CHAPTER 17 : LINES AND PLANES IN 3 DIMENSIONS

Definitions 11.1 The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its orthogonal projection on the plane.

V
Line: KV Plane : PQRS Normal to the plane: VL Orthogonal projection of the line onto the plane: KL Angle between KV and the plane PQRS is VKL

S
o

R L

K P Q

11.2 The angle between 2 intersecting planes is the angle between 2 lines; one on each plane, which are drawn respectively from a common point on the line of intersection between the 2 planes and perpendicular to it.

LM and MN are perpendicular to DC.

C
The angle between the plane ABCD and the plane CDEF is KML ( or ADE or BCF )

Skills assessed y To identify the angle between a line and a given plane. y To identify the angle between 2 given planes. Solving Strategies : y Draw and/or colour the given line. y Shade or colour the given plane. y Draw the normal to the plane. y Draw the orthogonal projection of the line onto the plane. y Mark the angle between the line and its orthogonal projection onto the plane. y Name the angle using the 3 alphabets. Common errors : y Students failed to identify the given plane. y Students did not find the orthogonal projection of the line onto the plane. y Student failed to identify the required angle.

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.1 Angle Between Lines And Planes 17.1.1 Draw and /or colour the given line

Example 1 : Line AH A B F D

1. a) Line BE A B E G 2.a) Line QS L K L F D

b) Line FD A B E F D

C E

G Example 2: Line PL K

G b) Line RK K

S P Q

R P

S Q

R P

S Q

Example 3: Line VF V

3. a) Line VM V

b) Line VN V

G O D E

G O D E

G O D

yM

yN

Example 4 : Line DV V

4. a) Line AC V

b) Line BV V

C B A

D C B A B

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.1.2 Shade Or Colour The Plane Given

Example 1: Plane EFGH A B F D

1. a) Plane DEFG V

b) Plane PQRS K L

C E D

G O E

F S P Q R

Example 2 : Plane PSK K L

2. a) Plane ABGF A B D

b) Line BCV V

C D F E A H b) Plane ADV D V B C

S P Q

G 3. a) Plane ADHG A

Example 3 : Plane DEV V

G O D E

B F

C D E A e) Line KSQ V K G F S E P Q R L B C

G c) Plane ACV V d) Plane VGO

C D B

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.1.3 Complete the following question i) shade the plane given ii) draw the line given iii) determine the point which lies on the plane given

Example 1: Plane :EFGH A Line :GD D

1. a) Plane : DEFG Line : DV V

b) Plane Line

: PQRS : KQ

B F

C E G O F S R Q : BCV : AV V

Example 2 : Plane : PSK Line : KR K L

E 2. a) Plane : CDEH Line : GC A B D

P b) Plane Line

C F E A

C B

S P Q

Example 3 : Plane : GEV Line : VF V

G H 3. a) Plane : CDV Line : BV

b) Plane : ADEF Line : DG A B F C

D G O E c) Plane : ABCD Line : AV D F A d) Plane : DVF Line : EV V D C B B

E H

G e) Plane : KSP Line : KQ K

G O D E

F P

S Q

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.1.4 Name and draw the

i) normal line ii) orthogonal projection

Example 1: Plane :EFGH Line :GD A B F D

1. a) Plane : DEFG Line : DV V

b) Plane Line

: PQRS : KQ

C E D G O F S P Q R

Normal line : DE Orthogonal projection : GE Example 2 : Plane : PSK Line : KR K L

Normal line : Orthogonal projection : 2. a) Plane Line A B : CDEH : GC D

Normal line : Orthogonal projection : b) Plane Line : BCV : AV

C F E A

C B

S P Q

H Normal line : Orthogonal projection : V b) Plane : ADEF Line : DG A B F A B G H C E

Normal line : SR Orthogonal projection : SK Example 3 : Plane : GEV Line : VF V

Normal line : Orthogonal projection : 3. a) Plane : CDV Line : BV

D G O D E Normal line : Orthogonal projection : F

Normal line : FO Orthogonal projection : VO

Normal line : Orthogonal projection :

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.1.5 (a) Name the angle between the line and the plane given

Example 1: Plane :EFGH Line :GD A B F D

1. a) Plane : DEFG Line : DV V

b) Plane Line

: PQRS : KQ

C E D Angle : G O F S P Angle : b) Plane Line D D E A Q G Angle : H Angle : B : BCV : AV Q R

G Angle : DGE

Example 2 : Plane : PSK Line : KR K L

2. a) Plane : CDEH Line : GC A B

C F

S P

Angle : RKS

Example 3 : Plane : GEV Line : VF V

3. a) Plane : CDV Line : BV

b) Plane : ADEF Line : DG A B F C

D G O D Angle : FVO E Angle : F A B

E H

G Angle :

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

Exercise 1 : Name the angle between the line and the plane given a) Line UN and plane PQU b) Line JN and plane JKLM

yN

yN

T P

yM

Q
M

yG

U
J K

c) Line XS and plane XYTU X Y

d) Line BE and plane ABCD

T S

yL

yK

e) Line MF and plane KLMN K L

f) Line PA and plane PQRS W

yA
N F M E U S G H P Q V X

yB

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

Exercise 2 : Name the angle between the line and the plane given a) The diagram shows a pyramid with a horizontal base DEFG. Name the angle between line GV and the plane of DEFG. V b) The diagram shows a cuboid with a horizontal base JKLM .Name the angle between line KS and the plane of SRLM. R S

G O D E

F M

P L

c) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between line RY and the plane of STY. X Y

d) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between line QE and the plane of ABCD.

T S

yP

yQ

e) The diagram shows a cuboid. Name the angle between line NE and the plane of GFKN K N F L M E

f) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between line RV and the plane of PSWV. W

V U S

H P Q

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17. 2 Angle Between Two Planes 17.2.1 Shade or colour the planes given

Example 1 : Plane GHEF and plane BHEA A B F D

1. a) Plane ABCD and plane ABHE A B E G F D

b) Plane AGHD and plane ABCD

A B

C E

C F E

G Example 2: Plane PLR and QRL K

2.a) Plane PSK and plane KSQ K L

H b) Plane SRLK and plane KLP K L

S S P Q R P Q

R P

S Q

Example 3: Plane VEF and plane DEFG V

3. a) Plane DVG and plane VEF V

b) Plane VDE and plane DEFG V

G G O D E F O D E

G O D

yN

Example 4 : Plane ABV and plane ABCD V

4. a) Plane AVC and plane VBC V

b) Plane VDC and plane VBC V

D D C A B B

D C A B

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17.2.1 Name the line of intersection between the two planes

Example 1 :

1. a) Plane ABCD and plane ABHE Plane GHEF and plane BHEA A D A B F G H C E G Line : .. 2.a) Plane PSK and plane KSQ K L H D B F C E

b) Plane AGHD and plane ABCD A D B F

C E

G Line :

Line : HE Example 2: Plane PLR and QRL K L

b) Plane SRLK and plane KLP K L

S S P Line : RL Q R P Line : 3. a) Plane DVG and plane DEFG V Q

R P

S Q

Line : b) Line VDE and plane DEFG V

Example 3: Plane VEF and plane DEFG V

G G O D Line : EF Example 4 : Plane ABV and plane ABCD V E Line : F O D E

G O D

yN

Line : b) Plane VDC and plane VBC V

4. a) Plane DAV and plane V DAC

D D A Line : AB B Line : C A B

C A

D B

Line :

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

10

17.2.2 Name and colour the perpendicular line to the line intersection between the two planes

Example 1: Plane EFGH and plane GHDA A B F D

1. a) Plane KLSP and plane JKLM S P R

b) Plane PSWV and plane VUXW W V U S R Q

C E M

Q L

H Line EH and DH or line FG and AG are perpendicular to GH

Example 2 : Plane PQLK and plane SRLK K L

2. a) Plane ABCD and plane ADEF

b) Plane URST and plane XRSY X Y

F
S P Q Line PK and SK or line QL and RL are perpendicular to KL R

C
U T S

Example 3 : Plane TRQ and plane SRQP P Q

3. a) Plane ABCD and plane ABV V

b) Plane PQSR and plane PQK K L

D S T Line TR and SR is perpendicular to QR R A B

S P Q

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

11

c) Plane JKLM and plane PKL S P M L R

d) Plane MHEL and plane NHE K N F L M E

e) Plane ABCD and plane BCE

Example 4: Plane DEV and DEFG V

4a) Plane GCB and plane ABCD G

b) Plane KLMN and plane KPN

yE
T

G O D

F A

D O B

yL
L

yM E

yF

Line VM and OM is perpendicular to DE

c) Plane ABE and plane ABCD E

d) Plane RUQ and plane SRUT P

e) Plane SURP and plane PTR R P

yV
Q

yK

C
Q S

yM T yN
U

yW

yL

B
R

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

12

17.2.3 a) Name the angle between the two planes. Example 1: Plane EFGH and plane GHDA A B F D 1. a) Plane KLSP and plane JKLM S P E M L S G H J K P Q R V U R b) Plane PSWV and plane VUXW W

Angle : DHE and AGF Example 2 : Plane PQLK and plane SRLK K L 2. a) Plane ABCD and plane ADEF b) Plane URST and plane XRSY X Y

F
S P Q R

C
U T S

Angle : QLR and PKS

Example 3 : Plane TRQ and plane SRQP P Q

3. a) Plane ABCD and plane ABV V

b) Plane PQSR and plane PQK K L

D S T Angle : TRS R A B

S P Q

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

13

c) Plane JKLM and plane PKL S P M L R

d) Plane MHEL and plane NHE K N F L M E

e) Plane ABCD and plane BCE

Example 4: Plane DEV and DEFG V

4a) Plane GCB and plane ABCD G

b) Plane KLMN and plane KPN

K
F A D O B C

yE
T

G O D

yL
L

yM E

yF

Angle : VMO

c) Plane ABE and plane ABCD E

d) Plane RUQ and plane SRUT P

e) Plane SURP and plane PTR R

P
Q

yV
Q

yK

C
S

yM T yN
U

yW

yL

B
R

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

14

Exercise 1 : Name the angle between the two planes a) Plane SRQP and plane QUTR R S T Q P M U K P L Q b) Plane JQRM and plane JKLM S R

c) Plane RSYX and plane URST X Y

d) Plane BCF and plane ABCD

T S

e) Plane GMLF and plane GHEF K L

f) Plane PQA and plane PQRS W

yA
N F M E U S G H P V X

yB yC
Q

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

15

Exercise 2 : Name the angle between the two planes a) The diagram shows a pyramid with a horizontal base DEFG. Name the angle between the plane VDE and the plane of DEFG. b) The diagram shows a cuboid with a horizontal base JKLM .Name the angle between the plane SRKJ and the plane of SRLM. S R

P M L

c) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between the plane RSY and the plane of RSTU. X Y

d) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between the plane ABE and the plane of ABCD.

F
U T S

yP

yQ

e) The diagram shows a cuboid. Name the angle between the plane HEK and the plane of GHEF K N F L M E

f) The diagram shows a prism. Name the angle between the plane UVWX and the plane of PSWV.

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

16

Questions According To SPM Format 1. Diagram 1 shows a pyramid with a 2. Diagram 2 shows a cuboid. rectangular base PQRS. V is vertically above P. V S R Q N M

P S R Q K

DIAGRAM 1
Name the angle between the line VR and the plane PQRS A. PRV C. VQP B. VRS D. VQS

DIAGRAM 2
Name the angle between the line PM and the plane SRMN. A. PMK C. PMR B. PMQ D. PMS

3. In the diagram 3, X and Y are the midpoints of PW and SV respectively. U V

4. Diagram 4 shows a right prism. H

yY
R T S W

yX
F Q P G

DIAGRAM 4

DIAGRAM 3
The angle between line RX and the plane RSVU is A. RXY C. XRY B. XYR D. XQR Name the angle between line EK and plane EFJH. A. EKJ C. HEK B. EKF D. JEK

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

17

5. Diagram 5 shows a pyramid .PQRS is a rectangle. P Q

6. Diagram 6 shows a cuboid. S

R Q

P S T T R W

DIAGRAM 5 DIAGRAM 6
Name the angle between the line TQ and the plane PQRS A. QPT C. RST B. QST D. SQT The angle between the line SU and plane PSWT is A. USP C. UST B. USQ D. USW

7. Diagram 7 shows a cuboid. U V

8. Diagram 8 shows a right prism. H

DIAGRAM 7
The angle between plane QPV and the plane QPWT is A. VQW C. VPW B. UQT A. EGF D. QPV C. HGJ

DIAGRAM 8

Name the angle between the plane EGKH and the plane FGKJ. B. EKF D. GKE

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

18

9. Diagram 9 shows a right prism . S P R A B D

10. Diagram 10 shows a right pyramid MABCD with its square base ABCD . M

C DIAGRAM 9 A

O
B DIAGRAM 10

Name the angle between the plane ACS and the plane SADR. A. CAS C. ACD B. SCD D. CAD

The angle between the line MC and plane ABCD is A. MCD C. AMC B. MCA D. AMD

11. The diagram 11 shows a right prism on a horizontal plane. Given that STU is an equilateral triangle and PV = VR = SW = WU . R P

12. Diagram 12 shows a prism. A and B are the mid-points of JK and ML, respectively. JXK and MYL are isosceles triangle. Y

yV
Q

yW

X M

yB

T DIAGRAM 11 The angle between the plane PRT and the plane PRUS is A. PQS C. TQW B. RQU D. TVW J

yA

DIAGRAM 12 Name the angle between line AY and the plane JKLM. A. YBA C. YAB B. AYB D. ABY

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

19

13. Diagram 13 shows a right prism . F D C A

14. Diagram 14 shows a pyramid. G H

yM
B DIAGRAM 13

L DIAGRAM 14 The angle between the plane GHJK and plane HJL is A. GHL C. KJL B. JHL D. KLJ

Name the angle between line DM and the plane ACFD. A. CDM C. CMD B. DCM D. DCB

15. The diagram 15 shows a right prism on a horizontal plane SRUT. Equilateral triangle RUQ and STP are the uniform cross-section of the prism. M and N are the mid-points of ST and RU, respectively. P

16. Diagram 16 shows a cuboid with base PQRS . . T U W V S P R Q

Q S

yM

yX

R DIAGRAM 15

yN

U DIAGRAM 16

The angle between the plane PRN and the plane RSTU is A. PRS C. PNM B. MRP D. NPM

Name the angle between the plane WXR and the plane QRWV. A. QRX C. RWX B. RXQ D. SXU

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

20

17. Diagram 17 shows a cuboid with rectangular base EFGH . Q R P S E F G

18. Diagram 18 shows a cuboid on a horizontal plane EFGH. J is a mid-point of GH.

C D

F E J H
DIAGRAM 18

H DIAGRAM 17 Name the angle between the plane PSG and the plane PSHE. A. SGH C. GSH B. PGE A. AJE D. GPE C. GBC 19. Diagram 19 shows a prism on a horizontal plane QRP and vertical rectangular QRST . S T R Q M P DIAGRAM 19 Name the angle between the plane PRS and the plane QRST is A. PSQ C. PRT B. PST D. PRQ J DIAGRAM 20 Name the angle between line NK and base JKLM. A. NKM C. NMJ B. NMK D. NKJ K L D. GAC 20. Diagram 20 shows a prism with rectangular base JKLM . LM is normal to base JKLM . N B. AGE

The angle between the plane ABGJ and the plane ABCD is

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

21

PAST YEAR SPM QUESTIONS

1. SPM Nov 2003, Q13 Diagram 6 shows a right prism with an isosceles triangle PQR as its horizontal base. M and N are the mid-point of SU and RQ, respectively.

yM

T R

yN

P DIAGRAM 6
Name the angle between the plane PQR and the plane PUS. A. UPT C. QPN B. NPT D. MPN

2. SPM July 2004, Q16 Diagram 9 shows a cuboid with PQRS as its horizontal base. T U S W V R

DIAGRAM 9
Name the angle between the plane TQR and the plane TUVW. A. TRW C. WTR B. TQV D. VTQ

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

22

3.

SPM Nov 2004, Q14

Diagram 8 shows a cuboid with horizontal base PQRS. T W

U S

V R

DIAGRAM 8
Name the angle between the line QV and the plane QUR. A. VUR C. VQU B. VUQ D. VQR

4.

SPM July 2005, Q14

Diagram 6 shows a right pyramid NPQRS with square base PQRS. N

DIAGRAM 6
The angle between the line NQ and the base PQRS is A. PQN C. QNS B. NQS D. QNR

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

23

5. SPM Nov 2005, Q14 Diagram 7 shows a right pyramid with a quadrilateral base EFGH. V

DIAGRAM 7

What is the angle between the line VF and the base EFGH ? A. VFE C. VFH 6. SPM July 2006, Q14 Diagram 7 shows a cuboid with a horizontal base TUVW. P Q U V DIAGRAM 7 S B. FVH D. FVE

R T

The angle between the line PW and the base TUVW is A. PWV C. PTW B. PUW D. PWU

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

24

7. SPM Nov 2006, Q14 Diagram 7 shows a cuboid with a horizontal base TUVW.

Diagram 7

Name the angle between the plane PQWT and the plane SRWT. A B C D

QTR QWR QTS QWS

8. SPM Jun 2007, Q 16 Diagram 9 shows a pyramid PQRS. The horizontal base QSR is a right angled triangle. Vertex P is vertically above S.

S Q
Name the angle between the line PR and the plane PSQ. A B C D RPS RPQ PRS PRQ

Diagram 9 R

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

25

9. SPM Nov 2007 Q14 Diagram 8 shows a pyramid with its rectangle base QRST.

Diagram 8 T Q R
Vertex P is vertically above T. Name the angle between the plane PTS and the plane PTQ. A B C D PQT PST SPQ STQ

10. SPM Jun 2008, Q 15. Diagram 8 shows a cuboid with a horizontal base TUVW.

S R P Q T W U V
What is the angle between the plane SVW and the plane PQRS? QSW A B RSW C QSV D PSV

Diagram 8

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

26

11. SPM Nov 2008, Q14 Diagram 7 shows a right-angled triangular prism with the horizontal base QSTV. U P V T S

What is the angle between the plane STU and the base QSTV?
A B C D TUV UTV USV SUV

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

27

ANSWERS 17.1.2 1a) VO , DO b) KS , SQ 2a) GH , CH b) AB , BV 3a) BC , VC b) GF , FD 17.1.3 1a) VDO b) KQS 2a) GCH b) AVB 3a) BVC b) FDG Exercise 1 a) NUM c) SXT e) KMF b) NJG d) EBL f) APB

4a) Line GL and OL is perpendicular to BC b) Line PE and EF is perpendicular to LM c) Line EL and LK is perpendicular to AB d) Line QN and MN is perpendicular to RU e) Line WV and TV is perpendicular to PR 17.2.4 1a) JKP b) UVP 2a) BAF b) URX

or or or or

MLS XWS CDE TSY

c) PKJ

Exercise 2 a) VGO b) LSK c) RYT d) EQP e) ENF f) RVS 17.2.2 1a) AB 2a) KS 3a) DG 4a) AD b) b) b) b) AD KL DE VC

3a) VBC b) KPS d) NHM e) ECD

4a) GLO b) PEF c) ELK d) QNM e) TVW Exercise 1 a) PQU or SRT b) QJK or RML c) XRU or YST d) FBA e) MGH or LFE f) ACB Exercise 2 a) VLO b) MSJ or KRL c) YST d) EQP e) KEF f) UVP or XWS Practice SPM Format 1. A 2. D 3.C 6. C 7. C 8.A 11. D 12. C 13.A 16. A 17. C 18.C

17.2.3 1a) Line SL and ML or line PK and JK are perpendicular to LK b) Line UV and PV or line XW and SW are perpendicular to VW 2a) Line FB and FA or line CD and ED are perpendicular to AD b) Line XR and UR or line ST and YS are perpendicular to RS 3a) Line VB and CB is perpendicular to AB b) Line KP and SP is perpendicular to PQ c) Line PK and JK is perpendicular to KL d) Line NH and MH is perpendicular to EH e) Line EC and DC is perpendicular to BC

4. D 9. D 14. C 19. D

5. D 10. B 15. C 20. A

SPM PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions

28

Line And Planes In 3-Dimensions