7 .

-
HOW
AND
WHY
IoBo
-- - -

THE HOW AND WHY WONDER BOOK OF
Written by DONALD BARR
Assistant Dean, School of Engineering
Columbia University, New York
Illustrated by MATTHEW KALMENOFF
Editorial Production: DONALD D. WOLF
Edited under the supervision of
Dr. Paul E. Blackwood.
Washington, D. C.
Text and illustrations approved by
Oakes A. White, Brooklyn Children's Museum, Brooklyn, New York
GROSSET & DUNLP Publishers NEW YORK
Contents
Page
THE NEW ANIMAL 3
BEFORE HISTORY 7
What does "prehistoric" mean? 7
When did prehistory start? 7
How do we fnd out about prehistory?
Who are the experts on prehistory?
How do we fnd the records of the past? !U
How do the records of the past get buried? !U
Ho do we know how old things are? !2
WHERE DID MAN COME FROM? I3
Where did living things come from?
What is evolution?
How do diferent animals evolve?
!3
!4
I
What is natural selection? I
How did the girafe get its neck? I
Do all people believe the theory of evolution? !7
AND THEN ... MAN! I7
Were our ancestors apes? I7
When did the frst men appear? I9
What was the Ice Age? I9
Ape-men or man-apes? 21
What is ptlhccanlhropuscrcclus/ 22
Who was Peking Man? 23
Who was the frst European? 24
Who were the Neanderthals? 24
Who were the frst "modern" men? 2
Were the early Europeans white men? 27
What is a race? 28
Why did races evolve? 29
Why are some races dark-skinned? 29
Why are some races pudgy? J1
Are some races smarter? 31
MAN'S WORKS 33
What were the frst traces of early man? J3
What is a tool? 34
What were the frst tools? 3
How old are the earliest tools? 3
How were "fst axes" made? 37
How were "fake tools" made? 37
What tools did Peking Man use? 38
What did man invent in the Ice Age? J8
STORY OF THE CAVE MAN
PAINTINGS 39
HOW DID CIVILIZATION COME
TO THE CAVE MEN? 47
Where did civilization begin? 47
The New Animal
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gt0W D0CK 0g0n lh0y musl h0V0
KnOWn hOW IO dO sOm0 Ot0in sutg0ty
0V0n then!"
buCh t0COtds 0t0 nOlCOmQ0l0. Ll0n
lh0y0t0IK0QuZZ0slh0IsCI0nlsIsmusl
gu0ss 0nd 0tgu0 0OOuI.
PROTEROZOIC
ARCHEOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
1,50
MILLION
YEARS
ONLY FEW
FOSSILS FOUND
CAMBRIAN
90 MILLION
YEARS
ORDOVICIAN
75 MILLION
YEARS
INVERTEBRATES
340 MILLION YEARS
SILURIAN
35 MILLION
YEARS
FISHES
DEVONIAN
65 MILLION
YEARS
RBONIFEROUS
50 MILLION
YEARS
AMPHIBIANS
PERMIAN
25 MILLION
YEARS
TRIASSIC
MILLI
YEARS
MESOZOIC
LOZ0n8 O d0t0nI KInd8 O 8C0nII8I8
Who are the

experts on
prehi story?
C0n I0 u8 IhIngs0OOuI
Qt 0hI 8 I OI I C I m0 8 .
h0nW0W0nIIOKnOW
0OOuI hOW Ih0 00tIh
OIm0d, W0 gO lO Ih0 atronomers
| Lt00K Ot `8I0t0Wy0t8 ) , WhO 8Iudy
8I0t8 0nd Q0n0I8 , 0nd W0 gO IO Ih0
physicists | Lt00K Ot `n0Iut0OOW-
0I8 ) , WhO 8IudyIh0OtC080nd Q0IlIC08
Ih0I Otm Ih0 0IOm, 0nd W0 gO IO Ih0
chemists | Lt00K Ot `]uIC0QOut0t8 ) ,
WhO 8Iudy hOW 3IOm8 O0h0V0. L
COuI80, Ih0y h0V0 nO I0COId8 0I 0 O
Wh0I h0QQ0n0d +, J, , y00t8
CENOZOIC
'140 MILLION YEARS 70 MILLION YEARS
DINOSAURS
CRETACEOUS
60 MILLION
YEARS
PALEOCENE to PLEISTOCENE
70 MILLION
YEARS
MAMMALS
Early man used primitive but deadly weapons as he
hunted the mastodon, an ancestor of the elephant.
There is something wrong with this picture. A dino
saur could not have chased a man, for as we know,
dinosaurs were already extinct whe man emerged.
The chart is a record of life on earth as told in its
rocks. It is dividd into eras, which are divided into
periods, and shows the form of life dominant in each
phase of the earth's geological history. You can
see how late is man's appearance on the earth.
All fgures in the chart signify duration of time.
0gO.ultOm sIudynghOW lhIngsWOtK
nOW, lh0y C0n l0 us hOW lhIngs mghl
h0V0 WOtK0d Ih0n.
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Q0n0d On 00tlh, 0nd Wh0I lh0 00tlhW0s
K0 Wh0n dH0t0nl 0nm0s W0t0 0VOV
ng, W0 gO lO lh0 geologists | Lt00K Ot
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tOCKs 0nd sOI8.
h0nW0 W0nl lO KnOW Wh0l 0nIm0s
0VOV0d, W0 gO lO lh0 paleontologists
| Lt00K Ot `l0K0ts 0OOul 0nC0nl
O0ngs ) , WhO sIudy lh0 OutI0d OOn0s
0nd It0CKs O 0nm0s O lh0 Q0sI. Pnd
Wh0n W0 W0nl lO KnOW hOW 0nm0s
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ogists | Lt00K Ot `l0K0ts 0OOul Wh0l
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archeologists | Lt00KOt`I0K0ts 0OOul
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Qt0hIslOtCm0n WhO V0d n C0V0s. h0
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tOm 0y0ts O 00tlh lh0l 0t0 3,
aAroN
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tOm tOCKs 3,, y00ts Od.
PmOsl 0 lh0 OOn0s, lOOs, W00QOns
0nd Otn0m0nl s
How do we fnd
lh0l l0 u8 Wh0l
the records
of the past?
m0n W0t0 IK0 0nd
hOW lh0y IV0d In
lh0 dI s l 0nI Q0sl 0t0 Outi 0d I n I h0
gtOund. N0nyh0V0O00nOundOy0CC
d0nl. ul mOsl O lh0 t0COtds O lh0
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OtIun0l0y Ot sC0nC0, m0H 8 0 m0ssy
0nm0. 1n lh0 0sl
How do the
hundt0d y00ts Ot
records of the
past get buri ed?
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8Om0 Q0C0s h0V0
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lh0 Olh0t Od OOn08.
h0t0V0t m0n V0d n C0V0s, lh0
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lt0CK0d mud OV0t Il, 0nd 08 0y0t 0l0t
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O00ts WOud V0 n l. h0 g0tO0g0 On
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OuOKdtI. Pn0WltO0 WOud COm0 0nd
u n0W uy0t WOud sl0tl. bC0nlslsh0V0
dug Oul OuV0s Wh0t0 lh0s0 hOOt 0y0ts
W0nI dOWn sXly 00l.
h0t0 m0n V0d OuldOOts, Ot In
0un-IOsmud0OIt00Ot0nCh0s und 0n
muhid0s, tuins und HOOds WOud Wush
sundund gtuV0OV0tlh0 Od C0mQsl0s,
Otundsd0s WOud Outy Ih0m. bOVng
Dunds O Qt0hsIOtC m0n W0t0 s0ugh-
I0t0dOy 0n0m0s, und lh0t OOd0s W0t0
0l Ot lh0 unmus, 0nd th0 0u-mOd
A cave belonging to primitive man, still
containing pottery and other utensils,
was discovered in the Middle East not so
long ago. A cross section of the earth
under the cave shows layer upon layer of
refuse dating back to many generations.
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OOn0s. N0g0s 0nd 0V0n Cl0s W0t0
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tuns. h0n M0ntCh bOh0m0nn dug
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huV0shl0dlh0tOCKyCtuslOlh0WOId.
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0nd lh0n dOWn nlO 0nC0nl uy0ts
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0nm0s lh0l V0nsh0d mOns O y00ts
0gO s0nly I0 Ih0t stOty.
11
FOtSOM POINT
A scientist applies the carbon- 14 test to an antler to determine its age.
n t00dIHg Ih0 Ong sIOty IOd IO us Oy
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How do we
CI00lut0s h0V0 0l
know how ol d
m lh0 00Ilh, Il I8
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I0WhIChQ0nIsOI0nIm08IV0dO0Ot0
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thi ngs are?
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In WhICh IhHgs h0QQ0H0d, II Is h0td IO
l0 ]usI hOW Ong 0gO Ih0y h0QQ0n0d.
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sI0HC0, Qt0CIIC0y 0 Ih0 0h0mIC08
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J B.c., Ih0H Ih0t0 0t0 , 0IOm8
Ot0gu0tC0tOOn 0nd OHy J0IOms O
C0tOOH 4 IH Ih0I Q0C0 O OOn0 IOd0y.
CROSS SECTION
THROUGH LAYERS
OF ROCK
DINOSAUR FOOTPRINTS
Each year, tree-trunks grow thicker by adding a new layer of wood
just under the bark. In dry weather, the layers are thin; in wet
weather, they are thick. By measuring the thickness of the rings,
you can make a year-by-year history of the weather from the time
the tree started to grow. You can match the outside ring of a dead
tree with the inside ring of a living one and carry the weather
history back a hundred years more. An older tree, dead and buried,
will give the weather-history of earlier centuries . The age of wood
found in the diggings can be determined by looking at the tree
ring weather-history for the part of the worl d where it was dug
up. And that will tell you when the wood layers were formed.
OW II h0QQ0ns Ih0I C0tOOn +
0IOmsOnyg0I InIO 0nIm0s, 0Ong WIIh
t0gu0tC0tOOn0IOms,WhI0Ih00nIm0s
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sCI0nIIsIs C0n I0sI0 III0 CtumO OOOn0
0nd s0y.
`hIs m8n dI0d 3, y00ts 0gO.
Where Did Man Come From?
h0 sIOtyOlh000tIhO0g0nInIh0 I0O
O0COdO0mQIy
Where dd l iving
sQ0C0. hIs I8
thi ngs come from?
hOWm0ny sCI0n
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h0QQ0n0d. h0t0 Out sun 0nd Ih0
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1
AMOEBA
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Ot mIIOns Oy00ts, Ih0t0 W0t0 I0ttIhC
8IOtms 0 0tOund Ih0 00tIh, 0nd gt00I
h0sh0s O IghInIng sIZZ0d IhtOugh Ih0
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W0t0 Otm0d. tOI0In Is nOI QuIl0 0IV0.
Pnd 0I 0sI sOm0 OIh0t 0CIds, 0V0n
mOt0 wOnd0Iu , W0t0 Otm0d. h0y
W0t0 `nuC0IC dCIds, 0nd Wh0n Ih0s0
0IOmgtOuQs, Ot mO0Cu0s, W0t0 InK0d
IOg0Ih0t In 0 C0tI0In W0y, OIh0t 0CId
8IuH sIuCK IO Ih0m and arranged itself
next to them in the same pattern. h080
W0t0 Ih0htsIIVIngIhIng8.
P IVIng Ct00luI08 0t0 m0mDI8 O
What i s
evol ution?
Ih0 80m0 gt00I 0mIy.
h0I Id00 I8 000d `Ih0
lh0OIy O 0VO ul I On.
h0 IOn, Ih0 gIt00, lh0 WOO, lh0
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0 COusIns. bCI0nIIsI8 O0I0V0 Ih0l Ih0II
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Qu0d Q0tI O Ih0 QtOI0In Cu8I0t WIIh
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O 00CIIICIIy W0t0 Ih0 H0tV0s. bOm0 O
Ih0 Ch0mIC0 WOtKC0s W0t0 Ih0 sIOm-
0Ch. PHdnOWIh0t0W0t00nIm08.
Ps sOOH 0s sCI0HII8Islh0s0 W0I0 Ih0
How do di ferent
ani mal s evol ve?
g0n0I I CI s I s , l h0
`OIIIh- OOW0Is
dIsCOV0I0d Ih0I
00Ch 0HIm0h0d 0 m0sI0IQ0n Ih0IW0s
Q0ss0d OH tOm 0HIm0 IO 0nIm0, Ih0y
h0d 0 OIg QtOO0m IO sOV0. 1 Ih0 d0
sIgHs W0t0 ]usI COQI0d OV0I 0Hd OV0t,
hOW COud Ih0 0HIm0s 0V0t Ch0ng01
PI0t 0, Ih0It t0Hds Ih0 Q00OHIO
OgIsIsIh0 `I0K0Is 0OOuI 0HCI0HI O0
IHgs COud shOW Ih0m Q0HIy O
0HIm0 sK00IOHs WhICh QtOV0d Ih0I
Ih0t0 had O00n Ch0Hg0s. PHm0s h0d
gOII0n OIgg0I, OI gOll0n sm00I, OI
Ch0Hg0d sh0Q0.
0H 0HIm0 h0d 0 0Ih0t 0Hd 0
mOIh0I, IIs d08Ign WOud O0 3 sOII O
mIXIuI0OIIs Q0t0HIS 0nd sOm0IIm0s
0 OII O IIs gt0HdQ0t0HIs, IOO. h0I
WOud 0XQ0IH hOW OH0 hOts0 mIghI D0
dI0t0HI tOm 0HOIh0t hOIs0. ul II
WOud HOI 0XQ0IHhOW, In 0 0WmIIOH
y00Is, 0 Ih0 hOI808 Osl lh0II lO08 0nd
gOI hOOs.
Lh0Hg0sIH Ih0Q0nO0n 0nIm0 0t0
C00d `muI0IIOHsWhIChIs] usIL0lIH
Ot `Ch0Hg0. PHd sCI0HIIsIs s0y Ih0I
III0 0CCd0HIs 0t0 h0QQ0HHg 0 Ih0
Im0IOIh00CIdsOIh0m0sI0tQ0H. O
IHsI0HC0, Ih0t0 0I0 t0ys tOm OuI0
sQ0C0 Ih0I 0t0 0W0ys shOOIHg IhtOugh
us. 0tIs O Ih0 0CdsIu mIghI g0l
shI0d 0tOuHd Dy Ih0s0 `COsmIC tuys.
NOsIy Ih0s0 0CCId0HIs ]usI sQOI lh0
COQyO Ih0 Q0H sOO0dy Ih0l Il C0nnOl
O0 us0d, OuIOHC0In 0WhI00n0CCId0nl
m0K0s 0 Ch0Hg0 Ih0I C0H t00y WOIK.
PHd Wh0I yOu 0t0 Is 0 CO0CIIOn O
mIIOHs 0Hd mIIOHs O suCh Ch0Hg0s,
IH Ih0 Otm O 0 COOHy O hIy ItIOH
C08.
OI0Ch0Hg0s 0t0 gOOd. 0 muI0IIOn
What i s
Is 0XIt0m0y dI0t0HI,
lh0n Ih0 III0 Ct00IuI0
natural
selecti o?
m0 y H O I I V0 OH g
0HOugh IO O0 OOD. ul
H0W 0nd dI0I0HI OsQtIHg 0I0 0W0ys
O0Ing OOIn IH Ih0 gt00I 0mIy O IVIng
Ct00IuI080mOng m0n 0s W0 38
0mOngOlh0IIVIng lhIng8.
MULE DEER
MAN
NEANDERTHAL
Scientists believe that the devel
opment of life on earth began
with one-celled animals. After
to billion years, man emerged.
15
1 Ih0 muI0IIOn m0K0s Ih0 0nIm0
W00K0t, II IsmOt0 IK0y IO g0lK0d In
0 hghI, Ot IO dI0 O sICKn0ss Ot hung0t.
l WI nOI IV0 0sOng0nd h0V0 0s m0ny
ChIdt0H usIIs Otdn0ty OtOIh0ts. bO Ih0
Od Q0n WI O0 C0ttI0d On 0nd Ih0 n0W
On0WIdI0OuI.
If l lulOn muK0s Ih0 0nIm0
sltOng0t Ot mOt0 C0V0t, II WI WIn IIs
hghIs 0nd 00I W0, 0nd Ih0 0nIm0 WI
QtOO0Oy IV0 Ong 0nd h0V0 m0ny ChI
dt0n IO C0tty OH Ih0 n0W m0sI0t Q0n.
hs s O00d Ih0 `n0Iut0 s00CIIOn
O muI0IOns, 0nd II m00Bs Ih0l Ih0
m0sI0t Q0n O 0nIm0s Is 0W0ys sOWy
Ch0ngIng IO hI Ih0 WOtd Ih0y h0V0 IO
IV0n. Ot0X0mQ0, dtugs suCh 0sQ0n
ICIn us0d IO O0 WOnd0tu 0I KIIng
g0tms, nCudng Ih0 I0ttIO0 sI0QhyO
COCCus mICtOO0s Ih0I C0us0 In0CIIOn8.
OCIOts g0V0 Q0nCIn IO Qt0CIIC0y
0V0tyOCdy Ot Qt0CIIC0y 0V0tyIhIng.
bO Ih0 sI0QhyOCOCCus mICtOO0 h0d IO
IV0 In 0 WOtd u O Q0nICIIn. Pnd
nOW m0ny sI0QhyOCOCCus mICtOO0s
h0V0 0 muI0IOn Ih0I K00Qs Ih0m un
h0tm0d Oy Q0nICIIn.
h0 s0m0 lhIng 800m8 lO h0V0 D0n
h0QQ0nInglOm0n. h0lI8WhyyOuh0V0
16
Ong0t 0gs Ih0n lh0 0OW W0 m0l In
Ih0 Ot0sl In lh0 hI8l Ch0Ql0l.
h0t0 us0d IO
How di d the
gi rafe get
its neck?
O0 0 gt00I 0tgum0nI
0 mO n g s CI 0nI I s I s
0OOuI hOW gIt00s
gOl Ih0It Ong n0CKs.
Ot Ih0 sk00IOns O
0nCI0HI gIt00s shOW0d Ih0I OnC0 uQOn
0 IIm0 Ih0y h0d shOtI n0CKs. Pnd lhIs
Is 0n ImQOII0nl Qu0sIIOn. 0C0us0 yOu
gOI yOut 0XC00nI Ot0In lh0 s0m0 W0y
Ih0 gt00 gOI IIs Ong n0CK.
bOm0 sCI0nlIsIs C0Im0d Ih0 gIt0R0s
h0d IV0d Oy 00IIng Ih0 00V0s O lh0
II00s 0nd 0I0I 0 WhI0, Wh0n Ih0y h0d
00l0n 0 Ih0 00V0s tOm lh0 OW0t
OI0nCh0s,Ih0yh0dIOsII0IChIh0IIn0CKs
IO g0I 0I IhOII OOd. h0y sIt0lCh0d sO
h0td Ih0I Ih0It n0CKs gt0W 0 IIl0
Ong0t, 0nd lh0It ChIdt0n W0t0 OOH
WIIhOng0tn0CKs, WhIChIh0y sIt0ICh0d
slI mOt0. bO their ChIdt0n W0t0 OOtn
WIIh slI Ong0t n0CKs, 0nd sO On 0nd
sO On. 1n OIh0t WOIds, Ih0s0 sCI0nlI8l8
sudIh0lIyOutDOdyCh0n0s, Ih0 s0m0
Ch0ng0 WI I0K0 Q0C0 In yOut musI0t
Q0n.
LIh0I sCI0nIIsIs s0Id IhIs W0s nOn
s0ns0. h0y s0Id Ih0I nOIhIng Ih0I h0Q
Q0n0d IO yOut OOdy WOud m0K0 0ny
Ch0ng0 In yOut m0sI0t Q0n. h0 gIt-
0H0s 0I0 0 Ih0 00V0s O lh0 OW0t
Ot0nCh0s. uI sOm0 gIt0H00mII0s
h0QQ0n0d IO O0 OOtn WIIh Ong0t n0CKs
Ih0n OIh0ts, ]usI 0s In sOm0 Q0OQ0
0mII0s 0V0tyOn0 h0s 0 Ong0t nOs0
Ih0n In sOm0 OIh0t 0mII0s. hIs h0d
nOIhIng IO dO WIIh sIt0IChIng. I W0s
O0C0us0 O III0 shIIs In Ih0 0CIds O
Ih0 m0sI0t Q0n. MOW0V0t, Ih0 gIt00-
0mII0s Ih0I dId h0V0 Ong0t n0CKs gOI
mOt0 IO 00I. h0y W0t0 h00!hI0t 0nd
h0d 0 O0II0t Ch0nC0 IO g0I 0W0y tOm
IODs 0nd OIh0t gIt0H000I0ts. bO Ih0
Ongn0CK 0mII0s h0d mOt0 ChIdt0n
Ih0n Ih0 shOtIn0CK 0mIIOs. h0 Ong
n0CK muI0IIOns WOn O0C0us0 lh0y W0t0
O0II0t It0000I0ts 3nd Ih0t0 W0t0 nOI
QuII0 0nOugh It008 lO gO 0tOund.
h0yW0t0 tIghI. h0s0 sCI0nIIsIs, 0d
OyIh0gt00In0Iut0IsI, Lh0t0s0tWIn,
s0Id Ih0I man evolved because his
powerful brain helped him to stay alive.
Yh0n 0tWIns OOOKs On 0VOuIIOn
Do al l peopl e
bel ieve the theor
of evol uti on?
W0t0 QtI nI 0d 0
hundt0d y00Is
0gO, m0ny Q0OQ0
s0Id 0tWIn dId
nOI O0I0V0 In LOd s Q0n, OuI In 0 hOt
tIO0 unIV0ts0 tun Oy uCKy 0CCId0nls
0nd gt00dy hghIIng. h0y s0Id h0 W0s
m0KIng m0n OuI IO O0 nOIhIng mOt0
Ih0n 0 sm0tI 0Q0. uI Ih0s0 Q0OQ0
n00d nOI h0V0 WOtt0d. h0 Ih0Oty O
0VOuIIOn s0ys C0tI0n IhIngs h0QQ0n0d.
I dO0s nOI s0y, 0nd II COud nOI s0y,
why IhOs0 IhIngs h0QQ0n0d. LOd
m0d0 Ih0 WOtd 0nd tuns Ih0 WOtd,
Ih0n 0VOuIIOn is LOdsQ0n. Pnd IIIs0
m0] 0sIIC 0nd O00uIIu Q0n. YIIh 0VO
uIIOn, 0V0n 0CCId0nIs 0t0 Q0tl O Ih0
Q0n O I0, 0nd 0V0n Ih0 OW0sI Ct00
Iut0IsQ0tIOIh00mIyi0. h0Ih0Oty
O 0VOuIIOn dO0s nOl s0y m0n I8 Ony 0
sm0tI0t KInd O0Q0. I s0ysIh0IOt IWO
OIIOn y00ts IVIng Otms W0t0 ItI0d
0nd ImQtOV0d 0nd ItI0d 0nd ImQtOV0d
In Qt0Q0t0IIOn Ot lh0 0ttIV0 Om0n 0s
W0KnOWhImuQOnlh0sC0n0OI0uQOn
Ih0 00tIh.
And Then ... Man!
P hundt0d y00ts 0gO, 0 0duC0I0d m0n
W0t0 I 0 KI ng 0XCI I 0d y
Were our
0OOul Ih0 n0W Ih0OtI0s O
ancestors
apes?
0VOuIIOE. N0ty 0W O
Ih0m IOOK Ih0 ItOuO0 IO
t00d Ih0 OOOKs WtIII0n Oy 0tWIn 0nd
hIs tI0nds, hOW0V0t, 0nd sO 0 OI O
sIy Id00s gOI sI0tI0d Oy m0n WhO
IhOughlIh0y COud g0I KnOW0dg0WIIh
OuI sIudyIng. bOm0 O Ih0s0 Id00s W0t0
InV0nI0d Oy Q0OQ0 WhO W0t0 sO sut0
0tWIn W0s WICK0d Ih0I Ih0y m0d0 uQ
WICK0d Id00s 0nd s0Id Ih0y W0t0 0t-
WIn s. LIh0Is W0t0 InV0nI0d Oy Q0OQ0
WhO s0d Ih0y W0t0 suQQOtIng 0tWn,
OuI WhO t00y m00nI Ih0I Ih0y W0nI0d
0tWIn IO suQQOtI Ih0m 0nd Ih0It OWn
Q0I Ih0OtI0s. h0n Ih0 0ss 0duC0I0d
Q0OQ0 gOI hOd O Ih0s0 Id00s 0nd
IhOughI Ih0I IhIs W0s Wh0I Ih0 n0W sC-

0nC0 W08 0 0OOuI. Pnd I Is sutQtIsIng

hOW m0ny O IhOs0 Id00s 0tO sII gOIng
0tOund lOd0y.
Ln0 O Ih0s0 IsIh0 Id00 Ih0I sOm0 O
lh0 0Q0s yOu C0n s00 In 0 ZOOlh0
gOD0sOtIh0ChIm0nZ00sOtIh0Ot0ng
ul0ns 0t0 0X0CIy IK0 Out 0nC0slOts
0nd OOK K0 0nd 0Cl IK0 lh0y musl
h0V0. bOm0 Q0OQ0 s00m lO lmnK lh0l
On0 s0I O ChImQs CImO0d dOWn tOm
0 It00 0nd 0VOV0d Ot 0 mIIOn y00ts
WhI0 Ih0 t0sI O Ih0 ChImQs sI0y0d
0X0CIy Ih0 s0m0 Ot 0 mIIOn y00ts.
hIs Is IOO h0td IOO0I0V0.
l I8 sOm0Wh0l 00sI0I lO D0I0V0, 0-
t
A chimpanzee is an anthropoid (resembling man) ape.
IhOugh nO On0 t00y KnOW8 OI 8uI0,
Ih0I m0n 0nd Ih0 0nlhtOQOId 0Q8 m0y
h0V0 h0d 0 COmmOn 0nC0slOI mIIOn8
O y00ts 0gO, 0nd 0t O0CK 0Ong lh0
sIt00mO0VOuIIOn. 1sO, IlIsQuIl0C0I
I0In Ih0l 8uCh 0 COmmOn 0nC0slOt W08
nOI0n`0Q0, 0 CmmQ0nZ00CI 0 gOII0,
IK0 lh0 On08 W0 800 In ZOO8 lOd0y.
N0yO0 Ih0 0nIm0s Ih0l W0t0 lh0 0n
O0sIOts O OOIh 0Q0s 0nd m0n `lh0
mIssIng InK 0s sOm0 Q0OQ0 C3 lh0m
Shown are side and top views of
the skulls of a gorilla, a Neander
thal man and also modern man.
NEANDERTHAL
GORILLA
MAN
IV0d sO Ong 0gO Ih0I Ih0y did O
OOK0nyIhIng IK0 0Q0s Otm0n. 0th0Qs
Ih0y h0d nOI 0V0n 0VOV0d 0s 0t 0s
mOnK0ys. Oth0Qs Ih0y OOK0d IK0 lh0
I0ts0t, 0 unny 0nm0 tOm Ps0, Ih0
sIZ0 O0 KIlI0n, WIIhhug00y0s. nOIh0t
WOtds, Q0th0Q8 m0n 0nd 0Q08 0VOV0O
sId0 Oy sId0 OuI QuII0 s0Qut0I0y tOm
00Ch OIh0t Ot m0ny, m0ny mIIOns O
y00t8.
Lt m0yO0 Ih0 0nIm0s Ih0l W0t0 Ih0
0nC0sIOI8 O OOIh 0Q0s 0nO m0n V0d
mOt0 t0C0nly. 1n lh0l 00s0, lh0y QtOO
0OyOOK0dsOm0Wh0ImOt0 K0!Od0ys
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lt00Q0tI0d,Ih0 0Q0sh0
)
0 O00n0VOVIng
mOt0 sOWylh0n W0 h0V0.
b0m0mO0t, 0l0t 0, Ih0l Out t0nd
In lh0 Ot0sI In Ih0 htsl Ch0Ql0I OOK0d
0 Ill0 Ol 0Q0IK0 hIms0.
MAN
NEANDERTHAL
0 C0nnOl s0y Wh0n lh0 msl hum0n
When di d
O0I ngs 0QQ00I0d.
h0t0 8t0 lhI00 I00-
the frst
sOns OIlh0l. 1IIsl, Il
men appear?
Is h0td lO s0y Wh0l
`hum0n m00ns. Ps 0t 0s W0 00n l0
tOm lh0 OOD0s W0 hnd, Out 0nC0slOIs
htsl O0C0m0 `hum0n O0OW lh0 n0CK,
0nd lh0 Ot0In OOW0d 0l0t. ul Il Is
nOl W0Kng uQtIghl, Ot h0VIng 0ss
OOdyh0It, Ot h0VIng Cumsy 00l lh0l
m0K0s usWh0lW0 0t0. 1lIs m0nS mInd
lh0l m0K0s himdIR0t0nltOm 0 Olh0t
Ct00Iut0s, sO W0 OughI IO s0y Ih0l Ih0
htsIItu0m0nW0t0Ih0htsI On0s lO h0V0
lhIs Q0CuI0t Ot0InQOW0I.
b0COnd, sK00lOnsOOnOlh0V0 OI0Ins.
h0y h0V0 0mQIy sQ0C0s Wh0t0 lh0
Ot0Insus0dIOO0. Y0 C0nm00suI0lh0s0
sQ0C0s. ul Ih0 SIZ0 O 0 m0n s h00d
dO0s nOl l0 hOW Inl0g0nl h0 s. OI
Q0OQ0 WIIh sm0 h00ds Ot OIg h00ds
C0nO00IIh0tsm0tlOtsIuQd. blI, sInC0
W0C0nnOldO 0nyIhIng 0s0, W0m00sut0
Ih0 Qt0hsIOtIC sKus W0 hnd 0nd hOQ0
lh0 numO0ts m00n sOm0IhIng.
htd, W0 h0V0 nOl 0V0n Ound
0nOugh sKus y0l. Yh0l W0 hnd O
Ih0s0 mu]Uchum0n Ct00Iut0s Is OI0n
]usI 0 ] 0WOOn0, Ot 0V0n ] usl u lOOlh,
0nd Ih0 QhysIC0 0nIhtOQOOgIsls h0V0
IO gu0ss Wh0Ilh0 h00dW0sIK0.
P W0 C0n hOn0slys0y Is lhIs . bO 0I
W0 h0V0 nOl Ound 0nylhIng lh0l OOKs
V0ty hum0n lh0l Is Od0t lh0n lh0 O0
gInnIng O lh0 gt00l 1C0 Pg0.
POOul h0 0 mIIOn y00ts 0gOsOm0
sCI0nlIsls s0y mOt0
What was
0nd m0ny sCI0nlIsls
the Ice Age?
s0y 0sslh0 W00lh0I
OV0t lh0 WhO0 nOtIh0H h0 O Ih0
00tIh O0g0n lO Ch0ng0. h0 WInl0ts O0
C0m0 COd0t. H0In 0nd snOW 0 mOt0
An iceberg breaks of from a glacier in the Ice Age.
1V
0nd mOt0 O Ih0 IIm0. 1n Ih0 mOunI0In
Ous Q0C08 0nd uQ nOtIh, snOW 0 tIghI
IhtOugh Ih0 summ0I. \Q In Ih0 Pt0II0,
Ih0 sh00Is O IC0 Ih0I COV0t0d 0nd 0nd
s00 gt0W IhICK0I 0nd sOWy O0g0n IO
sQI00O.
PsW0I 0It O0W OV0I Ih0 0dg0 O IhIs
IC0, snOW K0QI 0Ing 0nd QI0d hIgh0t
0nd hIgh0I, C0KIng h0td, unII Ih0 0dg0
O Ih0 gt00I IC0-sh00I W08 0 mI0 hIgh.
Pnd 0s II InCh0d sOuIhW0td, II QI0K0d
uQ It00s 0nd gt00I IOCKs. I sW0QI Ih0
OOs0 sIOn0s 0nd sOI O0Ot0 II, IK0 0
OudOZ0t 08 OIg 0s 0 0OnIIn0nI. 1I
CIush0d 0V0tyIhIng InIIsQ0Ih. 1lQu0d
dOWn mOunl0InsId08 OV0I lh0 00V08
Wh0t0 Out 0nC08IOIs mIghI h0V0 D00u
VHg, 0Hd I sQnI0t0d Ih0t OOn0s n
Ih0 Out0 gOunds. OWn InIO LuIOQ0
0Hd OtIh Pm0tIC0 II C0m0, gtIndIng
0W0y Ih0 0C0 O Ih0 00tIh, dtVIng Ih0
0Hm0s O0Ot0 II.
hs h0QQ0n0d Ony IH Ih0 nOtIh0tn
h0msQh00, OuI Ih0 0mOunI O W0I0t
Ih0t0 s H Ih0 WOtdH Ih0 s00s 0Hd
Z
In the Ice Age, woolly
rhinos were prevalent.
The map shows the ex
tent of ice covering the
world in the Ice Age.
tIV0ts 0nd0K0s0ndInIh0COudsdO0s
nOI 0h0ng0. bO, 08 mOt0 W0I0I W08
tOZ0n InIO Ih0 gIg0nII0 IC000Q, DV0I8
0nd 0K0s dtI0d 0nd Ih0 0V0 O lh0
O000ns dIOQQ0d 0 OV0I Ih0 gOO0.
s0nd8 0nO COnlIn0nI8 W0I0 ]OIn0O lO-
g0Ih0t Oy OtIdg0s O dty 0nd. LV0Iy-
Wh0t0 0nm0s W0t0 On Ih0 mOV0, gOIng
IOIV0InQ0C0s0tIOmWh0I0Ih0yh0d
0VOV0d, 0nd Ih0 KInd8 O mul0IIOn8
Ih0I WOtK0d W0 W0t0 dIh0I0nI IOm
Ih0 On0s Ih0I WOtK0d W0 O0Ot0.
bOuIhW0td W0nI Ih0 d00I, Ih0 80O0t
IOOIh IIg0t, Ih0 hOt80. LOWn IOm lh0
0dg0 O Ih0 PtCIIC, I0II00IIng O0OI0
Ih0 mOVIng mOunI0In O IC0, 00m0 Ih0
COdW00Ih0I 0nIm0s, lh0 I0Ind00I 0nd
Ih0 m0mmOIh. |h0 0sI m0mmOIhs
dI0d IhOus0nds Oy00Is0gOQ0Ih0Q8
KI0dOOyIh0Ih0IC0 n0W 0nIm0, m0u
y0I VIng m0n h0V0 s00n Ih080 gI00l
00Qh0HIIK0 O00sIs, COV0I0d WIh I0O
OtOWH h0It, 0s COmQ0I0 0 I Ih0y h0d
]usId0dy0sI0td0y,WIIhIh0t0sIm00s
O gt08s 0nd OuII0tCuQs 0nd f lI00
Ot0nCh0s sl n Ih0t slOm0Chs. 1Ot
Ih0y W0t0 C0ughI Oy Ih0 C00ng
nIO Ct0CKs n Ih0 g0C0t, Ot OutI0d
und0t 0V00nCh0s0nd Qt0s0tV0d 0s I
Ih0y h0d O00n K0QI n 0 d00Qt00Z0. Ps
Ih0 g0C0t m0I0d, C0O0tgs OtOK0 Oh
0ndhO0l0d0W0ynOtIhW0td, d0QOsIng
lh0 O00sls, slItOZ0nIn hug0OO0K8 O
C0 0nd tOZ0n mud, O0CK n lh0 PtCl0
W08l03u
g
8.}
LOWn 0mOng lh0 PQ8 n bWlZ0t-
0nd, lh0 IC0 On lh0 mOunl0n lOQ8 08O
sQt00d, 0nd Ih0t0 W0t0 lm0s Wh0n lh0
mdd0 O
@
utOQ0 W0s 0mOsl Cul Oh
tOm lh0 t0sl O lh0 WOtd Oy gIg3nlC
W0s O C0. h0 0nIm0s C0ughl nsd0
Ihs 0t00 Ch0ng0dOt dI0d.
h0n 0I0t IhOus0nds O y00ts, Ih0
g0CI0ts sl0tl0d lO m0l. 0l0t QOut0d
dOWn Ih0 sOQ0s 0nd tush0d 0Ong lh0
Od tV0t O0ds. h0 0tO0C0m0 W0tm0t.
nCh Oy nCh Ih0 IC0 t0lt00l0d. h0
OC00ns 0nd 0K0s O0g0n lO h 0g0In.
h0 sun shOn0W0tmy lh0 y00t tOund.
n Q0C0s Wh0t0 t0Ind00t 0nd Q0th0Qs 0
0W m0nK0 Ct00Iut0s h0d OnC0 shV-
0t0dIn Ih0 0nd0ssWnl0t, 0nm0stOm
PtIC0nOWtO0m0d. hs W0slh0`nl0t-
g0C0 Q0tIOd.
h0n, IhOus0nds O y00ts 0l0t, lh0
g0C0ts C0m0 dOWn 0g0In, 0nd t0
It00I0d, 0nd 0g0n lh0t0 W0s 0 Ong,
sunny nI0tg0C0 lm0 Wh0n Ons 0nd
hIQQOQOl0mus0s tO0m0d OV0t LutOQ0.
Out Im0s lh0 C0 C0m0 0nd Out
Im0s l m0I0d 0W0y. h0 08l g3CI0t
t0It00l W0s Ony uOOul , Ot 15,-
y00ts 0gO. ulO COuts0 . . . W0 dO
nOI KnOW I W0s t00y lh0 0sl.
l W0s n Ihs lm0 O l0nlhOus0nd
y00t0gO summ0ts 0nd I0nIhOus0nd-
y00t0gO Wnl0ts Ih0l m0n C0m0.
n 1925, 0 QtO088Ot In bOulh PII00
Ound lh0 OtOK0n sKu
Ape-men or
O 0 8IX-y00t-Od In 3
man-apes?
0y0t O 00tlh lh0l
s00m0d lO h0V0 O00n Otm0d 0OOul lh0
s0m0 lm0 lh0l lh0 g0CI0ts W0t0 O0gIn
nng 0I lh0 OIh0t 0nd Olh0 WOtd. h0
Ill0 0lOW OOK0d 8Om0lmng lIKO 3
yOung 0Q Oul OOK0d hum0n lOO, 3nd
lh0n0W8Q3Qt8 83I
g
IlW38`UOmI85Iug
nK. bCI0nlslsd0CId0dIlW38 QIOO3Og
0 V0ty sluQIdIll0 Ct03lut0, 0nd 8O lh0
C00d l0 m0nIK0 0QO.

AUSTRALOPITHECUS SKULL
Australopithecus was a manlike ape that evolved
in the south of Africa over one million years ago.
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Z1
I
IO O0 tOm 00t0t Im0s 0nd sOm0 tOm
0I0t Im0s. bOm0 s00m IO O0 mOt0 m0H-
K0 Ih0H OIh0s. OW HO OH0 s su0
Wh0I IO m0K0 O Ih0m. h0y h0V0 0
n0m0, IhOugh, australopithecines
L0IIn Ot `sOuIh0tn 0Q0K0 OH0s.
h0y COud O0 ]usI 0HOIh0 KHd O
0Q0 Ih0I h0QQ0H0d IO OOK mO0 hum0n
Ih0n mOsI0nd h0QQ0n0d IO d0 OuI. uI
nOI m0ny Q0OQ0 IhnK sO.
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0I Ih0 sI0g0 O 0VOuIIOn 0I0 Ih0y h0d
O0COm0 dH0t0Hl Om Ih0 0Q0s 0nC0s-
IOts, OuI O0Ot0 Ih0y h0d gOII0n very
dH0t0nI. h0QtO0ssOtsWhOdsCOV0t0d
Ih0 Ct00Iut0s IhInK sO.
Lt Ih0t0 mghI h0V0 O00n 0 IIm0
Wh0n two gt00l t0C0s O InI0g0nI O0-
Hgs W0t0 gtOWIng uQ On lh0 Q0n0I.
0th0Qs l0 australopithecines h0d
m0d0 0n 00ty sI0tI IOW0td O0COmHg
Ih000d0tsOIh00mIyOI0,OuIW0t0
HOI QuII0 gOOd 0nOugh. Lt
}
0th0QsIh0y
h0d 0 0I0 sI0tI 0nd W0t0 On Ih0t W0y
IOO0COmng 0V0n O0II0tIh0n m0n Wh0H
sOm0 ds0sI0t C0m0 IO Ih0m.
LH0 IhHg 0OOuI Ih0m Is V0ty mysl0-
tIOus. n s0V0t0Q0C0s, sIOn0 IOOsh0V0
O00n Ound WIIh Ih0 OOn0s O Ih0 aus
tralopithecines. Y0t0Ih0yIh0Ct00Iut0s
OWnIOOs1LOudsuCh0Q0K0 0Hm0s
h0V0 dOn0 suCh hum0n WOtK1 Lt W0t0
Ih0ym0n8W00QOns1LIdOut0nC0slOts,
QtOWIng Ih0 WOtd dutIng Ih0 C0/g0,
sW00Q dOWn0nd s0ughI0tIh0m1
h0 Od0sI OOn0s Ih0IW0 0t0 0Ity sut0
What s
O0 Ong I O m0n
WhOs0 d0sC0nd0nIs
pfheconfhropus
ereclusr
00 sI 0V0 W0t0
Ound s 0 V0 nl y
y00ts 0gO OH Ih0 L0sl ndI0n Is0nd O
ZZ
J0V0. h0 sOC00d J0V0 w0n h0d 0
CuIOus C0t00t. M0 gOl hIs n0m0 O0Ot0
h0 W0s 0V0n dsCOV00d. MIs dIsCOV0t0t
BsI d0Cd0d Wh00 h0 OughI IO O0 0nd
W0nl slt0ghl Ih0t0 0nd Ound HIm
0nd Ih0n d0CId0d h0 W0s EOI V0ty Im-
QOtI0nI 0I0t 0. uI h0 Is V0ty ImQOt-
I0nI Ind00d.
P hundt0dy00ts 0gO, Wh0n0tWIn s
Ih0OtI0s W0t0 O0ng 0tgu0d 0OOuI,
0V0tyOn0 0gt00d Ih0I I 0VOuIIOn W0s
Itu0 Ih0t0 muslh0V0O00n0 QOnlWh0n
Out 0nC0sIOts W0t0 0X0CIy h0W0y O0-
IW00n 0Q0s 0nd m0n. hIs Is nOI QuII0
sO, Oul On0 sCI0nlIsI W0s sO COnhd0nI
Ih0I h0 g0V0 0 n0m0 IO Ih0 mIssIng
Ct00Iut0 pithecanthropus erectus,
WhICh Is 0IIn Ot `0Q0m0n WhO sI0nds
uQtIghI.
P yOung uICh dOCIOt n0m0d u-
OOIs d0CId0d Ih0l Ih0 Q0C0 IO OOK Ot
IhIs 0OW W08 0OHg Ih0 O0HKs O 0
C0tIun tIV0t In Ih0 L0slnd0s, O0C0us0
hum0n t0m0ns s00m0d IO 0sI W0
Ih0t0 0Hd Ih0 g0OOgIsIs s0Id Ih0 tIV0t
O0nK W0s 0OOuI Ih0 tIghl 0g0. M0 gOI
0 ] OO 0s 0n 0tmy sutg0On 0nd W0s s0nl
IO Ih0 ndI0s 0Hd Ih0t0, Oy lh0 tIV0t,
h0 Ound sOm0 I00Ih 0nd Ih0 IOQ O 0
sKu. h0n h0 Ound sOm0 0g OOn0s.
tOm lh0 sh0Q0 O Ih0s0 h0 OtI!!I0nIy
QtOV0d Ih0I Ihs Ct00Iut0 h0d 0 Ot0In
h0W0y O0IW00n 0n 0Q0s 0nd 0 m0ns
0ndW0K0duQtghI. M00nBOunC0dIh0I
h0 h0d OuHd Ih0 pithecanthropus
erectus.
L COuts0, Ih0t0 W0s 0 Ol O WID
H. bOm0 Q0OQ0 s0Id II W0s 0n Otd-
H0y 0Q0. bOm0 s0Id II W0s 0n OtdIn0ty
hum0n IdIOI. t. uOOIs s0Id mmy
Ih0I II W0s 0n 0Q0-m0n WhO W0K0d uQ
IghI 0nd Ih0n OHc d0y h0 Ch0ng0d
Dubois dug up the remai ns of pithecanthropus erectus.
hs mHd uHd sud I Wus uH uQ0 uI0t
u ' ul Oy Ih0H mOsI Q0OQO ugt00d
WIh hs hsI d0u.
0 huV0 HOW OuHd sOm0 mOt0 O
Ihs KHdOC0uIut0, undh0t00ymusl
huV0O00H un uQghI uQ0-munsIuQId,
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OIg huI uC0 uHd umOsI nO Ot0h00d~
WhO V0d H Ih0 bOuIh uCIhC WhI0
Ih0 0uy QuI O Ih0 C0 Pg0 Wus gOng
On.
H Ih0 VZ s uHd VJ s, In sOm0 C0V0s
Who was
Peki ng Man?
n0 0 t Wh0 I W0 8
C0 0d LhI CK0n
On0 MI OuIsId0
Ih0 CIy O 0KHgnOW lh0 CuQIl0O
H0d LhHu sC0HIsIs dug uQ OIls O
Ih0 sKus uHd sK00IOHs O uOOuI Otly
m0n, WOm0H uHd ChIdt0n.
h0y W0t0 uOOul hVO 00I Iu 0nd
slOCKy. Jh0y sIOOd sItuIghI. h0y s00m
IO huV0 O00n ghI-hund0d, WIIh On0
sd0 OIh0OOd0s sIghIyO0lI0td0V0
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HOI QuI0 us uQ0-IK0 us Ih0 J0V0N8ns,
0Hdlh0OuHsW0t0 a Itt0Ogg0t, Out
Ih0y V0d uOOuI lh0 sum0 Im0 0s pithe
canthropus erectus Ot u lI0 0I0t.
huI muK0s Ih0m It0m0HdOusy Inl0t
0sIHg s Ihul h0t0 0l usIW0 h0V0 Ound
Qt0hIsIOtC mun 0l hOm0.
M0 Wus HOI u 0OW yOu WOud C0t0
IO VsII Ot Ih0 W00K0nd 0IhOugh,
sutQIsIngy 0HOugh, h0 h0d htO 0nd
COOK0dsOm0OhIsOOd,0ndW0sh0nd
0nOughIO muK0 sOm0 QuII0 us0u IOOs
Oy ChQQng uHd huKHgQ0C0s O sIOnO.
uI 0Ih0 h0 us0d IO huV0 sOm0 tuIh0t
unQ0usuHI VIsIIOts Ot h0 Wus nOl ussy
uOOul hs OOd, O0Cuus0 Ih0 OOn0s O
WOV0s, Wd dOgs, OX0s, hy0n0s 0nd
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h0t0 u0 usO Ih0 OOH0s O uHmus
IhuI dO HOI V0 n CuV0s, suCh us d00t,
sh00Q, OuHuO0s, OsOH, Cum0s, thIHOC
0tOs0s, 0 hug0 hOts0, OsItCh0s 0nd 00
QhuHls. h0s0 musI huV0 O00H QuI O
0KHg wuH s d0I, Ot muny O Ih0
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sCOOQ Oul lh0 muttOW.
Z
PHd Ih00 u0 uHOIh0 uHmus
bOH0s On lh0Q0 0KHg wun sOWH
OOH0s, sQI O 0uIHg K0 Ih0 0sI. M0
Wus u CuHHOu .
JusI OuIsd0 lh0 L0muH uHV0sIy
IOWH O M0d0O0g
Who was the
Ih00 s 0 s0ndQII
frst European?
WhCh, O H0uty 0
C0HIuty, h0s O00H 0 0VtI0 sQOl Ot
g0OOgsIs uHd Qu0OHIOOgsIs, O0C0us0
Is H0uI uy0s shOW Ih0 Q0hsIOIC
0V0HIs O uOQ0 V0y smQy. H V,
0 g0OOgsI Hum0d bChO0I0HsuCK Ound
WhuI h0 hud O00H s00KHg Ot IW0HIy
y0usu QI0C0O u muH. I W0s 0 ] 0W
OOn0, QOOuOy uOOul 4, y00s
Od Q0h0Qs 0s Od 0s pithecanthro
pus erectus.
Europe' s ol dest trace of man: t he Hei del berg j awbone.
IsIh0 OHyIuC0OhumuHIyOuHd
uI Ih0 sQOI. I s Ih0 Od0sI IuC0 O hu-
muHIy H uOQ0. PHd I s sI 0
mysI0ty.
l s u j0W Wlh u ls I00lh H QuC0.
h0 ] uW s hug0, ChH0ss uHd uIh0
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s20 uHd QuI0 humuH.
YhOW0s h0 -Ihs huIOOW0d, Og-
h0ud0d, ChH0ss sIuHg07 OIy y00s
O Qu0sIOHng huV0 HOI OOughI 0H
uHsW0.
Z+
RECONSTRUCTI ON
OF PI THECANTHROPUS
SKUL L OF PI THECANTHROPUS
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hIs Ih0OtI0s O 0VO
Who were the
uIOH, Ih0t0 W0s 0
Neanderthal s?
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sC0HIhC sOC0Iy s sh0V0s Ih0 sKu O
uH 0uty muH O tulh0t 0H 00ty
WOmuHV0ymuChK0WhuI h0 s0Id
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OOdy s00m0d IO HOIIC0 II. 1l h0d O00n
OuHd H u CuV0 OH Ih0 bOCK O LIOt0
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Wus s0HI IO LHg0nd, u sK00lOn O Ih0
sum0 KHd hud O00n Ound In J m
0 CuV0 H Ih0 0uHd0t Nu0y n00t Ih0
L0muHCIyOuss0dO. bOIh0n0m0
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gV0H IO IhIs KHd O humuH O0IHg.
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uQ n 5QuH, tuHC0, 0gum, Huss0,
L20ChOsOVuKu, 3ugOs0VI0 und I0y.
h0yu0QOOuOyWhuIyOu S00HyOut
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Wd0 HOs0, 0 utg0 ]uW uHd umOsI nO
ChH. M0sOuCh0d. M0hudOgshOud0ts
RECONSTRUCTI ON
OF PEKI NG MAN
uHdshOtI 0gs. M0Wus 0 tugg0d 0OW.
M0 hud IO O0. M0 IV0dH LutOQ0IE Ih0
C0 Pg0, 75, 000 y0uts ugO. M0 W08 Ih0
muH W0 suW IH Ih0 Ot0sI n Ih0 htsl
ChuQI0t. PHd Oy Ih0 Wuy h0 h0d 0
OtuIH IhuI Wus Ogg0t Ihun Outs.
PI0t 0uHd0tIhu Nun W0s dIsCOV
0t0d, sCI0nIIsIs sOOn gOIIh0 Id00 Ih0I h0
Wus nOl Out dt0CI uHC0slOt. 0th0Qs
Ih0y h0I0d Ih0 IhOughI O h0VIng 8uCh
0 tOughn0CK Ot 0 Ot00Ih0t. hIs 0
OW, Ih0y suId, W0s 0nOIh0t KInd Om0n
0 KIHd O 0VOuIIOnuty mIsI0K0.
hI0H0uwuH,WIIhhs hIghOt0h00d
uHd hn0 ] 0W, W0s 0VOVIng QuI0Iy, Ih0
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0C0u80Ih0y W0t0 sItOng, Ih0y WOn OuI
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W0t0 sIuQid, Ih0y OsI In Ih0 0nd.
I Wus u gOOd sIOty. I s00m0d QuIl0
u C0V0t Wuy IO 0XQ0In Ih0 sIt0ng0 0CI
Ih0I Ih0t0 W0t0 sOm0 m0n tOm before
0und0tIh0 IIm0s WhO In sOm0 W0ys
OOK0d0ss IK0 0Q0s 0nd mOt0 IK0 us.
uI In 1 93 1 und 1 932, sOm0 Pm0t
Cun 0nd LngIsh sCI0nIsIs Ound IWO
SKULL OF NEANDERTHAL MAN
RECONSTRUCTI ON
OF NEANDERTHAL MAN
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0Ong WIIh Ih0It sIOn0 IOOs. h0 OOn0s
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Iut0 O wOd0tn uHd 00nd0tIh0,
mOsIyNOd0tn, WhI0 sOm0 OIh0OOn0s
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O Ih0 VuOus ItO0s gOI OuI, gOng IO
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OQ0d0 sQ0CI0tugg0d OuId 0nd0QQ00t
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n0y 0O0IOt00ChIh0t0sIOIh0WOtd,
Ih0ymX0dWIIhIh0t0sIOm0nKInd.
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IhOtOughyWIIh OIh0t Q0OQ0 Ih0n Ih0y
QtOO0Oy W0nI0d IO sOm0 WOtK0ts In
0 sIOH0Qu0tty, n Ih0 s0CIOn O sOuIh
W0sI0tn utOQ0 WhICh s nOW C00d
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Ih0 OOn0s n00Iy sQIl Ot 00Ing. uI
] usI 0s OI0n, nO dOuOI, IhO D00nd0t
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0nd sOOHOsIIh0IId0nIIIy.
MOt0 0nd Ih0t0 In LutOQ0, Q0th0Qs 0s
Who were
lhe hrsl
'modern men?
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O Ih0 1C0 Pg0,
lh0t0 W0t0 0 0W
Ot00ds Om0n WhO
OOK0d muCh mOt0 mOd0tn Ih0n Ih0
IOugh ^0uHd0tIhu0ts. P gt O IW0HIy
W0s OuHd H sOm0 gt0V0 n00t Ihc
hum0s HV0t n ngund. bh0 Wus H
0 uy0 Ihul COHluH0d Ih0 OOH0s O
thnOC0Os0s uHd 00QhuHIs, WhOh W0t0
U
suQQOs0d IOh0V0 COm0 uQtOm PtIC0
uHdtOum0d H HguHd dutHg Ih0Ong
W0tm sQ0 O0IW00n Ih0 s0COHd 0nd
IhItd g0C0ts. 30I Ihs V0y Od yOuHg
0dy s Qt0CIC0y IK0 uH Lngsh gt
O IOd0y.
P C0V0 uI OHIcCh0V0d0 n t0nC0
h0s y0d0d sKus smut IO IhOs0 O
mOd0tn t0HChm0H. 30I Ih0y W0t0 In
WIIh Ih0 OOH0s O C0tI0IH Iy0s O d00t,
IOtIOs0s 0Hd thInOC0tOs0s Ih0I 0t0 suQ-
QOs0d IO O0Ong IO Ih0 Wutm Q0tOd
O0IW00H Ih0 IhItd 0HdOutIh g0C0ts.
Ps Ih0 1C0 Pg0 dt0W H00t IIs 0nd,
m0ny nI0t0sIng n0W IyQ0s O Q0OQ0
s00mIO h0V0mOV0dIHIOWh0Ih0dO00n
00nd0tIh0I0ttIIOty. h0mOsI0mOus
Is Ih0 Ld N0n O LtOwugHOn, Ound
WIIh Out OIh0t sK00IOns H Ih0 LtO
N0gnOn C0V0 In sOuIh C0nIt0 t0nC0.
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m0InKIndsOQ0OQ0WhOW0t0CIOQQng
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II0 OV0 hv0 00I sX HCh0s Iu , uHd
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Were the earl y
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Europeans white men?
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The cave-dwel l i ng Cro-Magnons had
to ki l l or dri ve away uni nvi ted guests .
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What i s
a race?
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Why di d
races evolve?
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Why are
QInKI8h - WhIl0 KInd,
some races
dark-skinned?
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h0s.
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General facial traits distingui sh the races of man.
es e;ih fbi c | stature and body build.
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Why are some
races pudgy?
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Are some
races smarter?
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mOt0QtOudOO0Ing
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dI0d Olh0t t0C0s O m0n Ih0y 0t0
C00d ethnologists, WhICh is Lt00K CI
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JZ
The Yahgan I ndi ans of Tierra del Fuego,
di scovered by Captai n Coo in 1 77 4,
di d not develop beyond a primitive exis
tence. Yet more than 2, 000 years earlier,
t in Guatemala and Yucatan, the Mayan
I ndians already had a fouri shi ng civili za
tion. Above: a Yahgan hut; left and below:
a Mayan palace, Yucatan ornaments.
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Man' s Works
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What were the
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frst traces
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of early man?
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0ms.
Ln0 d0y, 0s h0 W0s l0KIng hIs 0I0t
nOOn W0K 0Ong lh0 tO0d Ih0l OOW0d
lh0 tIV0t O0nK, h0 C0m0 uQOn 8Om0
WOtKm0n. M0 sIOOd W0IChIng Ih0m, Ih0
sKtls O hIs gt00ICO0I h0QQIng n Ih0
d0mQ s00 Ot00Z0. budd0ny hIs 0y0
C0ughl 0 sIt0ng0y sh0Q0d sIOn0 In Ih0
gt0V0 tIV0t O0nK Wh0t0 Ih0y W0t0 dIg
gIng. M0 W0K0d OV0t 0nd QICK0d II uQ.
Pnd mOd0tn m0n dIsCOV0t0d hIs Qt0
hIsIOtIC 0nCCsIOtS.
1I W0s 0 hInl Q0OO0 sh0Q0d IK0 0
Q00t, 0nd Ih0 n0ttOW0t 0nd h0d O00n
ChIQQ0d 0W0y lO OD 0 ] 0gg0d QOInl.
h0ChIQQIng COudnOIh0V0O00n 0CCI
d0nl0. P m0n musl h0V0 dOn0 Il.
OuCh0I d0 0tlh0s OOK0d dOWn 0l
lh0 0y0ts O Q0CK0ddOWn gt0V0, hun
dt0ds 0nd hundt0ds O C0nIut0s Od,
Wh0t0 Ih0 sIOn0 h0d O00n OutI0d, 0nd
0sK0d hIms0 . `uI Wh0l m0n could
h0V0 dOn0 IhIs1 Ot In lhOs0 d0ys nO
On0IhOughIm0nh0dO00n On Ih000tIh
Ot mOt0 Ih0n , y00ts. M0 shII0d
Ih0 sIOn0 In hIs h0nd sO Ih0l lh0 tOund
0nd n0sI0d In hIs Q0m, 0nd In hI8
mInds 0y0 h0 s0W nOl hIs OWn smOOlh
WhII0hng0tshOdIng0nInI0t0sIIngQ0O
O0, Oul lh0 h0Ity hsl O sOm0 m0n O
InCt0dIOy 0nCI0nl lIm0s CulChIng 0
sh0tQ slOn0 C0W 0s h0 ChOQQ0d 0l 0
s0V0g0 0nOmy.
ul 0lhOugh OuCh0t d0 0tlh08
h0dIh0 Im0gn0lIV0 mInd O 0 WtII0t O
sIOt0s Wh0n h0 OOK0d 0l lh0 hsl0X0,
h0 0sO h0d lh0 C0uIIOus mInd O 0 gOV
0tnm0nI OmCI0. M0 s0Id nOlhIng. M0
C0m0 IO Ih0 tIV0t tO0d dutIng hIs sQ0t0
IIm0 0nd dug In lh0 gt0V0. h0t0 lh0
hInI IOO h0d O00n yIng, h0 Ound lh0
OOn0s O 00Qh0nls 0ndthInOC0tOs0s l P
gt00I n0W sIOty O Qt0hsIOtIC LutOQ0
Otm0d In hIs mInd, OuI sII h0 80Id
nOIhIng.
1I W0s nOl unII sIXl00n y00t8 0l0I
Ih0lh0s0IdOWn lOWtII0hIs OOOKQtOV
Ing Ih0I lh0t0h0d O00nm0nOn00tlh
IOOusIng m0n hIy Ot 0 hundt0d
lhOus0nd y00t8 O0Ot0. Pnd Il W0s h
I00n y00t8mOt0 O0Ot0 lh0 08l 8COmng
QtO0ssOt W0s COnVInC0d. Pnd Oy lh0l
Abbevillian bifaces : one of man' s early stone tools.
HARPOON
IIm0L0tWInh0dWtIII0n hI8 gt00IOOOK
0nd Ih0 8Ku8 O Qt0hI8IOtIC m0n h0d
O00n Ound.
bI0ndIntOnI OIh0mItIOI. LOOK. 3Ou
0t00 WOnd0tuyd08Ign0d
What i s
0nIm0. 3Ou 0t0 8I0ndIng
a tool ?
OnyOuthInd0g8, 0ndIh0I
m00n8 Ih0I yOuttOnIImO8 0I0 t00 IO
hghI Ot IO QOInI Ot IO II IhIng8. h0y
dO nOI h0V0 IO h0Q yOu mOV0 0tOund,
08 0 hOt808 Ot 0 IIg0t8 dO.
LII yOut 0tm. OOK. hI8 Ot0ImO
O yOut8 I8 0 QOW0tu In8Itum0nI. 1I
h08 0 O00nd8OCK0I ] OInI 0I Ih0
8hOud0t. 1I h08 0 8ItOng OdIng ] OInI
0I Ih0 0OOW. 1I h0s 0 IutnIng ]OInI 0I
Ih0 WtIsI. 1Ih08 0 V0tyC0V0t 8y8I0m O
musC0C0O08 In8Id0 II8 8KIn IO COnItO
IhI8 u80u 0QQ0t0Iu8. 3Ou C0n mOV0
h00VyIDing8008Iy.
MOd OuI yOut h0nd. LOOK. L0Ch O
yOut hng0t8 O0nd8 In Iht00 Q0C08. 3Ou
C0n IuD yOut IhumO 8O Ih0I II I08
tIghI0CtOs8Ih0Q0m OyOuth0nd. 3Ou
C0n gtIQ OIg IhIng8 0nd III0 IhIng8.
3Ou C0n hOd Ih0m IIghIy Ot htmy.
3Ou C0nIWI8I, Iutn,Qu, Qu8hOtIhtOW
IhIngs O 0ny 8h0Q0. 0CKIng uQ Ih0
IIQ8 O yOut mg0t8 0t0 Ih0 IOugh h0I
n0I8. h0y m0K0 Ih0 0nd8 O yOut m
g0t8 8IIH 0nOugh IO hOd IhIngs WIIhOuI
yOut h0VIng 8KIn 8O CO0I80 0nd h0td
Ih0I yOu COud nOI dO d0IC0I0 WOtK.
3Out h0nd Is 0 IOO Ih0I m0K08 II QO8
sIO0 Ot yOu IO h0V0 OIh0t IOO8.
30IOIh0t 0nIm08 0t00mO8I 08 W0
d0sIgn0d 08 yOu 0t0. PQ08 C0n W0K On
Ih0It hInd 0g8, IhOugh Ih0y nOtm0y
g0I 0 III0 h0Q tOm Ih0It h0nd8. h0y
C0n CtO88 Ih0It IhumO8 OV0t, 0nd Ih0y
C0n hOd 0nd mOV0 IhIng8 In Ih0II
J4
hng0t8. uIIh0y dOnOlu80IOO8. h0II
Ot0In8 0CK 8Om0IhIng.
h0n yOut h0IIy 0nC08ICt QICK0d uQ
0 8h0tQ 8IOn0 IO 8Ct0Q0 8Om0IhIng OI 0
h00Vy 8IOn0 lO h0mm0t 8Om0IhIng, Il
W08 0 It0m0ndOu8 Id00. He was making
an addition to his body. His mind wa
giving his body a new power over the
world around him.
PndWh0n h0COudnOIhndIh0Hghl
sIOn0, 0nd In8I00d O QOKIng In Ih0
gt0V0 0 d0y Ot Wh0I h0 w0nI0d, h0
]usI QICK0d uQ 0nOIh0t 8IOn0 0nd ChIQ
Q0d Ih0 htsI 8IOn0 InIO lh0 tIghI 8h0Q0,
II W0s 0n 0V0n mOt0 It0m0ndOu8 Id00.
He was changing the world around him
to ft himself. His mind gave him a pic
ture of something good that did not
exist yet and he made it exist.
h0 OtdIn0ty 0nIm0 n00d8 C0tI0In
Ihings C0tI0In OOd8, C0tI0In 8h0I0t,
0 C0tI0In CIm0I0. h0n Ih0 IhIng8
0Ound hm 0t0 nOI Wh0I h0 H00ds, h0
gO0s sOm0Wh0t0 0s0. tds 0nd O00s
Oud n0sIs. bQd0ts m0K0 W0Os. 00-
V0sOudd0ms. uIIIh0ydO nOIh0V0
Ih0 ghI I00 Ot COD0t Ot sIt00m, Ih0y
C0nnOI d0sgH0n0WKndOn0sIOtW0O
Ot d0m, 0nd Ih0y C0nnOI Ch0ng0 Ih0
It00 Ot COtn0t Ot sIt00m Ih0I Is Ih0t0.
h0y h0V0 IO gO uW0y.
uI Wh0H 0 m0H htsl Ch0Hg0d Ih0
sh0Q0 O 0 sIOH0, h0 O0C0m0 Ih0 htsI
0nm0 Ih0I s0Id. `Otd, W0 dOnI suII
00Ch OIh0t, yOu 0Hd 1 0Hd you're
gOIHg IO Ch0Hg0l
PndtOm Ih0lmOm0Hl OH, m0H W0s
suI0y gOIng IO h0V0 W00QOns, WhICh
W0t0 KIng-IOOs.
PHd ht0, WhICh Ch0Hg0d OOd 0Hd
CIm0I0 Ot hIm.
Pd COlhng, WmCh W0s QOtl0O0
sh0l0t.
Pd 0tl, WhICh W0s 0 W0y hIs mIHd
Where workmen were dredging a
rier bank, Boucher de Perthes dug up
animal bones and tools of early man.
SOUTH AFRICAN PEBBLE TOOL
35
MORTAR
lOd lS0H 8DOul lh0 lhugS h W8ul0d,
Dul dId uOl h3V0 y0l.
Pud 3ugu3g0, WmCh Sl3Il0d 8S 3
W3y O QOIulIug 3l lhIugS 3ud D0C3mc
3 W3y hIS mIud lOd Olh0I mIudS 3DOul
lhIugS lh3l W0I0 uOl 3IOuud OI htm lO
QOIul 3l.
Pud, muCh 3l0I, h0IdS O 3uIm3S
3ud h0dS u O CIOQS, WhICh W0Ic
m3u`S W3y O S3yIug lO 3 Olh0I IVIug
lhIugS `ChOS0you lOIV0 IulhISWOId
WIlh m0 3ud OI m0, 3ud you others
dOn`l W3ul.
Ou0 OOuIm8u-3Q0 3uC0SlOIS u00d0d
3 h03V 5lOu0 lO
Wh0f Wefe the .
hf8f foo8
h3mm0I SOm0lhIug
OI 3 Sh3IQ 5lOu0 lO
SCI3Q0 SOm0lhIug, h0 QOK0d 8IOuud
until h0 Ouud Ou0, 3ud Wh0u h0 m-
ISh0d WIlh Il h0 WOud lhIOW Il 3W8.
M0 h3d uO QOCK0lS, D0C3uS0 h0 h3d uO
COlh0S.
Pud Wh0u lh0 3Q0-m8u Ch8ug0d lh0
Sh3Q0O 3 SlOu0lO m8K0 IlmOI0 uS0u,
h0u3luI3yChOS0lh0SlOu0lh3lu00d0d
lh0 03SlWOIKdOu0OuIl. Pudlh0WOIK
h0 dIdOu IlDChIQQIug OI SQIllIug W3S
SO CDd0 lh3l W0 uSu8 C3uuOl l0 Il
IOm 3CCId0ul3 ChIQQIugOISQIllIug.
NuS0umS 8I0 O Wh8l 8I0 C80d
eoliths ~ LI00K OI `d3Wu SlOu0S ~
WhICh 3I0 SuQQOS0d lO D0 lh0S0 03II05l
WOIK lOOS. ul Il IS h3Id lO S00 lh0
hum3u WOIKm8uShIQ Iu mOSl O lh0m.
h0 03II0Sl lOOS W0 h3V0 Ouud lh3l
ShOW QI0lly d0h-
How ol d are the
nIl0 SIgu5 O h3V-
earl iest tools?
Iug D00n WOIK0d
Ou Dm0u S00m lOD0Od0I lh3u 3uy O
lhc m0u W0 h3V0 Ouud. h0 h3V0
D00u duguQi PIIC8,DOlhIu lh0 SOulh
3ud Iu lh0 uOIlh O lh3l m5l0DOuS
COulIu0ul. bOm0 Olh0m 8I0 mOI0 lh3u
3 h3-mIIOu 03IS Od.
h0y 3I0 SQIl Q0DD0S 8Ig0I lh8u
yOuI h5l, WIlhOu0 5Id0ChIQQ0dlOm8K0
3 5OIl OSh8IQ 0dg0. PS lh0 m5l g3CI0I
S0ul lh0 8Q0-m0u IO3mIug OV0I lh0
WId0D0550S O lh0 Ld OId D0lW00u
lh0 1C0 3ud lh0 h0I O050Il, lh050 `Q0D-
D0 lOOS muSl h3V0 5QI08d IOm Ou0
W3ud0IIug D3ud lO 3uOlh0I.
h0u, OV0I lhOuS3udS 3ud lhOuS8ud8
O 00r5, lh0 D0ud5 Iu lh0 W05l i
LuIOQ0 3ud PIIC3 3ud L0ulI8 PS8
D0g0u lO ImQIOV0 lh0II CIud0 ImQ0-
m0nl5.h0D3ndSOlh003Sl~Iu Wh3l
5 uOW LhIu3 8ud lh0bOulh b08 1S3udS
03D0d lO mQIOV0 lh0IIS, lOO, Dul
Iu 8 dI0I0ul W8y.
Stone Age man chipped pieces from
a chunk of fint to make a fst-axe.
Nobody knows when
pr i mitive man suc
ceeded i n making fre,
PI0uud lh0 lIm0 0 lh0 S0C0D03CI I ii
Q0Ih3QS 3 "" - 0
How were "fst-
400 000 03I5
axes" made'
' Y
W0Id 5QI03d 3mOug
lh0 W0Sl0D Q0OQ0S O 3D ImQOIl3ul Iu
V0ulIOu. lW35 lh0 `h5l-3X0 ~lhOugh
QIOD3Dy lh0 lOO W35 u50d OI QIyIug
3ud QICKIug 3ud SCI3QIug 35 muCh 35
OI ChOQQIug. h0 l0ChuIC3 u3m0 OI
Il I5 `COI0-DI3C0, D0C3u50 Wh0u QI0
hI5lOII0 m3u m3d0 Il Dy ChIQQIug 3W3
3l 8 Q03I-5h3Q0O 5lOu0 lO OIm 3u 0Og0
OIQOIul, h0K0Qllh0DIg 5lOu0 OI`COI0
3ud lhI0W lh0 ChIQ5 3W3y ~ 3ud h0
ChIQQ0d 0l DOlh 5IO05 OI `3C05 O Il.
hI5 W35 lh0 lOO lh3l OuCh0I d0
0Ilh05 OuuO Iu lh0 gI3V0 O lh0
bOmm0 bIV0I. N3uy IK0 Il h3V0 D00u
OuuO 3 OV0I PDC3, LuIOQ0 3ud L0u
lI3 P5I3. hO u50O lh0m? 0 OO uOl
KuOW. 0 h3V0 u0V0I OuuO
g0lh0IWIlhlh0IIOWu0I5~3l035l, uOl
unlI W0 COm0 lO lh0 h3uO5Om0 COI0
DI3C05 lh3l W0I0 5lI D0Iug m3O0 huu
OI0O5 O lhOu53uO5 O 03I5 3l0I.
Lu0 O3y, WhI0 lh0 W05l0D lIID05 W0I0
5lI ju5l 03DIug
How are "fake
hOW lO m3K0 COI0-
tool s" made?
DI3C05, 3 gI03l 5CI-
0ulIhC g0uIu5 W35 5IllIug Ou 3 gI3V0
h03Q m3KIug hIm50 3 3Ig0 h5l-8X0.
M0 5lIuCk lOO h3Id WIlh hI5 h3mm0I-
37
sIOn0, 0ndinst00d O lh0 n00IIII0 ChiQ
h0W0nI0d IO I0K0 OH, 0 Wid0, h0I h0K0
0 IO Ih0 gtOund. M0 QICK0d II uQ 0nd
OOK0d 0I II. M0 0I II8 sh0tQ 0dg0 0nd
hIs 0y0s und0t Ih0 h00Vy OtOWtIdg0s
n0ttOW0d. M0 W0s IhinKIng 0OOuI
sIOn0sIn 0n0WW0y. M0ItI0d IOt0m0m
O0thOW h0 h0d h0dIh0 COt0sIOn0 0nd
Ih0h0mm0tsIOn0, 0nd h0 sItuCK 0g0In.
P OtdIn0ty ChIQ 0 O. Pg0In. P
0ItsIZ0dh0K0. Pg0In. PO00ulIuIhIn,
sh0tQ IOO.
bOOn Ih0 n0W8 W08 Q0s80dIOm ItIO0
IO ItiO0Ih0IIyOu COud md gOOd COt0-
sIOn0s yOu COud m0K0 m0ny h0ndus
OIOOstOm On0sIOn0,0ndm0K0Ih0m
QuICKy.
=
1I u80d IOO0 IhOughI Ih0I Ih0 Q0OQ0
WhO m0O0 COt0OI0C0s 0nd Ih0 Q0OQ0
whO m0d0 h0K0 IOOs W0t0 dI0t0nI
KInds O m0n. bOm0 sCI0nIIsIs 0V0n h0d
VIsIOns O gI00lW0ts OughI 0 OV0t Ih0
W0sI O0IW00n COt0OI0C0s 0nd 0K0ts,
0nd00W0V0ndt00m0dOD00nd0tIh0
VI0In8WIIh]0gg0d III0 h0K08 hghIIng
LIO-N0gnOnh0tO0sC0ttyingW0m0d0
COt0OI0C08. LIh0ts 0tgu0d Ih0I Ih0
s0m0 m0n QtOO0Oy h0d OOIh KInds O
IOOs. PI0t 0, W0 h0V0 m0ny Kinds O
IOO8 0nd W0 dO nOI h0V0 W0t8 O0IW00n
t0nCh tIO0s, I0ts IIO0s, b0ZOI
IIO08 0nd bCt0WdtIV0t IIO0s. 1n
1V, 0 1t0nChm0n dIggIng n00t Ih0
bOmm0 bIV0t Ih0 s0m0 tIV0t Wh0t0
Qt0hisIOtiC IOOs W0t0 ht8I Ound
C00 uQOn 0 gt0V0 QII WhiCh h0d O00n
u80d 0s 0n OQ0n0II WOtKshOQ. Pnd
h0t0 8Om0 V0ty 00ty m0n h0d WOtK0d
sid0 Oy sid0 m0KIng COt0Oi0C0s 0nd
h0K0IOO8.
OtunIOdC0nIutI0s, Ih0s0 IWO Kinds
O sIOn0s W0t0 Ih0 IOOKII 0nd 0tmOty
OIh0W08l.
J
L 0 Ih0 00ty 8IOn0 IOOs, Ih0 Ony
What tool s di d
Peki ng Man use?
On0s Ih0I h0V0
O00n Ound 0Ong
WiIh Ih0It OWn0ts
0t0 Ih0 IOOs WIIh 0KIng N0n 0I
LhiCK0nOn0NOunI0In. h0y0t00sO
Ih0Ony00tyOn0sOundIn 0 C0V0. h0
t08I W0t0 0 Ound OuI In Ih0 OQ0n.
h080 008I0D IOO8 0I0 QuIl0 OI0I-
0nl IOm Ih0 IOO8 us0d In LutOQ0.
h0y 0t0 Wh0I 0t0 C00d `ChOQQ0I
ChOQQIng IOOs. bOm0 0t0 Wid0 sCt0Q
0ts. bOm0 0t0 h00Vy C00V0ts. bOm0
h0V0 QOInIs. uI OIg Ot sm0, WId0 OI
QOInI0d, Ih0y 0t0 m0d0 IK0 `h0nd
0dZ0s. Pn 0dZ0Is0III0dI0t0nI tOm
0n 0X0. h0 CuIIing 0dg0 O 0n 0X0 I8
sh0tQ0n0dOnOOIh 0C0s , Ih0 0dg0 O0n
0dZ0 is ChiQQ0d 0W0y On On0 0C0 Ony.
O dOuOI Ih0y W0t0 us0u In sQIIIIng
OOn08duDng038lS.
Pn 0X I8 sh0Q0d IK0 IhIs .
Pn 0dZ0 I8 sh0Q0d IK0 IhI8 .
Ot IWO Ot Iht00 IhOus0nd C0nIutI08,
Whi0 Ih0 IC0 COs0O
What did man
i nvent i n
the I ce Age?
in 0nd dt0W O0CK
0g0I n 0nd 0g0I n,
m0n QtOduC0d HO
t00y n0W id00s. h0 Od W0ys O m0K
Ing sIOn0 lOOs W0t0 sOWy ImQtOV0d.
0 C0n s00 hOW 8KIu lh0 C0V0 m0n
In LutOQ0 O0C0m0 In Qt0Q0tIng OIg
C0K0sh0Q0d hInI COt0s sO Ih0l h0K0
lOO 0I0t h0K0lOO COud O0 Wh0CK0d
O WIIh sWIl, C00n OOWs. h0 COt0
OI0C0sO0gIn lO O0 h0l 0nd 0V0nsh0Q0d
0nd sh0tQ.
h0n, In lh0 W0tm sQ0 O0Ot0 lh0
0sI g0CI0t, Ih0t0 W08 0 gt00l 8lItHng
0mOng lh0 mInd8 O lh0 Qt0hIsIOtIC
m0n O LutOQ0. y lh0 lIm0 lh0 mOun
I0Ins O IC0 C0m0 gtIndIng dOWn, m0n
h0d s0I uQ ltIO0hOus0hOds In C0V0s.
h0y O0g0n lO m0K0 lOOs Oul O n0W
m0l0tI0s, 0nd lh0It 8IOn0 lOOs lOOK
n0W Otms. utIng lh0 0nd0s8 WInI0t,
Ih0y InV0nI0d lhtOWIngslICK8 lO h0Q
Ih0It 0tms hut Ih0It 8Q00t8 0tIh0t.
h0y II0d sItIQs O 0nIm0 hId0 lOg0lh0t
IO m0K0 tOQ0s, 0nd 0ll0Ch0d OOn0 h0t
QOOns lO Ih0m WIIh C0V0ty C0tV0d
O0tOs IO C0lCh In lh0 h0sh O 0nIm0s.
h0ym0d0OOWs0nd0ttOWs, 0ndsOm0
O Ih0It 0ttOWs h0d OOn0 IIQ8. h0It
sIOn0 sQ00tQOInls0nd0ttOWh00dsW0t0
0shn0 0s 0ut0 00V0s. h0y 00D0d IO
us0 Ong COn0sh0Q0d hInl COt08 tOm
WhI0h lh0y COud h0K0 O KnI0O0d08
0nd ChIs0s. P8 Ih0 1C0 Pg0 C0m0 lO 0n
0nd, Ih0 m0n WhOOOW0d lh0 g0CI0t8
uQ tOm lh0 N0dIl0D0n00n b00 W0t0
m0KIng V0ty sm0, d0IC0l0yWOtK0d
sIOn0 0ttOWh00ds 0nd lOO8 WhICh WO
C0 microl i t hs | Lt00K OI lI n
slOn08 ) .
Story of the Cave Man Painti ngs
M0 W0s 0t0Id. M0 sQu0Il0d In lh0
y0OW d0nCIng ht0Ighl n0Xl lO lh0
OIh0t yOung m0n O lh0 C0V0, 0nd h0
hOQ0d lh0y WOud nOl s00 hOW hIs IQs
0nd hIs hng0ts W0t0 sh0KIng. Ot Ih0
IIm0 h0d 0g0In COm0 Wh0n h0 musl gO
dOWn InIO h00tKn0ss, dOWnInlO lh0
hungty O0y O lh0 00tIh.
1Ot m0ny d0y8 nOW 0V0t sInC0
lhIs mOOn W08 OODlh0 hunIIng h0d
O00n O0d, 0nd lh0 Q0OQ0 O Ih0 C0V0
W0t0 W00K tOm 0CK O OOd. 30sI0t
JV
d0y 0n Od WOmun 0Hd a yOuHg gt
h0d dI0d. h0 CunnIng Od hunI0ts 0nd
lh0 sItOngyOuHg hunI0tsW0nIOul00ty
0V0ty d0y, 0nd C0m0 O0CK 0I0 WIIh
nOIhIng OuI Ih0It dty, C00n sQ0ut8 0nd
KnIV0s. PIh0O0III0s0ndnuIsh0dOng
3gO D00n 8lDQQ0d IOm lh0 DI3n0h08.
h0I0 W0I0 lWO 0BIdI0n WhO W0I0 3-
I00dy IOO W00K lO W0K, 0nd 0n Od
m0n WhOOB00 W08 WI8O 3nd m0Ity Oul
WhO nOW 80Ql 3 d0y 0nd 3 nIghI.
h0 m0n O lh0 03V0 m0l lOg0lh0I
0nd d0CId0d. bOm0 80Id lhI8 mOOn W08
0 NOOn O 00Kn088, 0nd Ih0 hunI0t8
WOud h0V0 nO QOW0I OV0I lh0 0nIm08
unlI lh0 mOOn gt0W 0l 0nd lhIn 0nd
dI0d,0nd0n0W,lhIn8IV0IOmOOnW08
OOH In lh0 8Ky. ulOlh0I8 80IdIh0llh0
N0gI0 O lh0 03V0 W08 0 u80d uQ, 0nd
mOI0N0gICmusIO0m0d0.h0nlh0hI8l
On08 80Id lh0l N0gI0 COud dO nOlhIng
und0t 0 NOOn O 00Kn08s, 0nd lh0
u0WN3gI0muslD0 m0d0 0l lh0OIIIhO
led by a chanting
Healer, the cave men
danced as a means of
attaining power over
an i mal s they hunted.
Cave man artists sought
power over the animals
which they depicted in
color on the cave walls.
lh0 n0W mOOn. ul lh0 Olh0ts s0Id lh0l
lh0 Q0OQ0 O lh0 C0V0 0Oud nOl W0Il,
Ot lh0 n0W mOOn WOuO nOl D0 DOD
OtlWOh0ndus0nd-lht00-mOt0-hng0t8
O d0y8. Pnd sO lh0 d0CIsIOn W08 lh0l
Ih0 M000tWOud d0nC0 lOnIghl 0ndlh0
0hOs0nm0n 0n Od m0n 0nd 0 yOung
m0n WOud gO dOWn InlO lh0 O0y
O lh0 00tlh, 0W0y tOm lh0 sIghl O lh0
NOOn O 00Kn0ss, 0nd m0K0 lh0
N0gIC O OW0t.
Pnd h0 W0s lh0 ChOs0n yOung m0n.
M0 ICK0d hIs dty IQs.
0XllO hIm, hIsyOung0tOtOlh0tW08
Qt0QutIng Ot lOmOttOW s gt00l hunl.
M0 W0s m0KIng 0 n0W sQ00t-lhIOW0I.
M0 h0d l0K0n On0 O lh0 gt00l 0nl0I8
h0 0nd hIs 0lh0t h0d s0V0d tOm m0ny
41
huHIs, uHd hud OtOK0n OH u Ih0 QOInI8
uHII h0 hud 0 hn0 sIuIghl QI0C0 O
hOH. OW h0 Wus smOOIhIng II WIIh 0
O0uuIu hHI Oud0 Ih0It uIh0t hud
] usI mud0. Lut0uy Ih0OOy Om0d Il,
0 IhIH tOd us Ong us hIs Ot0um, WIIh
0 III0 gOOV0 und 0 nOICh IhuI Iutn0d
Ih00HdOIIInIOuhOOK. htOW0tsW0t0
hutd IO us0 yOu h0d Ih0 IhtOW0t
WIIh Iht00 hng0ts O yOut hund, Ih0
hOOK QOIHI0d OuCK Qu8I yOut shOud0t.
3Ou uId lh0 8Q0ut uOHg Ih0 IhtOW0t,
WIIh Ih0OuHI0ndn0sIIHgOuCK 0g0InsI
Ih0 hOOK und Ih0 8Q0uth0ud OtW0td,
WhI0 yOu h0d Ih0 mIdd0 O Ih0 8Q00t
shuI WIIh Ih0 OIh0t IWO mg0t8 O yOut
IhOWIng hund. h0n 0 sWII, WhIQQIng
IhtOW WIIh Ih0 0XIt0 t0uCh Ihul Ih0
IhtOW0t guV0 yOut utm 0nd lh0
8Q0ut WhisI0d OWutd 08I0t Ih0n 0ny
muns 0tm uOH0 COud h0V0 hut0d Il.
I Wus hutd, OuI yOung us III0 OtOIh0t
Wus, h0 Wus muKIng 0 gOOd IhtOW0t,
und h0COudus0IIW0 .
Their father was making spear
QOInIs. h0 Odmun h0dIh0 b0IH bICK
n0s8 In hI8 hng0t8, uHd Ih0 8WO0H
KnuCK08 dId nOl O0nd W0| 0ny mOt0.
30I Ih0 WIsdOm Omuny y0uts Wus sII
In hIs Hunds, 0nd h0 COud m0K0 Ih0
I0IO0 W00QOn8 h0 COud HOI us0. M0
h0d a 3tg0 chunk of fint that he had
Cut0uy ChIQQ0d dOWn IHIO 0 COn0
shuQ0 IhIsW08Ih0WOIh0Oud0s.
PguInsl II h0 h0d Ih0 IIQ O 0 III0
QunCh mud0 O OOn0, und WhuCK0d II
WIIh Ih0 humm0tsIOn0, Ih0 0Ih0t O
0d08. Pnd 8O K00nWu8 Ih0 Od mun8
0y0 and 8O gt00l W08 Ih0 CuHHIng O
hIs huHds Ih0I 00Ch WhuCK ChIQQ0d O
u h0I Oud0 WIIh Ih0 OV0y, d00dy-
shutQ 0dg08 Ih0l Ony gOOd hInI COud
giV0.
h0CKl h3CKl h0CKl m00 per
0CI O0d08. h0y WOud make gOOd
KnIV08 IO Cul m00I. IIh 0 III0 CmQ
QIng, Ih0y WOud m0K0 sCtuQ0t8 IO
C0un Ih0 unImu hId0s, Ot QunCh08 IO
s0W Ih0hId0sInIO COIhIng. uI IOHIghI
lh0 Q0OQ0 hud HO m0uI 0nd HO ut8
Ih0y sII hud IO g0l Ih0m. bO Ih0 Od
muH O0gun IO ChIQ uI Ih0 O0uuIIu
Oud0s, IuKIHg OH IIny h0K0s unII h0
hud ushIOH0d u sQ0uth0ud shuQ0d IK0
Ear l y man scraped the tough, r ough hi des of ani mal s wi th stone i mpl ements to soften t he ski ns whi ch cl othed hi m.
+Z
0 00, 0 00 O d00Ih, 0 00 O QOW0t.
h0 yOung m0n OOK0dtOm hs Ousy
OtOIh0t IO hs Ou8y 0Ih0t, 0nd Ih0n
OOK0ddOWn0l Ih0sIt0ng0lOOs O0sId0
hIsOWn00I . h0 II0 OOn0 QOI, m0d0
O t0OOIls sKu, h0d WIh O0CK sOOl
tOmIh0ht0, Ih0 sIOn0QOIs WIhumQs
O sundt0d t0d C0y 0nd y0OW C0y
In Ih0m, Ih0 IlI0 sItQ O hId0, Ih0
sKuOOWs O W0l0t, 0nd Ih0 unIl
0mQs COmQOs0d OIht00 sh0OW slOn0
O0sns, WIh WCKs m0d0 O Ih0 Ot0d0d
h0It O yOung gt8, h0d WIlh lh0 08l
0nm0 0I Ih0l Ih0 Q0OQ0 O Ih0 C0V0
h0d. | h0t0 h0d O00n hV0 0mQs, Oul
0 hungty Chd h0d dtunK lh0 0l tOm
lWO O Ih0m. ) h0s0 W0t0 hIs lOO8,
lh0 IOOs OIh0 w0gCO OW0t.
bOWy 0nd WIIh unsI00dy h0nds, h0
O0g0n lO Ctush Ih0 COOt0d C0y nlO
QOWd0t, usng 0 tOund Q0OD0. h0
QOWd0t musl O0 hn0, musl O0 Q0t0Cl.
M0 W0s sO 0OsOtO0d In hs I0sK Ih0l h0
dId nOI nOlIC0 Wh0n lh0 sOund8 O
Ih0 sIOn0-ChIQQIng 0Hd WOOd-8Ct0QIng
d0d dOWn 0nd Ih0 I0KIng slOQQ0d 0nd
u hush 0 OV0t Ih0 Q0OQ0 O lh0 C0VO.
ul h0 h00td lh0 hO0ts0 VOC0 O lh0
M0u0t suy, `LOm0 ' 0nd h0 slOOd uQ.
h0 Od0t ChOs0n m0n h0Q0d hm lO
QOut 0nd mX lh0 W0I0t nIO lh0 QOIs
O O0CK, t0d 0nd y0OW QOWd0t, 0nd
lO Ighl lWO O lh0 0mQs 0l lh0 ht0.
M0 Cutt0d On0 ghl0d 0mQ 0nd lh0
O0CK QOI. h0 M000t C0ttI0d Ih0 OIh0t
ghl0d umQ uHd lh0 Od t0d QOl. h0
yOung mun C0tt0d lh0 unIl 0mQ 0nd
Ih0 y0OW QOl, 0OHg Wlh lh0 sltQs O
hd0. h0y luH0d tOm lh0 ht0, WhCh
W0s ul lh0 C0V0 0nIt0nC0, 0nd W0K0d
nlO Ih0 d0tKn0ss ul lh0 O0CK O lh0
C0V0.
Fi gures, found i n Europe, made by Stone Age men.
h0m0nOIh0 C0V0OOW0d 0 IlI0
W0y O0hInd, Ih0t h0nds u O sQ00ts
0nd sQ00t-lhtOW0ts 0nd slOn0 KnIV0s.
h0 s0Hl QtOC0ssOn Q0ss0d InIO Ih0
d00Q0sl sh0dOWs, 0Hd sIOOQ0d, On0 Oy
On0, IO gO InIO Ih0 sm0 O0CK hO0 m
Ih0 W0 O lh0 C0V0.
h0 sQull0tIng 0mQs C0sl 0 0Inl,
sh0Ky gOW On Ih0 sId0s O lh0 n0ttOW
Q0ss0g0. 1l W0s OOd, Oul Il W0s nOl
lh0 COd lh0l m0dO lh0 yOung m0ns
l00Ih Ch0II0t 0s h0 OOW0d Ih0 M000t
0ndlh0 Odm0n.
0hnd hm, lh0t0 W0t0 gtO0ns 0nd
mumOIng8 O tIghl tOm sOm0 O Ih0
m0n, 0nd h0tC0 WhIsQ0ts lO O0 Qu0l
tOm Olh0t8. us lh0t0 u snuK0 s hss1
LOWn lh0y W0nl, nIO lh0 dm Vuul
O0nOlh0tC0V0tn, Wh0t0lh0lWOCtuCK-
Ing Ot0Ids O h0t n Ih0 OOWs O un-
+
m0 0I shOW0d Ih0 OOn0s O 0 O00t 0nd
80V0t0 sm00t 0nim08. P t0l sCutti0d
0mOsl und0t Ih0it00l 0nd t0n 8Qu00K-
Ing inIO Ih0 d0tKn0ss. h0y C0m0 IO
0nOlh0tQ0ss0g0-0nIt0nC0, 0ndsudd0ny
On0Olh0m0n Iht0WdOWnhisW00QOns
0nd O0g0n IO tun Ih0 W0y Ih0y h0d
0Om0. `LOm0 O0CKl 8Om0On0 Cti0d,
0nd Ih0 WhO0 gtOuQ C00d, `LOm0
D00Kl LOm0 D00Kl ulIl W3S uOlu00-
0880ty. h0 tighI0n0d m0n lOOK I0n
8l0Q8 inIO Ih0 0Wu sh0dOWs, slOQQ0d,
IuD0d, 0nd t0n O0CK lO C0ICh uQ WiIh
lh0dIs0QQ00tinggOWO Ih0 IWO0mQs.
LIh0t8 h0d QiCK0d uQ his W00QOn8 O0
Ot0 Ih0 ighI W0s gOn0.
++
ful exampl es of earl y
cave man paintings was
found in southwestern
France at lascaux Cave.
A cave wal l frequently
shows stencil ed hands,
sometimes even muti
l ated as the cave man ' s
hand might have been.
Pl 08l lh0y C0m0 lO Ih0 Q0C0. h0
m0n Qi0d Ih0it W00QOns in Ih0 C0nl0t
Olh0 O0tK C0V0, C0ing 00Ch Oy n3m0.
h0It 0y0O0s g00m0d y0OW i Ih0
0mQighl 08 Ih0y OOK0d IOW0td Ih0
M000t. tOm 0mOng Ih0 sQ00ts, h0
dt0W 3 uOO0 Q0It O d00t 0nI0t8 0l-
l0Ch0dlO0 sItiQOd00t hid00ndQuICKy
lI0d Ih0m IO hs h0ud.
M0 O0g0n his Ch0nl, C0ng lh0 0nI
m08 O Ih0Ot0slOyIh0it LWn 0m08,
0nd OO0sIIng Oudy O Ih0 OW0t O
Ih0 Q0OQ0 O Ih0 C0V0 0nd Ih0 OW0t
O Ih0 W00QOns OV0t 0 0nm08.
w00nWhi0, sOm0 O Ih0 hunI0t8 t0u
IO Ih0 W0 O Ih0 C0V0tn 0Ed h0d Ih0t
tghI h0nds h0I 0g0nsI I. h0 Od
ChOs0n m0n 0ndIh0 yOung ChOs0n m0n
h0sIy dQQ0d Ih0 sItQs O ut nIO lh0
Q0nIOOWs 0nd It0C0d lh0 OuIn0s O
Ih0 h0nds On Ih0 sIOn0, sOm0 n t0d,
sOm0 n O0CK, sOm0 n y0OW. h0t0
W0t0gt00I, sItOng, yOung h0nds. h0t0
W0t0 Od h0nds KnOII0d WIh Ih0 H0n
bCKn0ss. h00W0t0h0nds WIh lWOOt
0V0n Iht00 hng0ts mssng. bWIy Ih0y
W0t0 Q0nI0d On Ih0 W0, 0nd lh0n Ih0
hunI0tsg0Ih0t0dn00t Ih0 Odm0nWhO,
hOdng On0 0mQ 0OI, 0d Ih0m nlO
Ih0 Q0ss0g0s lhtOugh WhCh Ih0y h0d
COm0.
h0y 8IumO0d n lh0I huD, OI
Ih0t0 W0s nOl muCh gt00s0 0l n Ih0t
0mQOOW, 0Hd Ih0 h0m0 d0d OuI
O0Ot0 Ih0y t00Oh0d Ih0 OuI0I C0V0,
Ih0ymghIW0nd0tnIh0O0CKn0ssnIO
0 WtOng Q0ss0g0 0ndO0Osl, sW0OW0d
in Ih0 00tlhs O0y.
h0 yOung m0n 0nd Ih0 M000t W0t0
0I 0On0.
h0 M000td0nC0d, C0ng mOt0 0nd
mOt0WdyOn Ih00nm0sIO suOmIlO
Ih0 OW0I Om0n. 0m0 0I0tn0m0 h0
shOuI0d, n0m0s O 0nm0s, n0m0s O
lh0Wnds,n0m0sOW00QOns, Ih0 s0Ct0l
WOtds O OW0I.
Pndlh0yOungm0nQ0nI0d. Isl h0
dI0W a gI00l OsOn, QtOud n IIs hug0
8lt0ngIh, WIh lh0 tOh Ods O 0I 0nd
musC0 h0ngng dOWn O0IW00n Is lhn,
8hOtI Ot00g8, 0nd lh0 I0 08hng. P
IuO O O0CK 0nd 0 tuO O y0OW,
QuCKy m0O0 Wlh th0 ll0 ut sItQs
0nd Ih0 OtOWn O lh0 Og O00sIs uI
W0s QtOQ0ty C0ughl On lh0 C0V0 W0 .
h0 sm0 t0dtmm0d 0y0s WIh Ih0
sI0tng O0CK dOIs n Ih0 C0nI0t 0nd
Ih0 0nm0s h0tC0 l0mQ0t W0s C0ughI.
43
,
`buOml ' buOml l Ch0HI0d lh0
M0u0t, CungIh0OsOnOyHum0. `h0
OW0t s m0H s l
hO yOung muH OtgOI I O lt0mO0
WiIh00t. M0OtgOl IO hutty. M0 OtgOI
IO WuICh Ih0 sQuIl0tHg 0mQ OH lh0
hOOt Oy his 00I, lO s00 Wh0H l W0s
OutHHg OW uHd Ih0 OIh0t umQ musl
O0 ghI0d. M0 Wus QuHIng Ih0 QtOud-
0sl 0Hd sItOHg0sl O 0 OsOHs, C0IChHg
ils ViHg sIt0HgIh uHd ls I0ttO0 sQtI
OH Ih0 W0 OIh0 C0V0.
1l Wus Ih0 M000t WhO sIOQQ0d hs
Chunl 0Hd, ]usl H lm0, 00Q0d IO lh0
0mQ 0s Ih0 h0m0 sI0tI0d lO sHK 0Hd
gtOW dm. Ih0 n0W 0mQ W0s HOI
ghI0d tOmIh0Od, lh0yWOudO0Osl
Ot0V0t. 0V0tshy, h0 h0d Ih0 h0t
WCK OIh0 uHighI0d 0mQ IO lh0 dyHg
hum0. 1lC0ughI, smOK0d, 0Hd W0Hl Oul,
C0ughI 0guH, smOK0d, 0Hd W0Hl OuI.
`OW0t O t0l OW0t O t0l
sht0K0d lh0 M000t, 0Hd Cu0d Ih0
sCt0l H0m0 O Ih0 buH 1ts0. Ju8l 08
lh0 Od 0mQ d0d, Ih0 lHy h0m0 O Ih0
H0W OH0 huHg Ot 0 mOm0Hl On 0 OuO-
O0Olh0 0I, smOK0d duHg0tOusy, 0Hd
lh0H sI0tI0d lO gtOW Otghl.
h0 M000t dt0W O hs d00tsKn
Ot00ChCOuI 0Hdh8Ig0t-sKn C0Q0 0nd
O0guH IO Q0 Ih0 W00QOH8 n lh0m,
IhtOWiHg lh0 us0duQ 0mQ On!O On0
Q0uHdlyHgIuQnu OuHd0. `LOm0 l
LOm0 HOWl h0 s0d hutshy.
ul lh0 yOuHg m0H h0d mOtO WOtK
IO dO. M0 h0d O0guH IO QunI 0 d00t.
`uHC0l h0 s0d H 0 OW VOC0. `bHg,
d0HC0l h0 Q0OQ0 0t0 dyHg O huHg0t.
h0 w0giC musI O0 sItOHg| M8 h0Hd,
hOdiHg Ih0 sOOIO0CK ut, sW0Ql OV0t
Ih0 W0 0Hd It0C0d Ih0 sItOHg n0 O
Ih00Hm0shuHKs0sI00Q0dHIh00t.
Ms hHg0ts dQQ0d 0HOIh0t utsltQ n
Ih0 t0d QOl 0nd O0g0n lh0 COOtng 0nd
sh0diHg O Ih0 musC0s n Ih0 H0CK 0Hd
0gs. h0t0 W0s 0H Od, dt0d Q0nIHg
O 0 m0mmOIh H Ih0 Wuy, |0lOy sOm0
00t0t Q0OQ0 O lh0 CuV0. h0 yOuHg
m0H Q0nl0d OV0t l 0s l W0t0 HOI
Ih0t0.
h0 M000ts Ch0Hl W0s QuCK0Hd0
Ih0 WdH0ss h0d gOH0 Oul O l, 0Hd
sOOH h0 C00d, `LOm0 l O yOu h00tl
h0 yOuHg m0n huHg lh0 0mQIy
QuHI QOIs HlO Ih0 s0COHd Q0 O W00Q-
OHs, I0d l 0 uQ H lh0 ut C0Q0, 0Hd
sI0gg0t0d 0s h0 l0d Ih0 hug0 Ound0.
M0 0sO sung lh0 OIh0t buHd0 OV0t
hs shOud0t, hOd lh0 0mQ hgh, 0nd
0d Ih0 W0y uQ IhtOugh Ih0 d0tKn088
lOWutd lh0 C0mQht0 0Hd Ih0 Q0OQO
WulHg Ot Ih0 d0Wn 0Hd Ih0 hunl.

How Di d Ci vi l i zati on Come to the Cave Men ?
POOuI 1 5,000 y0utsugO, Ih0 usIguC0t
| W0 hOQ0 ) O0guH Is usI t0It0ul tOm
utOQ0. y 1 0, 000 B. c. , Ih0 Og hutdy
uHmu!s Ihul V0d uI lh0 0dg0 O Ih0
COd Ih0 mummOIh uHd lh0 WOOy
thHOC0tOshudCtush0duWuyIhtOugh
Ih0HOtIh0tHO0sIsuHdW0t0dyHgOul.
h0 t0Hd00t W0t0 mOVHg nOtIh. h0
O0sIs W0t0 u O smu0t, sWI0t uH-
mus. h0 s0usOHs W0t0 dH0t0nI. h0
tsHg OC0uHs QOut0d HIO Ih0 OWuHds,
uHd HguHd uHd 1t0uHd lutn0d nlO
suHds. h0 Ot0sI 0OQ0 Cum0 Oul O
lh0t CuV0s uHd Oul summ0t CumQs Oy
Ih0 shOt0s O uK0s. h0y lum0d Ih0
dOg, DuI Ih0y dd HOI KHOW Whul u It0-
m0HdOus d0u Wus Wuggng Is Iu ul
Ih0t V0ty 00I. h0y 0V0n OtgOl lh0t
O0uuIu utl. Ps ChuHg0 OOW0d
ChuHg0, Ih0y hud lO lutn lh0t mnds
IO Hg0HOus n0W hunIngW0uQOns O
WOOd uHd OOH0, und n0W lOOs, und
n0W Knds O CumQs.
0huV0 OuHd 0 C0mQ OIh0 Ot0sl
0OQ0, WOnd0tuy Qt0s0tV0d n u
gt0uI sWumQ n L0nmutK. 1l s lh0
hOm0 O C0V0t, QtuClC0 Q0OQ0, Dul
nOI Q0OQ0 WIh gt0ul n0W d0us, nOl
From a cave to the lake-dwell er' s ut was a big step.
Q0OQ0 WhO W0t0 nV0nlng CVZulOn.
LutOQ0, Wh0t0 m0n hud dOn0 sO muCh
und 0utn0d sO muCh, Wus nOW ] usl 0n
OulOlh0-Wuy QuC0.
1n lh0 Wdd0 Lusl, n Whul s nOW
th0 PtuD COunlty O
Where di d
ci vi l izati on
1tuQ, hOW0d lWO m_hIy
begi n?
tV0ts, Ih0 gts 0nO
Ih0 LuQhtuI0s, Otngng
WuI0t uHd 0 n u gt0ul gt00n slt0uK
uCtOss Ih0 hutsh Quns und hs. h0
sIt0uK O0nI OV0tW0sIWutd IO lh0 bytun
shOt0 O Ih0 N0dI0ttun0un b0u, 0nd
sOuIhWutd IO Wh0t0 Ih0OCuClyO
J0tChOWusuI0tIO sIund. 1IWusnlh8
0tI0Lt0sC0HI, us W0 nOW Cul, lh0l
humun CVZuIOn D0gun I0n lhOusunO
y0uts ugO.
Ln Ih0 sOQ0s uDOV0 lh0 lWO tIV0ts
gt0W C0tIun Wd QunIs Wh0ul und
Out0y. L0tlun Wd unmus gOuls,
Qgs, sh00Q, hOts0s, OX0n und dOgs
tOum0d Ih0 OW0t hs. 0thuQs Il W0s
uhuHl0ttunnngWIhhsdOgWhO 8ud
`11 Cun lum0u dOg WhynOl 0 gO0l,
u hOts0, a sh00Q1 Lt Q0thuQs l W08 0
mOIh0t, gulh0tng Ih0 ll0 K0tn0s O
Wh0uI, WhO sud. `hy, lh0s0 0t0 lh0
s00ds O lh0 Wh0ul Q0nll 1 1 Qul lh0m
n lh0 gtOund n0Xl lO my sh0l0t, lh0
Qunl W gtOW lh0tO 0nO 1 W nOl
huV0 lO WuK 8O 0t.
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'
,
Produced and approved by noted aut hor i t i es, t hese
books answer the quest i ons most oft en asked about
sci ence, nat u re and hi story. They are presented i n a
cl ear, readabl e styl e, and contai n many col orfu l and
i nst ruct i ve i l l ust rat i ons. Readers wi l l want t o expl ore
each of t hese fasci nat i ng subj ects and col l ect t hese
vol u mes as an aut hent i c, ready- reference, basi c l i brary.
5001 DI NOSAURS 5032 DOGS
5002 WEATHER 5033 PREHI STORI C MAMMALS
5004 ROCKS & MI NERALS 5034 SCI ENCE EXPERI MENTS
5007 I NSECTS 5042 THE AMERI CAN REVOLUTI ON
5008 REPTI LES 5046 MAGNETS AND MAGNETI SM
5009 BI RDS 5053 TREES
501 1 BEGI NNI NG SCI ENCE 5055 NORTH AMERI CAN I NDI ANS
501 3 THE HUMAN BODY 5064 STARS
501 4 SEA SHELLS 5065 AI RPLANES AND THE STORY
501 6 THE MI CROSCOPE OF FLI GHT
5021 CHEMI STRY 5066 FI SH
5022 HORSES 5069 TRAI NS AND SHI PS
5024 PRI MI TI VE MAN 5070 ECOLOGY
5031 WI LD FLOWERS AND OTHER TI TLES
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