diameter 500 mm, made of AISI 304 stainless steel. The stack has a gallery with safety railings and an access ladder. - Construction, electric network

Who we are
EIC-EMACO GROUP, a wholly privately-owned company forming part of Sorain Cecchini Group, was incorporated in 1993. It consists of a large number of companies, the first of which came into being already in 1944 with the scope of handling all sanitation services for several Italian cities, a district of Rome included. Presently over 20.000 tons of waste are daily handled worldwide by our Group of companies, which are all involved in the industrial management of waste: MSW and assimilated, hazardous, industrial and biosolids. EIC-EMACO GROUP advanced process technologies contribute to maintain our Group leadership in the environmental industry activity. EIC-EMACO GROUP specific tasks are:

conception, development, testing and design of Municipal Solid Waste advanced processing systems treatment systems design and supply throughout the world Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

Our Group processing systems, technologies and equipment are covered by patents worldwide
Engineering & Construction of: materials recovery plants from mixed MSW materials recovery plants from source separated waste composting plants for organic material from mixed MSW composting plants for source separated organic waste composting plants for biosolids from sewage and agriculture washing and regeneration plants for plastic waste from MSW, industry

and agriculture RDF recovery plants from mixed MSW MSW transfer stations sanitary landfills plants for biogas and methane recovery from sanitary landfills

Operation of: municipal cleaning services waste collection and transport services source-separated collection and transport services toxic and hazardous waste collection and transport MSW recycling plants composting plants plastic regeneration plants sludge treatment plants plants for biogas and methane production sanitary landfills

Feasibility studies for MSW and source separated waste treatment plants Process design MSW treatment lines supply on a turnkey basis Operating staff training Maintenance assistance services
EQUIPMENT TESTING AT WORKSHOP

1964

Rome West- ITALY

MSW recycling and composting MSW recycling and composting MSW recycling

600

tpd

1967

Rome East- ITALY

1200

tpd

1970

Perugia- ITALY

250

tpd

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

1977

Pomezia- ITALY

Recycled plastic regeneration MSW recycling MSW recycling pilot plant Commercial waste recycling Recycled plastic regeneration Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill MSW recycling and plastic regeneration MSW transfer station MSW composting MSW recycling MSW composting Recycled plastic regeneration Sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill Source separated materials recovery MSW recycling & composting MSW recycling & composting Biogas production unit MSW recycling & composting

20

tpd

1978

Rio de Janeiro- BRASIL Kawasaki- JAPAN Toronto- CANADA

400 100

tpd tpd

250

tpd

1980

Perugia- ITALY

tpd

1984

Roma- ITALY Perugia- ITALY

25000000

m3

1985

2000000

m3

1986

Oslo- NORWAY

650

tpd

1987

Rome East- ITALY

2000

tpd

1988

Perugia- ITALY Ostrava-CZECHOSLOVAKIA Ostrava-CZECHOSLOVAKIA Perugia- ITALY

170

tpd

1989

600

tpd

1990

300 8

tpd tpd

1992

Guidonia- ITALY Viterbo- ITALY

1200000 500000

m3 m3

1994

Perugia- ITALY Srignan- FRANCE Foligno- ITALY

30

tpd

100

tpd

220

tpd

1995

Roma- ITALY Cassino- ITALY

10.5

MWe

750

tpd

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

1996

Roma- ITALY

Biogas into ecofuel unit MSW recycling & compostingGESENU MSW recycling & compostingAIMERI MSW recycling & composting MSW recycling & composting Source separated materials recovery Additional MSW sorting line MSW recycling & composting MSW & biosolids co-composting MSW recycling & composting

1000

Nm3/h

1997

Milano- ITALY

500

tpd

Milano- ITALY

500

tpd

1998

Albano- ITALY Viterbo- ITALY Pomezia- ITALY

700

tpd

700

tpd

80

tpd

1999

Perugia- ITALY Roma- ITALY

700

tpd

1200

tpd

2000

Edmonton- CANADA

1200

tpd

2000

Roma- ITALY

1600

tpd

EICemaco Termomeccanica Ecologia

EICemaco is specialist in the design, construction and management of the environmental and industrial engineering works of the Termomeccanica Group which has been operating since 1912 in the implementation and manufacturing of plants and machinery for the pumping, conveyance and distribution of water. Since January 2002 Europe. Activities EICEMACO encompasses the technological expertise and organizational strength of Termomeccanicas Plants Engineering Division, Forni e Impianti Ingg. De Bartolomeis S.p.A. and Ansaldo Acque S.p.A of the Ansaldo Group. This newly formed Company is articulated into three

EDeF is the partner of EICemaco in Eastern

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com

Divisions, completely independent from each other, which operate with water treatment (Water Treatment Division), environmental protection (Environmental Division) and plant management (Plant Management Division). Environmental Division Urban and industrial wastewater treatment Sludge treatment MSW and industrial waste treatment

Water Treatment Division Water treatment for industrial and thermal power stations Drinking water treatment plants Desalination plants Water pumping stations and distribution systems

Plant Management Division Management of urban and industrial waste water treatment plants Management of municipal solid waste treatment plants Management of industrial waste treatment and disposal works and integrated facilities

Office in Tripoli (Libya) ph 30913774555 fx 4443772 email Emaco.group.libya@gmail.com