Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Below Ground Drainage: Foul & Surface water 1. Aim 2. Acceptable Level of Performance 3. Design Principles 4. Drainage Systems and Components 5. Drainage System Classification a. Combined b. Separate c. Partially Separate 6. Materials for Drainage Pipework 7. Joints Used for Drain Pipes 8. Pipe Sizes and Gradients 9. Bedding Categories for Drainage Pipes 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Access Provisions Drains Under Buildings, Walls or Foundations Systems design Calculations Testing Drainage Works References
2.
3.
Drain a drain is the part of the system which serves one building only and is within the cartilage of that building. It includes all accessories such as inspection chambers, gullies, etc. Private Sewer a private sewer is generally accepted as a drain which serves more than one building. It is within the cartilage of those buildings and is not usually adopted by the local authority. Public sewer a public sewer is a sewer or drain that has been vested in the local authority.
5. Drainage System Classifications 5.1 Combined System (Figure 1 & 4) This comprises one pipe which receives both foul and surface water from the building. As the drain and sewer are shared, the installation costs are comparatively low, but sewage-processing costs are high, due to the extra volume of surface water. These systems are common in older development areas, but the water authorities rarely accept them now, due to the need for special overload facilities at sewage treatment works in event of stormwater surcharge.
Advantages: Simplest and usually the cheapest layout No chance of connecting to the wrong sewer House drains are well flushed during times of heavy rain Only one drain and sewer pipe to maintain
FoulSewer
Sometimes layout is difficult and costly. Pipes often cross each other Risk of connecting to wrong sewer Foul drain cannot be flushed by rain water Two drain and sewer pipes to maintain
Fig 2 Separate System 5.3 Partially Separate System This is predominantly a separate system, but with local authority approval, the odd surface water downpipe from a garage roof for example, can discharge into the foul water drain if it is unreasonably difficult to connect this to the surface water drain.
Two systems and two sewer connections are still necessary, but design is usually simpler and cheaper. Less chance of connecting to the wrong sewer Drain carrying foul discharge is flushed by some water during heavy rain Two drain and sewer pipes to maintain
Existing clay drains will be found with cement and sand mortar joints between the spigot and socket (See Fig 6). Modern pipe
7
Fig 6 Joints Used on Drain Pipes 8. Pipe Sizes / Gradients If the diameter of a drain is too small the effluent will back up through the gully traps and can cause flooding. If the diameter of a drain is too large the depth of water in the pipe may not be enough to carry away the solids. If the slope of the drain is too shallow solids may be deposited in the lower part of the pipe which could lead to a blockage. If the slope of the drain is too steep the liquid can run down the pipe too quickly leaving the solids behind, again leading to a blockage. Thus for a drain to operate effectively consideration must be given to both the size of the pipe and its slope. In addition, the smoothness of the internal surface of the pipe also affects the flow of effluent.
10.Access Provisions Drainage systems are designed to last at least 100 years, and one of the essentials of design is access to clean and service the system in order to guarantee effective service. Drains in domestic buildings are likely to be located less that 1.5m below ground level, a maximum gradient of 1:40 must be maintained and below ground pipe size ranges from 100-150mm diameter. Drains etc shall have such means of access as may be necessary for inspection and cleansing (rodding); also, there should be an inspection chamber: At each point where there is such change in direction or gradient as would prevent ready cleansing without such a chamber. On a drain within 12.5m from a junction between that drain and another drain, private or public sewer unless there is an inspection chamber at that junction On a private sewer within 12.5m from a junction between that sewer and another private or public sewer unless there is an inspection chamber at that junction At the highest point of a private sewer unless there is a rodding eye at that point; and no part of a drain or private sewer shall be at a distance greater than 45m from an inspection chamber on the same drain or private sewer.
10
11
Foul water sewers should never flow full-bore K describes the type of usage Ks is associated with pipe internal surface roughness Velocity > 1.5 m/s > 1.0 m/s 0.76 m/s 1.0 m/s > More than < Less than Less than or equal to Ks 0.3 0.6 1.5
Need to specify the material the pipe is made from The diameter of the pipe The fall Discharge from foul water drain depends on the number and type of sanitary fittings + peak demand. 1. Find out the number of occupants in the building 2. Find the consumption of water per occupant 3. Find average flow of water passing into drain over a 6hr period (i.e. daily flow assumed) 3 4. Find the average flow rate m /sec 5. Find the max flow rate (i.e. assumed 4 or 6 times average flow rate) 6. Calculate the pipe diameter Q = VA 12.1 System Design Example Calculate the diameter of a foul water private sewer for 50 houses. The average number of occupants is assumed to be 4 per house and the water consumption 225 I/ per person, per day. The sewer is to run bore, at a velocity of 0.8m/s during peak demand period.
12
Therefore max flow/sec (Multiplication factor = 4 x ave flow rate) Note: 1m3 = 1000 L If Q = VA
D2 1 = D2 = 4 2 8
2 A = D 8
2 Q = V D 8
Q x 8 = V X D2 Therefore
D =
8Q V
(note: 3.142)
14
15
16