CHAPTER 11: SETS

Definition of Sets: A sets is a collection of things or items which are well-defined and have common properties or features. Set Notation: Item Universal Set Subset Empty Set Equal Sets Elements of a set Complement of a set Intersection of two sets Union of two sets Number of elements in a set Symbols

\ AB J or

Example The universal set \ Set A is a subset of Set B The empty set J or

_a

_a

A=B x A A A B A B n(A)

Set A is equal to Set B x is an element in Set A The complement of set A The intersection of Set A and Set B The union of Set A and Set B The number of elements in Set A

Skills assessed y List the elements in a set that fulfills a certain description. y Use the Venn diagram to illustrate sets. y Use the concept of subset, universal set and the complement of a set. y Perform operations involving two or more sets: intersection and union. y List the elements for A B, A B, P Q, P Q etc. y Determine the outcome of combined operations on sets and represent it in a Venn diagram. y Solve problems involving combined operations on sets. Solving strategy y List down all the elements in the universal set, \ . y Mark or circle elements in different sets P, Q and R by using a different colour for each set. y To list the elements in a set, just identify the elements with the same colour. y For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to both Set P and Set Q. y For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to either Set P or Set Q. Common Mistakes y Students do not list down all the elements y Students find the elements in the set while the question asked for the number of elements in the set. y Students fail to extract information from a problem and to solve it using sets.

11.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET. => The number of elements in set A is written as n(A) => A null or empty set has no elements in it. The symbol for a null set is J or

_a

=> If two sets, P and Q, contain exactly the same elements, then set P is equal to set Q, P ! Q
Sets

EXAMPLES 1 List the elements and state the number of elements A = {factors of 18} Solution A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} @ n(A) = 6

EXERCISES List the elements and state the number of elements A = {factors of 20} Solution A= @ n(A) =

List the elements and state the number of elements P = {consonants in the word STUDENTS} Solution P = {S, T, D, N, T} @ n(P) = 5

List the elements and state the number of elements P = {vowels in the word UNIVERSAL} Solution P= @ n(P) =

List the elements and state the number of elements P = {prime factors of 14} Solution P = _2, 7a

@ n(P) = 2
4 List the elements and state the number of elements P = {x : x is an integer, -2 e x e 4 } Solution P = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} @ n(P) = 7

List the elements and state the number of elements P = { prime factors of 21} Solution P= @ n(P) =

List the elements and state the number of elements P = {x : x is an integer, -3 e x e 3 } Solution P= @ n(P) =

Given the sets P ={1, 2, 4, r, 8} and Q = {20, 21, 22, 23}. If P = Q, find the value of r. Solution P = {1, 2, r, 8} Q = {1, 2, 4, 8} @ r=4

Given the sets R ={2, 4, m, 8} and T = {1 v 2, 2 v 2, 3 v 2, 4 v 2}. If R= T, find the value of m. Solution R= T= @ m=

Sets

11.2 (a)

SUBSETS.

Definition: If each element of set A is a member of set B, then set A is a subset of set B. Symbol: A B. Venn diagram

B A

A B
1 EXAMPLES Given that A = {p, q} B = {m, n, o, p, q} What is the relation between set A and B? Answer: EXERCISE Given that X = { 4, 5} Y = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} What is the relation between set X and Y? Answer: Each element in set _____ is a member of Set _________ . Draw the Venn Diagram.

A B

Each element in set A is a member of set B. Venn diagram.

B n m

A p o
2

From the Venn Diagram below, what is the relation between set P,Q,R and S?

From the Venn Diagram below, what is the relation between set P, Q,R and S?

P Q S R R S Q

Answer:

Answer:

RQ QP SP RP

Sets

11.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET Definition: a set which includes all the sets in a discussion. Symbol : COMPLEMENT OF A SET. Definition: Complement of set A is a set in the universal set which contains all the elements not found in A. Symbol : A . A Venn Diagram

A
. 1 EXAMPLES Given that = {11,12,20} A= {prime numbers} List all elements in set , A and set A. Then draw a Venn diagram for the sets. Answer : = {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20} A = {11,13,17,19} A= {12,14, 15, 16, 18 ,20} EXERCISE Given that = {11,12,20} B = {odd numbers} List all elements in set , B and B. Then draw a Venn diagram for the sets. Answer : = B= B=

A
11 13 17 19

12 14 15 16 18 20
Q

a b d

c e
f
R

k j 10 11 12

5 6 7

3 1 2 4 8

h i

List the elements of the following sets = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n( )= 11 P ={j, k} n(P)= 2 P= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} n(P)= 9 Q = {a, b, c, d, e} n(Q)= 5 Q= {f, g, h, i, j, k} n(Q)= 6 R = { e, f, g} n(R)= 3 R= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} n(R)= 8
Sets

List the elements of the following sets = n( )= A= n(A)= A= n(A)= B= n(B)= B= n(B)= C= n(C)= C= n(C)=

11.3 11.3 (a)

OPERATION ON SETS. INTERSECTION OF SETS. The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are common to both A and B.

Definition : Symbol :

A B
B

The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the intersection of sets.

A B

A B

A B !J

A B ! B
EXCERCISES

EXAMPLES 1 It is given that A= {w, x, y, z} B = {u, v, w, x} A B = { w, x} Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets given.

It is given that A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 5, 6, 7} A B= Complete the Venn diagram below.

y z

w x

u v

2.

It is given that A= {p, q, r, s, t} B = {r, s ,t ,u ,v} C = {p ,s, t, u ,x} Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets given. A B

It is given that P= {a, b, c, d, e, f} Q = {d, e ,f ,g ,h} R = {a ,d, e, h , i} Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets given.

q p

r s t x

v u C R

Sets

EXAMPLES Shade the region that represents X Y Z for the following Venn diagrams i)
X Y

EXCERCISES Shade the region that represents X Y Z for the following Venn diagrams i)
X Y

Z Z X Y Y X Z

ii)
Z X

ii)

iii) iii)
X Z Y Y Z

Find the complement of (M N )' for each of the following sets. ={a, e, i, o, u} M={a, e, o, u} N= {i, o, u} ( M N ) = {o, u} (M N )' = {a, e, i}

Find the complement of (M N )' for each of the following sets. a) ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12} M={4, 8, 12} N= {4, 6, 12} (M N ) = (M N )' = Shade the region that represents the complement of the following sets. a)

5.

Shade the region that represents the complement of the following sets. a)

B
( A B )

( A B )

A
b)

A B
( A B )

b)

( A B )

c)

B A

( A B C )'
C
Sets

c)
C

( A B C )'

11.3(b)

UNION OF SETS.

Definition: The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to A or B or both A and B. Symbol : A B The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the union of sets.

B B

A B
EXAMPLES 1 Given that A= {w, x, y, z} B = {u, v, w, x}

A B

A B= A

A B = {u, v w, x, y ,z}
A y z w x

A B = {u, v w, x, y ,z}
B u v

EXCERCISE Given that A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 5, 6, 7} A B =

Complete the Venn diagram above. 2 Shade the region that represents X Y Z for the following Venn diagrams Shade the region that represents X Y Z for the following Venn diagrams i) i)

ii) ii)

iii) iii)
X X Y Y

Z
Sets

7
X Z Y

Z X Y

EXAMPLES 3 It is given that

EXCERCISES

It is given that ={a, e, i, o, u} M={a, e} N= { u} Find i) ( M N ) = {a, e,, u} ii) (M N )' = {i, o}

={2,4,6,8,10,12} M={4,8,12} N= {4, 6} Find i)

(M N ) =

ii) (M N )' =

Shade the region that represents the complement of the following sets. a)

Shade the region that represents the complement of the following sets. a)

b)

b)

c) c)

B
( A B )

( A B )

A BB
( A B )

A B

( A B )

A
Sets

( A B C )' 8
C

( A B C )'
C

11.3(c)

COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS. EXAMPLES EXCERCISES

Sets

P Q a b d c e
f
R

k j 10 11 12

5 6 7

3 1 2 4 8

g
List the elements of a set

h i

List the elements of a set = P= P= Q= Q= R= R= P Q= Q R= P R= P R= Q R= R Q= Q R= Q P= (Q R)= (Q P)= P Q= (P Q R)= n( )= n(P)= n(P)= n(Q)= n(Q)= n(R)= n(R)= n( P Q)= n( Q R)= n( P R)= n( P R)= n( Q R)= n( R Q)= n( Q R)= n( Q P)= n[(Q R)]= n[(Q P)]= n( P Q)= n [(P Q R)]=

= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n( )= 11 P ={j, k} P= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} Q = {a, b, c, d, e} Q= {f, g, h, i, j, k} R = { e, f, g} R= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} P Q={} Q R={e} P R={} P R={e,f,g} Q R= {f,g} R Q={a,b,c,d} Q R={a,b,c,d,e,f,g} Q P={a,b,c,d,e,k,j} (Q R)={k,j,h,i} (Q P)={f,g,h,i} P Q={f,g,h,i} (P Q R)={h,i} n(P)= 2 n(P)= 9 n(Q)= 5 n(Q)= 6 n(R)= 3 n(R)= 8 n( P Q)= 0 n( Q R)= 1 n( P R)= 0 n( P R)= 3 n( Q R)= 2 n( R Q)= 4 n( Q R)= 7 n( Q P)= 6 n[(Q R)]=4 n[(Q P)]=4 n( P Q)=4 n [(P Q R)]=2

EXAMPLES
Sets

EXCERCISES

10

Given that = X Y Z Shade the region for the operation on the following sets. a) (X Y) Z
X Y

Given that = X Y Z Shade the region for the operation on the following sets. a) (Y Z) X
Z X

b)

(X Y) Z

b)

(Z Y) X

Y Z

c) (X Y) Z

c) (Z Y) X
Z X

Y Y

d)

X Y Z

d)

Z Y X

e)

X Y Z

e)

X Y Z

Z X Y

Z Y X

Sets

11

QUESTIONS BASED ON THE SPM FORMAT (Paper 1) EXAMPLES Given that the universal set \ ! P Q R , P Q and Q R ! J , the Venn diagram that represents these relationships is A.
Q R P Q

1.

EXCERCISES Given that the universal set \ ! P Q R , R Q and Q P ! J , the Venn diagram that represents these relationships is A.
R P

B.
R

B.
Q P R Q P

C. C.
Q P R Q P R

D.

D.
P

Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ ! P Q R .

Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ ! P Q R .

P A B C

Q D

P R

Q R A B C D

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set P R Q' ? Answer : B

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set P R Q' ?

Answer :

Sets

12

EXAMPLES 3 Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of sets P, Q and R.

EXCERCISES Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of sets P, Q and R.

Q P p m n q t r s R

P
P

Q p n q t m r s

If the universal set \ ! P Q R , then set If the universal set \ ! P Q R , then set Q is R is A. {r ,s} A. {m ,n} B. {n, t} B. {m, n, p, q} C. {m, r, s} C. {t ,r, s} D. {n, p, q, t} D. {m ,n , p , q ,t}

Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the universal set, , and sets P, Q and R.

Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the universal set, , and sets P, Q and R.

The shaded region in the Venn diagram represents the set A. P Q' P R' B C. P ' R D. R Q'

The shaded region in the Venn diagram represents the set A. P Q' B P R' C. P ' R R Q' D.

Q P

Sets

13

EXAMPLES 5 Given the universal set, = {x : 10 e x e 20, x is an integer}, P = {16,18,20} Q = { x : x is prime number} and R = {x : x is a multiple of 3} The elements of the set ( P R ) Q ' . A. {15, 18} B. {12, 18, 20} C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20} D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20}

EXCERCISES Given the universal set, = {x : 5 e x e 25, x is an integer}, P = {12,16,18,20,25} Q = { x : x is prime number} and R = {x : x is a multiple of 5} The elements of the set ( P R ) Q ' . A. {15, 18, 19} B. {12, 18, 20, 25} C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25} D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}

6.
Q 3 2 R 1 3 P 5 2 1 4 R 2 Q P 3

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )' A. 5 B. 6 C. 8 D. 12 7.
P Q R 1 3 3 2 5 4

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )' A 5 B 6 C. 8 D. 12

Q R 1

3 3

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Find n( P R )' . A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 11

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Find n( P Q )' . A. 4 B. 7 C. 8 D. 11

Sets

14

EXAMPLES 8.
P 1 Q 1 2 3 4 x 3 2 R Q 1

EXCERCISES
P 1 2 x 4 2 3 2 R

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R. and n(P) = n(Q R) Find the value of x. A. B. C. D. 9
P y 1 Q x 1 2 3 4 5 x 4 3 2 R

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R. and n(R) = n(P Q) Find the value of x. A. B. C. D. 3 5 7 9

3 5 6 8

P y 1 Q 2 2 3 x 1 3 5 4 4 x 3 4 2 R

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R. n( )=30 and n(P) = n(R). Find the value of x + y. A. B. C. D. 5 7 8 10

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R. n( )=25 and n(P) = n(R). Find the value of x + y. A. B. C. D. 5 7 8 10

Sets

15

10.

In the Venn diagram, given that

\ A I II B III

\ = {x: x is an integer}
A = {x : x is a multiple of 5} B = {x : x is a multiple of 7} Number 49 should be in the area A. B. I II C. D. III IV

I
IV

11. The Venn diagram shows the relationship between set M,N and K. Which of the following is true?. A. B. C. D. 12. Given M N=K M N=K M K=K K N=M

\
M K N

x e 30 and x is an integer} P = { x : x is multiple of 6} and Q = { x : x is number which contain the digit 2}. Find P Q. A. {12, 18, 24} B. {12, 24} C. {12, 18, 24,32} D. {2, 12, 24} E Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ = E F G. Considering the four regions, A, B ,C and D, which of these represents the set E F G ?

\ = { x : 1e

F G A B C D

13.

14.

Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ = {Year Five pupils}, set M = { pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R= { pupils who read a English language newspaper}. Given that n(M) = 80, n (R) = 104, n(M R) = 12 and the number of pupils who do not read either newspaper is 4, find the total number of Year Five pupils. A. B. 172 176 C. D. 196 200

Sets

16

15.

The diagram above shows a Venn diagram with universal set \, set P and set Q. The shaded region represents A B P Q P Q C D P Q P Q

\ P Q

16.

Given universal set \ = A B C, set A = {K,E, D, A, H}, set B = {P, E, R, L, I, S} and set C = {S, E, L, A, N, G, O, R}. Find n[(A C) B] A B 6 7 C D 8 9

17.

.Diagram shows a Venn Diagram with universal the \ set \ = {Form 4 Ibnu Sina students }, set P = {students who pass the Mathematics Paper 1} and set Q = { students who pass the Mathematics Paper 2} Given n(P) = 30, n(Q) = 22, n(P Q) = 20 and the number of students who fail both papers is 8, find the total number of students in Form Four Ibnu Sina. A B 38 40 C D 41 44

Q P

18.

. The Venn diagram in diagram shows all the elements in the sets L, M and N.

The elements of the set M are A B C D

Sets

{ 1, 8 } { 3, 7 } { 1, 3, 7, 8 } { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 }

17

19.

The Venn diagram in diagram shows the number of elements in sets J, K and L. The universal set \ ! J K L .

If n( J K ) ! 20 find the value of y.

A B C D

4 9 11 16

20.

In the Venn diagram , the universal set, \ = {Form 4 students} and the sets A = {Students who like basket ball} B= {Students who like badminton}

Given that n( A) ! 60 , n( B ) ! 84 , n( A B ) ! 16 and 6 of them dislike playing any games. Find the total of form four students. A B C D 128 134 144 148

Sets

18

Past Year SPM Questions Paper 1 November 2003 1 Given that the universal set \ ! J K L , J K and K L ! J , the Venn diagram that represents these relationships is A.
L K J L

B.
K J

D. C.
K J L J K L

2.

Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ ! E F G .

F E A G B C D
Diagram 13

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set E F G' ?

3.

Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set \ = { Year Five pupils}, set M = {Pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R = { Pupils who read an English language newspaper }.

M R

Given that n(M) = 80, n(R) = 104, n(M R) = 12 and the number of pupils who do not read either newspaper is 4, find the total number of Year Five pupils. A 172 C 196 B 176 D 200

Diagram 14
Sets

19

July 2004 4. It is given that the universal set \ ! E F G , set E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16}, set F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, and set G = {2, 4, 14}, Which Venn diagram shows the relation between set E, F and G? A.

F G

B.

E G

B.

F G

D.

F G

5.

It is given that the universal set \ = { x : 1 e x e 12, x is an integer}, set P ={x ; x is an odd number} and set Q={x ; x is a prime number}. The elements of the set P Q are A. 1, 3, 5, 7 B. 3, 5, 7 C. D. 1,2, 9 1, 9.

November 2004 6. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set P, Q and R.

Q P y5 y6 y4 y3 y1 y2

R
Diagram 13

If the universal set \ ! P Q R , then set Q is A {1, 2} C {1, 2, 5} B {3, 6} D {3, 4, 6}

Sets

20

7.

Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the universal \ , set P and set Q.

Q
Diagram 14

The shaded region in the Venn diagram represents the set A. B. C. D. P Q P Q P Q P Q

8.

It is given that the universal set \ = { x : 1 e x e 12, x is an integer}, Set P = {2 ,3 ,7 ,9}, set Q = {x ; x is a prime number} and Set R = {x : x is multiple of 4}, The elements of the set (P R) Q are A. 5, 11 B. 1, 5, 11 C. D. 2, 3, 11 2, 3, 9.

July 2005 9. Given that M = {4, 6}, list all the subsets of M. A. {4}, {6} B. , {4}, {6} C. {4}, {6}, {4, 6} D. , {4}, {6}, {4, 6} 10. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of universal set \ , set P and set Q.

Q P
5 8 1 3 2 4

7 6 Diagram 13

Sets

21

List all the elements of set P. A. B. C. D. {5, 6} {7, 8} (1, 2, 3, 4} {5, 6, 7, 8}

11.

It is given that P = {3, 4,5, 6, 7}, Q = {6, 8, 10, 14}, R = {10, 16, 20} and universal set \ ! P Q R. . Which of these Venn diagrams shows the relation between set P, Q and R? P A. Q R B. P Q R

P C.

R D. P Q R

November 2005. 12. Which of the following Venn diagrams represents set R S such that the universal set \ ! R S ? R A. S C. S R

S B.

R D. R

Sets

22

13. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram with the universal set \ ! P Q R .

R P A B C Q D
Diagram 13

Which of the region, A, B, C or D, represents the set P'Q 'R? ?

14. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set R, set S and set T. R 3 8 x-4 x-3 9 5 T 1 Diagram 14 S

It is given that the universal set \ ! R S T , and n(S) = n(S T). Find the value of x. A. 5 C. 10 B. 6 D. 11

July 2006 15. Diagram 11 is a Venn diagram showing the sets M, N and P such that the universal set

\ ! M N P

M P N

Diagram 11
The shaded region represents the set A B C D
Sets

M N P M N P M N ' P M ' N P
23

16. Diagram 12 is an incomplete Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P, Q and R. P 4 3 6 1 7 Q

DIAGRAM 12

It is given that the universal set, \ ! P Q R and n R ! 11 . Find n P Q R . A B C D 5 6 12 17

November 2006 17. It is given that the universal set, \ ! _x :19 e x e 31, x is an integer aand set

R ! _x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even numbera. Find set R ' .
A B C D { 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 } { 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 } { 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 } { 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30 }

18. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set \ , set P and set Q.

\ P Q

Sets

24

Diagram 13

The region P Q ' is equivalent to the region A B C D

PQ' PQ' P ' Q ' P ' Q '

19. Table 2 shows data obtained from a survey of 100 television viewers. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram that represents part of the information in Table 2. Programmes watched News Sports News and Sports only News and Entertainment only News only Sports only Number of viewers 55 61 12 5 25 28

News 5

12

28 Sports

Entertainment DIAGRAM 14

TABLE 2

Find the number of viewers who watched sports or news and also entertainment programmes.

A B C D

26 39 47 51

June 2007 20. It is given that the universal set, \ = { x : 5 e x e 13 , x is an integer }and set P = { x : x is a prime number }. List all the elements of set P ' .

A B C D

{ 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 } { 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 } { 6, 8, 10, 12 } { 5, 7, 11, 13 }

Sets

25

21. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing set P and set S. It is given that P = { hockey player }, S = { badminton layers } and the universal set , \ ! P S . P S

Diagram 15 If n ( P ) = 27, n ( S ) = 36 and n ( P S ) ! 8 , find n ( P S ) .

A B C D 71 63 55 47

Nov 2007 22. List all the subsets of set X = { m , n }

A B C D {m} {m} {m} {m} , , , , {n} {n}, { } {n}, { m,n} {n}, { m,n},{ }

23. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set , \ = { Form Five students }, set L = { Students who play badminton } and set M = { Students who play tennis }
\

Diagram 14 Given n (\ ) = 60, n (L ) = 25, n ( M ) = 12 and n ( L P ) ! 8 , find the number of students who do not play the two games.
A B C D
Sets

15 23 31 52

26

24. Given the universal set, \ ! P Q , set P = { 0 , 1, 2 } and set Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5 }, find the value of n (\ ).
A B C D 7 6 5 4

Jun 2008 25. Diagram 12 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set, \ , set T and set S.
\

y1 y5 y2 y6 y4 y7 y3
Diagram 12 List all the elements of set S' .
A B C D { 1, 4 } { 3, 7 } { 1, 4, 5 } { 1, 3, 4, 7 }

26. Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with universal set , \ = { Form Five students }, set P = { Members of Science Society } , set Q = { Members of Mathematics Society } and set R = { Members of Geography Society }.
\

Diagram 13 It is given that n (P ) = 82, n (Q ) = 90, n (R ) = 40 and n ( P Q ) ! 24 . The number of Form Five students who are not a member of any of the three societies is 35. Find the total number of Form Five students.

Sets

27

A B C D

271 236 223 188

27. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P , Q and R. P R Q 1 2 7 3 Diagram 14 It is given that the universal set, \ ! P Q R . Find n ( P ( Q R ) )
A B C D 5 6 10 17

28. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the elements of the universal set, \ , set T and set U.
\

yl yp

yk ym

yn yq

Diagram 13 List all the elements of set U' .

A B C D {q} {l,p} {l,p,q } {l,p,q,n}

Sets

28

Nov 2008 29. Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set , \ ! R S R S

Diagram 14 Given that, n (R ) = 95, n (S ) = 78 and n ( R S ) ! 25 , find n (\ ).

A B C D 123 148 173 198

30. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing the number of students in sets G, M and S. It is given that set G = { Geography Society Members } , set M = { Mathematics Society Members }, set S = { Science Society Members } and universal set, \ ! G M S . G 4 4 6 S Diagram 15 If the number of students who join both the Science Society and the Mathematics Society is 8, find the number of students who join only two societies. x 2 2x 7 M

A B C D

13 15 16 18

Sets

29

ANSWERS
Chapter 11 Sets 3.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET. 2. P={A,E,I,U} n(P) = 4 3. P={3,7} n(P) = 2 4. P={-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2,3} n(P) = 7 5. m=6

1. A={1,2,4,5,10,20} n(A) = 6

3.2 (a) SUBSET

3.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET 1 = {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20} B = {11,13,15,17,19} B= {12,14,16, 18 ,20}

X Y All elemens in set X is a member of set Y.

X 3

5 6

Y B 11 17 13 15 19

12 14 16 18 20

R P QS SP QP

= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n( )= 12 A = {3,4,5,6,7} n(A)= 5 A= {1,2,8,9,10,11,12} n(A)= 7 B = {1,2,3,4} n(B)= 4 B= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(B)= 8 C = {8,9} n(C)= 2 C= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(C)= 10

Sets

30

3.3.a INTERSECTION OF SETS.

3.3(b)

UNION OF SETS.

1.

A B = {4,5}
A 1 2 3 .4 .5 B 6 7

A B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

1 2 3

.4 .5

6 7

P b c a f e d u i

Q g h R

i
X Y

i)
Z X Z Y X Y

ii)

X Y

ii)

iii)

iii)

4. 5

( M N ) = {4,12} (M N )' = {2,6,8,10}

a)

3 4

( M N ) = {4,6,8,12} (M N )' = {2,10}

a)

B A B

A
b)

b)

B
A B

c)

c)
C
Sets

31

3.3(c) 1

COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS. 2a)

Q R Z P X

10 11 12

5 6 7

3 1 2 4 8

9
b)
Z X

List the element of set = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} P ={8,9} P= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} Q ={3,4,5,6,7} Q={1,2,8,9,10,11,12} R = {1,2,3,4} R= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} P Q={} Q R= {3,4} P R= {} P R={1,2,3,4} Q R= {1,2} R Q= {5,6,7} Q R={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Q P= {3,4,5,6,7,8,9} (Q R)={8,9,10,11,12} (Q P)= {1,2,10,11,12} P Q= {1,2,10,11,12} (P Q R)= {10,11,12}
Sets

n( )= 12 n(P)=2 n(P)=10 c) n(Q)=5 n(Q)=7 n(R)=4 n(R)=8 n( P Q)= 0 n( Q R)=2 n( P R)=0 n( P R)=4 n( Q R)=2 n( R Q)=3 n( Q R)=7 n( Q P)=7 n[(Q R)]=5 n[(Q P)]=5 n( P Q)=5 n [(P Q R)]=3
Y Z

d)

e)

Z X

32

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS 1. B 6. A 11. C 16. B 2. 7. 12 17 C B B B 3. 8. 13 18 B C C C 4. C 9. A 14 B 19 B 5. D 10 C 15 C 20. B

SPM PAST YEARS QUESTIONS (SETS)

2003. 2004. 2004J 2005 2005J 2006J 2006 2007J 2007 2008J 2008

1. 4. 7. 9. 12 15 17 20 22 25 28

D C B D D B D A D D C

2. C 5. C 8. D 10. C 13. D 16 D 18 C 21 C 23 C 26 D 29 B

3. B 6. A 11. C 14 B 19 22 24 27 30 A D B B C

Sets

33