Introduction to Science Science- the study of natural phenomena *systematic study of the nature and how it affects us*

Importance of Science Helps us to solve problem Helps us to make things quickly Helps us to make our work easier Helps us to enjoy leisure Makes communication easy Helps us to maintain good health

Career in Science
Biology (plants & animals) Botany (Plants) Zoology (animals) Medicine (diseases) Physics (matter& energy) Mechanics (Machines, forces, motion) Astronomy (Sun, moon, planets) Geology (Earths crust) Pharmacy (drugs) Electronics (electric circuits)

Steps in Scientific investigation Identifying a problem Suggesting a hypothesis Identifying variables Carrying out experiment Collecting data/ observations Analysing and Interpretating data Forming conclusion Hypothesis accepted/ rejected

Thanusha Kumaran

The Simple Pendulum Experiment

Objective: To see the effect of the length of pendulum and the number of oscillation it makes in a given time. (PROBLEM) Hypothesis: The shorter the pendulum, the more oscillation it makes in a given time Aim: To study the relationship between the length of a pendulum and the number of oscillations it makes in a given time Variable: Constant (Not changing- Weight of the pendulum) Manipulated (changed-Length of pendulum) Responding (respond due to change-Number of Oscillation) Method: The number of oscillation the pendulum makes in one minute is calculated using different length of pendulum

Experiment 1 2 3

Length of Pendulum (cm) 50 30 20

Number of Oscillation 42 54 67

Conclusion: A short pendulum makes more oscillation in a given time than a long pendulum

Physical Quantities 5 standard physical Quantities Length (metre,m) Mass (kilogram, kg) Time (second,s) Temperature (Kelvin, K) Current (Ampere, A)

Why standard unit? Known everywhere in the world

Thanusha Kumaran

Measuring Tools

Opisometer (Used to measure curved line)

Callipers (Measuring Internal and External Diameter)

Water Displacement Method to measure the volume of irregular object

Measuring Cylinder (Volume of liquid) Burette (Volume of liquid)

Thermometre (Temperature) Pipette (Volume of liquid)

Newton Spring balance (Measure Mass)

Butchart Balance (Measure Mass)

Triple Beam Balance (Measure Mass)

Thanusha Kumaran

Mass Quantity of matter contained in an object Kilogram (kg) Lever balance, Triple beam balance, Butchart balance, electronic balance Mass of an object does not change

Differences Definition S.I Unit Measuring tools

Weight The Earth gravitational pull on an object Newton (N) Newton spring balance, compression spring balance Weight of an object changes from place to place

Characteristic property

Explosive- easily explodes when mixed with other substances Flammable- Easily catches fire Toxic/Poisonous- May cause death/harm to the body if absorbed through skin or inhaled Corrosive- Cause damage to the skin/ eyes upon contact Irritant/Harmful- may cause irritation and harm Radioactive- Causes cancer or destro bodily tissues Oxidating- can be oxidized if exposed to air Polluting- danger to environmentproper disposal method required
Thanusha Kumaran