European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.42 No.1 (2010), pp.106-113 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.

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48 - Pulse GTO Center Node Unified Power Flow Controller

Seyedreza Aali Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran E-mail: seyedaali@yahoo.com Tel: +98-9370712519 Daryoush Nazarpour Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran E-mail: d.nazarpour@urmia.ac.ir Abstract UPFC and IPFC are FACTS devices that can control active and reactive power flow in transmission line by means of injection controllable series voltage to the transmission line. This paper proposes a new connection for a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to control the active and reactive power flow control in two sides of a transmission line independently and it regulates bus voltage in the same transmission line, furthermore it is possible to balance line current too. this connection of the UPFC will be called an center node UPFC (C_UPFC). It is one of the newest devices within the FACTS technology. The structure and capability of the C_UPFC is discussed and its control scheme is based on the d-q orthogonal coordinates. The obtained simulation results from Matlab/simulink confirm the effective features. Keywords: Center Node Unified Power Flow Controller (C_UPFC) model, real and reactive power, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), 48- Pulse GTO

1. Introduction
The static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) can control active and reactive in a transmission line in a small range via storied energy in capacitor DC-link where static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with injecting reactive power can regulate the bus voltage in a transmission line [1], [2]. The electric utilities are continuously looking for new devices that will enable interconnected systems to have increased power transfer abilities with transmission lines. UPFC and IPFC are FACTS devices that can control the power flow in transmission line by injecting active and reactive voltage component in form series to the transmission line. The UPFC is a flitting multi-purpose FACTS device that extends their capability to inject shunt current or series voltage that involve real power flow as well With UPFC, the real and reactive power can be controlled independently. The unified power flow controller is capable of controlling all the power system parameters such as voltage magnitudes, phase angles, and effective line impedance simultaneously consists of two voltage-source converters (VSCs) that are connected to a common DC- link. One of the VSCs is connected in series with a transmission line while the other one is connected in shunt with the same transmission line. The DC bus of both VSCs are supplied through a common DC capacitor, hence UPFC combines the functions of a STATCOM and a SSSC. STATCOM maintains constant the bus voltage and provide energy for DC-

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link of SSSC and it can regulates capacitor's voltage of DC-link, SSSC with injection controllable voltage controls the active and reactive power flow control in the transmission line [1-4]. It is also possible to connect three VSCs to a transmission lines in power system. In this paper, C_UPFC as the novel topology is proposed; C_UPFC is Center Node Unified Power Flow Controller, the simplified single line diagram of the system with C_UPFC is shown in Fig.1, It consists of three voltage source converters with separate controllers but sharing a common DC link therefore C_UPFC composes STATCOM and two SSSC in the same transmission lines, STATCOM provides the energy of DC-link from transmission line, it regulates the voltage of DC-link and maintains the bus voltage at constant level and it balances the line current. The provided voltage of DC- link by means of STATCOM, feeds two SSSC till inject two voltage of adjustable magnitude and phase angle in form of series with transmission line via series transformer in two sides of STATCOM and it has ability of active and reactive power flow controlling in wide range in two sides of the transmission line. Therefore comparing SSSC and STATCOM it has increased the application abilities, flexible and controlling confine. The performance of the C_UPFC has been modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Figure 1: General configuration of proposed system

2. C_UPFC Model
The complete structure of an C_UPFC with three VSCs is shown in Fig. 2. The example power system consists of two machines in sending-end receiving-end. STATCOM and two SSSCs are connected back to back through a common energy storage dc capacitor C at midpoint of transmission line, which each of the three VSCs is realized by 48-pulse voltage source inverter. The impedances of the line segments connecting the sending-end and receiving-end sources are:

jx ,
1

jx

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Seyedreza Aali and Daryoush Nazarpour

Figure 2: Complete structure of a three-phase C_UPFC
P1, Q 1 System
AC

P 2, Q 2 Vbus V in j1 + I sh V in j2 + V3 Z2 V4
AC

V1 Z1

V2

SS SC

48-P ulse M ultilevel V S I

48- P u lse M u ltilevel V SI ST A T C OM

48- P ulse M ultilevel V S I

S SS C

C om m on D C-link

3. 48-Pulse VSI
48-pulse voltage source converter consists of four 3-phase, 3-level inverters and four phase-shifting transformers introducing phase shift of +/- 7.5. This transformer arrangement neutralizes all odd harmonics up to the 45th harmonic; except for the 23rd and 25th harmonics those two harmonics are minimized choosing an appropriate conduction angle for the three-level inverters [6], [7]. Fig.3 show produced waveform of its voltage and FFT analysis based 48-pulse voltage source converter.
Figure 3: performance of waveform of voltage and FFT analysis based 48-pulse voltage source converter

4. Principle Operation of C_UPFC and Analysis

C_UPFC comprises a number of static synchronous compensators; SSSC and STATCOM in a transmission line; the compensating converters are connected together via a common DC link. The STATCOM help to supply or absorb real and reactive power for injection controllable voltage in series at two sides of a transmission line. The C_UPFC developed model in this section is based on the d-q orthogonal co-ordinates [810], the steady-state equations between the shunt and series inverters were strictly applied to the model, thus;

p p

sh

=
=

p
v

se

p
shd

se 1

se 2
shq

(1) (2)

sh

busd

+ v busq

48 - Pulse GTO Center Node Unified Power Flow Controller

109 (3) (4)

p p
Q
z
2

se 1

= v inj 1d i se1q + v inj 1q i se1d = v inj 2 d i se 2 q + v inj 2 q i se 2 d

=

se 2
sh

busd

shq

busq

shd

We can neglect the effect of resistances in the transmission line, thus we have
=

(5) jx ,
1

jx

v v

bus

bus

v +v
=
=

inj 1 inj 2

v =v
1

1 4

+ j +

xi jx i
1 2
1

se 1

se 2

v = v

seff 1 seff 2

(6) (7)

Also for real and reactive power flow in the transmission line 1, we will have:

p
Q

v
v

seff 1

v sin x
1

seff 1

( v seff

v
2

) cos

(8)
1

p
Q

=
=

v
v

seff

sin 2 v4

(9) (10)
2

x
seff 2

2
2

( v seff

) cos

(11)

Fig.4 indicates phasor diagram of voltage and current for C_UPFC in power flow control.
Figure 4: Phasor diagrams of voltage and current of C_UPFC

5. Controlling Algorithm
Control of the series branch is different from the SSSC. In a SSSC the two degrees of freedom of the series converter are used to control the active and the reactive power. The proposed controlling system accomplished by either direct control of the line decoupled current control strategies by the indirect control. The shunts converter acts as a STATCOM. For a description of its control system, the shunt converter controls the AC voltage at another transmission line and regulates the voltage of the DC bus. It uses d-q controlling algorithm for the regulation of them. The simplified block diagram of the series converter is shown in Fig.5

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Figure 5: Simplified control block diagrams of the: (a)one of series converters (b) shunt converter in two systems

a)

b)

The series converters can operate either in current control or in manual voltage injection mode. In current control mode, for SSSC1 (left side); the measured active power, reactive power is transformed to active and reactive current during calculation and compared with reference current and errors. The error and the error are used by two PI regulators to values to produce compute respectively the and components of voltage to be synthesized by the VSC. ( in orthogonal with controls active power and in phase with controls reactive power). In manual voltage injection mode, regulators are not used. The reference values of injected voltage and are used to synthesize the converter voltage. The SSSC2 controlling algorithm is such as SSSC1 controlling algorithm with following changements:

ref 1

ref 2

ref 1

ref 2

se 1

se 2

The shunt converter can operate either in current control for voltage regulation and balancing of line current. In current control mode, the measured DC link voltage, is compared with reference DC voltage and is compared with reference and are given to PI controller to produce and errors. error and the error are compared with calculated real and by PI regulator The to compute respectively the and components of voltage to be synthesized by the VSC. control to inject reactive current for voltage regulation. ( in quadrature with

6. Results of Simulation
The applied parameters in simulation of C_UPFC are table 1 in appendix. It is modeled and analyzed by Matlab/Simulink. Fig.6 illustrates real and active power flow control in dynamic condition and injected series voltage, crossing current at two sides of transmission line. at first, the transmitted power in transmission line, after a transient period lasting approximately 0.1 sec, the steady state is reached ( =+8.7 PU; =-0.6 PU). or = +8.7j0.7 (PU). The reference active and reactive powers are specified in the last two lines. Initially, = +8.7 PU/100MVA (+870 MW) and =-0.6 is changed to +10 PU (+1000MW) and is changed PU/100MVA (-60 MVAR). At t=0.7sec

48 - Pulse GTO Center Node Unified Power Flow Controller to +0.7 PU (+70 MVAR), Then PU, =+0.7 PU). and

111

are increased in form of ramp to the new settings ( =+10

Figure 6: Performance of real and active power flow control in dynamic condition and injected series voltage, crossing current from transmission line

The series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line. By varying the phase and magnitude of series voltage injected power flow through the transmission line can be varied. Fig.7 shows regulation of voltage, injected reactive power flow and common DC-link voltage in dynamic condition in transmission line, around time of t=2 sec when Q is changed from +0.8 PU to 0.8 PU. When Q=+0.8 PU, the current flowing into the STATCOM is lagging voltage indicating that is varied from +0.8 to -0.8, the current phase shift STATCOM is absorbing reactive power. When with respect to voltage changes from 90 degrees lagging to 90 degrees leading during one cycle. This control of reactive power is achieved by changing the magnitude of the secondary voltage generated by the shunt converter while keeping it in phase with the bus of transmission line, this change of magnitude is performed by controlling the dc bus voltage. When Q is changing from +0.8 PU to -0.8 increases from 17.5 KV to 21 KV PU,

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Seyedreza Aali and Daryoush Nazarpour

Figure 7: Performance regulation of voltage, injected reactive power flow and common DC-link voltage in dynamic condition

STATCOM with injection of reactive power regulates the bus voltage in transmission line.

7. Conclusion
This paper presents the design of new topology of combined from two SSSC and STATCOM. C_UPFC can control active and reactive power flow in two sides of transmission line with injection of controllable voltage in the form of series in wide range and shunt inverter (STATCOM) in midpoint of transmission line, compensates unbalance line current and it regulates the bus voltage and DC link voltage. The control strategies implement decoupled current control and auxiliary tracking control based on a pulse width modulation switching technique to ensure fast controllability, controlling algorithm is based on d-q principal and 48-pulse multilevel inverter. The propose system is modeled and analyzed using Matlab/Simulink and simulation results verified the proposed combination for C_UPFC which operates accurately.

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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Ye, Y., Kazerani, M., Oct 2005. Power flow control schemes for series-connected FASTS controllers. Electric Power Systems, Research76(2006)824-831, 14. Orizondo, R., Alves, R., Aug 15-18, 2006. UPFC Simulation and Control Using the ATP/EMTP and MATLAB/Simulink Programs, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela, Ajami, A., Hosseini, S.H., Gharehpetian, G.B., August 2007. Modelling and Controlling of UPFC for Power System Transient Studies, ECTI Trans on Electrical ENG., Electronics, and communications, VOL.5, NO.2. Hingorani, N. G., Gyugyi, L., 2000. Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons. Azbe, V., Mihalic, R., 16 Dec 2008. Energy function for an interline power-flow controller, Electric Power Systems, Research 79 (2009) 945952. Dufour, C., Blanger, J., June 19-23, 2005. Real-time Simulation of a 48-Pulse GTO STATCOM Compensated Power System on a Dual-Xeon PC using RT-LAB, International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST05) in Montreal, Canada, Paper No. IPST05 253. Ustun, T.S., Mekhilef, S., 2009. A Quasi-resonant Soft Switching 48-pulse PWM Inverter with Closed Loop Current Control for the Realization of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) , Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3): 1814-1826, ISSN 1991-8178. Kim, M.B., Moon, G.W., and Youn, M.J., 2004. Synchronous PID Decoupling Control Scheme for Dynamic Voltage Restorer against a Voltage Sag in the Power System, 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 1046-1051. Kalyani, S. T., and Das, G. T., Dec 2007. Simulation of D-Q control System for a Unified Power Flow Controller, Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN), ISSN 1819-6608, VOL. 2, NO. 6. Fujita, H., Watanabe, Y., Akagi, H., July 2006. Dynamic Control and Performance of a Unified Power Flow Controller for Stabilizing an AC Transmission System, IEEE Trans. Power Elect, vol. 21, no. 4, pp.1013-1020.

[7]

[8] [9] [10]

Appendix
Table 1 indicates system parameters related topology C_UPFC.
Table 1: A Sample of Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
Value 524.55 KV 524.55 KV 60Hz 3000 F 20 KV 255 Km 255 Km 8500 MVA 8500 MVA Equiv. 500kV, 9000 MVA

Parameter Amplitude voltage (Ph-Ph) on left side Amplitude voltage (Ph-Ph) on right side Frequency Capacitance of DC link capacitor DC Link voltage Length of the Transmission line on left side Length of the Transmission line on right side Transformer MV in line on left side Transformer MV in line on right side Infinite bus in the transmission line on right side