Chapter 5 a. How does the octet rule explain the formation of a chloride ion?

The chlorine atom must acquire one more electron in order to have a complete octet for the third period which is a stable electronic configuration. State the number of electrons that must be gained by atoms of each of the following elements to acquire a noble gas electron arrangement: e. P 3 electrons (Group 5a) Group 5a elements require 3 more electrons to have a complete octet. What noble gas has the same electron arrangement as each of the following ions? b. Sr2+ Krypton (Period 5 electrons removed) With Period 5 electrons removed, Period 4 is filled at Kr. c. S2Argon (completes Period 3) A completed Period 3 ends with Ar. State the number of electrons lost or gained when the following elements form ions: b. Group 2A 2 electrons lost Group 2a loses 2 electrons to form an octet. e. N 3 electrons gained N, in Group 5a, gains 3 electrons to have a complete octet. Write the correct ionic formula for compounds formed between the following ions: b. Ca2+ and S2-CaS (lowest ratio) The lowest ratio of atoms is used to present the formula of ionic compounds. c. K+ and N3K3N (balanced charges) Write the correct formula for ionic compounds formed by the following: b. barium and bromine BaBr2 Barium, Ba, is a member of Group 2A which means that it forms a Ba2+ cation. Bromine, Br, is a member of Group 7A which means that it forms Br1- anion. Write names for the following ionic compounds:a. Ag3P silver phosphide Silver has only a 1+ cation nearly all of its compounds. e. Cr2O3 chromium(III) oxide Chromium is known to form 2+ and 3+ cations. Therefore, the name must give the charge. Write formulas for each of the following ionic compounds: c. tin(IV) chloride SnCl4 Sn is 4+ and Cl is 1-. d. silver sulfide Ag2S Ag is 1+ and sulfide is 2-. Complete the table with the formula and name of the expected compound: NO31Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate Pb(NO3)4 Lead(IV) nitrate SO32Al2(SO3)3 Aluminum sulfite Pb(SO3)2 Lead(IV) sulfite

Al3+

Pb4+

Al has only the 3+ cation. Pb has both 2+ and 4+ cations. SO32- is the sulfite anion. Write the correct formula for the following compounds: a. aluminum chlorate Al(ClO3)3 b. copper(I) sulfate Cu2SO4 Name the following covalent compounds: a. SiF4 silicon tetrafluoride e. N2O dinitrogen oxide Write the formulas of the following covalent compounds: b. silicon tetrachloride SiCl4 c. iodine pentafluoride IF5 Classify each of the following compounds as ionic or covalent, and give its name: a. Al2 (CO3)3 ionic, aluminum carbonate e. SO2 covalent, sulfur dioxide f. CrPO4 ionic, chromium(III) phosphate Chapter 6 Calculate the mass in amu of each of the following samples: b. 2.80 x 103 atoms P Step 1: Have: number of P atoms (3 SF) Want: mass of P atoms in amu Step 2: Use the equality relating mass to number atoms Step 3: equality: 1 P atom = 30.97 amu Step 4: Set up and solve. (2.80 x 103 atoms P)(30.97 amu) = 8.67 x 104 amu P (1 atom P) Determine the number of atoms in each of the following samples: b. 6400 amu Kr Step 1: Have: mass of Kr (2 SF) Want number of Kr atoms Step 2: Use the equality relating mass to number atoms Step 3: equality: 1 Kr atom = 83.80 amu Step 4: Set up and solve (6400 amu Kr)(1 atom Kr) = 76 atoms Kr (83.80 amu) Determine the formula mass of each of the following: b. (NH4)2CO3 at mass # of N atoms = 1 x 2 = 2 14.01 amu 28.02 amu # of H atoms = 4 x 2 = 8 1.008 amu 8.064 amu # of C atoms = 1 12.01 amu 12.01 amu # of O atoms = 3 16.00 amu 48.00 amu Formula mass 96.094 amu Round to 96.09 amu Calculate each of the following: b. the number of CO2 molecules in 0.0180 mol CO2 Step 1: Have: 0.0180 mol CO2 molecules (3 SF) Want: number of CO2 molecules Step 2: Convert from mol to # molecules with Avogadros number Step 3: Use the equality: 1 mol CO2 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules Step 4: Set up and solve. (0.0180 mol CO2 molecules)(6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules) =

(1 mol CO2 molecules) = 1.08 x 1022 CO2 molecules e. moles of Cu in 7.8 x 1021 atoms Cu Step 1: Have: 7.8 x 1021 atoms Cu (2 SF) Want: moles of Cu Step 2: Convert from atoms to moles with Avogadros number Step 3: Use the equality: 1 mol Cu atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms Cu Step 4: Set up and solve. (7.8 x 1021 atoms Cu) (1 mol Cu) = 1.3 x 10-2 mol Cu or 0.013 mol Cu (6.022 x 1023 atoms Cu) Calculate each of the following quantities in 0.185 mol (C3H5)2O: a. moles of C Step 1: Have: 0.185 mol (C3H5)2O (3 SF) Want: moles C Step 2: Convert from mol (C3H5)2O to mol C Step 3: Use the equality: 1 mol (C3H5)2O = 6 mol C Step 4: Set up and solve. (0.185 mol (C3H5)2O) (6 mol C) = 1.11 mol C (1 mol (C3H5)2O) c. atoms of C Step 1: Have: 0.185 mol (C3H5)2O which = 1.11 mol C Step 2: Convert 1.11 vmol C (atoms) to number of C atoms with Avogadros number Step 3: Use the equality: 1 mol C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms Step 4: Set up and solve. (1.11 mol C atoms)(6.022 x 1023 C atoms) = 6.68 x 1023 C atoms (1 mol C atoms) Calculate the molar mass for each of the following: b. Al2O3 Al 2 x 26.98 g = 53.96 g O 3 x 16.00 g = 48.00 g Molar mass = 101.96 g c. Fe(ClO4)3 Fe 1 x 55.85 g = 55.85 g Cl 3 x 35.45 g = 106.4 g O 12 x 16.00 g = 192.0 g Molar mass = 354.3 g Calculate the mass in grams for each of the following: a. 5.12 mol Al Step 1: Have: 5.12 mol Al (3 SF) Want: g Al Step 2: Convert from mol Al to g Al Step 3: Use the equality: 1 mol Al = 26.98 g Al Step 4: Set up and solve. (5.12 mol Al)(26.98 g Al) = 138 g Al (1 mol Al) Calculate the number of moles in each of the following: c. 6.4 g H2O Step 1: Have: 6.4 g H2O (2 SF) Want: moles H2O Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of water and then calculate the mol quantity of water Step 3: Use equality: 1 mol H2O = 18.02 g (molar mass = 2*1.008 + 16.00 g) Step 4: Set up and solve. (6.4 g H2O) (1 mol H2O) = 0.36 mol H2O (18.02 g H2O) Calculate the number of atoms of N in each of the following: c. 40.0 g N2O Step 1: Have: g N2O Want: mol N2O Step 2: Calculate the molar mass of N2O and then calculate the mol N2O, finally use Avogadros number and the mol ratio of N to N2O to calculate the number of N atoms. Step 3: Use the following equalities: 2 mol N atoms = 1 mol N2O molecules 1 mol N atoms = 6.022 x 1023 N atoms 1 mol N2O molecules = 44.02 g N2O (molar mass = 2*14.01 + 16.00g) Step 4: Set up and solve. First convert g N2O to mol N2O. (40.0 g N2O) (1 mol N2O) = 0.909 mol N2O (44.02 g N2O) Next, calculate the mol N atoms present. Use the equality: 2 mol N atoms = 1 mol N2O (0.909 mol N2O)(2 mol N atoms) = 1.818 mol N atoms (1 mol N2O) Finally, convert mol N atoms to number of N atoms (use Avogadros number). (1.818 mol N atoms)(6.022 x 1023 N atoms) = 1.09 x 1024 N atoms (1 mol N atoms) Allyl sulfide (C3H5)2S is the substance that gives garlic its characteristic odor. For part a, and part d, you will need the molar mass of (C3H5)2S. Molar mass of (C3H5)2S: C 2x3C = 6C 6 x 12.01 g = 72.06 g H 2x5H = 10H 10 x 1.008 g = 10.08 g S 1x1S = 1S 1 x 32.07 g = 32.07 g Molar mass = 114.21 g b. How many hydrogen atoms are in 0.75 mol (C3H5)2S? Step 1: Have 0.75 mol (C3H5)2S (2 SF) Want number of H atoms Step 2: Convert mol (C3H5)2S to mol H atoms and that to number of H atoms Step 3: Use equality: 1 mol (C3H5)2S = 10 mol H atoms to convert to mol H atoms. Use Avogadros number: 1 mol H atoms = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms to calculate the number of H atoms. Step 4: Set up and solve. Convert from mol (C3H5)2S to mol H atoms. (0.75 mol (C3H5)2S)(10 mol H atoms) = 7.5 mol H atoms (1 mol (C3H5)2S) Use Avogadros Number to calculate the number of H atoms. (7.5 mol H atoms)(6.022 x 1023 H atoms) = 4.52 x 1024 H atoms (1 mol H atoms) Note that 0.75 mol has only 2 significant figures so the answer is: 4.5 x 1024 H atoms. d. How many carbon atoms are in 15.0 g (C3H5)2S? Step 1: Have: 15.0 g (C3H5)2S (3 SF) Want: Number of C atoms Step 2: Convert g (C3H5)2S to mol (C3H5)2S; convert mol

(C3H5)2S to mol C atoms; and finally convert mol C atoms to number of C atoms. Step 3: Use molar mass of (C3H5)2S to convert g to mol. Equality is: 1 mol (C3H5)2S = 114.21 g (C3H5)2S. Use 1 mol (C3H5)2S = 6 mol C to convert to mol C atoms. Use 1 mol C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 C atoms to convert mol C to number of C atoms. Step 4: Set up and solve. Convert g (C3H5)2S to mol (C3H5)2S: (15.0 g (C3H5)2S) (1 mol (C3H5)2S) = 0.1313 mol (C3H5)2S (114.21 g (C3H5)2S) Answer is completed on next page. Convert mol (C3H5)2S to mol C atoms: (0.1313 mol (C3H5)2S)(6 mol C atoms) = 0.7880 mol C atoms (1 mol (C3H5)2S) Convert mol C atoms to number of C atoms: (0.7880 mol C atoms)(6.022 x 1023 mol C atoms) = 4.75 x 1023 C atoms (1 mol C atoms) Calculate the empirical formula for each of the following substances: b. 2.22 g Na and 0.774 g O Have: g Na and g O, convert both to mol (2.22 g Na)(1 mol Na) = 0.09656 mol Na (22.99g Na) (0.774 g O)(1 mol O) = 0.04838 mol O (16.00 g O) Determine the mol mol ratio. Divide by each by mol O. 0.09656 mol Na ratio is 1.996 round to 2 0.04838 mol O ratio is 1.000 round to 1 Empirical formula is: Na2O Write the empirical formula for each of the following compounds: b. C10H10O5 Divide each subscript by a whole number to get the lowest whole numbers. Divide by 5. Empirical formula is C2H2O Calculate the empirical formula of each compound from the percent composition. b. 25.9% N and 74.1% O Change % to g; g to mol; calculate mol mol ratio mol amount ratio N: 25.9 g N 14.01 g = 1.849 mol N 1.00 O: 74.1 g O 16.00 g = 4.631 mol O 2.50 Multiple ratios by 2 to get whole numbers. N1*2O2.5*2 yields N2O5 Empirical formula is N2O5 Write the empirical formulas of each of the following substances: c. B6H10 Divide by 2. Empirical formula is B3H5. Caffeine has an empirical formula of C4H5N2O. If it has a molar mass of 194.2 g, what is the molecular formula of caffeine? Have the empirical formula and molar mass. Want the molecular formula. Need the ratio, I = molar mass empirical mass. Calculate: empirical mass = 4*12.01g + 5*1.008g +2*14.01g + 16.00g = 97.10g. Calculate the ratio, I = molar mass empirical mass = 194.2 g 97.1 g = 2. The subscripts of the empirical formula are multiplied by 2. The molecular formula is C8H10N4O2. Chloral hydrate, a sedative, contains C 14.52%, H 1.83%, Cl 64.30%, and O 19.35%. If it has a mass of 165.42, what is the molecular formula of chloral hydrate? Have: percent composition and the molar mass. Want the molecular formula. Convert the percentage values over to grams, convert grams to mol quantities, determine the mol mol ratio, determine the empirical formula, empirical mass, the ratio I, and finally the molecular formula. mass at mass mol quantity mol mol ratio C 14.52 g 12.01 g = 1.209 mol C 1.000 H 1.83 g 1.008 g = 1.815 mol H 1.502 Cl 64.30 g 35.45 g = 1.814 mol Cl 1.500 O 19.35 g 16.00 g = 1.209 mol O 1.000 Multiple the mol mol ratios by 2 to obtain the empirical formula. The C1*2H1.5*2Cl1.5*2O1*2 becomes the empirical formula C2H3Cl3O2. Calculate the empirical mass: Empirical mass = 2*12.01g + 3*1.008g + 3*35.45g + 2*16.00g = 165.4 g Calculate I, I = 165.42 g 165.4 g = 1 The molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula: C2H3Cl3O2. Chapter 7 All of the following are balanced equations. State the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and the products. a. 2 N2 + 3 O2 2 N2O3 Reactants: 4 N atoms, 6 O atoms Products: 4 N atoms, 6 O atoms b. Al2O3 + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O Reactants: 2 Al atoms, 3 O atoms, 6 H atoms, 6 Cl atoms Products: 2 Al atoms, 3 O atoms, 6 H atoms, 6 Cl atoms Balance the following equations: b. P4 + O2 P4O10 Begin by totaling each element on both sides of the equation. Next, place a 5 in front of O2. Total changes. All elements are balanced. Summary Action P O P O atoms; atoms; atoms; atoms; left left right right Initial 4 2 4 10 5 O2 4 10 4 10 Balanced equation is: P4 + 5 O2 P4O10 c. C4H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O Begin by totaling each element on both sides of the equation. Next, place a 4 in front of CO2. Total changes. C is balanced.

Next, place a 4 in front of H2O. Total changes. All elements are balanced. Summary is on next page. C H O C H ato ato ato ato ato ms; ms ms ms; ms left rig ht Init ial 4 CO
2

O ato ms

4 4

8 8

2 2

1 4

2 2

3 8+ 1= 9 8+ 4= 12

4 H2 O

6 O2

12

12

Balanced equation is: 4 H2O

C4H8 + 6 O2 4 CO2 +

d. Sb2S3 + HCl SbCl3 + H2S Place a 2 in front of SbCl3. Total changes. Sb is balanced. Place a 6 in front of HCl. Total changes. Cl is balanced. Place a 3 in front of H2S. Total changes. All elements are balanced. All elements are now balanced. Summary Balanced equation is: Sb2S3 + 6 HCl 2 SbCl3 + 3 H2S 7.16d. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Place a 3 in front of H2SO4. Total changes. S is balanced. Place a 2 in front of Fe(OH)3. Total changes. Fe is balanced. Place a 6 in front of H2O. Total changes. All elements are balanced. Summary Balanced equation is: 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O Classify each of the following reactions as a combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion reaction: a. CuO + 2 HCl CuCl2 + H2Odouble replacement b. 2 Al + 3 Br2 2 AlBr3 combination d. 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO combination & combustion f. Fe2O3 + 3 C 2 Fe + 3 CO single replacement Write a balanced equation for each of the following reaction descriptions and identify each type of reaction. a. Solid bismuth(III) oxide and solid carbon react to form bismuth metal and carbon monoxide. Identify the reactants and products by their formulas. Bismuth(III) oxide is Bi2O3. Solid carbon is C(s). Bismuth metal is Bi(s). Carbon monoxide is CO. Place the reactants on the left of the arrow and the products on the right side. Bi2O3 + C Bi + CO Now balance the equation. Bi2O3 + 3 C 2 Bi + 3 CO This is a single replacement reaction.