Petroleum University of Technology

In the name of GOD

Centrifugal Pump
Report from a laboratory experiment conducted on 21-No-2011 as part of fluid mechanic lab

Nader Korouji
8856025
8-Dec-2011

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Abstract:
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The pump is the cast iron construction and is provided with an open impeller . on the pump cover plate tappings are provided at various radii so that the increase in pressure across the impeller may be determine .

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Table of Contents

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Abstract:............................................................................................................................................i Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................ii 1.Introduction and Background.......................................................................................................1 Theory..............................................................................................................................................1 Description of Experimental Setup..................................................................................................3 List of Equipment Used...................................................................................................................4 Procedure.........................................................................................................................................4 Data..................................................................................................................................................4 Analysis of Data...............................................................................................................................5 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................6 References........................................................................................................................................6

ii

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1.

Introduction and Background

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In this experiment we want to calculate the efficiency of the centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump. The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid energy transferred to the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity Laws.

Theory
For the Centrifugal Pump Test, the following equation governs the input-output characteristics of the system. Z1 + U1 +P1/+V2/2 g+ Ws = Z2 + U2 +P2/+V22/2 g + Q +h where: Z1,2 = Elevation at points 1 and 2 U1,2 = Internal Energy at points 1 and 2 P1,2 = Pressure at points 1 and 2 = Specific weight of fluid V1,2 = Average free stream velocity at points 1 and 2 Ws = Work applied to pump as shaft work per unit force Q = Net heat flow from fluid to surroundings hf = Friction loss between points 1 and 2 (units of head) Note that, historically, the similar terms on the two sides of the equation are often combined and given the generic designation "head". For example, the following terms are sometimes used: Pressure Head =(P2 - P1)/ Potential Head = Z2 - Z1 Based upon assumptions concerning the operating condition, the above equation reduces to: Ws =(P2 - P1)/ Specific Speed Definition: Specific speed is a means of comparing pumps of similar design and/or style. The concept of specific speed is based an attempt to represent the speed in RPM of a geometrically similar pump (virtual pump) that has been reduced in size so as to develop one (1) foot of head at a flow of one (1) GPM. Note that, while the units should be in RPM or dimensionless, specific speed does not have correct units. Ns =N Q0.5/H0.75
1

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where: N = Speed of test in RPM Q = Flow at maximum efficiency H = Head at maximum efficiency

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Speed Corrections: When a test is conducted at one speed but the results need to be extrapolated to another speed, generally for comparative purposes, the following corrections can be used: Flow Q2 = Q1(N2/N1) Head H2 = H1(N2/N1)2 Hydraulic HP HP2 = HP1(N2/N1)3 Input HP HP2 = HP1(N2/N1)3 Efficiency 1=2 If we consider the inlet and discharge of the pump under lest as the bounties of a control volume then we may apply Bernoullis theorem of continuity to the fluid within that boundary. The head generated by the machine is : Machine head = gH j/kg The hydraulic power of the pump is the product of machine head and flow thus , hydraulic power Nh=Q.g..H Power input to pump The dynamometer output power N0 is given by : N0 = T.g.n where T = dynamometer torque = W.L n = dynamometer rotational speed it should be noted that n is measured by a tachometer from the motor bare sgaft end , is units of r.p.m if nm is measured speed in r.p.m then nm = n . 60/2P r.p.m n= nm . 2p/60 substituting in equation 3 : N0 = W.L.g . nm 2p/60 The power absorbed by the pump therefore , is the bynamometer output less transmission losses , thus : Np= N0 - Nt
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Nt represents the transmission losses between the pump and the dynamometer motor and is the power absorbed by bearing friction , air drag , ect . The value of the power loss will of Technology Petroleum University vary between rigs and on the same rig will very with motor speed . Typical values of N t lie in the range 0.1 to 0.15 KW . Thus the hydraulic efficiency of the pump : = Nh/Np . 100%

Description of Experimental Setup

We have three kinds of pump that are as below: 1. Gear pumps 2. Reciprocal pumps 3. Centrifugal pumps As we know the usage of first two one is for the purpose of viscous and heavy liquid and for other liquid we use the third one. And the centrifugal pumps have advantage of working under the condition that the outlet valve is closed.

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List of Equipment Used

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This equipment consists of pump & weight carrier & earth leakage circuit beaker & bag & additional impellers.

Procedure
1. Close all connecting cocks & valves. 2. Fill the sump tank. 3. Close the discharge valve. 4. Start the pump & prime the system at law speed. 5. Set the pump at the desired constant speed. 6. Set the discharge valve at the desired valve( start with zero ) 7. Balance the torque arm using weights. 8. Take the readings for quantities given in table of data. 9. Repeat steps 6-8 for different flow rate. Repeat steps 5-8 for different pump speeds, as required

Data

suction

m(kg) 0.5

T(s) 22 17 13 11

V(l) 50 50 50 50

n(rpm) 1300 1500 1950 2000

H1(mmHg) 565 580 615 630

H2(mmHg) 400 385 345 330

100%

0.7 1 1.2

suction

m(kg)

T(s)

V(l)

n(rpm)

H1(mmHg)

H2(mmHg)

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0.5 75% 0.7 1 1.2

18 17 14 11

50 50 50 50

1410 1600 1810 2100

575 580 615 625

385
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385 340 320

suction

m(kg) 0.5

T(s) 28 17 13 12

V(l) 50 50 50 50

n(rpm) 1100 1600 1820 1990

H1(mmHg) 560 610 645 660

H2(mmHg) 405 350 315 300

50%

0.7 1 1.2

Analysis of Data

Q=V/t=0.05/22=2.2710-3 m3/s

=2f=2rpm/60=21300/60=136.14

P1=T=mgr=136.140.59.810.2=133.55W H=h1-h2=565-400=165

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H1=H2

16513.6=999H2

H2=2.25mmH2o

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P2=QH=9990.002272.259.81=50.05W =p2/p1=50.05/135.55=0.36%

Conclusions
There are different types of pumps, each responsible for a certain task. In centrifugal pumps the water is circulated in the pump. Unless carefully designed, installed and monitored, pumps will be, or will become inefficient, wasting a lot of energy. Pumps need to be regularly tested to determine efficiency. Problems of centrifugal are ,Cavitationthe NPSH of the system is too low for the selected pump, Wear of the Impellercan be worsened by suspended solids ,Corrosion inside the pump caused by the fluid properties, Overheating due to low flow, Leakage along rotating shaft, Lack of primecentrifugal pumps must be filled (with the fluid to be pumped) in order to operate and Surge. Some images of centrifugal pumps are available in the appendix.

References
Fluid Mechanics (8th Edition), Victor l. Streeter, E. Benjamin wylie Mechanics of Fluids (3rd Edition), B.S. Massey Mechanics of Fluids (2nd Edition), W.J. Duncan, A.S. Thom, A.D. Young