1

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study

Trafficking in persons means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs, (United Nations 2000, art. 3.a). According to Ecpat international & The Body Shop campaign, (2009) Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon fueled by the tremendous growth in the global sex market. Exploitation is driven by poverty, uneven development, official corruption, gender discrimination, harmful traditional and cultural practices, civil unrest, natural disasters and lack of political will to end it. The number of child victims trafficked worldwide for sexual exploitation or cheap labour on an annual basis is 1.2 million. Human trafficking, the third largest international crime, following illegal drugs and arms trafficking, is believed to be worth billions of dollars

each year. Driving the trade is the demand for commercial sexual exploitation. Seventy-nine percent of all global trafficking is for sexual exploitation.

In the Philippines alone, 60,000 to 100,000 children are trafficked annually (through both cross-border and internal trafficking), and most of these are girls to be sexually exploited. The victims are predominantly girls between 14 and 17 years old who come from the more impoverished parts of the country. Largest Global Criminal Activities in the Philippines, people involved in trafficking include syndicates, foreign gangs, relatives and friends of the victim, and also recruitment agencies. There is anecdotal evidence that some lower-level officials such as customs officers, border guards, immigration officials and local police have received bribes from traffickers or have otherwise facilitated trafficking. The Philippines

Social Welfare Department estimates that there are up to 200,000 children on the streets of Manila, and that at least one tenth are victims of trafficking. Mean while, the Philippine Department of Social Welfare and Development states that the annual average increase of prostituted children is 3266. The Philippines also ranks fourth in the world in terms of countries with the highest number of prostituted children. (Ecpat international & The Body Shop campaign, (2009).

According to MindaNews (2011) ,in Davao City, a Department of Justice official reported that, thirty-four cases of trafficking in persons have been filed in the regional trial courts in Region XI since 2003, but only three of these cases have resulted in convictions, Regional State Prosecutor Antonio B. Arellano said that most of the cases filed in court were dismissed due to insufficient evidence and lack of witnesses. He stresses that they cannot force the victims to testify and adding economic difficulties are the main reason behind the problem. At present, there are eight active cases of trafficking in persons in the regional trial courts.

There are a lot of studies and information about human trafficking that mostly features women and children as victims and participants as they are vulnerable to such crimes. There are a lot of gaps and lackness of studies on male victims and individuals, as they are often times perceived as strong and invulnerable to human trafficking, especially in Filipino culture. This is what prompted the researchers to study this particular

problem in order to determine the occurrence of human trafficking among male kasambahays.

Statement of the Problem This study aimed to know the occurrence of human trafficking with an intervention for male-kasambahays. answer the following questions: More specifically, it sought to

1. What is the profile of the male kasambahays in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Educational Attainment 1.3 Years/months in service being a kasambahay 1.4 Monthly Salary

2. What is the extent of the occurrence of human trafficking of male kasambahays?

3. Is there a significant difference on the occurrence of Human Trafficking among male kasambahays in terms of: 3.1 Age 3.2 Educational Attainment 3.3 Years/months in service being a kasambahay 3.4 Monthly Salary

4.

What policies or laws can be formulated based on the findings of the

study to address human trafficking?

Hypothesis

This study tested the null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of confidence. H0 : There is no significant difference in the level of occurrence of human trafficking among male-kasambahays when analyzed by age, educational attainment, years/months in service being a kasambahay and Monthly Salary.

Human Trafficking
Human Trafficking is one of the most lucrative illegal businesses next to drugs and arms smuggling. Its a painful realization that human beings could be used as commodities for commercial sex industry, slavery, exploitation and etc. Its sad to think that victims of this crime could be someone elses sister, brother, son or daughter, someone really close to ones heart. According to Article 1 of the UDHR, that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights". Also in Article 4 it is stated that "no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms". (UN general Assembly, 1948)

BBC Ethics Guide (2011) reported that the modern world accepts that slavery is a great evil and there are many international documents that denounce it and make it illegal. The first international document against slavery was the 1815 Declaration Relative to the Universal Abolition of the Slave Trade. Between 1815 and 1957 around 300 international agreements were implemented, with varying degrees of success, to suppress slavery. Many of these agreements lacked adequate institutions and procedures to ensure that they were enforced. Slavery, slave-related practices, and forced labor are now regarded as: a common international crime when committed against any person, a crime against humanity when committed by public officials, a 'war-crime' when committed by a nation at war against the citizens of its opponents. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights says in Article 7, 8 12, 16 and 26 that no one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited, no one shall be

held in servitude, no one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour. Of the same document protects all human beings from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, thus outlawing some of the more detestable practices of enslavement. Moreover it gives people the rights of liberty of movement and freedom to choose their residence, both of which are incompatible with slavery. Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. And all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the

equal protection of the law. These provisions outlaw many of the discriminations faced by slaves and ex-slaves. (United Nations General Assembly ,1966) United Nations (1956) enacted the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions Similar to Slavery (1956) and goes into considerable detail on institutions that are similar to slavery and should be abolished, such as: Debt bondage, that is to say, the

status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined. Serfdom, that is to say, the condition or status of a tenant who is by law, custom or agreement bound to live and labour on land belonging to another person and to render some determinate service to such other person, whether for reward or not, and is not free to change his status. Any institution or practice whereby; A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or

The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or

a woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person; any institution or practice whereby a child or young person

under the age of 18 years is delivered by either or both of his natural parents or by his guardian to another person, whether for reward or not, with a view to the exploitation of the child or young person or of his labor. The same convention criminalized 'the act of conveying or attempting to convey slaves from one country to another' and told governments to take all effective measures to prevent ships and aircraft under their flags from conveying slaves, and to stop their ports and airports being used for such a purpose. At article 4, 5, and 6 of the convention stated "Any slave who

takes refuge on board any vessel of a State Party to this Convention shall ipso facto be free". The act of mutilating, branding or otherwise marking a slave or a person of servile status in order to indicate his status, or as a punishment, or for any other reason. Also the act of enslaving another

person or of inducing another person to give himself or a person dependent upon him into slavery, or of attempting these acts, or being accessory thereto, or being a party to a conspiracy to accomplish any such acts, shall be a criminal offence. This Convention tried to reduce the harm that

slavery involved where it still existed when it outlawed The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court characterizes 'enslavement' as a crime against humanity falling within the jurisdiction of the Court, and describes 'enslavement' as: The exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children. It also categorizes "Rape, sexual slavery, enforced

prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity" as crimes against humanity. ( International Criminal Court, 2002) The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children makes it a crime to traffic people "for the purpose of exploitation" and adds: Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. ( United Nations, 2000). Bales (2004) argued that Slavery is believed to be a no longer existing phenomenon because of its worldwide abolishment. However, behind a curtain of propaganda, disbelief, and denial, there lays a scene of reality; a reality that proves the chains of enslavement still remain strong. This reality is played out by the actors of the Third World countries, but is not isolated to their borders. With the transnational operation called human trafficking, slavery remains alive and thriving. As Kevin Bales describes, this is a new slavery, focusing on big profits and cheap lives. Costa (2008) Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, reported that such trade in human beings occur in the 21st century. Because it is a low risk/ high reward crime. In many countries, either the necessary laws are not in place, or they are not properly enforcedtoo often traffickers are let off with a slap on the wrist, and

10

victims are treated as criminals.

He stressed that unscrupulous traffickers

exploit the poverty, hope and innocence of the vulnerable. Victims become dehumanized and enslavedforced to produce cheap goods or provide services over and over again. They live in fear, many become victims of violence. Their blood, sweat and tears are on the hands of consumers in the developed world.

Gould (2010) believed that the scale and existence of modern slavery is widely misunderstood. Many believe slavery ended in the

1800s. While others are aware slavery still exists, they are unaware it affects their lives. Few are aware that slavery persists and it affects their communities and the products they buy. Though no one knows exactly how many slaves there are in the world, one estimate suggests there are 27 million (Bales 2000, 3-4). This is larger than the population of Texas and New Mexico combined. Slavery has existed in human societies throughout history. According to some scholars, nearly every society and culture had slaves at some point (Bales 2000, xiii). The increase in the population, and thus increase in the supply of potential slaves, led to a decrease in the cost of obtaining a slave. Slaves are no longer considered a capital purchase. While a slave previously cost between $50,000 and $100,000 in todays money, today they average around $100. Modern slaves are considered a disposable resource. Should one perish, they are easily replaced. Since most slaves today are held for

11

only a few years on average, the profitability of overworking one for the short term far out weigh any cost of obtaining new slaves when necessary (Bales 2005, 5, 8-10,115). The second overarching reason that slavery persists is due to rapid changes occurring both in societies and in economies throughout the world. In parts of the developing world, this took the form of post-colonial civil wars, which led to mass upheaval among the people and movements into the cities. Astronomical debts taken out to fight the wars meant the government forced farmers to grow cash crops instead of the sustenance crops they grew previously. Many of the farmers went bankrupt, in part due to crop failures, and were forced to flee to the cities as well (Bales 2000, 5). The mass influx of people into the cities created a sudden strain on resources and jobs. Many people struggling for survival found themselves in shanty villages surrounded by people fighting for scant resources. This created a concentration of desperate people who became easy prey for exploitation and slavery. For countries seeking development, rapid changes in the economy made people more vulnerable. Too often, the focus of development was, and still is, simply on rapid economic growth for the country and not sustainable livelihoods for citizens. One example of this might be the quick change from the state controlled economy to capitalist economies after the fall of the Soviet Union (Bales 2000, 6). According to van den Anker, slavery currently exists in all regions throughout the world (van den Anker, 1 Contemporary Slavery, Global

12

Justice and Globalization 2004, 15). This includes the United States where authorities regularly discover slaves in several industries including the textile industry, and brothels in cities such Los Angeles, New York and Seattle. One example of this is from 1995, when 67 immigrants from Thailand were liberated from the garment factory in el Monte, CA where they worked 16-hour days to pay off their passage debt. Wire fences surrounded the factory, preventing victims from escaping (Bales 2000, 14, 24). UN.GIFT (2008, p11) For trafficking to work, the traffickers have either to force or to convince their victims to leave their familiar

surroundings and to travel with them. This can be achieved in a number of ways. The most common recruitment methods include: individual recruiters looking for interested males and females in bars, cafes, clubs, discos

and other public places; Recruitment via informal networks of families and/or friends; advertisements offering work or study abroad; agencies offering work; study, marriage or travel abroad; false marriages; purchase of children from their guardians. And of the same document, basic means of recruitment are: complete coercion through abduction or kidnapping, selling a person, typically a child; deception by promises of legitimate employment and/or entry; deception through half-truths; deception about working conditions; abuse of vulnerability. IOM (2009). Based on the Counter-Trafficking Database, 21 which includes information on victims who have been assisted by IOM projects in

13

78 countries, most recruitment occurs through personal contacts . According to the database, 46 per cent of victims knew their recruiter and 54 per cent were recruited by strangers. In addition, 52 per cent of recruiters were men and 42 per cent women, and in 6 per cent of recruitments both men and women were involved as recruiters. The act of trafficking and/or smuggling entices people in search of better opportunities, while others have no choice. Migrants, who often have a choice, lack access to the necessary contacts, knowledge and financial or logistic means, thus feeling compelled to appeal to specialized networks in order to accomplish the final steps to their country of destination (Van Impe, 2000, p.114).

The factors that make a person vulnerable to trafficking are abundant. Whether the factors are economic, social, or political, they all generally lead to poverty, which causes despair, and the belief that there are no other options than to go abroad. Trafficking thrives where poverty has forced the population to seek different methods of survival for themselves and their families. To traffic is simply to work upon an individuals desire or need to migrate, by introducing them into a form of forced labor under conditions that make them completely dependent on the traffickers in ways that impairs their rights. The business of human trafficking is a predator of the worlds poor and vulnerable. (Atlink, 1995.)

14

Factors include gender, low status of women, poverty, low education level, government corruption, and weak legislative frameworks, function of demand for sexual services, family breakdown family economic needs, involvement of other family member, drug use, abuse at home, cultural beliefs, materialism,(First World Congress, 1996) war and lack of a promising future (Hughes, 2000).___no reference PA!!!!. Ray ( 2008,vi). In her qualitative research, the results have

indicated that destitution and dysfunctional family relationship are the two life conditions that makes an individual extremely vulnerable to trafficking. These conditions are built upon structural factors ( family poverty, low level of education, child marriage, dowry, domestic violence, marital breakdown/widowhood) and psychological factors (desperation due to hunger and social stigmatization) of vulnerability. Families of landless agricultural workers in rural areas, families headed by women in both rural and urban settings, and the homeless are highly vulnerable to destitution, and therefore, trafficking. She also added that lack of awareness about trafficking creates vulnerability to deception but mere knowledge is not the protective factor. Majority of the victims of trafficking are young, as the young more than the old wish to migrate for better opportunities. Moreover, the young are also easier to control by the traffickers (Ward, 2005). Ray (2008, vi) In her study obtained results that indicate 'destitution' and 'dysfunctional family relationship' are the two life conditions that make

15

an individual extremely vulnerable to trafficking. These conditions are built upon structural factors (family poverty, low level of education, child marriage, dowry, domestic violence, marital breakdown/widowhood) and psychological factors (desperation due to hunger and social stigmatization) of vulnerability. Families of landless agricultural workers in rural areas, families headed by women or children in both rural and urban settings, and the homeless are highly vulnerable to destitution, and therefore, trafficking. The majority of the victims of trafficking are young, as the young more than the old wish to migrate for better life opportunities. Moreover, the young are also easier to control by the traffickers (Ward, 2005). Nevertheless, there is a wide variation in the age of the victims. Interviews with victims in the United States, Israel, and Azerbaijan reveal ages from 15 to 45 (Raymond & Hughes, 2001; International Organization for Migration, 2002a; Gershuni, 2004). On the other hand, the average age of trafficked Nigerian girls for prostitution in Italy was 15 years (Ebigbo, 2000). Evidence from Georgia, too, supports the contention that victims of trafficking are generally younger than other migrants (Glonti, 2003). Similarly, evidence from Albania shows that 74% of rescued victims were in the age group 18 to 24 years and another 21% were between 25 to 30 years of age (Meese et al, 2002). Women who have been trafficked to the Middle East as maids are mostly below age of 25 (Paul & Hasnath, 2000). A survey in Tajikistan, too, revealed that the majority were in the age group 21 to 25 (International Organization for Migration, 2001a). In Romania, it

16

was found that the cohort most affected was of 18 to 20 year olds (Save the Children, 2003a). Education levels vary from limited primary training to even college education. The latter was the case with women from the former communist countries of Eastern Europe (Raymond & Hughes, 2001). However, victims rescued in Albania revealed that 65% had only high school level education followed by 18% with primary level education. Only 4% had college degrees (Meese et al, 2002). Those who had been trafficked as minors had low education levels as they had dropped out of school to look for work when trafficked (Save the Children, 2003a; Surtees, 2005a). Minor

trafficked circus performers in India had a high illiteracy rate (61%) while only 30% had studied till elementary level. No one had studied beyond middle school (Esther Benjamins Trust, 2003). A study in Italy revealed that those who had worked in the sex industry prior to being trafficked had low levels of education. However, those who had been deceived with false job offers were more educated (Curtol et al., 2004; Brunovskis & Tyldum, 2004).

This leads to forced migration, making the migrant vulnerable to trafficking (Asian Development Bank, 2002a). Linked to poverty is the presence of debt, which provides an extra push towards distress migration (Sinha, 1999). Ratio of arable land to size of the family and access to alternative sources of income become important conditions of vulnerability

17

too. According to Frederick (2005), however, the simplistic rural poor paradigm does not acknowledge the socio-economic factors that exacerbate baseline poverty, for example, inequality in resources and opportunities caused by the dominance of a few social groups Moreover, vulnerability due to poverty is not merely present at the village. Rural to urban migration often leads to social and economic disruption of families and, consequently, enhanced vulnerability of individuals in highways, small towns or urban environments. Girls are also trafficked from away-from-home workplaces after an initial phase of safe migration because the income at this stage is unable to meet their needs (Barry, 1995). Majority of the victims of trafficking are young, as the young more than the old wish to migrate for better opportunities. Moreover, the young are also easier to control by the traffickers (Ward, 2005). Bales ( 2006) . In his theory of Contemporary Slavery, he stressed that Slavery is a relationship between, at least, two people that is social, economic, and, at times, emotional in nature. It is his assertion that there are certain fundamental or essential attributes of any slave/slaveholder relationship. These are the state of control exercised over the slave, a control based on the potential or actual use of violence; a lack of any remuneration beyond subsistence; and the appropriation of the labor or other qualities of the slave for economic gain. Furthermore, he asserts

that while there are essential attributes that determine what is, and what is not, a slave/slaveholder relationship, these attributes and those relationships

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are packaged in many ways, reflecting their social and cultural context. If those two assertions are acceptable, and he admit that they may be debated, that his paper has been a test of a further set of assertions, an outline theory that rests upon them. His paper explores whether, in the current period, a dramatic fall in the price of slaves, that is, an alteration in the nature of one of the essential attributes of slavery, can be documented and examined in both its origins and impact. If his theory that the nature of contemporary slavery arose out of certain factors and resulted in a dramatic fall in the price of slaves, it was his implied assertion that the amount of slavery in a country would be a predictor of its level of economic and human development, particularly that slavery would hinder the development of the poorest members of a society.

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Theoretical and Conceptual Framework This study is anchored on the concept of Dehumanization . The concept of dehumanization has received empirical attention in the psychological literature (Deci & Moller, 2010; Haslam et al., 2008). Dehumanization is a psychological process whereby opponents view each other as less than human and thus not deserving of moral consideration. ( Maiese, 2003 ). According to Baron and Richardson (1994),

dehumanization occurs when an individual views another person in negative ways, which leads to the belief that they are undeserving of the respect and kindness usually afforded to another person. It is as if that individual is compared to being nonhuman (Haslam, Kashima, Loughnan, Shi, & Suitner 2008). In comparing groups under the same situation, Esses, Veenvliet, Hodson, and Mihic (2008) state that, for example, if group B is seen as failing to uphold values belonging to group A, then group B must be immoral and less than human. This results in group B being less deserving of humane treatment. The fate of the members of group B is less relevant to group A, and their interests may be ignored. The implication is then that dehumanization of a target increases aggressive behavior because dehumanized group members have no moral standards applied to them (Castano & Giner-Sorolla, 2006). Bandura (2002) adds that strangers can be more easily depersonalized than acquaintances because of a lack of moral obligation to try and comprehend a stranger.

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There are three different ways in which people are dehumanized. Haslam, et al. (2008) points out that people can be compared to animals, in which uniquely human attributes are denied and the person is described as being coarse, uncultured, amoral, irrational, and childlike. Bandura (2002) adds that attributing demonic or bestial qualities to a person also makes them less than human. A second way in which people are dehumanized is by comparing a person to a machine (i.e., "mechanistic dehumanization"), in which human attributes are removed, and the person is perceived to be unfeeling, cold, passive, rigid, and lacking individuality (Haslam, et al., 2008). By doing this, the person is denied of emotionality and desires (Haslam, et al., 2008). Controlling or manipulative interpersonal relationships have been identified as one antecedent of mechanistic dehumanization (Moller & Deci, 2010). The third way that a person can be dehumanized is by perceiving the other person as being the enemy. Esses, et al. (2008) state that the enemy is constructed to exemplify manipulation and is described as being opportunistic, evil, immoral, and motivated by greed. The enemy is shown to take advantage of the weak, which in turn justifies any action taken against the enemy (Esses, et al., 2008). Esses, et al. (2008) go on to describe the barbarian image, which includes the perceptions of a ruthless, crude, and unsophisticated individual that is willing to cheat to reach glory. The consequence of constructing these dehumanizing forms is the inequality that is brought on as a result. It can be seen that those who

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support the existence of social dominance view the world as a competitive place where only the toughest survive and are willing to discriminate against other groups in order to reach or uphold group dominance. What this does is legitimize entitlement and the dehumanization of others (Esses, et al., 2008). Under the concept of dehumanization, there are three ways that a human being could be dehumanized in which the Male kasambahays can be subjected to because of the nature of their work and they are economically and politically impotent.

Another concept related in this study is the theory of exploitation by Karl Marx. exploitation involves a persistent social relationship in which certain persons are being mistreated or unfairly used for the benefit of others. This corresponds to one ethical conception of exploitation, that is, the treatment of human beings as mere means to an endor as mere "objects". In different terms, "exploitation" refers to the use of people as a resource, with little or no consideration of their wellbeing. Another concept related in this study is Kevin bales theory of contemporary slavery that the nature of contemporary slavery arose out of certain factors and resulted in a dramatic fall in the price of slaves, it was his implied assertion that the amount of slavery in a country would be a predictor of its level of economic and human development, particularly that

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slavery would hinder the development of the poorest members of a society.(Bales,1999). Bales also asserted the big differences between past slavery and modern slavery. (Connor, K, 2007) in support to Bales claims reported that According to Free the Slaves (an organization that was created as a result of research done by Dr. Kevin Bales in his book, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. ), in "old slavery" slaves were extremely expensive to buy, and they were therefore seen as an investment. To protect the investment, it was in the "owner's" interest to ensure the general health of his slaves. The situation is different today. Free the Slaves reports that: "On average a slave in the American South in 1850 cost the equivalent of $40,000 in today's money; today a slave costs an average of $90. In 1850 it was difficult to capture slaves and then transport them to the US. Today, millions of economically and socially vulnerable people around the world are potential slaves. This "supply" makes slaves today cheaper than they have ever been. Since they are so cheap, slaves are no longer a major investment worth maintaining. If slaves get sick, are injured, outlive their usefulness, or become troublesome to the slaveholder, they are dumped or killed." Another concept that supports this study is the concept of discrimination. Discrimination means treating people differently,

negatively or adversely because of their race, age, religion, sex, etc., that is because of a prohibited ground of discrimination. As used in human rights

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laws, discrimination means making a distinction between certain individuals or groups based on a prohibited ground of

discrimination.(Canadian human rights commission,2008).

Most male

kasambahays are ashamed of their work because they could be subjected to discriminations.

The

Occurrence

of
Intervention for male kasambahay

human Trafficking Knowledge Process Means Ends

Moderator
Age Educational attainment Length Of service

Monthly Salary

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Figure 1. Conceptual framework Showing the Variables of the study

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will give great significant to the Sumapi personnels and officers. The researchers hoped that this research will be of great help to them. This will also give them insights and information for them to empower their members especially the male kasambahays as kasambahays played a vital role in the progress of our society esp. in households that needed their services and their reliability. Visayan Forum Foundation personnels. The advocators of AntiHuman Trafficking and protected the welfare of the kasambahays and any sectors that are highly vulnerable to human trafficking. The researchers hope to fill in the space needed for the advances of their advocacies through the information and findings provided by this study. Department of Labor and Employment officials. This will

serve as an eye opener to the reality of what is happening to the domestic male workers or male kasambahays despite the promulgation of many policies that would give benefits to this group. This will give knowledge, so that they could assess well the flaws and strength of the implementation process of policy against Human trafficking and maltreatments of

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employers. They would be enlightened and actuate responsive measures to further enhance the implementation process of the policies.

UM Admin, Faculty, and Students. This will give them basis for interventions that they will undertake to educate the kasambahays of their basic rights. This will help the university in attaining one of its goals, to engage in community services that foster self-reliance and empowerment among the marginalized community.

Future researchers. This will provide them additional sources and literature upon choosing and studying this subject matter. This study will also help them analyze the scope of their study and to give them additional insights as to how they would find ways to improve this study.

Definition of Terms Male-Kasambahay- refers to any male individual employed in the employer's residence, performing tasks ascribed as household work for which he or she is being paid wages by the employer for services rendered. Occurrence of Human traffickingis any incidences or

occurrences of illegal trade of human beings, especially the underage, through transporting, harbouring and transferring by means of abduction, threats, fraud and deception for the purpose of slavery and exploitation and etc.

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Chapter 2

METHOD

The methods and procedures used in conducting this research work are presented in this chapter. Provided here are the necessary explanations on the instrument being employed in data gathering as well as the statistical treatment used for cogent interpretations and analysis.

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Research Design The researchers used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research design. The researchers generally used the quantitative research design and made used of a descriptive-survey method as this aim to describe the nature of situation as it exist at the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular phenomena (Travers, 1978). To a qualitative sense, the researchers also employed a structured-interview questionnaire since this method is particularly useful for getting the story behind a participants experiences. The interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic. Interviews may be useful as follow-up to certain respondents to questionnaires,e.g., to further investigate their responses. (McNamara,1999)

Research Participants This study is limited to male-kasambahays living in Davao City. They are 50 overall. The researchers used the purposive sampling method in choosing the respondents. They had been chosen based on the objective of the researchers to study the occurrence of human trafficking among male-kasambahays. The researchers searched for these entities in

households that employed male-kasambahays and schools where the participants have studied, in Davao City. Participants were given the

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occurrence of human trafficking questionnaire, and interviewed. Prior to the distribution of the questionnaire, the researchers explained the significance of the study and the importance of answering the instrument truthfully and honestly.

Research Instruments This study used two questionnaires as the principal tool in gathering appropriate information from the male kasambahays. The review of related literatures provided the researchers an understanding of the problem under study upon which the construction of the questionnaire was based.

Human Trafficking Survey Questionnaire. The researchers developed this questionnaire based on how the respondents agreed to the following indicators: knowledge, process, means and ends. Refinement of the questionnaire was made possible through the assistance of the experts: Dr. Helen Omblero, Prof. Luzviminda Orilla, Prof. Lindsay Espino and Dr. Gerlieta Ruiz. The questionnaire was composed of 20 items. Each indicator was given 5 items. The research instrument obtained the overall rate of . After determining the

validity test coefficient of the research instrument, the final copies were prepared. The distribution was made after the researchers had identified the male kasambahay respondents.

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The questionnaire was designed in such a way that it can obtain the desired and pertinent information from the respondents. It was measured based on the following scales.

Scale

Description

5 with

It means that you agreed with the statement strong conviction and without doubts.

4 -

It means that you agreed with the statement.

3 agree

It means that you cannot choose whether to or disagree to the statement

2 -

It means that you disagreed with the statement.

1-

It means that you disagreed with the statement with strong conviction and without doubts.

Scale Limit

Numerical rating

Descriptive level

Interpretation

Mostly observed. 4.1 - 5 5 Very high

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Observed highly. 3.1 - 4 4 High

Moderate 2.1 - 3 3

Observed moderately.

1.1 2

Low

Observed at interval of time.

long

01

Very low

Almost observed.

never

The rating scale means the following: Very high indicates that human trafficking occurrence is mostly observed. High means that human trafficking is observed highly. Moderate means that human trafficking is observed moderately. Low means that human trafficking is observed at long interval of time. Very low means that the human trafficking is almost never observed. This study also made used of a structured interview questionnaire as a guide of the researchers during the conduct of the interview. The questions were given Bisaya translation to be easily understood by the participants.

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Interview Guide questions

1.) How do you find your life as a kasambahay?

2.) Amidst your situations,how did you cope up with life and with your necessity without further straining yourself?

3.) What are the realizations you have come up with in this nature of work and from the environment you had lived with?

Vernacular Dialect 1.) Kumusta imong kinabuhi isip isa ka kasambahay?( How do you find your life as a kasambahay?)

2.) Sa taliwala sa imong malisud na sitwasyon, giunsa imo ug sagubang sa kinabuhi ug sa imong mga panginanghanglan na dli ma ag-ag ang imo kaugalingon? ( Amidst, your situations, how did you cope up with life and with your necessity without further straining yourself?)

3.) unsang mga klaseng paghimatngon ang imo na hunahunaan sa inganing klase sa trabaho ug sa imong palibut?

Data Gathering Procedure The following processes of gathering data were observed by the researchers: Seeking Permission to Conduct a Study to a Panel/Advisers

32

The researchers seek permission from the panel and adviser to conduct a study and the distribution of the research instruments. The researchers discussed the subject matter to the respondents and the purposes of the study as well. Formulation of the questionnaire The researchers have undergone brainstorming in order to formulate the questionnaires, given to the male kasambahay respondents. The

researchers sought the help of the adviser and some distinguished professors on the formulation of the instruments. Validation and administration of the Questionnaire After careful evaluation of the instruments, the validators had approved and validated the formulated research instruments. The researchers did the administration of the questionnaire themselves and requested the respondents to answer the questions. Prior to the distribution of questionnaires, the respondents were given proper orientation of the objective of the study. The respondents were given enough time to answer the questionnaire and to ask questions for clarifications, should there be any, even while answering.

Tabulation and Analysis of Data. After the retrieval of the survey questionnaires, tabulation was done with the help of the statistician; interpretation of data through figures was made in order to answer the subproblems of the study. Furthermore, analysis of data was done.

33

Statistical Treatment of Data The gathered data were classified, analyzed and interpreted using the following statistical tools: Percentage. Percentage are used to express how large/small one quantity is, relative to another quantity. Percentages were computed to determine the fraction in the population of the male-kasambahays especially on their profiles. Mean. For a data set, the mean is the sum of the values divided by the number of values. If the data set were based on a series of observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, this mean is termed the "sample mean". The sample mean represented as X (bar X). This was used to determine the occurrence of human trafficking on male kasambahays. The information derived from the mean was used to answer problem no.2. ANOVA. In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups are all equal, and therefore generalizes t-test to more than two groups. This was used to test the significant difference on the occurrence of human trafficking on

34

male kasambahay. This method was applied to determine the significance of the difference in the occurrence of male kasambahays in terms of age, educational attainment, length of service and monthly income.

T-test. This tool was used to test the significance of the difference between the means of two groups in Significance Difference on the Human Trafficking of Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Educational Attainment.

35

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered regarding the occurrence of human trafficking among male kasambahays living in Davao City. Findings and the analysis of these data are hereby presented with the following headings: (1) The Profile of Male Kasambahays, (2) The extent of the occurrence of human trafficking among male kasambahay, (3) The significant difference on the occurrence of human trafficking among male kasambahays when analyzed by age, educational attainment, length of service, and monthly income.

Profile of Male Kasambahays The profile of Male Kasambahays in this study is classified according to their age, educational attainment, length of service and monthly income. Data were analysed with the use of frequency and percentage. The descriptive statistics for each of these variables are shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4.

36

Profile of the Male Kasambahays in terms of Age: Presented in Table 1 is Profile of the Male Kasambahays in terms of Age, there are 4 age brackets identified in this

study as; 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, and 21-24. It shows that 16 percent or 8 participants are in the age bracket of 13-15 years old; 36 percent or 18 participants aged from 16-18 years old ; 38 percent or 19 participants are between 19 to 21 years. And only 10 percent or 5 participants are aging from 22 to 24 years old.

The results showed that majority of the respondents are in the age bracket of (19-21). This means that theyre the most ideal age bracket. This further means that many Filipinos preferred this age bracket, which implies that they are more reliable on their task and they can performs and execute many works in the household. This further implies that most of the

household employers preferred to employ this age bracket which in accordance to law. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions Similar to Slavery (1956) goes into considerable detail on institutions that are similar to slavery and should be abolished, such as institution or practice whereby a child or young person under the age of 18 years is delivered by either or both of his natural parents or by his guardian to another person, whether for reward or not, with a view to the exploitation of the child or young person or of his labor.

37

Table 1 Profile of the Male Kasambahay in terms of Age

AGE (In Years)

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

13- 15

16

16 18

18

36

19- 21

19

38

22- 24

10

OVER ALL

50

100

38

Profile of Male Kasambahays in terms of educational attainment: Presented on the table 2, among the 50 participants of male kasambahays 40% or 14 male kasambahays are elementary level; only 4% or 2 male kasambahays are elementary graduate; 50% or 25 kasambahay are high school level; 16% or 8 kasambahay are high school graduate and only 2 % or 1 kasmabahay is a college level. The result shows that majority of male kasambahays are in high school level. The low rate in educational attainment among kasambahays indicates decline in the educational system in the Philippines of which those who can only afford could succeed. Only 2 percent or one participant only of the 50 participants have gone to college . This indicates further

consideration on the part of the Government to look into the educational situation of this sector. Furthermore the results mean that majority of them worked as a kasambahays for the reason that they cant find work easily knowing that most of the company or government agencies required a standard for their employees. And some of the male kasambahay are in high school level because their employers are the one who supported their studies or their employer offered an educational benefit.

39

Table 2

Profile of the Male Kasambahay in terms Educational Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

Elementary Level

14

20

Elementary Graduate

High School Level

25

50

High School Graduate

16

College Level

40

Profile of the male kasambahays in terms of length in service Presented in the 3rd table is the profile of the male kasambahays in terms of length in service, there is 34% or 17 respondents worked within 16 months; 26% or 13 male kasambahays worked within 7-12 months; 10% or 5 kasambahay lasted in 13-24 months; 16% or 8 male kasambahay have worked 25-30 months; 12% or 6 male kasambahay have worked 31-36 months; 2% or only one male kasambahay have worked within 37-42 months, and 4% or 2 male kasambahays worked 43-48 months. The results revealed that majority of the male kasambahays only work for a few months. It means that they cant stay long on their work since they realized that there is better opportunity awaits for them. This also implies some of them could be new to the place and to the job as most of them came from other municipalities outside Davao City.

41

Table 3 Profile of the Male Kasambahay in terms Length of Service

LENGTH OF SERVICE (In Months) 16

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

17

34

7-12

13

26

13-24

10

25-30

16

31-36

12

37-42

43-48

OVER ALL

50

100

42

Profile of the male kasambahays in terms of in terms of monthly income: Presented in the 3rd table is the profile of the male kasambahays in terms of in terms of monthly income of male kasambahay there is 28% or 14 respondents who have got an allowance with educational benefits; 52% or 26 of them got 1000-2000 salary per month; 16% or 8 respondents got a salary of 2500-3500 a month; and there is 4 respondents or only 2% have a salary of above 3500 per month. As shown on the table majority of male kasambahay has a salary of 10002000 pesos. It means that they have got a small amount of money even they work hard. Some of the participants can only receive an increased after he can work for about a year it is because the employer wants to cope up with the participants fare expenses upon travelling to davao city. The results revealed that it is a common salary that the employer has offered to their employee. This category is optimum to the standard minimum wage

promulgated in Article 2 Section 9 (b) the Batas Kasambahay bill one thousand seven hundred pesos (Php1,700.00) a month for those working in other chartered cities and first class municipalities.(kasambahay handbook,2006,p13). Nevertheless the kasambahay bill could bring about change to the current monthly minimum wage for domestic helpers in the Philippines which is 800 pesos in Metro Manila and highly urbanized cities, 650 pesos in other chartered cities and first class municipalities and 500 pesos for those in other municipalities. Under the Labor Code, live-in

43

domestic helpers are also entitled to lodging, food, and medical assistance. Helpers earning over 1,000 pesos per month must be enrolled in the social security system. (Visayan Forum Foundation, 2011)

44

Table 4

Profile of the Male Kasambahay in terms Salary

SALARY (Per Month )

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

Allowance with Educational Benefits

14

28

Php 1000-2000

26

52

2500- 3500

16

Above 3,500

OVER ALL

50

100

45

The extent of the occurrence of human trafficking among kasambahays.

male

knowledge indicates a mean of 2.54 and has a moderate verbal description, this means that the knowledge of the male kasambahays on human trafficking is moderate; this implies that they known little of human trafficking. They dont have high understanding that human trafficking is form of threat by means of recruitment, transportation and harbouring, a form of fraud, deception and use of force by means of servitude or removal of organs. It is a form of abuse of power by means of exploitation by means of sexual exploitation, is a form of slavery and it is giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim.( Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Person, Especially Women And Children, Supplementing The United Nations Convention Against Transnational 2000) Organized Crime, United Nations

46

Table 5 Extent of the occurrence of Human Trafficking Among Male Kasambahay

INDICATOR

MEAN

VERBAL DESCRIPTION

Knowledge

2.54

Moderate

Process

3.12

High

Means

3.38

High

Ends

2.86

Moderate

OVER ALL

2.98

Moderate

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The process has a mean of 3.12 which has a high verbal description, This indicates that the occurrence of human trafficking describe in the statement is observed highly. It means that the male kasambahay has

experiences when it comes to process before they are going to work; this means that they are not Hired by formal entities, they are provided with fare expenses, some respondents werent told properly of their number of hours in rendering their jobs and the limitations. The means indicator also has a high verbal description with a mean of 3.38. This indicates that the occurrence of human trafficking describe in the statement is observed highly. It means that the male kasambahay has experiences of occurrences. Some arent accordance to their contract as kasambahay. Oftentimes mis-treated well as kasambahay esp. when they commit mistakes in executing their assigned tasks. Is observed highly observed of occurrence in terms of the respect of privacy and freedom to speak their thoughts that are relevant to them and to their work. The ends indicate with a mean of 2.86 with a moderate verbal description. The overall result has a mean of 2.98 and the verbal description is moderate. This implies that Extent of Human Trafficking Among Male Kasambahay in the Ends indicator is moderate which further implies that the occurrence of Human Trafficking among them is moderately observed that they are moderately provided with all the needs in the house as well paid with their work in

48

kasambahay, have availed a sick leave, have a day off, received an extra payment for their extra work, and provided with educational privileges. Significance of the Difference on the Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Age, Educational Attainment, Length of Service and Monthly Salary

Presented in table 6 is Significance of the Difference

on the

Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Age. As shown , that the F-value of the 1st two indicators is 0.44, and also the 3rd and 4th indicators obtained the overall Pvalue of 0.724. Since the P-value is greater than .05, this leads to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Thus, There is no significant difference on the occurrence of human trafficking among male-kasambahays when

analyzed by Age. This means that the occurrence of human trafficking is not affected by the respondents age.

Presented in 7th table is Significance of the Difference

on the

Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Educational Attainment. Using T-test, the elemtary level group obtained lower mean score of 2.806, than the high school level group 3.057. Since the P-value 0.105 is greater than .05, this leads to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Thus, There is no significant difference in the occurrence of human trafficking among male-kasambahays when

49

analyzed by educational attainment. This means that the occurrence of human trafficking is not affected by the respondents educational attainment.

Table 6

Significance Difference on the Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Age.

Indicator By Age

MEAN

Decision of Ho F-test Alpha = 0.05

13-15

3.04

Computed F-value

0.44 16-18 3.036 18

Accepted

50

19-21

2.95

19

P-value

0.724 22-24 2.75 5

Table 7

Significance Difference on the Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Educational Attainment

Indicator Educational Attainment

MEAN

t-test Alpha = 0.05

Decision of Ho

Elementary Level

2.806

16

Computed tvalue -1.67 Accepted

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P-value High School Level 3.057 34 0.105

Presented in 8th table is Significance of the Difference

on the

Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms Length of Service. It can also be observed, that male kasambahays which serves between 1 and years got the highest mean score of 3.39 than the groups working for Below 1 year groups and Above 2 years groups. It can be implied that male kasambahays between 1 to 2 years have more occurrences than that of the other groups. Moreover, the F-value of the 1st two indicators is 4.08, and also under this profile, the indicators obtained the P-value of 0.023. Since the P-value is less than .05, this leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Thus, There is a significant difference on the occurrence of human

trafficking among male-kasambahays when analyzed by the respondents length of service. This means that the occurrence of human trafficking is affected by the respondents length of service. This implies that the length

52

of service has effects on the occurrence of human trafficking amoung male kasambahays. This implies many aspects that contributed to the results such as , kasambahays had realized that as they stayed on their employers household slowly they had observed their employers attitudes and treatments. It is also possible that they had realized that the longer they

stayed on their work, the anxious they get in finding greener and cosy pastures.

Table 8

Significance Difference on the Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms Length of Service

Indicator By Length of Service

MEAN

F-test Alpha = 0.05

Decision of Ho

Below 1 year

2.84

28

Computed F-value

4.08

Rejected

53

Between 1 and 2 years

3.39

P-value Above 2 years 3.03 14 0.023

Presented in 7th table is Significance of the Difference on the Occurrence of Human Trafficking among Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms of Salary. In table 7, respondents with Allowance and Educational Benefits obtained the highest mean score of 3.27, that the other groups having the income of Above 2000 which obtained the meanscore of 2.83 and Php 1000-2000 which obtained the meanscore of 2.98. this is a manifestation that the first group has higher occurrences that the other rest of the group when analyzed by the salary. The indicator by salary obtained the P-value of 0.305. Since the P-value is greater than .05, this leads to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Thus, there is no significant difference in the occurrence of human trafficking

among male-kasambahays when analyzed by salary. This means that the occurrence of human trafficking is not affected by the respondents salary.

54

Table 9

Significance Difference on the Human Trafficking of Male Kasambahay when analyzed in terms Salary

Indicator By Salary Allowance w/ Educational Benefits Php 10002000

MEAN

3.27

F-test Alpha = 0.05 Computed Fvalue

Decision of Ho

1.22 2.98 35 P-value Above 2000 2.83 10 0.305

Accepted

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56

Chapter 4

SUMARRY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS,

AND

In this chapter, the researchers present the summary of findings, conclusions, proposals and recommendations.

Summary of Findings
The findings of the study are summarize and presented below: 1. terms of The profiles of the Male Kasambahays: Kasambahays in Age, there are 4 age brackets identified in this

study as; 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, and 21-24. Majority of the respondents are in the age bracket of (19-21) of which is 38 percent or 19 participants while the lowest got only 10 percent or 5 participants are aging from 22 to 24 years old. In terms of educational attainment 50% or 25 kasambahay are high school level, the highest in number ; 16% or 8 kasambahay are high school graduate and only 2 % or 1 kasmabahay is a college level, the lowest in number. In terms of length in service, 2% or only one male kasambahay have worked within 37-42 months, the lowest in number , and there are 34% or 17 respondents have worked within 1-6 months; 26% or 13 male kasambahays worked within 7-12 months, the highest in number. In terms of in terms of monthly income the highest is 52% or 26

57

respondents got 1000-2000 salary per month and there is 4 respondents or only 2% have a salary of above 3500 per month, the lowest in number. 2. The Extent of the occurrence of human trafficking among

male kasambahays is moderate in knowledge (2.54) and ends (2.86) indicators while the process (3.12) and means (3.86) indicators is high.

3.

In the test of significant of the difference on the occurrence of

human trafficking among male kasambahays when analyzed by the respondents age obtained the F-value of 0.44, and obtained the overall Pvalue of 0.724, educational attainment obtained the P-value 0.105, length of service obtained the F-value is 4.08, and the P-value of 0.023 and monthly salary obtained the P-value of 0.305.

Conclusions:
In the light of the statistical evidence presented, the following conclusions are drawn. 1. The profiles of the Occurrence of Human Trafficking on Male

Kasambahays showed that majority of the respondents are in high school level. In terms of monthly salary majority of them got 1000-2000 income per month. And majority of their age to work as male kasambahay is 19-21 years of age. In terms of their length of service, majority of them lasted within 1-6 months.

58

2.

The Extent of the occurrence of human trafficking among

male kasambahays got an overall mean score of 2.98 with a moderate verbal description. 3. In the test of significant of the difference on the occurrence of

human trafficking among male kasambahays when analyzed by the respondents age, educational attainment, length of service and monthly salary, only the test analysed by length of service has significant difference on the occurrence of human trafficking. The rest yielded no significant differences in salary, educational attainment and age.

Recommendations:
Action Plan Proposal for for Male Kasambahay Goal 10 years from now male kasambahays will become educated and productive citizen of the society. Objective Become a member of Male Kasambahay organization Educational enhancement Activities Strengthening of male kasambahay organization Networking Scholarship availment Skills training availment Attend awareness seminar Sponsorship program Job placement Attending leadership seminar Person responsible Sumapi

TESDA

Awareness Advocacy Prioritization of job oppurtunities Become future leaders of the society

Visayan forum LGUs & NGO personnels Political science Orgs. And

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University Of Mindanao

REFERENCES Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Person, Especially Women And Children, Supplementing The United Nations Convention Against Transnational United Nations 2000. Article 7 section 2 pragraph 1(c). Rome Statute of the International
Altink, Sietske. Stolen Lives: Trading Women into Sex and Slavery. London: Scarlet Press; New York: Harrington Park Press, 1995.

Organized Crime,

Criminal Court. Copyright (c) United Nations 1999-2002. Retrieved September17,2011 http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm Bales, K.,( 2004) Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley, CA.University of California Press,. Bales, K, (2000). New Slavery: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CIIO, INC. Bales, K. (2006) Testing a Theory of Modern Slavery. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 5, 2011 FROM http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Bales.pdf. from

60

Bales, K., Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader. Berekely and Los Angeles California: University of California Press, 2005. Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119. doi:10.1080/0305724022014322 Bales, K., Zoe T.,& Williamson, A. K., ( 2009)Modern Slavery: The Secret World of 27 Million People. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Baron, R.A. & Richardson, D.R. (1994). Human Aggression. United States: Plenum Publishing Corporation. BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/hi/uk_news/england/6224171.stm).

Esquibel, M. (2005). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, A UNIVERSAL ISSUE. Florida State University D-Scholarship Repository.

Esses, V., Veenvliet, S., Hodson, G., & Mihic, L. (2008). Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees. Social Justice Research, 21(1), 4-25. doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0058-4 Calmorin, L.P and Calmorin M.A 1995. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Rex Book Store, Manila, Philippines. Castano, E., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2006). Not quite human: Infrahumanization in response to collective responsibility for intergroup killing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 804-818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.804.

Connor, K., (2007). Slavery: Then and now. Retrieved October 30, 2011 from http://townhall.com/columnists/kenconnor/2007/02/24/slavery then_and_now/page/full/

Free the Slaves. Retrieved September 7, 2011 from. http://www.freetheslaves.net/Document.Doc?id=14

61

Gould, A. (2010). MODERN SLAVERY: A REGIONAL FOCUS. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman: Contrasting humans with nonhumans in three cultures. Social Cognition, 26(2), 248-258. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248. International Organization for Migration, Counter-Trafficking Database, 78 Countries, 1999-2006 (1999). Maiese, M., (2003) Ph.D., M.A., ; B.A. Dehumanization: What it Means to Dehumanize Retrieved November 5, 2011 from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/dehumanization/ Maria Costa, A. Executive Director of UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. McNamara, C, PhD. General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews, Minnesota, 1999 Moller, A. C., & Deci, E. L. (2010). Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13, 41-53. Psychwiki.com, (2010). Dehumanization Retrieved November 5, 2011 from http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/Dehumanization Travers, M. W. R. An introduction to educational research. 4th edition. New york: mcmillan publishing co.,inc.,1978. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (2008) UN.Global Initiative to Fight Trafficking. Human Trafficking: An Overview. UNITED NATIONS. New York, Van den Anker, C. The Political Economy of New Slavery, Contemporary Slavery, Global Justice and Globalization. 15-36. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004.
Van Impe, K. (2000). People for sale: The need for a multidisciplinary approach towards human trafficking. International Migration, 38(3), 113-130.

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Appendix a 1.) How do you find your life as a kasambahay?

R1: Mao na jud ni siya. Ug OK lang man. (This is really it, and Im okay with it.) R2: Wala lang man, mura lang ug normal gud. ( Nothing. Its just normal.) R3: OK lang man, fights lang man sa akoa ( Its just fine, I can still keep up.) R4: Mao naman ni akoa na dangatan ug wala na man koy mabuhat oie. ( This is the outcome in my life, and I can do nothing with it.) R5: Mao ni ako ang trabaho na nasudlan ug di man pod ni lisod kung gusto ug maayo lang pod imong mga amo. ( This is the work that I have, and this is not difficult, as long as you are treated good by your employer.) R6: Ok lang man, Ipadala man nako sa amoa ang akong sweldo pag nay sobra o matigom. (Just fine . I would send my salary if there is any savings left.) Analysis With this, many of the male kasambahays accepted of what kind of work do they have since economic difficulties are the main reason why they go through to their works. But still the government should give even a piece of concern among the male kasambahay, and they should be more strict of the laws that they have been implementing as stated in International

63

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights particularly in Article 8, says, that no one shall be held in slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited.

2.)

Amidst your situation, how did you cope up with life and with

your necessity without further straining yourself? R1: E relax lang gud ang kinabuhi. Kaon, tulog, isipon lang na para ugma mao gihapon ang buhaton para makakaon ug mabuhi. ( Just keep my life relaxing. Eat, sleep and think that this is for the future in order to feed myself and survive. R2: Budgeton nako na siya. Sa akong sweldo. ( I budgeted it , on my salary.) R3: Tambay, sigarilyo, mag lingaw lingaw sa sarili. ( taking cigarettes, and unwind.) R4:Sa kalisod sa panahon kinahanglan pud na antuson na lang nako ni akong trabaho. ( On this miserable life, I just have to sacrifice for the sake of my work.) R5: Naa man koy day-off ug tama lang ang pa sweldo sa akoa . Ma late man ug hatag, ok lang!. Pait man pod ang panahon. ( I do have a day-off and my salary is enough for me, even though I ve got my salary late. Life this day is very crucial.)

64

R6:Wala koy day-off, wala na gani koy time mag uyab-uyab pa. Pero anad naman ko ug ganahan nako ani ang dagan sa akong kinabuhi. ( I didnt have a day-off and I dont even have a time on my love life. But Im used to like it already. Analysis This issue is less entertained by the government because the government itself didnt focused the protection on male kasambahays. As our article in Chapter 1 have stated particularly in Article 26 stressed that, all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the law. This provisions outlaw many of the discriminations faced by slaves and ex-slaves. 3.) What are the realizations you have come up with in this nature of

work and from the environment you had lived with? R1: Ok lang man, At home man ko ug wala man ko gi trato ug dautan. ( Its Okay and I really feel at home and they treated me well.) R2: Maayo kayo na naa koy trabaho na ingon ani.. Di siya ika ulaw. Pedi na gani pang international siya. ( Very much fine to have a work like this. Its not shameful. This could be an international job. R3: Dili man, ug okay lang man sa akoa kapwa man gani ko. ( No its not that hard, and Im okay with it.

65

R4:Lisud mangita ug kwarta di man ko gikan sa datu na pamilya so maning kamot jud na lang ta. ( Its really hard to find money since Im not from an elite class so I have to work hard.) R5: Daghan man, na realize jud nako na kapoy. ( There are many things to think about , and I realize that it is so tiring.) R6: Mingawon ko sa ako ang pamilya labi nag tig ulan. Sa akong mama ug mga igsuon na akong gipaskwela. ( I miss my family specially when it rains I feel alone. I miss my mother and my brother that Ive sent to school.) Analysis Majority of the male kasambahays accepted their nature of work and they faced these consequences in a very positive way. But still the government should offer a lot of work without any biases in which individual could benefit. Then the male kasambahays will have a chance on improving their life status by the help of our government. it is really painful to realize that most of the male kasambahays were forced to work as a kasambahay just to help their families and to sustain their needs as well.

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QUESTIONNAIRE TRAFFICKING: KASAMBAHAYS. Respondents profile

ON AN

THE OCCURRENCE OF INTERVENTION FOR

HUMAN MALE

Instruction: Please fill in your correct profiles being asked below. Name : (optional) : Age : Educational Attainment : Years/Months in service being a kasambahay: Monthly Salary :

THE EXTENT OF THE OCCURRENCE HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Instruction: Please read and check the box that best corresponds to your answer. 5 - It means that you agreed with the statement with strong conviction and without doubts. 4 - It means that you agreed with the statement. 3 - It means that you cannot choose whether to agree or disagree to the statement 2 - It means that you disagreed with the statement. 1 -It means that you disagreed with the statement with strong conviction and without doubts.

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING

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5 1. I know that Human Trafficking is a form of threat by means of recruitment, transportation and harboring. 2. I know that Human Trafficking is a form of fraud, deception and use of force by means of servitude or removal of organs. 3. I know that Human Trafficking is a form of abuse of power by means of exploitation by means of sexual exploitation. 4. I know that Human Trafficking is a form of slavery. 5. I know that Human Trafficking is giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim.

PROCESS 5 1. I am being recruited by way of formal entities. 2. I am provided with fare expenses by my employer or recruiter. 3. I am being oriented of what kind of work to do as a kasambahay. 4. I am being told of how much I am receiving as kasambahay. 5. I am being told of the number of hours that I am going to render as kasambahay. 4 3 2 1

MEANS 5 1. I am well paid with my work in accordance to my contract as kasambahay. 2. I do my job as I am being told as kasambahay only. 3. I am treated well as kasambahay even in times when I commit mistakes in executing my assigned tasks. 4. I am being respected of my privacy. 5. I have been given freedom to speak my thoughts that are relevant to me and to my work. 4 3 2 1

END 5 1. I am provided with all the needs in the house as 4 3 2 1

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kasambahay 2. I have availed a sick leave. 3. I have a day off. 4. I received an extra payment for my extra work. 5. I am provided with educational privileges. ___________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time and effort in completing this important survey.

Interview Guide questions

1.) How do you find your life as a kasambahay?

2.) Amidst your situations, how did you cope up with life and with your necessity without further straining yourself?

3.) What are the realizations you have come up with in this nature of work and from the environment you had lived with?

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Bisaya translation QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: AN INTERVENTION FOR MALE KASAMBAHAYS. Takiliran sa manunubag Panugon : Palihug ug sulat sa inyuhang tamang takiliran na ginapangayo sa ubos. Ngalan : (opsyonal) Edad : : : : :

Edukasyong nakab-ot
tuig/bulan sa trabaho: Binulan na sweldo

ANG ABTONON SA PAG ABOT SA HUMAN TRAFFICKING (pagtrapiko sa tawo) Panugon: Palihug ug basa ug check sa mga kahon na nahatungod sa numero na mohaom sa imomg tubag. 5 - kini nagpasabot sa hugot mong pag-uyon sa mga nahasulti. 4 - kini nagpasabot sa imong pag-uyon sa mga nahasulti. 3 - kini nagpasabot na dili ka mkapili kung mouyon baka or dli sa mga nahasulti. 2 - kini nagpasabot dili mo pag-uyon sa mga nahasulti. 1 - kini nagpasabot sa imong hugot na dili pag-uyon sa mga nahasulti. KAHIBALO BAHIN SA HUMAN TRAFFICKING 5 4 3

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1. Nasayud ko na ang Human Trafficking isa ka matang sa pagpanghadlok pinaagi sa pagpangrekrut, pagpangbalhin, ug pagpangkuha. 2. Nasayud ko na ang Human Trafficking isa ka matang sa pagpangilad,pagtikas ug ang paggamit sa puwersa pinaagi sa pag-pangnulipon o pangpanguha sa laman loob. 3. Nasayud ko na ang Human Trafficking isa ka matang sa pagpang-abusar sa gahum pinaagi sa eksploytasyon sa pamaagi sa sekswal na eksploytasyon. 4. Nasayud ko na ang Human Trafficking isa ka matang sa pang ulipon. 5. Nasayud ko na ang Human Trafficking kay ang pagpang hatag ug bayad o benepisyu sa mga taong nagcontrolar sa victima. PROSESO 5 1. Ako girekrut pinaagi sa mga pormal na entidad, sama sa ahensya. 2. Ako hinatagan ug pamasahe sa ako amo or rekruter. 3. Ako nasulti-an sa unsa na mga klase na trabaho ako buhaton isip kasambahay. 4 Ako nasulti-an sa kung pila ako sweldohon isip kasambahay bag o nagsugud ug trabaho. 5. Ako nasulti-an bahin sa numero sa oras na ako ihatag isip kasambahay. 4 3 2 1

PAMAAGI 5 1. Ako nabayran ug maau sa akong mga trabaho na uyon sa amo kasabutan o kontrata isip kasambahay. 2. Ako ngtrabaho sumala sa amo kasabutan isip kasambahay lang. 3. Maayu ang tratar sa akoa isip kasambahay bisan pag ako magkamali sa ako trabaho. 4. Ginarespeto ko sa ako praybasi. 5. Ginatagaan ko ug katungod na mosulti sa ako mga opinyun ug molo na adunay dakung kalabtangan sa ako akong trabaho ug sa. Akong ikaayu. 4 3 2 1

SANGKUANAN

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5 1. Ginahatagan ako sa ako mga panginanghanlan sa balay isip kasambahay 2. Aduna akoy sick leave. 3. Aduna akoy day off. 4. Nagadawat ako ug ekstra na bayad sa ako mga ekstra na trabaho. 5. Pihatagan ko ug pribilihiyong pang-edukasyon.

Daghang salamat sa imohang panahon ug pagbudlay sa pagkumpleto niining mahinungdanung pagsukod.

Interview Guide questions

1.) Kumusta imong kinabuhi isip isa ka kasambahay?( How do you find your life as a kasambahay?)

2.) Sa taliwala sa imong malisud na sitwasyon, giunsa imo ug sagubang sa kinabuhi ug sa imong mga panginanghanglan na dli ma ag-ag ang imo kaugalingon? ( Amidst, your situations, how did you cope up with life and with your necessity without further straining yourself?)

3.) unsang mga klaseng paghimatngon ang imo na hunahunaan sa inganing klase sa trabaho ug sa imong palibut? ( What are the realizations you have come up with in this nature of work and from the environment you had lived with?)