Matthew Horowitz Chapter 6 Outline 1.

Cells

Mr. Elkins

A. all living organisms are made up of cells B. it is the simplest matter that can live C. all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells 2. Microscopy A. because of the cells small bu8t complex structure, we need microscopes to study the cell B. originally there was a light microscope which enabled people to see more than the naked eye but still not enough to really study the cell in depth. C. in 1950, the electron molecule enabled scientists to see things that people had never seen before and with such detail 3. Cell fractionation A. this is the process of taking cells a part and separating the major organelles B. this is done by using a centrifuge which divides the cell up based on density and size C. this enables scientists to take organelles and study their function and structure 4. Types of cells A. Prokaryotic cells have their DNA located in the nucleoid however it is not surrounded by a membrane B. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in a true nucleus which contains a membrane C . Because of the true nucleus that the eukaryotic cell contains, it generally has a larger cell. 5. Nucleus A. the genetic material of the cell is contained in here B. the nucleus is seperated from the cytoplasm with the nuclear envelope C. within the nucleus, is the nucleolus which contains the instructions to create RNA which converts to DNA 6. Ribosomes

A. this has the function of protein synthesis B. two types of ribosomes- free and bound ribosomes. Free ribsomes are suspended freely in the cytoplasm and bound which are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nucleur envelope C. ribosomes can have differrent functions based on the type of protein it is. 7. Endoplasmic reticulum A. accounts for more than half of the cells total membrane B. consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae C. the ER memnbrance separates the inside of the ER ( the lumen) from the cisternae which is the outside 8. Smooth ERA. has processes such as synthesis of liquids, metabolism of carbs and detoxification of drugs B. Detoxifies drugs and poisons by adding hydroxyl groups making them easier for the body to digest C. Lacks ribosomes 9. Rough ER A. has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane B. the ribosomes attached to the membrane produces secretory proteins C. transport vesicles send the secretory proteins made at the rough ER out of the membrane 10. Golgi Apparatus A. after leaving the Rough ER, the transport vesicles travel here B. products that come from the ER are modified and stored here until being sent off to its next stop C. the golgi apparatus also manufactures macromolecules such as polysaccharides 11. lysosome A, this is used to digest by animal cells to digest all macromolecules B. made of a membraneaous sac of hydrolytic enzymes D. In amoebas and protests, a process called phagocytosis takes places which includes the lysosomes and engulfing the particles 12. Vacuoles A. this deals with the packaging and disposing of particles B. plant cells contain one large vacuole when animal cells usually

have multiple smaller ones C. the golgi apparatus and ER creates both the vacuoles and lysosomes 13. Mitochondria A. the site for cellular resepiration B. most of all eukaryotic cells contain this because it is necessary for all organisms C. the enzyme that creates ATP, energy used by organisms, is created in here 14. Chloroplats A. Found only in plant cells B. this contains pigments that give its organism its color C. the site of photosynthesis is located here 15. Cytoskeleton A. the microtubules found here shape the cell B. the skeleton provides movement among the organelles in the cell C. also separates the chromosomes when dividing cells