Spray drying and other procedures for manufacturing small particles can produce particles as small as 2 to 5 microns.

Calculate the external surface area of nonporous spherical particles of 2 microns diameter. What size particles would be necessary if the external surface is to be 100m2/g? The density of the particles is 2.0 g/cm3. Discuss the classification of reactors based upon (1) number of phases in the reaction mixture (2) shape (3) method of operation. Elaborate each classification in details and their significant in selecting the reactor for the desired reaction. Ethylene oxide is produced by direct oxidation with air using a bed of catalytic particles (silver on a suitable carrier). Suppose that the stream enters the flow reactor at 200C, it is possible to convert 50% of the ethylene to the oxide, although 40% is also completely burned to CO 2. How much heat must be removed from the reaction per mole of ethylene fed, in order not to exceed the limiting temperature? The average molal heat capacity of ethylene may be taken as 18 Btu/lb-mole (R) between 25 and 200C and 19 Btu/lb-mole (R) between 25 and 260C. Similarly values of ethylene oxide are 20 and 21 Btu/lb-mole (R). The pressure is essentially atmospheric. The mean heat capacity of air at 25C to 200C is 7.00. Cp (water vapor) = 8.25, Cp (Carbon dioxide) = 9.4, Cp (Nitrogen) = 7.0, Cp (oxygen) = 6.25 The data for the heat of formation and combustion for reaction products at 25C, in calories/ gram-mole is given in Table. Table: Standard heats of formation and combustion fro reaction products H2O (l) and CO2 (g) at 25C in calories per gram mole Substance Ethane Ethylene Ethylene oxide Ethylene glycol Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Water Water State Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas Liquid Hf298 -20236 12496 -12190 -108580 -94052 -26416 -57798 -68317

Q2B. Discuss the variation of rate with temperature through thermodynamic arguments to develop Arrhenius equation. Q3A: Eldridge and Piret have investigate the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride in stirred-tank flow rectors f about 1800 cm3 volume at temperature from 15 to 40C. Their experimental results for several volumetric feed rates are shown in Table 5. The independent determination by these investigators from others experiments in batch-operated reactors resulted in the following first order equations for the rate of reaction, in g-mole/cm3-min; r= 0.0567C at 10C, r= 0.0806C at 15C, r= 0.1580C at 25C and r= 0.380 at 40C. 1|Page

Here C is the concentration of acetic anhydride, in gram moles per cm3. For each run compute the percent of hydrolysis and compare it with the observed values in the table. In all cases the feed temperature is the same as the temperature of the reaction mixture. Since the concentrations are low, the density of the solution may be assumed constant. Entering Volumetric % hydrolysis of T, C anhydride feed rate anhydride conc.; cm3/min. moles/cm3 2.1*10-4 378 25.8 15 -4 1.4*10 582 33.1 25 1.37*10-4 395 40.8 25 -4 1.08*10 555 15.3 10 0.52*10-4 490 16.4 10 -4 0.9510 575 55.0 40 -4 0.92510 540 55.7 40 1.8710-4 500 58.3 40 -4 2.0210 88.5 88.2 40 Discuss the effects of exothermic and endothermic reactions on the conversion inside the reactors and selection of type of reactors. Also discuss the methods commonly employed to add/remove energy to/from stirred tank and plug flow reactors. A dilute aqueous solution of acetic anhydride is to be hydrolyzed continuously at 25C. At this temperature the rate equation is r = 0.158C, in gram mole / cubic centimeter- minute. Where C is concentration of anhydride in g-mole/cm3. The feed rate to be treated is 500cm3/min of solution, with an anhydride concentration of 1.5*10-4 g-mole/cm3. There are two 2.5 liter and one 5 liter reaction vessels available, with excellent agitation devices. (a) Would the conversion be greater if the one 5 liter vessel were used as a steady-flow tank reactor or if the two 2.5 liter vessel were used as reactors in series? In the latter case all the feed would be sent to the first reactor and the product from that would be the feed to the second reactor. (b) Would a higher conversion be obtained if the two 2.5 liter vessels were operated in parallel: that is; if 250cm3/min of feed were fed to each reactor and than the effluent streams from each reactor joined to form the final product? (c) Compare the conversions calculated in parts (a) and (b) With that obtainable in a tubular flow reactor of 5 liter volume. Would the conversion be increased if tank-flow reactor of 2.5 liters were followed with a 2.5 liter tubular flow reactor? Assume the density of the solution is constant and the operation is steady state. The liquid phase reaction between tri-methylamine and n-propyl bromide was studied by Winkler and Hinshelwood by immersing sealed glass tubes containing the reactants in a constant temperature bath. The results at 139.4C are shown in Table. Initial solutions of tri-methylamine and n-propyl bromide in benzene, 00.2 molal, are mixed, sealed in glass tubes, and placed in the constant temperature bath. After various time intervals the tubes are removed and cooled to stop the reaction and the contents are analyzed. The analysis depends on the facts that the product, a 2|Page

quaternary ammonium salt, is completely ionized. Hence the concentration of bromide ions can be estimated by titration. From the above data determine the first order and second order specific rates, k1 and k2 assuming that the reaction is irreversible over the conversion range covered by the data. \ The reaction may be written as N (CH3) + CH3CH2CH2Br --------- (CH3)3(CH2CH2CH3) N+ + Br Table 2 1 2 3 4 t, min 13 34 59 120 Conversion, % 11.2 25.7 36.7 55.2

Q5B: Discuss the fundamental mechanical features of Ideal Stirred tank Reactor and Ideal Tubular- flow (Plug-flow) Reactor. Q6: The homogeneous reaction between sulfur vapor and methane has been studied in a small silica-tube reactor of 35.2 ml volume. In a particular run at 600C and 1 atm pressure the measured quantity of carbon disulfide produced in a 10-min run was 0.10 g. Assume that all the sulfur present is the molecular species S2. The sulfur vapor (considered as S2) flow rate was 0.238 g mole/hr in this steady-state run. (a) What is the rate of reaction, expressed in g moles of carbon disulfide produced/(hr)(ml of reactor volume)? (b) The rate at 600C may be expressed by the second-order equation r = kpCH4pS2, where p is partial pressure, in atmospheres. Use the rate determined in (a) and this form of the rate equation to calculate the specific reaction rate in units of g moles/(ml) (atm2)(hr). The methane flow rate was 0.119 g mole/hr, and the H2S and CS2 concentrations in the reactants were zero. (c) Also compute the value of k without making the assumption that the rate is constant and that average values of the partial pressures may be used; that is, consider the equipment to operate as an integral, rather than a differential, reactor. Compare the results and comment on the suitability of the apparatus as a differential reactor. The Molecular weights are (CH4, 16, S2, 64, CS2, 76, H2S 34) The reaction is as under CH4+2S2---------- CS2 + 2H2S Define following; Chemical Kinetics Rate of a chemical reaction Heat of Reaction Half Life Chemical equilibrium Order of reaction Mechanism Catalysis

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Leyes and Othmer studied the formation of Butyl acetate in a Batch operated tank reactor at 100C with H2SO4 as catalyst. The original feed contained 4.97 mole butanol / mole acetic acid, and the catalyst concentration was 0.032% by weight of H2SO4. . The following rate equation was found to correlate the data when an excess of butanol was used: r= k [A] 2 Where, [A] is concentration of acetic acid, in gram moles per millilitre per minute. For a ratio of butanol to acid of 4.97 and H2SO4 concentration of 0.032% by weight, the reaction velocity constant was; k= 17.4 ml/ (g mole min) Densities of mixture of acetic acid, butanol and butyl acetate are not known, however molecular weight and reported densities of each of the three compounds at 100C were name Acetic Acid Butanol Butyl acetate Molecular Weight 60 74 116 Density 0.958 g/ml 0.742 g/ml 0.796 g/ml

Although the density of the reaction mixtures varies with conversion, the excess of butanol reduces magnitude of the change. Therefore as an approximation, the density of the mixture was assumed constant and equal to 0.75 g/ml. (a)Calculate the time required to obtain the conversion of 50%. (b)Determine the size of reactor and the original mass of reactants that must be charged to the reactor in order to produces ester at the average rate of 200 lb/ hr. Only one reactor will be used, and this unit will be shut down 30 minutes between batches for removal of product, cleaning and start-up. Assume that the reaction mixture is well mixed. Discuss the classification of reactors based upon (1) number of phases in the reaction mixture (2) shape (3) method of operation. Elaborate each classification in details and their significant in selecting the reactor for the desired reaction. Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate and mechanism by which one chemical species is converted to another. Define the term mechanism and rate. Also explain why it is necessary to know the mechanism of reaction. Drive following material balance equations V/F = (xe-xf)/ re
X2

(ideal stirred tank reactor)

t = m dx/ (rV)
X1 X2

(Batch operation)

V/F = m dx/r
X1

(Ideal tubular flow reactor)

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Discuss the classification of reactors based upon (1) number of phases in the reaction mixture (2) shape (3) method of operation. Elaborate each classification in details and their significant in selecting the reactor for the desired reaction.

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