Scientific Research Journal of India SRJI Vol-1 No-1 Year 2012

Vol 1 No.
1 Year: 2012
ISSN: 2277-1700
Scientific Research Journal of India

(SRJI)
Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI )

Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403 Email: editor.srji@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167, 8822485959, 9305835734
Web: http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 No.1 2012
Table of Content
Editorial Vermicompost: a source of soil fertility management in organic farming Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance (Agriculture ) (Anthropology ) 2 3 10 19 (Physiotherapy ) 23
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Vol.1 No.1 2012
Editorial
Dear Readers, It is my immense pleasure to present the first issue of the first volume of the Scientific Research Journal of India (SRJI). This journal is the official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society. Scientific Research Journal of India is a Multidisciplinary, peer reviewed and open access Journal of science. The scope of this journal is therefore necessarily broad to cover recent discoveries in structural and functional principles of scientific research. It encourages and provides a forum for the publication of research work in different fields of pure and applied sciences. The Journal will publish selected original research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews in the various fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of related sciences. The Journal will be regularly published and issued quarterly. We shall also publish special issues based on specific themes at the suggestion of the executive committee of Dr. L. Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society and members of editorial of SRJI. I hope you shall appreciate our effort.
Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D. Email: popiha@gmail.com
Vol.1 No.1 2012
Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming

P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****
Abstract: Use of vermicompost in crop field can reduce the cost of cultivation by replacing chemical fertilizer and it maintains sustaimentnable agriculture by improving soil texture and its enrichment. Vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor. For them it is sometimes not possible for construct a cemented vermicomposting tank for producing vermicompost due to lack of Government subsidy. A low-cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was prepared and productivity was analyzed. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected from different sources. In bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, the cost of production of one quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 79. For second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third year it was Rs. 14.40. In cemented tank vermicomposting unit the cost of production of one quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 632 and for second year onwards it was Rs. 10. Thus it is concluded that low-cost vermicomposting technology can be used as a source of income generation for the rural people by recycling and utilizing the locally available biodegradable wastes. Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.
Introduction Arunachal Pradesh is a biodiversity rich hot spot in the Indian Eastern Himalayas. The agro climatic condition and variation in elevation and latitude caused the occurrence of different and distinct vegetation types of this region. Huge amount of agricultural crop residues, weed biomass from both cropped and noncropped areas are also available annually, which are usually burned for crop cultivation in the subsequent years. The estimated amount of agricultural crop waste in Arunachal Pradesh was 261865 tonne (t) per year which could be harvested from the cereals and legumes cultivated. In addition, a substantial
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amount of wastes are also arising from livestock. For instance, about 2221440 t of wet dung per annum, and 1382520 t of urine per annum were arising from total number of livestock available (Bordoloi et al., 2007). In all, these agro-wastes could be utilized successfully for compost preparation and recycled for integrated nutrient management for enhancing production and maintaining productivity. While using organic materials as manures for crop production, the farmers are faced with the problems of organic materials being bulky, with a low nutrient content in relation to their volume, and being often messy and has bad odour. Therefore there is a need to develop an eco-friendly and appropriate technology to maximize economic value of nutrients of agro-waste for sustainable utilization. Decomposition reduces much of organic substances due to physical breakdown of substrate, leaching of soluble materials, and catabolism or oxidation (Seastedt, 1984). Conventional methods of composting takes relatively higher time and produce low quality manure. Use of earthworm for degradation of organic waste and production of vermicompost is becoming popular and is being commercialized. Use of vermicasting as biofertilizer can be one of the measure to
overcome productivity crisis in agriculture and play a multifaceted role in the improvement of soil texture through its influence in soil pH, as agent of physical decomposition enrichment by promoting humus 1995). formation by improving soil texture and its (Venkateshwarlu, Desai (1993) reported that by using vermiculture the cost of production could be substantially reduced by way of replacing chemical fertilizers. In totality, vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor and may not afford to construct cemented vermicomposting tank. So, it is envisaged to have a low- cost unit for the resource poor farmers of this region. By considering all these views, for maintaining sustainable crop production as well as to reduce the cost of fertilizer application an attempt was made to prepare a non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam) by utilizing locally available materials and resources. It can also be viably used as a source of income generation for the rural people by utilizing locally available biodegradable waste materials.
Material and Methods http://www.srji.co.cc
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate a low-cost bamboo beam structure for vermicompost preparation. The specific objective of the study being to test the efficiency of some plant waste material as a source of compost as well as to test the efficiency of methods of compost preparation and also to develop a low-cost, eco-friendly bio-composting technique. Three types of compost namely simple compost, enriched compost and vermicompost were prepared from easily available agricultural waste i.e. rice straw, weeds from rice field and kitchen waste. Cow dung was mixed for all the compost in the ratio of 1:1 (by weight). Bamboo beam of size 1m1m0.5 m were prepared. The beam was covered with polyethylene sheet to check the nutrient loss and to provide proper temperature for quick decomposition. In vermicomposting, after 25 days of decay the partial decomposed materials were transferred to the vermicomposting m for bed of size of 2m1m0.3 inoculation
Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu, Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 1500 earthworms (750 earthworms; size < 0.7 g, 750 earthworms size > 0.7 g) was inoculated for each bed and the bed was covered by a gunny cloth. Moisture was maintained at 40-50%. Each of the treatments was replicated three times to reduce the error of measurement of particular parameters. Among all, vermicompost was found more nutritious, less time consuming and more productive. The structure of bamboo beam unit and different stages of vermicomposting are presented in Figure 1. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected from different sources. The cost of cemented tank vermicomposting unit was calculated by personal observation and by having interviews with different farmers which have their own vermicomposting units prevailing in Papum Pare district and from the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh. The net cost of production per kilogram per year was calculated.
earthworms. The identified suitable strain of earthworm i.e. Eisenia foetida (Sav.) was collected from Multi-Disciplinary Training Centre (MTDC), Khadi Village
Results and Discussion http://www.srji.co.cc
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For construction of low cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit of 1 tonne capacity per harvesting a total of 60 piece bamboos was needed for construction of shed and bamboo beam, which was cost around Rs. 600. The total cost of thatch and polythene sheet comes around Rs. 600. Labour cost for construction of the unit was Rs. 350. The initial cost of earthworm was Rs. 2000. The total cost including maintenance and packaging for first year was Rs. 3950. For second year it was Rs. 300 and for third year it was Rs. 720. In one year 5 harvesting was done, so total of 50 q of compost was harvested from the unit. Net profit for first year was Rs. 31,050, for second year it was Rs. 34,700 and for third year it was estimated Rs. 34,280. In the first year, the cost of production of one quintal vermicompost was Rs. 79, for second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third year it was Rs. 14.40 (Tables 1 and 2). The construction cost of one tonne capacity per harvesting cemented tank type of vermicomposting unit was Rs. 31,600. An expenditure of Rs. 500 was required for maintenance and packaging from the second year onwards. Thus the production cost for one quintal vermicompost was Rs. 632 in the first year. And from second year onwards it was Rs. 10 only (Tables 3 and 4). From the data it is seen that nontank bamboo beam vermicomposting unit,
takes very low-cost compared to a concrete tank. The cost of production of one tonne vermicompost can be reduced by 87.5 % in the first year. For second year cost of production could reduce to 40%. Third year it needs some what more that is 44% more cost of production due to repairing of bamboo beam and bamboo shed for production production of cost vermicompost of one for quintal subsequent years. On an average, the vermicompost in bamboo beam was Rs. 33.13 and in cemented tank it was Rs. 217 in first three years. Low cost vermicomposting technology can help the marginal and resource poor farmers of the North East India. The cost of cultivation of crops can also be reduce by popularizing vermicomposting technology by replacing the need of chemical fertilizers. Most of the peoples of North East India depend on Agriculture. Vermicompost not only helps to increase the productivity of crops but also helps as income generation for the youth of North East India. By utilizing locally available resources and waste material available by their own, the farmers can construct a small vermicomposting unit and can utilize it as a source of income generation. Now a days, it is a great concern to popularize the organic farming. The demands of organic
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Scientific Research Journal of India local market but also in global market.
products are increasing not only in the
Figure 1: (a) Bamboo beam structure (partial decomposition tank), (b) Placing of agricultural waste material in partial decomposition tank, (c) Earth worm collection from rearing bed, (d) Vermicomposting bed after inoculation of earthworm.
Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam) Parameters 1st year 200.00 400.00 400.00 200.00 350.00 100.00 2000.00 200.00 100.00 3950.00 Rs. 79.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 Rs. 6.00 Cost 2nd year 3rd year 40.00 40.00 100.00 100.00 140.00 100.00 200.00 720.00 Rs. 14.40
Construction of shed (Bamboo 20 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm), (Size of shed 14m16 m) Bamboo beam 12 numbers (size 1 m 1m0.5 m), and bed 6 numbers (size 2 m 1 m 0.3 m), (Bamboo 40 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm) Thatch Polyethylene sheet Man days for construction ( @ Rs. 70) Miscellaneous Cost of earthworm Packaging cost Sieve Total cost Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
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Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam) 1st year Production in one harvesting 5 harvesting in one year Market price for 1 kg vermicompost Gross income after 1 year Sale of earthworm Gross income after 1 year Net profit 10q 50 q Rs. 5.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 31050.00 2nd year 10q 50 q Rs. 5.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 34700.00 3rd year 10q 50 q Rs. 5.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 34280.00
Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type) Parameters 1st year Construction of shed (11m 3m) Construction of tank of size ( 3m 1m 1m) total 3 numbers of tank Miscellaneous Cost of earthworm Packaging cost Sieve Total cost Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost 14,000 15,000 300.00 2000.00 200.00 100.00 31,600.00 Cost 2nd year 300.00 200.00 500.00 3rd year 300.00 200.00 500.00 Rs. 10.00
Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type) 1st year Production in one harvesting 5 harvesting in one year Market price for 1 kg vermicompost Gross income after 1 year Sale of earthworm Gross income after 1 year Net profit 10q 50q Rs. 5.00 Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 3,400.00 2nd year 10q 50q Rs. 5.00 Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 34,500.00 3rd year 10q 50q Rs. 5.00 Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 34,500.00
Vol.1 No.1 2012 References

-Bordoloi, P.,
Balasubramanian,
D.,
-T. R. (1984). The role of microearthopods in decomposition and mineralization processes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 25-46. -Venkateshwarlu, B. (1995). Composing the decomposed. Indian Silk, September, 1995, 5. -Desai A. (1993). Congress of Traditional Science and Technology of India, I. I. T. Bombay, 28 November to 3 December, 1993.
Arunachalam, A., Arunachalam, K. and Garkoti, S.C. (2007). Agricultural waste management for sustainable crop Production: A case study in Arunachal Pradesh.
Biodiversity Conservation- The Post-Rio Scenario in India. Assam University, Silchar. Seastedt,
CORRESPONDENCE
*KVK, NRC on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Dudhnoi, Goalpara, Assam, **A.Arunachalam, Division of Natural Resources Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan II, Pusa, New Delhi. ***School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehra Dun, Uttarnchal, **** School of Environmental Sciences, Jowaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
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Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

Trinayani Bordoloi*
Abstract: The study aims to see the age related changes in anthropometric and physiological characteristics and association between adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions among preadolescent and adolescent females. Growth pattern diverge at time of preadolescence and adolescence. The present study was conducted by cross-sectional method among 125 growing Rajput females ranging from 9 years to 16 years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, GMT. There is an increase in BMI with age in the present study and the highest mean value is found at the age of 16. As far as correlation between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is a significant correlation between blood pressure with BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in the later years no such pattern was observe.
Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.
INTRODUCTION Many changes both structural and functional in the human body are witnessed with the increasing age. These changes could be attributed to growth and development which starts right from conception and also due to environmental conditions such as nutritional pattern, physical activity level, health status etc experienced by the human body. Increasing body fatness is accompanied by profound changes in physiological functions. These changes are to a certain extent, associated with the regional distribution of adipose tissue. Body fatness and its distribution is a useful epidemiological and clinical marker of health risk among humans. Adiposity is the result of an excessive number and/or size of white adipose http://www.srji.co.cc
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cells. At an individual level, a combination of excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical activity are thought to explain most cases of adiposity (Lau et al 2007). A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness (Bleich et al 2008). Anthropometry is the widely accepted tool for measures the adiposity of the human. Studies in this regard reveal that BMI, WC, WHR, GMT are the good indicators of the adiposity measures of the preadolescent and adolescent females. According to Barness et al (2007) adiposity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, adults with and children, increasing prevalence in
blood pressure was designed in the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh.
Materials and methods Keeping in mind the objective of the study, data on anthropometric and physiological measurements were collected by using crosssectional method on 125 preadolescent and adolescent females in the age groups 9 to 16 years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The data was collected from the schools in that area; besides some data was also collected from home visits. Age was recorded by the verbal response of the subjects. An exhaustive proforma was catered to obtain general data of the population under study. The general information collected from the mating pattern (constructed using maternal and paternal subcastes) established the fact that the Rajputs follow the rule of caste endogamy and sub-caste exogamy. Different body measurements were taken on each individual such as height vertex, body weight, mid upper arm circumference, at biceps, waist triceps, circumference, maximum hip circumference, skinfold thickness subscapular, suprailiac, calf posterior, blood pressure both systolic and diastolic, heart rate, pulse rate and breadth holding time. These measurements were taken according to the standard recommendations of Weiner and http://www.srji.co.cc
and is viewed as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Haslam et al 2005). It has been very recently observed by Kotchen et al. (2008) that blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension are related to adiposity, the main components of adiposity being BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio (WHtR) and percent body fat. Taking the above issues into consideration, the present study on the association of different anthropometric parameters of adiposity and
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Lowrie (1981). For assessing the adiposity measures of preadolescent and adolescent females we have adopted various anthropometric indices, body mass index, waisthip ratio and grand mean thickness and statistical methods were used to calculate mean, standard deviation, t-test value and correlation to draw meaningful conclusions. Mean standard deviation and t-value were used to assess the changes in successive ages, while an attempt has been made to correlate adiposity measures with blood pressure. The analysis of the data was done by using the Windows Vista basic version of Windows. The calculation of data was done in the Microsoft Excel program. The data was
analyzed by SPSS version 15 evaluation product package and excel program itself.
Results The basic information of the Rajput females of the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (Table 1) indicates a gradual increase in mean stature, body weight with age. The increase in height vertex from 9 to 12 years was found to be statistically significant and increase in body weight from 13 to 14 years and 14 to 15 years also found to statistically significant. An increasing trend was observed in mid upper arm circumference but at the age of 12 years a slight decreasing pattern was observed.
Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups. Variables N Age(yrs) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
*p<0.05
Height (cm) MeanSD 123.04.06 128.24.24 135.86.78 141.05.95 143.95.70 150.05.98 152.210.90 154.85.55
t- value
Weight(kg) MeanSD 18.92.90
t-value
MUAC(cm) MeanSD 16.11.0
t- value
8 8 12 13 9 25 16 34
2.488* 2.799* 2.070* 1.114 2.671* .858 1.108
22.64.75 26.75.4 27.66.0 31.05.5 36.55.3 41.54.3 44.05.4
1.875 1.742 .468 1.601 2.679* 3.198** 1.624
19.19.1 17.41.7 17.01.4 17.31.5 19.61.6 20.03.2 21.91.7
.937 .633 .605 .367 3.778*** .533 2.728**
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference
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Table 2 displays a various adiposity measures among Rajput females in different age group. In this table BMI and WC showed an increasing trend with age but WHR and GMT does not show consistent pattern in subsequent age groups. The maximum mean value of waist-hip-
ratio was found at 10 years (.879cm). The increase in body mass index and waist circumference and grand mean thickness from 14 to 15, 15 to 16 were found to be statistically significant.
Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT Variables N Age(yrs) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

*p<0.05
BMI
(kg/m )
MeanSD 12.61.7 13.62.3 14.31.4 13.81.5 14.91.8 16.11.5 18.02.2 18.31.5
t-value
WHR MeanSD .83.08
tvalue
WC (cm) MeanSD 50.12.6
GMT t-value (mm) MeanSD 7.11.5 1.246 .133 .183 .410 2.622* 2.351* .069 6.01.8 6.92.0 6.91.4 6.32.2 7.22.1 7.32.2 9.02.1 1.312 1.051 .096 .738 1.109 .077 2.556* t-value
8 8 12 13 9 25 16 34
1.188 .842 .894 1.497 2.070 3.198** .529
.88.21 .85.13 .80.11 .78.04 .78.07 .77.06 .74.10
.614 .325 1.183 .576 .339 .566 1.108
55.211.2 54.74.9 54.27.9 55.44.9 59.63.8 62.43.4 84.44.9
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio WC- Waist Circumference GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Table 3 displays mean values of various physiological variables along with their standard deviation among Rajput females of different age group. An increasing trend was observed in
systolic blood pressure and breathes holding time. The diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and pulse rate declined and inclined pattern was found with advancing age. The increase in http://www.srji.co.cc
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systolic blood pressure from 12 to 13 years was statistically significant and the maximum mean
value mean value was found at 13 years of age.
Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects. Vari able s N Age (yrs ) 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 12 13 9 25 16 34
*p<0.05
SBP
DBP tvalue
HR tvalue
PR tvalue
(mm/hg)
MeanSD
(mm/hg)
MeanS D
(b/min)
MeanS D
(p/min)
MeanS D
t-value
Breath holding time(sec) MeanSD
tvalue
100.56.7 108.011.5 109.78.3 105.89.6 115.78.0 104.421.3 112.69.6 114.714.4 1.60 .384 1.095 2.536 * 1.533 1.446 .527
72.06.2 72.17.2 68.66.1 66.34.6 66.29.7 70.47.9 72.49.3 71.77.3 .037 1.187 1.058 .028 1.266 .742 .307
80.66.3 81.55.3 76.57.2 81.28.1 77.67.0 79.74.9 76.23.6 72.97.1 .301 1.674 1.507 1.079 .996 2.452 * 1.735
77.54.8 76.64.4 73.47.3 78.27.2 75.77.2 75.86.1 72.93.8 69.26.2 .378 1.105 1.652 .816 .054 1.691 2.207*
14.63.7 21.27.9 16.15.4 21.813.1 22.210.8 25.911.2 25.810.9 27.811.4 2.114 1.764 1.430 .016 .858 .032 .612
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001 PR- pulse Rate
SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure DBP- Diastolic Blood Pressure HR- Heart Rate
In table 4 shows the correlation coefficient of blood pressure with body mass index, waist hip ratio and grand mean thickness of Rajput females in advancing age. In this table attempted was made to correlate the various and blood pressure in different age groups and it is
concluded that correlation vary from variable to variable in all the groups. There is a significant correction between blood pressure with body mass index, grand mean thickness and waist hip ratio till 12 years but in later years no such pattern was observed.
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Table4: Correlation coefficient of blood pressure with BMI, WHR, GMT of the participants. Variable N Age(yrs) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
*p<0.05 BMI- Body Mass Index WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
BMI(kg/m ) SBP .541 .154 .852** .617* .645 .131 .378 .038 DBP .273 .348 .420 .535 .353 .040 .095 .066 SBP .758* .059 .492 .039 .181 .173 .083 .133
WHR DBP .452 .365 .124 .042 .155 .061 .003 .101
GMT(mm) SBP .964** .267 .233 .571* .350 .048 .341 .093 DBP .736* .534 .291 .576* .365 .051 .107 .121
8 8 12 13 9 25 16 34
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
Discussion The variables considered in this present study show an increasing trend from 9 to 16 years but all parts of the body do not grow at the same rate. Some body parts or dimensions increase more than others during the adolescent period (Tanner 1962). Mean value of height vertex (stature) increased among the growing Rajput females of the Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh. Similar findings were observed by Sinha and Kapoor (2009) where there was an increase in stature of adolescent girls aged 11-17 years. The height increases in girls from the age of 9 years
in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is observed that there is an increase in body weight from 9 years to 16 years in the present study. The weight of the girls increases with age in study the conducted by the Abbassi (2000). According to the study conducted by Tyagi et al (2005) the increase in weight with age could be due to imbalance of energy in favour of energy intake. The circumference measurement that is mid upper arm circumference show gradual increase with age which indicates musculature development and the similar results is found by Nadia et al (2009) the mean mid upper arm circumference
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(MUAC) and arm muscle area (AMA) for girls gradually increased with age up to 17 years. BMI and GMT of skinfold do not show steady increase with age. There is fluctuation, but a definite trend of increase witnessed would entail this due to increase in fat mass. This increase in fatness established the fact that there continues to be increase in fat content in females throughout life. The fluctuation could be a reflection of fluctuation for fat stores as fat is depleted incase of faster growth phase (Kapoor et al 1998, Parizkova 1977, Sinha and Kapoor 2006). There is an increase in BMI from 9 years to 16 years in the present study on preadolescent and adolescent girls of Solan, Himachal Pradesh with a slight dip from 11 years to 12 years. Waist/hip ratio (WHR) is used as index of obesity and regional fat distribution in epidemiological studies. The decreases of mean of waist-hip ratio in the age group 9 years-16 years among the growing Rajput females implies gynoid fat distribution during the growing period. During adolescence, there is widening of the pelvis resulting into broader hips relative to their waist, hence the ratio decreases as the denominator increases at a Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. K. Kapoor, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi for timely suggestions. They
faster rate than the numerator of the ratio (Malina, 1974). With age physiological fitness also starts stabilizing. But at the present study there is relative decline in heart rate and pulse rate. Comparatively higher heart rate and pulse rate at an earlier age could be imputed to higher metabolic rate as well as relatively low blood pressure. Breath holding time displays a steady increase with age. An attempt was made to correlate the various adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions in different age groups and it was concluded that the correlations vary from variable to variable in all the groups. The correlation coefficients reflect an inconsistent pattern. As far as correlations between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is significant correlation between blood pressure and BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in later years no such pattern is observed. Deshmukh et al (2006) found strong correlation between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure with body mass index and waist circumference in Wardha district of Central India.
are indebted to Rajput females of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh for their cooperation and help during data collection. http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 No.1 2012 REFERENCES:
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Abbassi Val 2000 The National Center for Health Statistics. Barness L A., Opitz J M., Gilbert-Barness E .2007. Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet. 143A(24): 301634 Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C., Adams A. 2008. Why is the developed world obese? Annu Rev Public Health. .29: 27395 Deshmukh P R., Gupta. S S, Dongre A R, Bharambe M S., Maliye C, Kaur S, Garg B S. 2006. Relationship of anthropometric indicators with blood pressure levels in Rural Wardha. India J Med Res. 123: 657664 Haslam D W, James W P. 2005.Obesity. Lancet 366(9492): 1197209. Kapoor S, Patra P K, Sandhu S and Kapoor A K. 1998 Fatness and its distribution pattern among Jat Sikhs. J.Ind. Anthrop. Soc. 33:223-228. Kotchen TA, Grim CE, Kotchen JM, Krishnaswami S, Yang H, Hoffmann RG, McGinley EL 2008. Altered relationship of blood pressure to adiposity in hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 21b: 284-289. Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M, Hramiak I M, Sharma A M, Ur E .2007.
2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ .176(8): S113. R.M. Malina, 1974. Adolescent changes in size, build, composition, and performance. Human Biology 46:117-131 Gharib Nadia M. and Rasheed P. 2009. Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med. 29(4): 258269. Parizkova J. 1977 Body fat and physical fitness. The Hague, Martinus Nijhiff, B V Med. Div. Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child Correlation for Various Indices of Adiposity in an Endogamous Indian Population. Coll. Antrop. 30: 291-296. Sinha R and Kapoor S 2009 Gender difference in fat indices as evident in two generations. Anthrop. Anz. 67: 153-163. Tanner J M. 1962. Growth at adolescence, 2nd edition Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. Tyagi R, Kapoor S, Kapoor A K. 2005. Body composition and fat distribution pattern of elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll. Anthropol..29(2):493-498.
Vol.1 No.1 2012 CORRESPONDENCE
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*Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy

Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro)
Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold, exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Many organizations describe physiotherapy in their ways. This paper explores the historical roots of physiotherapy.
INTRODUCTION Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardiopulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold, exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Various organizations have defines the Physiotherapy in their own words. Few definitions of them are given below: The APTA defines the physiotherapy as: clinical applications in the restoration, maintenance, and promotion of optimal physical function. 1 The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines the physiotherapy as: a branch of medical science which includes examination, assessment, interpretation, physical diagnosis, planning and execution of treatment and advice to any person for the purpose of the preventing correcting, alleviating and limiting dysfunction, acute and chronic bodily malfunction including life saving measures via chest physiotherapy in the intensive care unites, curing physical disorders or disability promoting physical fitness, facilitating healing and pain relief and treatment of physical and psychosomatic disorders through modulating physiological and physical response using physical agents, activities and devices including exercises, mobilization, manipulation, therapeutic
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ultrasound, electrical and thermal agents and electrotherapy for diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
2
Sweden. The Swedish word for physical therapist is sjukgymnast (sick-gymnast). Per Henrik Ling who is called he Father of Swedish Gymnastics founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for massage, manipulation, and exercise. The physiotherapy first is use of the in word found German
Physiotherapists use the patients history and physical examination to make the diagnosis and establish a management plan and in necessity they incorporate the results of laboratory, imaging studies and Electrodiagnostic testing. Physiotherapy is concerned with identifying and maximizing the quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, which prevention, the treatment or intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, and social well being. The texts reveals that the physiotherapy was rooted in 460 B.C. when the physicians like Hippocrates and later Galenus who may be believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy used to advocate massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people.
3 th
Language as the word Physiotherapie in 1851 by a military physician Dr.Lorenz Gleich.5 Physiotherapists were given official registration by Swedens National Board of Health and Welfare in 1887 which was then followed by other countries. The word Physiotherapy was coined by an English physician Dr.Edward Playter in the Montreal Medical Journal in 1894 after 43 years of the German term Physiotherapie. In his words- The application of these natural remedies, the essentials of life, as above named, may be termed natural therapeutics. Or, if I may be permitted to coin from the Greek a new term, for I have never observed it in print, a term more in accordance with medical nomenclature than the word hygienic treatment commonly used, I would suggest the term, Physiotherapy .6 In the same year four nurses Lucy Marianne Robinson, Rosalind Paget, Elizabeth Anne Manley and Margaret
In the 18
century, after the
development of orthopedics, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed for the treatment of gout and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physical therapy.4 The earliest documented origin of the actual physiotherapy is found to be in
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Dora Palmerin in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.7 The first documented professional institution for Physio- therapy training was School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand which run an entry level program in physiotherapy.8 After this the next year or in 1914 in United States, Reed College in Portland, Oregon, graduated reconstruction aides.
9
March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the physiotherapy association named the American Womens Physical Therapeutic Association which is currently known as the American Primarily in Physical the Therapy 1940s the Association (APTA). treatment consisted of exercise, massage, and traction but later in the early 1950s the Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.10, 11
The establishment of the modern physical therapy is thought to be in Britain towards the end of the 19th century. The American orthopedic surgeons started treating the disable children and started employing women trained in physical education, massage, and remedial exercise. It was promoted further during the Polio outbreak of 1916 and during the First World War when the women were working with the injured soldiers. The first physical therapy research was published in the United States in
REFERENCES 1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template. cfm?Section=& WebsiteKey= 2. Maharashtra Act No. II of 2004. Mharashtra Govern- ment Gazzet. 12 Jan 2994. Part 8:5-29 3. Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991 4. American Physical Discovering Therapy Physical
Association.
Therapy. What is physical therapy (http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?S ection= Consumers1& Template=/ CM/ HTMLDisplay. cfm& ContentID=39568). American Physical Therapy Asso- ciation. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
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5. Tertouw TJA. Letter to editor-the origin of the term Physiotherapy . Physiother Res Int. 2006; 11:56-57 6. Playter E. Physiotherapy First: Natures medicaments particularly 827 7. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (http:/ / www. csp. org. uk/ director/ about/thecsp/ history. cfm). Char- tered Society of Physiotherapy. . Retrieved 2008-05- 29 8. Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). History of the School of Physiotherapy (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071224020426/ http:/ / physio.otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. CORRESPONDENCE
*Academic Chairman: Institute for Health & Wellness
asp). School of Physiotherapy Centre for Phys- iotherapy Research. University of Otago. Archived from the original (http:/ / physio. otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. asp) on 2007-12-24. . Retrieved 2008-05-29. 9. Reed College (n.d.). Mission and History (http:/ / www. reed. edu/ about_reed/ history. html). About Reed. Reed College. . Retrieved 2008-05-29. 10. McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd..pp. 1620. ISBN 9780959774672. 11. McKenzie, R (2002). Patient Heal Thyself . World- wide Spine & Rehabilitation 2 (1): 1620.
before relating
drug to
remedies;
hydrotherapy.
Montreal Medical Journal. 1894;xxii:811-
Address: Institute for Health & Wellness, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India. Pin-276403. Email: dr.krisharma@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167
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Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance
Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)
Abstract: This is an experimental study with same subject design. Proprioceptive training and strengthening exercises is a promising therapy to improve the balance in CP subjects with impaired balance.The study intended to find out the effectiveness of Proprioceptive training and strength training exercises on balance of the CP subjects and which of them is more effective. 30 male or/and female patient of CP with impaired balance will be taken and randomly divided in to two groups. Group A will be treated with by proprioceptive training and group B will be treated with strength training for 12 week. Both group will assess with Timed-Up and Go (TUG) scale and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in starting and at the end of 12 weeks. The result will be statically analyzed using t-test for significance between the two groups. After a 13-week training period, the t test and p values were found significant with values 4.747 & 0.003 for TUG&PBS score respectively stating that there is significant effect when using Proprioceptive training than giving strength training for improving balance in geriatric subject with impaired balance. The result states that there is a significant effect when using Proprioceptive Training than giving Strength Training for improving balance in the C.P. subjects. So the proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of C.P. subjects to improve their balance.
Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.
INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive

[1]
It is caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during pregnancy, during childbirth or after birth up to about age three.[4] The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often of accompanied by disturbances sensation, perception,
, non-contagious motor conditions that physical disability in human
cause
development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement.[2] It is a nonprogressive disorder of motor function.[3]
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Scientific Research Journal of India ways and to varying degrees in each individual. Impairments present in children with CP as a direct result of the brain injury or occurring for indirectly to compensate underlying problems
17
cognition, communication, and behaviour, by epilepsy, and by

[5]
secondary It used to
musculoskeletal problems.
describe diverse group of disorders of movement, posture and tone due to central nervous system insult.
[4]
In developed
include abnormal muscle tone; weakness and lack of fitness; limited variety of muscle synergies; contracture and altered biomechanics, the net result being limited functional ability.[10] Other contributors to the motor disorder include sensory, cognitive and perceptual impairments.[10] Proprioception is a sense produced by the sensory receptors that are sensitive to pressure in the tissues that surround them.[11] They are also present in the bones of the legs, arms or other parts of the body and these receptors response to stretches of the muscle surrounding them and send impulse through the sensory nerve fibers to the brain.[11] Decline in dynamic position sense is associated with decrease in the balance of C.P. children and this decline in proprioception can be prevented or improved by Proprioceptive training.[12] In a study Edward R Laskowski et al (1997) shown that proprioception based rehabilitation programs improved objectives measurements of functional status, independent of changes in joint laxity and proprioception can be improved through Proprioceptive training.[12]
countries, the overall estimated prevalence of CP is 2-2.5 cases per 1000 live births.
[34]
The prevalence of CP among preterm
and very preterm infants is substantially higher.[6] Balance can be defined as a complex process revolving the reception and integration of sensory input, and the planning and execution of movement, to achieve the a goal required of in upright from posture.[7] The control of balance requires integration information multiple sensory and motor systems by the central nervous system (CNS).[8] Balance receptors in the inner ear (vestibular system) provide information to CNS about the head and body movements.
[9]
The eye
(visual system) provides input regarding the bodys orientation and motion within the environment.[7] The position and motion sensory of the muscle and joints, and the touch receptors of the extremities (proprioceptive system) send
[7]
signals
regarding bodily position particularly in relation to the supporting surface.
The balance disorder of cerebral palsy (CP) is expressed in a variety of
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Scientific Research Journal of India Recent research has focused on muscle weakness. Wiley and Damino and Ross and Engsberg described muscle is more pronounced distally and found imbalance across joints. Balance control is important for competence in the performance of most functional skills, helping a child to recover from unexpected balance disturbances, either due to slips and trips or to self induced instability when walking a movement that brings them towards edge of their limit of stability.[16] Many studies have been conducted to show the individual training and effect of Proprioceptive strength
18
Muscle strength is another factor that plays an important role in balance and mobility.
[7]
Muscle weakness can be major

[7]
problem for many young people with cerebral palsy. strength

[13]
Training of muscle has been
and
coordination
recommended to improve motor function. Bobath considered spasticity to be the problem in spastic C.P. and main
suggested that resistance training should be avoided, but Carr stated that it is not the presence of spasticity but the negative feature of weakness and loss of skills which are the major barriers to improve function. Many studies have reported positive result in strength training in spastic children.[14] Possible factors interfering with normal gait pattern in cerebral child includes spasticity, muscle contracture, bony deformities loss of selective motor and muscle weakness.[15]
training to improve the balance of C.P. subjects. Hence this studies aims to analyze the effectiveness of both treatment technique and prove the better effectiveness by comparing Proprioceptive training and Strength training.
METHODOLOGY Sample selection The selection criteria are listed below. Inclusion Criteria: CP subjects with age group of 8-14 years, With normal I.Q. (assessed by psychologist), Can follow commands, Both boys and girls subjects, CP subjects who had fall at least twice a day, Subject who scored greater than 20 second in TUG test. Exclusion Criteria: http://www.srji.co.cc Children below 8 years and above 14 years, Children with any other neurological impairment, Children with audio visual impairment, Non ambulatory patients. Measurement tools Timed up and go scale
Vol.1 No.1 2012
Scientific Research Journal of India they were referred to physiotherapy
17
Timed up and go scale provides a reliable quick screening measure. Many researches indicate that most adult can complete the test in 10 seconds. A score of 11 to 20 seconds are considered within normal limit for frail elderly or individual with a disability whereas score over 20 seconds are indicative of impaired functional mobility. To perform this, the subject is in sitting position and a visible object is placed 3 meter away from the patient. The subject is instructed to get up and walk down till the object and return to the seat. During this task timing is maintained with a stopwatch and the time taken for it is recorded. A score greater than 20 seconds is associated with high risk in community dwelling older adults. Berg Balance Scale The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), a modification of Berg's Balance Scale, was developed as a balance measure for school-age children with mild to moderate motor impairments.It is used to assess balance and mobility which has 14 functional tasks commonly performed in everyday life with scores ranging from 04, with a maximum score of 56.
department by neurologist. Method The children were randomly divided in two groups of 15 children each. All the subjects were measured for functional balance using Timed Up & Go Test and Pediatric Balance Scale before start the training period and at the end of thirteen weeks of training. Group A was trained with the Proprioceptive training whereas the Group B was trained with the Strength training. Protocol Strength training All the subjects were treated with lower extremity strengthening exercises using weight cuff. A standardized weight of one repetition maximum (1RM) was considered for the subjects. 1RM was determined before the training for all the subjects. A repetition of 8 to 15 times were done for all the strengthening exercises for duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5 minutes rest period in between for five days a week and were continued for 13 weeks. The following exercises were then given and it was ensured that the position http://www.srji.co.cc
Procedure Patients were selected on the assessment and diagnosis of their condition and put on the inclusion and exclusion criteria after
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Scientific Research Journal of India kept on the thigh or on the side of the chair, and then the right leg with the weight cuff was extended slowly in front, parallel to the floor for a period of 3 seconds. With right leg in that position, the foot was flexed so that the toes were pointing towards head; the foot was held in that position for 1-2 seconds. Duration of 3 seconds was taken to lower the leg back to the starting position, so that the balls of the foot rested on the floor again. The same procedure was repeated with the other leg. 5. Ankle Dorsiflexion Sitting on the chair with back support, the subject was asked to lift the foot tied with a weight cuff so that the toes were pointing towards the head. Then the subject was asked to hold and slowly return to the original position. The same procedure was repeated with the other leg. Proprioceptive Training Subjects in Group A were given proper warm up for 5-10 minutes before starting the treatment in the form of simple stretching (Quadriceps and hamstring stretch) and free exercises (knee flexion and extension in side lying and high sitting).[63] All the proprioceptive exercises were performed for duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5 minutes rest period in http://www.srji.co.cc
18
of subjects in all form of exercises were comfortable. 1. Side leg rising Subjects were made to lie in side lying position and instructed to abduct the upper leg tied with weight cuffs slightly about 612 inches. This position was held for sometime and then the leg was lowered. Same exercise was repeated with the other leg. 2. Knee flexion exercise Subjects were made to sit on high chair or table, the knee was bent slowly as far as possible, so that the foot with the weight cuff was bent behind. The subject was asked to hold the position and then the foot was lowered slowly all the way back down. The same procedure was repeated with the other leg. 3. Hip Extension Exercise Subjects were made to lie on prone position and one leg with weight cuff was lifted slowly straight upwards. The subject was asked to hold the position and then the leg was lowered. The same procedure was repeated with the other leg. 4. Knee Extension Exercise Sitting on the chair with back support, the subject was asked to rest the balls of the feet & toes on the floor. The hands were
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Scientific Research Journal of India 4. To perform one leg standing with one foot raised to the back and to maintain the position for minimum 3 seconds. This procedure was performed with eyes closed also. 5. Same exercise as above performed but with one foot raised to the front. This procedure was then performed with eyes closed. 6. Walking heel to toes. 7. Rising from a standard chair (4 times) without arm support.
19
between for three days a week and were continued for 13 weeks. The Proprioceptive training included the following exercises 1. Stair climbing up and down (a regular 3 steps staircase). 2. Standing with feet approximately shoulder-width apart and arms extended out slightly forward lower than the shoulder, then lifting both heel off the floor and to hold the position for 10 seconds, followed by climbing regular steps staircase. This procedure was performed with eyes closed also. 3. Standing with feet side by side & holding the arms in same position as described above, one foot is placed on the inside of the opposing ankle and to hold the position for 10 seconds. Followed by climbing regular steps staircase. This procedure was performed with eyes closed also.
Data analysis Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.). The data were analyzed using parametric (dependentt test and independentt test) and nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks and Mann-Whitney Test) test to find the significance of the interventions used within and between the group A and B. The significant level set for this study was 95% (p<0.05).
RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:
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Scientific Research Journal of India In Group A, 15 subjects with an average age of 12.4 yrs (SD=1.96) and in Group B, 15 subjects with an average age of 12.1 yrs (SD=1.79) completed the study.
17
Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of the study. Both the groups (A and B) included 15 patients each, with 11 male and 4 females in group A and 12 male and 3 females in group B. Age group taken was between 8-14 yrs with mean age of 12.33 yrs (SD=1.85).
Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups

Male Female
Group A
11
Group B
12
Total
23
Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups

Mean SD
Male Group A Female
12.8
1.25
11.3
3.20
Male Group B Female
11.8
1.80
13
1.73
Group A Total Group B
12.4
1.96
12.1
1.79
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Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of TUG Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
TUGAPR
23.667
15
1.799
TUGAPS
19.933
15
1.534
TUGBPR
23.333
15
1.676
TUGBPS
21.000
15
1.414
Table 1.4 Descriptive statistics of PBS Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
PBSAPR
42.1
15
1.792
PBSAPS
47.3
15
2.086
PBSBPR
43.1
15
1.685
PBSBPS
45.9
15
1.995
Interpretation The table 1.1 states that total 30 patients including 7 females were kept in two groups A and B. The group A included 11 males and 4 females whereas the group B included 12 males and 3 females. Stating that the mean age of total patients was 12.4 in group A and 12.1 in group B the table 1.2 shows the mean age of male and female in group A and the male and female in group B as 12.8, 11.3, 11.8, and 13 respectively. The table 1.3 shows the
pre and post test means values for TUG test It clearly shows that individually both Proprioceptive training training and Strength in produced improvement
Cerebral palsy patients with respect to TUG test but the improvement in the A which had had the Proprioceptive training showed more improvement. This is again confirmed with the findings of PBS test in table 1.4 which states that although both the groups showed improvement, the group A had better findings than group B. .Timed Up and Go Test:
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Table 2.1 Dependent t test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for significance within the groups
Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Within Group Std. Mean 3.73333 2.33333 SD .88372 .72375 Error Mean TUG A Pre TUG A Post TUG B Pre TUG B Post .22817 .18687 3.24395 1.93254 4.22272 2.73413 16.362 12.486 14 14 0.003* 0.002* Lower Upper Difference` T Df P
*-Significant
Table 2.2: Independent t test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for significance between the groups
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Between Group Variances Std. Error Diff. .29493 .79586 2.004 Lower Upper t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Mean Diff.
F Equal variances assumed .429
Sig.
Df
TUG ATUG B
.518
4.747
28
0.003*
1.4000
*-Significant
Interpretation The table 2.1 shows that the value of t as 16.362 and 12.486 for TUG Test in Group A and Group B respectively in dependent t test. The t value is significant at p<0.5. Graph 4 representing the mean values of Pre and Post values of Timed Up & Go test show improvement within the group A and B respectively. Hence individually both Proprioceptive training and Strength training produced significant
improvement in Cerebral palsy patients within their group with respect to TUG test. The table 2.2 shows that the value of t as 4.747 in independent t test. The value of t is greater even at p<0.05, which is significant. Hence there was significant difference in improvement between Strength Proprioceptive training in training Cerebral and Palsy
patients with respect to TUG test.
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Pediatric Balance Scale test: Table 3.1: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Within Group Z P PBSAPR - PBSAPS -3.442 0.002* PBSBPR PBSBPS -3.432 0.002*
*-Significant
Table 3.2: Mann-Whitney Test

GROUP A PBS B Total N 15 15 30 Mean Rank 21.97 9.03 Sum of Ranks 329.50 135.50
*-Significant
Table 3.3: Mann-Whitney and Wilicoxon test performed with the pre & post values of PBS test for significance between the group
Between Group Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z P PBS 15.500 135.500 -4.083 0.003*
*-Significant
Interpretation: The table 3.1 shows that the value of p as 0.002 for Group A and Group B when compared within the group respectively. Graph 5 representing the mean values of Pre and Post values of
PBS show improvement within the group A and B respectively. Thus there is significant improvement on PBS in Cerebral palsy patients after Proprioceptive training and Strength training within their group respectively. http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 No.1 2012
Scientific Research Journal of India between Proprioceptive training and Strength training in Cerebral Palsy patients with respect to PBS test.
21
The table 3.3 shows that the value of p as 0.003 and hence significant. Hence we can state that there was significant difference in improvement
Table 4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B
Parameters TUG PBS Group A 3.73 5.19 Group B 2.33 2.73
Interpretation: The above table 4.1 and the graph 6, clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive training produced more improvement in the selected parameters (TUG, PBS) when compared with Strength training in Cerebral palsy patients. Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients between both groups and total.
Graph 1: Comparison of both the groups and the total on the basis of gender of Patients Graph 3: Comparison of Mean and SD of pre study values of both groups
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Graph 6: Comparison of Mean of Graph 4: Comparison of Mean and SD of Pre and Post values of Timed Up & Go test Improvement in all the parameters between Group A and Group B.
Graph 5: Comparison of Mean and SD of Pre and Post values of Pediatric t Balance Scale
DISCUSSION: In this study, better improvements in balance outcome were analyzed using proprioceptive training and strength training. This study was done on 30 CP children with impaired balance who were divided in to experimental Group Group-A treated with Proprioceptive training and Group-B with Strength training. The balance was taken as the dependant variable which was measured endant using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this tool are standard tools to analyze balance. Proprioceptive training exercises were given to improve the balance by improving the decreased sense of proprioception in older age group where as Strength training was given to improve the balance by improving the strength of lower extremity muscles. The improvements in functional balance due to Proprioceptive training may be attributed to the improvemen of improvement mechanoreceptor activation. Structural
Vol.1 No.1 2012
Scientific Research Journal of India These results were in accord with Gauchard GC et al (1999) to improve balance by proprioceptive training. Studies done by Pierre Gangloff et al (2003) also supports our results, which prove that proprioceptive training exercises, improve balance in subjects with impaired balance. This supports the experimental hypothesis hence the null hypothesis was rejected. The result of the present study indicates that effect of proprioceptive training had a proven effect over strength training. All participants in the proprioceptive training group declared that their balance had improved and most of them were motivated to continue with the training. Hence proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of CP subjects to improve their mobility and functional status.
23
changes in the muscle, bone and joints during old age accounts for the decreased efficiency training can of the proprioceptors. joint and Researchers reason that proprioceptive improve the kinesthetic sensation to a greater extent that the falls and risk of fall can be reduced among the subjects. Edward R Laskowski et al also stated that the decline in dynamic position sense is associated with decrease in the balance of C.P. children and this decline in proprioception can be prevented or improved by Proprioceptive training.My study confirms the study by Edward R Laskowski et al (1997) which showed that proprioception programs measurements based improved of rehabilitation objectives status,
functional
independent of changes in joint laxity and proprioception can be improved through proprioceptive training. [68] REFERENCES: 1. Cerebral Palsy. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, October 3, 2002 2. Beukelman, David R.; Mirenda (1999). Alternative Management communication Augmentative of disorders and severe in Communication:
Baltimore:
Paul
Brookes
Publishing Co. pp. 246249. 3. Davis DW. Review of cerebral palsy, part I: Description, incidence, and etiology. Neoratel Netw 1997; 16(3): 7-12. 4. Cerebral Overview. http://children.webmd.com/tc/cereb http://www.srji.co.cc Palsy Topic
children and adults. Pat (2 ed.).
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Scientific Research Journal of India 12. Edward R.Laskowski, MD; Karen newcomer-Aney, MD; Jaysmith, MD.Refining withproprioceptive rehabilitation training:
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ral-palsy-topic-overview. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 5. Anonymus (2007). Definition and classification of cerebral palsy, Feb 2007. Developmental medicine and child neurology 49 (8): 8. 6. Vincer MJ, Allen AC, Joseph KS, et al. Increasing a prevalence of population-based cerebral palsy among very preterm infants: e1621-6. 7. Darcy A Umphred. Neurological Rehabilitation. 8. Balance National 2001 9. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall. 10th Edition. ISBN: 0721602401 10. Margaret J. Mayston. People With Cerebral Palsy: Effects of and Perspectives for Therapy. Neural Plasticity. Volume 8, No. 1-2, 2001 11. Vestibular Disorders Association. Official Website. Retriebed on 10/6/2011 Procedures Health and Mosby Manual, Nutrition Publications. Fourth edition. 2001. study. Pediatrics. Dec 2006;118(6):
expecting return to play; The physician and sports medicine; 1997 Oct;Vol.25, No. 10. 13. C Andersson et al. Adults with cerebral palsy: walking ability after progressive 14. Kramer walking JF, strength MacPhail gross training. HEA. motor palsy. segunda-feira, 10 de maio de 2010 Relationships among measures of efciency, with ability, and isokinetic strength in adolescents 15. Phil cerebral Pediatr Phys Ther 1994; 6:3 /8. Page.Knee osteoarthritis: ICAA strength training for pain relief and functional 2003. 16. Mutch LW, Alberman E, Hagberg B, Kodama K, Velickovic MV. (1992). Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 34: 547-555. improvement; Publication, Vol.1 No.6, September
Examination Survey, Inhanes, May
CORRESPONDENCE:
*Neuro-Physiotherapist, GNRC, Guwahati, Assam. Email: kukzzmail@gmail.com Cont: +91-8822485959. **HOD, Dept of Physiotherapy, AIER, Ghaziabad, U.P., India
Vol.1 No.1 2012
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Postal Address: Scientific Research Journal of India, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403 Email: editor.srji@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167, 8822485959, 9305835734

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Vol.1 No.1 2012

products are increasing not only in the

(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00

(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)

Vol.1 No.1 2012 References

Scientific Research Journal of India

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

blood pressure was designed in the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh.

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Weight(kg) MeanSD 18.92.90

MUAC(cm) MeanSD 16.11.0

2.488* 2.799* 2.070* 1.114 2.671* .858 1.108

22.64.75 26.75.4 27.66.0 31.05.5 36.55.3 41.54.3 44.05.4

1.875 1.742 .468 1.601 2.679* 3.198** 1.624

19.19.1 17.41.7 17.01.4 17.31.5 19.61.6 20.03.2 21.91.7

.937 .633 .605 .367 3.778*** .533 2.728**

MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT Variables N Age(yrs) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

WHR MeanSD .83.08

WC (cm) MeanSD 50.12.6

1.188 .842 .894 1.497 2.070 3.198** .529

.88.21 .85.13 .80.11 .78.04 .78.07 .77.06 .74.10

.614 .325 1.183 .576 .339 .566 1.108

55.211.2 54.74.9 54.27.9 55.44.9 59.63.8 62.43.4 84.44.9

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

value mean value was found at 13 years of age.

Breath holding time(sec) MeanSD

**p<0.01 ***p<0.001 PR- pulse Rate

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Vol.1 No.1 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India

Vol.1 No.1 2012 REFERENCES:

.937 .633 .605 .367 3.778* .533 2.728

p<0.01 *p<0.001 PR- pulse Rate