Terminologie 101

Terminology: (a) Please use the Glossary of Risk Terms prepared by ISSMGE Technical Committee TC32, an excerpt of which is attached in Appendix A. (b) Use terms describing the features of a landslide proposed by Cruden and Varnes (1996). They are consistent with those proposed by IAEG (1990). (c) The landslide classifications of Varnes (1978) or Hungr et al. (2001) should preferably be used. Landslide velocity should be described according to the Cruden and Varnes (1996) system. Terminologie: (a) Sil-vous-plait, utilisez le glossaire des termes associs au risque propos par le Comit technique TC32 de la SIMSG. Un extrait a t traduit par le Comit organisateur et est prsent lAnnexe B. (b) Utilisez les termes dcrivant les caractristiques dun glissement de terrain proposs par Cruden and Varnes (1996). Ils sont cohrents avec ceux proposs par AIGI (1990). (c) Les classifications de glissements de terrain de Varnes (1978) ou de Hungr et al. (2001) devraient prfrablement tre utilises. Les vitesses de mouvements devraient tre dcrites selon le systme propos par Cruden et Varnes (1996). References Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. (1996). Landslide types and processes in Landslides Investigation and Mitigation, Transportation Research Board Special Report No. 247, (A.T. Turner and R.L. Schuster editors). National Academy Press, Washington DC, 36-75. Hungr, O., Evans, S.G., Bovis, M., and Hutchinson, J.N., 2001. Review of the classification of landslides of the flow type. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, VII:221-238. IAEG (1990). IAEG Commission on Landslides, suggested nominilative for landslides. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, No.41, 13-16. Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In Landslides, Analysis and Control. National Academy of Sciences, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, DC., Special Rep. 176:11-33.

APPENDIX A - ANNEXE A
ISSMGE TC32 - Technical Committee on Risk Assessment and Management Glossary of Risk Assessment Terms Excerpts from Version 1, July 2004

RISK ASSESSMENT GLOSSARY OF TERMS Acceptable risk (Risque acceptable en franais): A risk which everyone impacted is prepared to accept. Action to further reduce such risk is usually not required unless reasonably practicable measures are available at low cost in terms of money, time and effort. ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) principle (ALARP - Aussi bas que raisonnablement possible en franais): That principle which states that risks, lower than the limit of tolerability, are tolerable only if risk reduction is impracticable or if its cost is grossly in disproportion (depending on the level of risk) to the improvement gained. Danger (Threat) (Danger en franais): The natural phenomenon that could lead to damage, described in terms of its geometry, mechanical and other characteristics. The danger can be an existing one (such as a creeping slope) or a potential one (such as a rockfall). The characterisation of a danger or threat does not include any forecasting. Elements at risk (lments risque en franais): Population, buildings and engineering works, infrastructure, environmental features and economic activities in the area affected by a hazard. Factor of safety (coefficient de scurit en franais): The ratio of system resistance to the peak design loads, often calculated in accordance with established rules. Hazard (Ala en franais): Probability that a particular danger (threat) occurs within a given period of time. Remark: Also often refers to a condition with the potential for causing undesirable consequence. The hazard is then defined by its characteristics and its likelihood of occurrence within a given period of time. Individual risk to life (Risque individuel pour la vie en franais): The increment of risk imposed on a particular individual by the existence of a hazard. This increment of risk is an addition to the background risk to life, which the person would live with on a daily basis if the facility did not exist. Involuntary risk (Risque involontaire en franais): A risk imposed on people by a controlling body and not assumed by free choice of the people at risk. Population at risk (Population risque en franais): All those persons who would be directly exposed to the consequences of failure of a structure or facility if they did not evacuate. Probability (Probabilit en franais): A measure of the degree of certainty. This measure has a value between zero (impossibility) and 1.0 (certainty). There are two main interpretations: i) Statistical - frequency or fraction.

ii)

Subjective probability (degree of belief) Quantified measure of belief, judgement, or confidence in the likelihood of an outcome, obtained by considering all available information honestly, fairly, and with a minimum of bias. Subjective probability is affected by the state of understanding of a process, judgement regarding an evaluation, or the quality and quantity of information. It may change over time as the state of knowledge changes.

Reliability (Fiabilit en franais): Likelihood of successful performance of a given project element. Mathematically, Reliability = 1 - Probability of failure. Risk (Risque en franais): Measure of the probability and severity of an adverse effect to life, health, property, or the environment. Quantitatively, Risk = Hazard x Potential Worth of Loss. This can be also expressed as "Probability of an adverse event times the consequences if the event occurs". Risk analysis (Analyse de risque en franais): The use of available information to estimate the risk to individuals or populations, property or the environment, from hazards. Risk analyses generally contain the following steps: definition of scope, danger (threat) identification, estimation of probability of occurrence to estimate hazard, evaluation of the vulnerability of the element(s) at risk, consequence identification, and risk estimation. Consistent with the common dictionary definition of analysis, viz. "A detailed examination of anything complex made in order to understand its nature or to determine its essential features", risk analysis involves the disaggregation or decomposition of the system and sources of risk into their fundamental parts. Qualitative risk analysis (Analyse qualitative du risque en franais): An analysis which uses word form, descriptive or numeric rating scales to describe the magnitude of potential consequences and the likelihood that those consequences will occur. Quantitative risk analysis (Analyse quantitative du risque en franais): An analysis based on numerical values of the probability, vulnerability and consequences, and resulting in a numerical value of the risk. Risk assessment (Estimation du risque en franais): The process of making a decision recommendation on whether existing risks are tolerable and present risk control measures are adequate, and if not, whether alternative risk control measures are justified or will be implemented. Risk assessment incorporates the risk analysis and risk evaluation phases. Risk management (Gestion du risque en franais): The systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of identifying, analysing, assessing, mitigating and monitoring risk. Risk mitigation (Attnuation du risque en franais): A selective application of appropriate techniques and management principles to reduce either likelihood of an occurrence or its adverse consequences, or both. Societal risk (Risque socital en franais): The risk of widespread or large scale detriment from the realisation of a defined risk, the implication being that the consequence would be on such a scale as to provoke a socio/political response.

Temporal (spatial) probability (Probabilit temporelle (spatiale) en franais): The probability that the element at risk is in the area affected by the danger (threat) at the time of its occurrence. Tolerable risk (Risque tolrable en franais): A risk within a range that society can live with so as to secure certain net benefits. It is a range of risk regarded as non-negligible and needing to be kept under review and reduced further if possible. Uncertainty (Incertitude en franais): Describes any situation without certainty, whether or not described by a probability distribution. Uncertainty is caused by natural variation and/or incomplete knowledge (lack of understanding or insufficient data). In the context of structural safety, uncertainty can be attributed to (i) aleatory uncertainty: inherent variability in natural properties and events, and (ii) epistemic uncertainty: incomplete knowledge of parameters and the relationships between input and output values. Voluntary risk (Risque volontaire en franais): A risk that a person faces voluntarily in order to gain some benefit. Vulnerability (Vulnrabilit en franais): The degree of loss to a given element or set of elements within the area affected by a hazard. It is expressed on a scale of 0 (no loss) to 1 (total loss). Also, a set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social, economic, and environmental factors, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

ANNEXE B - APPENDIX B
La terminologie prsente ci-dessous est extraite de ISSMGE TC32 - Technical Committee on Risk Assessment and Management Glossary of Risk Assessment Terms Version 1, July 2004. Les traductions de langlais vers le franais ont t effectues par le Comit organisateur.

VALUATION DU RISQUE - TERMINOLOGIE Ala (Hazard in English): Probabilit quun danger particulier (menace) se produise durant une priode de temps donne. Remarque: Aussi souvent considr comme une condition pouvant conduire des consquences indsirables. Lala est alors dfini par ses caractristiques et sa probabilit doccurrence durant une priode de temps donne. Analyse de risque (Risk analysis in English): Utilisation des informations disponibles pour estimer le risque pour les individus ou les populations, les biens matriels ou lenvironnement par rapport un ala (danger). Les analyses de risque comporte gnralement les tapes suivantes : dfinition de ltendue du problme, identification du danger (menace), estimation de la probabilit doccurrence, valuation de la vulnrabilit des lments risque, identification des consquences et estimation du risque. De manire cohrente avec la dfinition habituelle du dictionnaire du mot analyse, Un examen dtaill de quelque chose de complexe ralis dans le but de comprendre sa nature et de dterminer ses caractristiques essentielles, lanalyse de risque implique la dcomposition du systme et des sources de risque en leurs parties fondamentales. Analyse qualitative du risque (Qualitative risk analysis in English): Une analyse qui utilise des mots et des chelles descriptives ou numriques pour dcrire lamplitude des consquences potentielles et la probabilit que de telles consquences peuvent exister. Analyse quantitative du risque (Quantitative risk analysis in English): Une analyse base sur des valeurs numriques de la probabilit, de la vulnrabilit et des consquences, et qui rsulte en une valeur numrique du risque. Attnuation du risque (Risk mitigation in English): Mise en oeuvre de techniques appropries et de principes de gestion choisis pour rduire la probabilit doccurrence ou les consquences nfastes, ou encore les deux. Coefficient de scurit (Factor of safety in English): Le rapport de la rsistance du systme au maximum des charges, le plus souvent tablies partir de rgles prdfinies. Danger (Menace) (Danger in English): Le phnomne naturel qui peut causer des dommages, dcrit en termes de sa gomtrie et de ses caractristiques mcaniques et autres. Le danger peut exister (comme une pente qui flue) ou tre potentiel (comme une chute de bloc). La caractrisation du danger ou dune menace ninclut pas sa prdiction.

lments risque (Elements at risk in English): Population, btiments, ouvrages dingnierie, infrastructures, lments environnementaux et activits conomiques dans la zone affecte par un ala (danger). valuation du risque (Risk assessment in English): Le processus menant une prise de dcision ou une recommandation indiquant que les risques existants sont tolrables et que les mesures de contrle du risque sont adquates, ou sinon, si des mesures alternatives de contrle sont justifies et doivent tre mises en place. Lvaluation du risque comprend lanalyse du risque et les phases dvaluation du risque. Fiabilit (Reliability in English): Probabilit de performance satisfaisante dun lment de projet. Mathmatiquement, Fiabilit = 1 Probabilit de rupture. Gestion du risque (Risk management in English): Application systmatique des politiques de gestion, et des procdures et mthodes didentification, danalyse, dvaluation, dattnuation et de suivi du risque. Incertitude (Uncertainty in English): Dcrit nimporte quelle situation sans certitude, quelle soit dfinie par une distribution de probabilit ou non. Lincertitude est cause par la variation naturelle et/ou une comprhension insuffisante (manque de comprhension ou donnes insuffisantes). Dans le contexte de scurit structurale, lincertitude peut tre attribue : (i) lincertitude alatoire : variabilit inhrente des proprits naturelles ou des vnements, et (ii) lincertitude pistmique : connaissance incomplte des paramtres et des relations entre les valeurs dentre et de sortie. Population risque (Population at risk in English): Toutes ces personnes qui peuvent tre directement exposes aux consquences de la rupture dune structure ou dinstallations si elles ne sont pas vacues. Principe ALARP (Aussi bas que raisonnablement possible) (ALARP in English). Il est suggr dutiliser le mme acronyme quen anglais: Ce principe considre que les risques, en dessous de la limite de tolrance, sont tolrables seulement si la rduction du risque est impossible ou si le cot est disproportionn (dpendamment du niveau de risque) par rapport aux amliorations apportes. Probabilit (Probability in English): Mesure du degr de certitude. Elle a une valeur entre zero (impossibilit) et 1.0 (certitude). Il y a deux interprtations principales la probabilit : i) Statistique frquence ou fraction. ii) Probabilit subjective (degr de conviction) Mesure quantifie de la conviction, du jugement, ou de la confiance que lvnement puisse se produire, obtenue en considrant toutes les informations disponibles, et ce de manire honnte, juste et avec un minimum dides prconues. La probabilit subjective est influence par la comprhension dun processus, le jugement port sur une valuation, ou la qualit et la quantit de linformation. Elle peut donc changer avec le temps, avec lvolution des connaissances

Probabilit temporelle (spatiale) (Temporal (spatial) probability in English): Probabilit que llment risque se trouve dans la zone affecte par le danger au moment o il se produit.

Risque (Risk en English): Mesure de la probabilit et des consquences pour la vie, la sant, les biens matriels ou lenvironnement. Quantitativement, Risque = Ala x Pertes Potentielles. Il peut aussi tre exprim comme Probabilit du danger multipli par les consquences, sil doit arriver. Risque acceptable (Acceptable risk in English): Un risque que toutes les personnes pouvant tre affectes sont prpares accepter. Des actions pour rduire davantage le risque ne sont gnralement pas requises, moins que des mesures pratiques soient disponibles un cot faible en termes dargent, de temps et deffort. Risque individuel pour la vie (Individual risk for life in English): Accroissement du risque impos un individu par lexistence de lala (danger). Cet accroissement sajoute aux autres risques pour la vie avec lesquels la personne vivrait si ce danger nexistait pas. Risque involontaire (Involuntary risk in English): Risque impos des gens par des organisations en contrle de la situation et non librement accept par les gens risque. Risque socital (Societal risk in English): Risque dune grande ampleur et des consquences une telle chelle quelles provoqueraient une rponse politico-sociale. Risque tolrable (Tolerable risk in English): Risque qui est un niveau tel que la socit peut vivre en prservant ses avantages. Cest un niveau de risque qui nest cependant pas ngligeable et qui doit tre surveill et rduit si possible. Risque volontaire (Voluntary risk in English): Un risque quune personne prend volontairement afin den tirer des avantages. Vulnrabilit (Vulnerability in English): Degr de perte dun lment ou dun groupe dlments dans la zone affecte par un ala. Elle se dfinit sur une chelle de 0 (aucune perte) 1 (perte totale). Aussi groupe de conditions et procdures rsultant de facteurs physiques, sociaux, conomiques et environnementaux qui peuvent accrotre la susceptibilit dune communaut en cas dala.