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In this particular chapter, Ill in brief discuss about what E-governance is all about and how did E-governance

start and what are the important terms which we need to understand for us to go forward in the dissertation. The main aim of this chapter is to provide a small input of my exact understand of E-governance and provide the scope and functionality of E-governance in various countries. Once this is identified, taking all the positives of the E-governance in other places, Ill compare the results with the study in India and will finally deploy a project which is not present at all in India and in particular my state Andhra Pradesh. The word E-governance was defined in a number of ways and many eminent persons and scholars from different fields have given a new lease of life and definition with the number of methods in which it can work and the number of challenges which it is facing and proving its importance. The research done by Deloitte team has defined Egovernance in the below given method [1] E-governance is the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees. (Deloitte Research 2000 p.3) From the above given statement, it is clear that from a technology point of view, Egovernance is nothing but introduction of technical aspects into already existing government projects to enhance the overall project capabilities and to deliver more amount of work in less time which is beneficial to the citizens of the country. Similarly, in another manner, E-governance was also defined in the below manner by Koh, Prybutok and V.R. [2] It is the use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization (Koh et al. 2003). from the above given definition, again it is clearly evident that E-governance is the concept of implementing information and communication techniques in the already existing government organizations to make the work of the organization much faster and better.

It is a simple process in which technology is used as a service to provide all the necessary information and details to the people of our country by achieving the aim which is to use the information and communication technology concept related tools to reach the population who are present in remote areas and to provide all the necessary details to them. E-governance also ensures that administrative requirements reach all the corners of the country without any issues which used to happen before due to lack of technology. Implementing E-governance only in one area is nothing but limiting its capabilities. The scope of implementation of this concept is almost limitless and should be applied wherever possible to ensure the administration can be handled even at the lowest possible root level from the basic stages like villages in India. As we all know, governance is nothing but the ability to make decisions and E-governance is the ability to ensure this governance will reach all the people with the help of electronic media and henceforth, implementing this in all the places thus will ensure there is a better control established and all the activities can now be monitored via the system which will become a fair deal. Now, when we say we implement E-governance concepts and principles, we need to implement this in three stages. The first and the foremost thing which the major countries whilst implementing their E-governance strategies did were to automate the existing routine government functions. For example, the employee pension scheme for the people who retired from government organizations is a must and mandatory process in India across all the states. So, this is a common routine activity and this can be easily implemented in a single module across the country. So, all these kinds of activities are tracked down first. Once the routine activities were automated, in the next step, a web based

applications were developed wherein the public can actually view what is happening. This will give a fair idea as to what is the actual process and what details are happening. Last but not the least is the most important part of implementing Egovernance project which is to provide a chance to common citizen to improve the government process. One reason to implement this process is to ensure that there is

openness in the system and every citizen is accountable to what is he doing in real (Preeti mahajan, 2009). The advantage with E-governance is that it ensures the work can be delivered in much lesser time than what it used to be before along with providing efficiency and making people accountable and responsible for the work they do and the consequent responses. It is an open secret that all the countries both developed as well as developing countries are now implementing E-governance concepts and are trying to take this to the grass root level so that the justice is reached to every corner of the country. We can very easily say that implementing good E-governance techniques will no doubt improve the future of the developing countries as it has all what takes to become the order of the world. In simple, this now has become the integral part of democracy and all the rules and regulations which are followed by any government in areas like public administration, land registration, crime records, vehicle registration, employment, education, infrastructure, legislation, ration and other fields are now readily made available on the internet and all the citizens need to do is to go through them carefully and ensure that the process if followed fairly. For example, countries like South Korea, US, Canada , UK and Kuwait are amongst the top most countries which have successfully employed the E-governance concepts and unfortunately, india doesnt feature in the list of Top 50 countries who have successfully implemented the E-governance concepts as listed by UN's 2010 EGovernment Readiness Index mentioned in the below reference [5]. In this particular dissertation, my aim is to understand various reasons as to why was E-governance employed successfully in these countries like USA and UK and why is it that it was a failure in India, Once I understood this topic, in the next section, ill implement one particular E-governance project which is successfully employed in these countries and which is still not present in my state Andhra Pradesh in India. One of the reasons for successful implementation of E-governance in developed countries like USA and UK is the fact that the stability in the overall income which they have. The government was able to take up major projects and implement them successfully without any major issues and thus were able to implement the E-

governance projects in most of the sectors starting from finance, banking, insurance, technology and other areas. Now to understand why the India doesnt fall in the top fifty countries, we need to understand the relevance of E-governance in India. So, in the next section, Ill discuss about this point. Relevance of E-governance in India For any system to work properly, there should be a synchronization between the existing systems and the system which we want to develop in the future. Unfortunately in most of the developing countries, this is never the case and due to the everlasting changes which government continuously brings in the existing systems, it is never possible to predict how future lies ahead and will they be able to sustain the future differences of not. In developing countries, there is a large gap in almost all the areas due to is economy, cultural issues and physical issues and thus the merging of these things with technology is a tedious task [6]. Particularly, when I take my country, India, which is regarded as the land of diversity due to number of cultures and economical differences which we have, this becomes a much bigger concept to implement Egovernance projects. Due to its various differences in cultural, traditional, geographical, linguistic and economical conditions, people always tend to think differently. Unlike in most of the western countries like USA and UK wherein only one language is spoken, this is not the case with India, and a total of 216 languages with more than 10 thousand native speakers are present in India according to the latest demographics in census reports 2011 [7]. So, to implement E-governance techniques, it is very important to understand all these languages or there should be one common language which must be used and recognized which should be shared across the people in India and implement the E-governance concepts. Also, one more important factor which I mentioned earlier as the reason for successful implementation of E-governance methods in developed countries was the stability in the gross annual income and the stability of the government to financially bear the burden and undertake huge projects under its kitty. India in particular is a country where in more than 50 percent of the population are below the socioeconomic standards. Many governments at the state level tried to implement a

number of techniques to solve these ever-growing concerns and discussed various strategies and development programmes but unfortunately, all the programmes which were discussed were more or less at an individual level and nothing concrete which actually will make a difference to the entire society was formed. Now the government has actually recognized the importance of E-governance and has slowly started to implement all these concepts and it now understands that implementing E-governance is the opportunity which everyone will need to do as this would provide more stability to the countries development and will provide good governance. Indian government is actually is now seeing E-governance as a strategic tool through which it can surely improve the quality of service which it provides to the public in particular and thus improving the overall standards of the governance policies. Also, Government of India now sees E-governance as a project which will improve the accessibility of the products, cutting the costs, reducing the corruption and improving the help to common public by extending its hands via internet tools and solving the issues in lesser time than what it used to take before with the projects which it has already implemented successfully. A project which was started by the Indian government as an experiment today has reached more than million people who belongs to the society and gained access to the system which was much improvised version than what it was before and the quality of service which was provided via these systems was far better than what it was before as the economical and social development activities were taking place as a result of these services which resulted in positive discussion and different feedback and innovative ideas from the public which was never available prior to its implementation and helped in making good decisions and provided the opportunity of growth for weakest groups of people with the sense of ownership and building the social capital . With so many advantages which the government has seen in E-governance, it has actually now committed to provide better opportunities and methods to become more transparent with the implementation of these techniques and tools in various fields and making the data available for common citizen. As E-governance has

become such a major cog in the democracy today, Indian government is planning to provide the below features as a part of its E-governance initiatives. 1) A good E-governance concepts which can be easily understood by the common man and who can make a difference with the help of this system 2) To provide better services to the citizens of the country and to become more open and thus providing more confidence to the people in the country. 3) An effective government which will provide benefits for the tax payers and who are accountable and answerable to the government

To provide all these initiatives mentioned above, Government of India actually has categorized the services into three different areas. They are 1) Governance in which they are planning to provide transparency to the people or citizens of the country, ensuring more people participate and promoting all these E-governance strategies in the democracy 2) Services to the public in which the major E-governance initiative is to provide cost effective and efficient quality of governance, services which should be convenient to the public without any major hurdles and issues, ensuring all the people have fair access to the information, ensuring the delivery of the service is done on time and being accountable for that. 3) Good management techniques in which their main aim is to provide simplified and efficient framework in which information can be managed and maintained easily, provide secure communications in quicker amount of time without any loss or corruption of data. One must understand that though the motives are really good, implementing these motives in developing countries like India is far different and difficult from implementing these motives in UK or the USA as the financial coot of a country like India is far less than the developed countries. Also, most of these E-governance concepts are dependent on Internet and one of the biggest challenges for the government is to mix the different people from different cultures and ensure that they actually understand what they are planning to do for which all the computer systems must be mixed with some alternative mechanism which will actually help the common man to read effectively. As of now, India officially have 22 different

languages and less than 5% of people can speak English. So, a common language must be used which every citizen in India must be capable of understanding and in this particular dissertation, this will be my major aim. Ill implement a voter information system in my National Language which is Hindi as an E-governance Application which will help the citizens and the government officials to keep track of the voter information system.

References 1) Deloitte, R. (2000), Public Sector Institute - At the Dawn of e-Government: The Citizen as Customer. 2) Koh, C.E., Prybutok, V.R. . (2003). The Three-Ring Model and Development of An Instrument For Measuring Dimensions of E-Government Functions. Journal of Computer Information Systems. 33 (3), pp34-9. 3) Garson, D.G. (2006). Public Information Technology and E-Governance. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers 4) Preeti Mahajan (2009) E-governance Initiatives In India With special reference to Punjab
http://www.socialsciencesejournal.org/9.%20Preeti%20Mahajan.pdf

5) Dada, D. (2006), The Failure of E-Government In Developing Countries: A Literature Review, in EJISDC 26, 7 1-10 (The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries), Danish Dada, Department of Information Systems, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK 6) Heeks, R. (2002), E-Government: An International Text on Public Sector Information 7) Census of India: Census Data 2011: India at a glance >> Religious Composition. Office of the Registrar General and
Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2008-11-26.

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