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Chandrayaan-1,Our first Scientific mission to Moon is slated for launch in

Year,2008. The primary objectives of the mission are to expand the scientific
knowledge about the origin and evolution of moon, upgrade Our technological
capabilities and provide challenging opportunities to the young scientists
working in Space sciences and Technology .
Chandrayaan-1 is aimed at:
• To prepare a 3D Atlas (with a high spatial and altitude resolution
of 5-10m) of both near and far side of the Moon.

• Chemical, Mineralogical and Photo-geologic mapping of the moon in

visible, near infra red, low energy and high energy X-rays with high spatial
resolution.

• Mapping of distribution of minerals such as Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Ilmenites

(FeTiO3, which may retain 3He) and elemental chemical species including
radioactive nuclides with spatial resolution of about 25 Km and 20Km resp.

• Mapping could unravel the mysteries about the origin and

evolution of the planetary system in general and moon-
earth system in particular.
 SOME MOON “ROVERS”

• Pioneer • A total of 40 soviet and US

• Ranger spacecrafts were either
partially or completely
• Surveyor successful in achieving their
• Lunar orbiter(1966-1967) objectives.
• Luna
• Zond • Six successful Apollo
• Galileo missions.
• Clementine
• Lunar prospector • Returned with 800 pounds
• Smart-1 of lunar material.
• Selene
• Chang’e-1
 LUMPS OF DATA
• Moon has been surveyed and resurveyed in almost all
the wavelengths with the objective of mapping the
surface, determining the mineralogical composition
of the crust and providing topographic maps with
high resolution.

• Several gravity surveys.

• Data on the Moon’s magnetic field , atmosphere and

its interaction with space environment have been
collected.
Can more be learned or discovered
about the Moon?
Why the sudden surge and interest in
learning more about MOON?
 To Answer some of the fundamental questions
regarding the origin and evolution of Moon, which
still remain unanswered through:
 To resolve longstanding questions about
the Moon’s history.

• The Fission Theory

• The Capture Theory
• The Co-accretion Theory
• The Colliding Planetesimal Theory
• The Giant Impact Theory
Five theories already in.

• “ISRO THEORY” ?
 MISSION HISTORIES

European-American CLEMENTINE mission:

 Southern topography view of the South Pole-Aitken Basin,on the Lunar far side
by Laser image detection and ranging system (LIDAR) .
 High resolution cameras (HIRES) photography
 Whole lunar surface in Ultra violet, visible, Near IR and long wave IR bands from
a lunar orbit of about 425 km.
 First global data sets for lunar gravity, topography and multi spectral imaging
with about 200 m resolution.

LUNAR PROSPECTOR launched in January 1998

Remote sensing instruments :
 Gamma-ray spectrometer, Neutron spectrometer, Alpha particle
spectrometer, etc.
 Provided valuable scientific data on the distribution of Thorium, Potassium, other
radioactive and stable elements eg., Fe, Ti, etc.
 Clementine’s Radar reflectivity experiments hinted at the possibility of
existence of large amounts of water frozen on the permanently shadowed
polar regions of the Moon.
 Lunar Prospector’s Neutron Spectrometer detected bursts of slow
neutrons over the Moon’s poles, suggesting presence of hydrogen atoms
and hence possible presence of water/ice.
 MISSION CRITICALITY
1. 2 JAN.1959 LUNA-1 USSR FIRST LUNAR FLY BY,
MAGNETIC FIELD

2. 23, AUGUST 1961 RANGER 1 USA ATTEMTED TEST FLIGHT

3. 18, NOVEMBER1961 RANGER 2 USA ATTEMTED TEST FLIGHT

4. 26 JANUARY , 1962 RANGER 3 USA MISSED THE MOON BY 36, 793

Km.
5. 23 APRIL 1962 RANGER 4 USA CRASHED ON THE LUNAR FAR
SIDE
6. 18 OCTOBER 1962 RANGER 5 USA MISSED THE MOON BY 724 Km.

7. 2 APRIL 1963 LUNA 4 USSR MISSED THE MOON BY 8,500Km.

8. 30 JAN , 1964 RANGER 6 USA HARD LANDING , TELEVISION

FAILED.
9. 29 JULY , 1964 RANGER 7 USA HARD LANDING FIRST CLOSE
UP T.V

10 17 FEB,1965 RANGER 8 USA HARD LANDING

.
11 21 MARCH. 1965 RANGER 9 USA HARD LANDING

12 9 MAY, 1965 LUNA-5 USSR CRASHED ON MOON

13 8 JUNE, 1965 LUNA-6 USSR MISSED THE MOON BY

1,60,000Km.

HOW TO INCURR THIS MISSION CRITICALITY? Source: JPL

On to moon ! CH-1

Design based on kalpana-Sat(met sat)

Spacecraft: 1.5m 3 –axis stabilized

cuboid. Approx 500Kg in lunar orbit.

Configuration:100Km polar orbit

Observation period : 2 years

Instruments: 11 (5 indigenous & 6 by AO)

(3Europe,1Bulgaria,2 U.S)
LAUNCHER AND SPACECRAFT
CHANDRAYAAN-1 Payload Accommodation
TMC
HySI
LEX-CIXS
HEX
LLRI
 NASA (JPL) ‘S MAJOR FUNDAMENTAL
CONTRIBUTIONS IN CH-1

• MINIATURE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

(MINI-SAR)

• MOON MINERALOGY MAPPER (M3)

• DEEP SPACE NETWORK SUPPORT- JPL

Same as Mini-SAR on CH-1
Key Science Chandrayaan-1 Instruments/ LRO-NASA
(**AO PAYLOADS)
(AO-announcement of opportunity)
Chemistry/ mineralogy/ •Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI)
geology •High Energy X-Ray Spectrometer (HEX) LEND
•Imaging X-ray Spectrometer* (C1XS) LAMP
•Near IR Spectrometer* (SIR-2)
•Moon Mineralogy Mapper *(M-Cube)

Surface Structure/ •Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) LOLA

Topography •Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) LROC

Surface Environment/ Sub-K ev Atom Reflecting Analyzer* DLRE

solar wind interaction/ (SARA)
magnetism

Near Moon radiation Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment* CRaTER

environment (RADOM)
Water Ice Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar* Mini-RF
(Mini SAR)
Impactor Moon Impact Probe (MIP) LCROSS
 SAR IN NASA’s LRO
• LRO will carry high resolution SAR that will concentrate on
the returning measurements from the Moon’s polar regions .
( repeated as in chandrayaan-1)
NASA’S MOTIVE: DATA VALIDATION .

• More over, data from the two missions may resolve the
conflicting interpretations that have been made based on the
Clementine, lunar prospector and earth based observational
data.

• LRO will be having a free-flying impacting pay load and

LCROSS a plume analyzer.
Nasa’s Motive- Technology Demonstration
before launching in their Lunar mission.
 ESA and Europe’s fundamental
contribution
• The experience and know-how ESA gained with SMART-1, Europe’s first mission
to the Moon, is benefiting Chandrayaan-1 greatly.

• ESA is assisting ISRO in operations, data handling, flight dynamics for the mission,
has provided support in areas such as thermal design and is providing support for
data archiving and processing .

• ESA is also coordinating the provision of three European instruments for the
mission, two of which were already flown on SMART-1:

• The Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) is one of the core instruments that
will carry out high-quality, low-energy (soft) X-ray spectroscopic mapping of the Moon .

• The near infrared spectrometer, SIR-2, a near-infrared spectrometer which is planned

for their mission to mercury .(BEPICOLOMBIA)

• The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer SARA will be the first-ever lunar
experiment dedicated to direct studies of plasma-surface interactions in space.

• It will also contribute to the hardware for the High- Energy X-ray Spectrometer
(HEX)
source-ESA home
 ESA’S SMART-1
• SMART-1 includes a
• High-resolution camera,
• A near infrared spectrometer (SIR) and
• A compact X-ray spectrometer with a new type of swept
charge detector and micro collimator.
• Imaging X-ray Spectrometer (CIXS)
• Solar X-ray Monitor (SXM)

• DESIGNED TO IMPACT THE MOON’S PERMANENTLY

SHAWDOWED POLAR CRATER.

• ESA’s Smart-1 impacted the moon in September, 2006.

• The impact was observed and analyzed.
 MIP
• PRIMARY OBJECTIVE – Landing MIP
CAMERA T/M UNIT
the probe at desired location and
to qualify some technologies of soft
landing.
RADAR
ALTIMTER

• RADAR ALTIMETER AND

VIDEO IMAGER for aiding and
documenting the landing of probe.
STRUCTURE

• A MASS SPECTROMETER to
study the transient atmosphere of
moon. MASS
SPECTROMETER

• DESIGN AND DEVELOPED IN UHF ANTENNA

VSSC.
 Mission Salient Features
• To ride piggyback on Main orbiter and to be released after reaching
100 KM x 100 KM lunar orbit
• Camera and Radar Altimeter are required to view the Moon’s
surface - the configuration is spin stabilized after separation (Initial
spin rate of 120 rpm )
• De-orbit velocity is 69 m/s : achieved by a de-orbit solid motor
(about 3 seconds of firing)
• After de-orbit motor firing, spin rate is reduced to 30 rpm to improve
image quality.

 Total mission time : 1437.7 s

 Impact site : Malapert Mountain (-860 Lat. and 00 Long.)

 Potential Impact site
Criteria
 Illumination
 Near North or South pole
 Near side of the Moon

23 sites near north and south poles – explored

Malapert Mountain is selected since it is most suitable.

Latitude = 86 deg South ; Longitude = 0.0 deg ;

• Perpetually visible from Earth and Radio relay stations are

proposed in future .
• Nearer to the south pole
•Peak is 5 km high and fairly large area of somewhat level terrain is
available
• a six degree of down slope.
MIP PACKAGE
MIP-CHANDRAYAAN ASSEMBLY
MIP IMPACT POINT- MT. MALAPERT

Mt. Malapert

Shackleton

Sverdrup
Comparison with Japan and china’s
Lunar missions.

Kaguya –Selene
Chang’e-1
 KAGUYA - SELENE
Main Orbiter KAGUYA Main Orbiter

Circular orbit, North

Mission
Altitude 100km
Orbit:
Inclination 90 degree

Small satellites

OUNA
South
(VSTAR)
[Relay Satellite]
Elliptical orbit OKINA
Orbit:
(100km x 2400km),90 deg.
(Initial (RSTAR)
[VRAD Satellite]
Orbit)
Elliptical orbit Direction of the Earth KAGUYA’s orbit on Feb. 15, 2008.
(100km x 800km), 90 deg.
 Objectives and Roles of KAGUYA
1. Objectives
–Global survey of the Moon
To research the origin and evolution of the Moon by observing the distribution of the
elements and minerals on the surface, the structure of the surface and subsurface, the
gravity field, the remnant of the magnetic field and the environment of energetic
particles and plasma of the Moon.

–Data Application to Future Moon Utilization

To be used for future activities on the Moon and the possibility of future utilization of the
Moon

–Public Outreach
To make a public outreach by taking pictures and movies of the beautiful Earth rising
from the Moon using its onboard High Definition Television System

2. User Services
SELENE (KAGUYA) scientific observation data will be made available to the public
through LENE homepage after finishing scientific validation and verification by mission
instrument teams.
 Overview of KAGUYA Satellite
Plasma Energy Angle and Upper Atmosphere and VSTAR(OUNA) RSTAR(OKINA)
Composition Experiment (PACE) Plasma Imager (UPI) PACE

Terrain Camera (TC)

Multi-band Imager (MI)

Spectral Profiler (SP)

Charged Particle
Spectrometer (CPS)
High gain antenna
X-ray Spectrometer (XRS)
To the Moon
Solar array
paddle

Laser Altimeter (LALT)

Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) Omni antenna

Star tracker

High Definition Television (HDTV) 500N thruster

Heat radiation panel 1N thruster

Mission equipment Bus equipment

Most extensive mission to moon after Apollo missions.

Key science SELENE- Instruments CH-1 Instruments
Chemical/ •X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) •Low energy X-ray-CIXS(UK)
Mineralogical • γ-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) •High energy X-ray-HEX
distribution& •Spectral Profiler (SP) •A near infra-red
Mapping. •Multi-band Imager (MI) spectrometer(SIR-2)-(GER.)
•Hyper spectral imager.
•Moon mineralogy mapper.(M3)
•Mini-SAR. - (NASA)

Tectonic history/ •Terrain Camera (TC) • Terrain mapping camera

Surface structure •Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) •Lunar laser ranging (LLRI)
•Laser Altimeter (LALT)
Surface •Charged Particle Spectrometer (CPS) •Sub-KeV atomic reflecting
Environment and •Plasma energy Angle and analyzer. (SARA)-(Sweden)
solar wind Composition Experiment (PACE) •Radiation dose monitor
interaction/ •Radio Science (RS) -(Bulgaria)
Magnetism. •HDTV imaging
Gravity field •4-Way Doppler --(our most of the mapping
(including far-side) •Differential VLBI instruments are foreign)

Magnetic field •Lunar magnetometer (LMAG) --

Moon •Upper atmosphere and Plasma Imager --
Magnetosphere (UPI)
 EARTH RISE as seen by SELENE-HDTV images

A successful mission
HIGH DEFINITION T.V IMAGES
 Chinese Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

Chang’E- 1
• Named after an angel in a
Chinese fairy tale .
• First of 3 planned missions
• Launch: Launched on 24,october
2007.
• Dry mass: 2000 kg
• Science payload- 150 kg
• Observation period-1 year.

• Objectives
– Test and Validate technology
for future missions.
– Study lunar environment and
TOTALLY “INDIGENEOUS” MISSION surface regolith .
 The primary scientific objectives
• To obtain three-dimensional stereo images of the lunar
surface. (except Polar areas)
• Analyze the distribution and abundance of elements on the
surface.
• Survey the thickness of lunar soil and to evaluate helium-3
resources and other characteristics.
• And ,To explore the environment between the Moon and
Earth .
• To collect basic information for the follow-on
Soft landing mission.
 The science payload comprises
eight instruments:
• A stereo camera system to map the lunar surface in visible wavelengths, with a
resolution of 160m

• An interferometer imaging spectrometer to obtain multi spectral images of the

Moon.

• A laser altimeter with a resolution of 1 m to measure the topography.

• A gamma ray and an X-ray spectrometer to study the overall composition and
radioactive components of the Moon’s surface.

• A microwave radiometer to map the thickness of the lunar regolith, will

penetrate the lunar crust to depths ranging from one m to 30m.

• And ,a high energy particle detector and solar wind monitors capable of
detecting electrons and heavy ions upto 730 MeV on the space environment of
the near-lunar region.
A powerful suite of experiments that will add to our
knowledge of Moon’s surface and shallow subsurface.
Donald A. Beattie former NASA engineer.
Author-Lunar Experiments and the APOLLO program.
 Chang'e 1 will orbit the Moon for a year to test the technology for
future missions and to study the lunar environment and surface
regolith.

• Launched on 24 October 2007 at 10:05 UT (18:05 Chinese Standard

Time, 6:05 a.m. EDT) on a CZ-3A (Long March 3A) booster.

• The satellite was deployed into a 205 x 51000 km Earth orbit from the
boosters upper stage at 10:29 UT.

• It was put into a trans-lunar trajectory with a 13 minute burn starting

at 09:15 UT on 31 October which increased its speed to 10.9 km/s.

• It went into a 12 hour, 200 x 8600 km altitude near-polar lunar orbit

with a 22 minute braking burn starting at 03:15 UT on 5 November.

• A second braking maneuver, from 03:21 to 03:35 UT on 6 November

put the spacecraft into a 3.5 hour, 213 x 1700 km orbit.

• A third, from 00:24 to 00:34 UT on 7 November, slowed the probe to

1.59 km/s and put it into the final 127 minute, 200 km altitude, circular
high-inclination science orbit.
 Breakthroughs made on CHANG’E-1

• Life of orbiter increased due to timely launching at the very

beginning of the launch window.

• Only one mid-course maneuver was needed during the114-hour

lunar transfer , instead of three as they have originally planned.

• Ultraviolet Moon Sensor.

• Remote TT&C and communication realized through mutual

coordination of onboard and ground TT&C equipment with only
available farthest distance Deep space station of 80,000Km.

• Distance b/w Earth and Moon is 400,000Km.

• Source- CHINA SPACE MAGAZINE.

 Instrument comparison
SMART-1 Chang’E SELENE Chandrayaan-1 LRO/
INSTRUMENTS (ESA) (CAST) (JAXA) (ISRO) LCROSS
(NASA)
Stereo imager X X X X
Visible- Near-IR camera X
UV Imager X
IR spectrometer X X
Magnetometer X
X-ray spectrometer X X X X
G-ray experiment X X
Neutron detector X
Laser altimeter X X X X X
Plasma/Ion experiments X X X X X
Sub-Kev atom reflecting analyzer X
Microwave sounder X X
Gravity field/seismology/heat flow

Thermal emission radiometer X

Radiation dose monitor X
Mineralogy experiment X
Penetrator/Impactor X X
 GENERAL INFO.

MISSIONS SMART-1 Chang’E-1 SELENE Chandrayaan-1 LRO

(ESA) (CAST) (JAXA) (ISRO) (NASA)

Dry mass 305 kg 2000 kg 1984 kg 590 kg 500 kg

Launch 2003-2006 2007 2007 SEP-2008(tent.) 2008
Follow on TBD Chang’E-2 TBD TBD More robotic
mission
Instruments on Lander - Lunar -A, (Russian Rover) missions/
Chandrayaan-1 rover/ Rover LPRP/
Sample Lunar
return/ base/humans
Humans on on the Moon
moon

International X X
participation

Release of X X X
data to the
community
 Overall Mission objective:

• Chandrayaan-1 : A learning exercise in developing, launching and

operating a spacecraft that will be in Lunar orbit.

• Conclusion: Our small steps will continue to advance our

capabilities regardless of whether or not any major scientific
goal will be achieved.
SOURCE- NASA HOME
TRAJECTORY OUTLINE

• Aposelinum Biasing Strategy.

• (1) Insert into 500 x 5000 km

lunar parking orbit.
• (2) Transfer to 100 x 5000 km
LPO.
• (3) Transfer to 100 x 100 km LPO.

• DELV req. (2) and (3) for General

Strategy = 487.1 m/s

• DELV req. for (2) AND (3) in

Aposeleinum biasing = 458 m/s

• Gain = 29 m/s ; Reduction in

propellant about 7 kg;
- The New Indian Express
• Indian Lunar Mission Set
• NEW DELHI - The Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) plans to launch the country's
first unmanned lunar spacecraft, Chandrayaan-1,
on Oct 22. The Chandrayaan-1 mission will
perform high-resolution remote sensing of the
moon in the visible, near-infrared (NIR), low-
energy X-ray and high-energy X-ray regions. The
spacecraft will orbit the moon for a planned two-
year mission carrying a payload of six Indian and
five international scientific instruments.
THANK YOU