Internship Report

Jimma University

CHAPTER ONE COMPANY BACKGROUND

1.1 Background of the Project Project: Rural water supply in Oromia region Client: Water resources bureau, Oromia national regional state, the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia Consultant: Kokusai kogyo co. ltd, Japan Contractor: Tone engineering corporation, Japan Subcontractor: Tam geo engineering, Ethiopia Introduction The Oromia region is the largest region by area and population with an estimated population of 25 million people (CSA 2004) and area of 353,690 km2 with different geological formation. The geological formations in this area are composed of five main types. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Precambrian crystalline rock Mesozoic sedimentary rock Tertiary volcanic rock Quaternary sedimentary rock and Volcanic rock

Although the ground water potential in the Precambrian crystalline rock is less, there are quite a few aquifers in the earths shallow subsurface at depth range of GL-10M to 0 50m, so it is possible to develop a hand pump borehole in the area. There is a possibility that there is an aquifer in the deep layer of the Mesozoic sedimentary rock at depth range of GL 80m to - 130m. Aquifers in the tertiary volcanic rock, quaternary sedimentary rock and volcanic rock are commonly founded as fissure water in cracks and joints in the earths shallow surface. However, the water supply facility ratio in this region remains at 46.75 (Urban 87.5%, rural 40.185). In order to improve this situation, the Ethiopian government has set a target for every person in Ethiopia to have access to safe water by 2012 in accordance with the universal access program (UAP) 2005. Since, the villages are not cluster, to construct one big water supply systems on rivers, it is better to use the ground water as a source of water. For the purpose of contributing further to the implementation of the project by the government of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, the government of Japan has decided that a grant up to one billion twenty nine million Japanese year ($1,029,000,000) be extended to the government of the F.D.R.E in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of Japan. Page | 1

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The project objective is to supply clean water to the 90,000 people in 46 villages in three zones, Jimma west Showa and Horo Gudure, resulting in an improved living environment for those people.

1.2 History of the Company Nowadays, in Ethiopia there are many construction companies and every year many new companies join the sector. Many of theses companies are involved in building and road construction. There are only few companies which are involved in water related works, though we have plenty of water resources .among this few companies which are involved in water related works the sister companies Tam geo. engineering and AG consult is among them. Tam geo engineering is a private limited company owned by an Ethiopian which is involved in drilling and construction of water works since its establishment in 2002/3 G.C. The company has grade III license in water well drilling issued by the ministry of water resources (MOWR). starting from its establishment the company has created many permanent and temporary job opportunity to many Ethiopians and foreigners. Currently it has 20 permanent and over 90 temporary workers excluding the daily labors in its different work sections .not only create job opportunity but it is also try to develop workers capacity through training by the companys full expense. The drilling, pump test as well the reservoir groups are witness for this. The companies were established with its own vision, mission and core value Vision To become the most preferred consulting, drilling ,construction of water related facilities company in and out of Ethiopia that provides high quality work and training services in the water sector focusing on continuous customer satisfaction through strong business network and prudent mix of innovation and appropriate technology.

Mission To provide high quality services of study, construction, design, construction supervision and

practical training in water resources development and management to all customers by implementing quality management system to meet and exceed all stakeholder need. To ensure the sustainability of the company through continuous successful business result. To strive for continual improvement of the company through building the capacity of human resources and facilitating innovation to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in all aspects.
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Core value

Jimma University

We understand and apply universal laws and fundamental principles which govern any business entity. We are committed to go extra miles to satisfy our customers. We value effectiveness and efficiency as the solid pillars in our service provisions. We maintain team spirit and harmonious relationship with all our stakeholders. We respect the rule of law and apply the highest moral and ethical standards while exercising the mission and vision of the company. We give due attention to safety practices and environmental preservation and protection within our business activities. We have no tolerance for corrupt practices and also we give no room to compromise quality for cost.

Its scope of service includes:

Drilling of water wells Construction of water related facilities such as -Reservoirs -Collection chambers -Spring protection -Pumping station -Distribution systems etc. Maintenance of electromechanical equipments -Pumps -Generators Supply and installation of: -Pumps -Generators -Casings Training in drilling technology in electro mechanical equipments i.e pump installation and maintenance. Training in operation and maintenance of water supply schemes. Tam geo-engineering is a sister company of AG consult, consulting hydro-geologists and engineers which is involved in. Study, design and construction of -water supply and sewerage/sanitation -irrigation and drainage Page | 3

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-hydro water etc Environmental impact assessment and socio-economic survivor. Mapping service using geophysical information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and remote sensory (RS) technologies. Surveying, GIS and due to CAD service. Training and capacity building Applied research in water related cases.

Tam geo-engineering has been working with different international companies since its establishment especially with the Japanese companies such as Toa tone boring co. Ltd, Kokusai kogyo co. Ltd. , consultant, urban tone co. Ltd. Kyowa consultant and currently with tone engineering corporation among others. By working with this companies ,Tam geo engineering has Developed its capacity Shared experience Made technology transfer etc.

Not only work with international companies but it had also foreign workers. before I joined them, the reservoir were constructed by technicians from Phillips brought by Tam geoenginering covering all their expenses. The company trained its worker letting them to work with these technicians. After ensuring that its workers got the necessary work experience and knowledge about the work, it substituted the Philippians with the Ethiopian. Nowadays all the works are done by the Ethiopian with the supervision of the Japanese company, Tone engineering corporations. Also in the drilling works the company has worked with the Indian companies. The following are some of the projects undertaken by the sister companies. 15 town water supply and sanitations project with Macdonald (Govt and EU financed). 4 towns water supply and sanitation project with HYWAS and EDMC (WB financed). Hosaena water supply and sanitation project with HYWAS (Govt and EU financed). Basic design study for water supply of Afar region , nine towns (Jica financed) Harar town water supply and sanitation project with BCEOM(Govt and ADB financed) Survey present conditions of the facilities constructed by 11 center water supply project (JICA financed) Rural water supply, sanitation and hygiene program (WASHP), (Govt and WB financed) Construction supervisor of civil and electromechanical works for Addis Ababa City water and sewerage Authority (Addis Ababa City Financed) Introduction of pro-poor governance and implementation of water demand management service (UN Habitat financed) Drilling of water supply boreholes in different region (Missionary of charity). Drilling of 9 test wells for water supply of nine towns in Afar region (with KYOWA consultant, Japan (jica FNANCED). Page | 4

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Drilling of 8 deep wells in Afar region (with Tao Tone boring Co. Ltd, Japan (JICA financed) Drilling of 114 shallow sells in SNNPR, Apron construction, installation of hand pumps (with Toa tone boring). Drilling of 12 test wells for basic design study for water supply in Tigray region (with Kokusai Kogyo co. Ltd, consultant , Japan (JICA financed) Drilling of 199 shallow well in SNNPPR Apron construction installation of hand pups (with urban tone Co. Ltd. Japan (JICA financed). Drilling 5 deep wells for Oromia water bureau (Govt and WB financed). Study of pollution of a lakes and rivers (Govt financed). Mekele city liquid waste management project with HYWAS (Govt and KFW financed). Detail design of waste water treatment plants, sewerage network for the Akaki sewerage catchment of the city of Addis with local partner (Govt financed0. 9 towns water supply schemes construction in Afar region (Reservoirs, pipe works, generator houses (with Tao Tone boring Co. Ltd, Japan (JICA financed) Hydro geological map of Yirga Alem (UNDP financed) Hydro-geological map preparation of Addis Ababa, Akaki and Dukem area (MOWR) (JICA financed) Butajira zeway development project (MOWR (JICA financed)) Water resources potential assessment of 10 woredas in SNNPR (WRD (Govt financed) Participatory ground water management planning project , (Meta Meta, water, wageninger university , Netherlands and AG consult) Govt and the Netherlands) integration of ground water related information in Addis Ababa and surrounding areas (MOWR) JICA financed). Increasing access to quality basic education through developing school mapping in Oromia region (JICA financed). Mapping of threshing business catchment areas in Shashemene and Arsi Negal (SASAKAWA Global financed). Surveying of power lines, universal electric, access program, EEPCO (Govt and WB financed). Gibe III hydropower project review with Mott Mac Donald (Govt and EIB financed) Supply and installation of pump and generators for nine towns water supply project (with Tao Tone boring Co. Ltd, Japan (JICA financed) Sharing similar intentional experiences from Africa, Asia Middle east, Europe, North America. Conducting short term training based on the outcomes of the studies. Establishment of the IWPDM center/ institution.

As Ethiopia is on of the developing countries it is difficult for many of its citizens to get their basic needs. Many people, especially in the rural areas of the country, can not get clean water. Although, we have plenty of water resources, many people have been forced to use unsanitary water. They use river or /and spring water without treatment. This rivers/spring water is used for many purposes, drinking for the community, for washing purpose, drinking for cattles, for household consumption etc.

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It is obvious to see somebody washes clothes in the upstream of the river; at the sometime people fetch water at the down stream for drinking purpose. Surprisingly these rivers/spring may be very far away from these residents. So, the people have been forced to spend their times to transport un-sanitary water to their residents which can take nearly a whole year. The responsible for transporting the water is almost all in the hands of girls and woman, especially those who reach at the age of school. This is the cause of economic stagnation, decline in school attendance, increasing occurrence of water bore illnesses and sometimes rape. Hence, our company, tam geo-engineering has worked to alleviate this multi-dimension causing problem. In doing so, it has solved the problems of many Ethiopians. The scope of the works covered by this project consists of: 1. construction of facilities 58 on-spot water supply facilities with hand mumps and 58 borehole drillings. 9 on-spot water supply facilities with spring projects on. 9 piped water supply facilities with motorized pumps at sources of deep wells and 4 borehole drillings (resources, generator housesetc). 3 piped water supply facilities with motorized pumps at sources of spring 9reserviors, collection chambers, generator house site) 3 piped water supply facilities with gravity systems at sources of springs. 2. provision of equipment. Equipment for operation, maintenance and servers

To accomplish its work effectively and efficiently the company has its own organizational form. The following charts shows this

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Figure -1

Jimma University
TAM GEO-Engineering PLC. ORGANIZATION CHART

GENERAL MANAGER

Legal Service Contract Adminstration

Administration & Finance Branch Office

TECHNICAL MANAGER

Capacity Building / Service

Training

Operation
Secretaries and Support Staff

Equipment and supply service

Drilling

Workshop

Well Rehabilitation

Supply section

Pumping Test

Store

P R O F E S S I O N A L S AN D
- Hydrogeologists - Geologists - Drilling Superintendent - Chief Driller - Drillers - Electricians

TE C H N I C AL S TAF F S
- Mechanics

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The companys full address is as follow

Jimma University

Main office in Addis Ababa, Ethio-china Friendship Avenue (wello sefer), Mina building 1st and 5the door. Branch office and guesthouse in Awassa Working shop in Kality Tel +251-11-5153397 + 251-11-5153398 + 251-11-5153357 Fax: 251-11-153552 E-Mail: ag-consult@ethionet.et E-Mail: tam-geo@ethionet.et P.o.boX 4661 A.A, Ethiopia Website: WWW.agconsult.org

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Internship Report CHAPTER TWO OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Getting into the company

Jimma University

In finding internship hosting companies there were two wars. 1. Through the universitys industrial linkage office. 2. Personally. First our Universitys industry linkage office tried to find willingness companies throughout the country that could accommodate us. Then they brought us the list of volunteer companies and their accommodation capacity. Each student were requested to choose among the listed companies based on their choice. But, many of the students choose similar companies and their were few companies so, the department were obliged to made a toss. In the first round toss there were few companies. so, some of the students picked up zero. Fortunately my chance directed me to Oromia rural roads authority in Addis Ababa. Though my preference was highway I was not content about this company because when I called them and asked about their project, they responded me that they had only office work ,which is not the purpose of the internship. hence, I dropped it and decided to search another company which had a site wherever. At the beginning I was committed to work in the country side, if conditions were fulfilled and wanted to know what the work conditions look like in this area. because ,this helps me to decide where I must work after graduation. At this time I was not only me who sake another company but, some of my friends also tried to find by themselves. one of my friend got one company which needed two students, but the working site is out of Addis Ababa . My friend was not volunteer to went and worked out of Addis ,but he gave me the address of the company. Immediately I called them from Jimma, and they responded me that is better if came and discus at our office. After I stayed some weeks at Jimma University for the letter and pocket money process, I went to the companys main office which is located at wello sefer. The deputy manager welcome me and explained me about the projects, the part of my work, the working sites and he advice me that I would be beneficiary if I worked with them and also he told me that there were two students from Addis Ababa University and they got good experience in working with them. Really this duty manager inspired me to work with them. I did not decide immediately but told him, I will think about it and come back. after three days I came back and told him that I had been ready to work with them. Then he directed me to one person who is an engineer to explained about civil and water works. he gave me different structural drawings, different inspection papers etc. After two days I started work in Jimma Zone.
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This project is done jointly by tone engineering corporation as a main contractor and tam geoengineering which is a subcontractor. Tone assigned engineers in their side for the supervision and control of the whole works. Tam geo engineering also assign their own workers, among the different works the quality control work was given to me in the civil works. The civil works is under the operational work division. To do some work effectively and effectively there must be division of works. Tam geoengineering has many work divisions; the operational and the technical division among them. At the mean office there is an operational manager who controls all constriction works. His work in the company includes, discussion with the main contractor about the progress of the work, receive and evaluate reports from the site supervisor, solving some technical problems if there is etc. In general he is responsible for all construction works in the company. Under him there was a site supervisor who controlled the whole sites. Almost he spent his time on site. his task includes preparing work schedule for each site, prepare reports for each site by receiving reports from each site for men, order material and equipment. From store, responsible for paying workers salary etc. He regularly visits sites and gave comments about the work, he was also responsible for the operational manager. The operational manager got reports for all sites from him. Hence, the operational manager not directly contact with each site Forman. In doing so be reduced his contact. At each site there are assigned Forman who are responsible for each specific work. These for men assigned technicians and helper for each specific work; responsible for informing materials and equipment etc. to site supervisor. If the material could be get nearby they can also buy, employing temporary workers if necessary, prepare daily work reports and send to the site supervisor. These foremen are given the pity cash for the operation of the work. If there happen some problems they must solve by themselves if it is possible, but if it is beyond their capacity, they had to inform to the site supervisor. The site supervisor had to solve the problem if he could, but if not he had to inform to his boss, the operational manager. In case if the for men assumed that the problem needs immediate solution and the site supervisor could not give attention to the problems; he might directly contact with the operational manager. This is because if the problem may aggravate and someone is to be responsible, the site supervisor may denied, so to reduce risk on oneself he must directly talk with the operational manager. Unfortunately, the site supervisor was not in his position for the last few months. Even the company has not yet substituted any person in his position. At one zone, west showa, one person has assigned to control all the sites in that zone. This person is responsible for preparing reports for each site by getting information from each sites Forman and organize these reports, distribution of materials and equipment from the branch store to each site if it needs, order materials and equipments from the main store before the branch stores supplies is finished, pay salary for the workers,he regularly check some works whether they are constructed
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based on the drawings etc. In this zone the operational manager only contact with this person regarding to all the construction works, but in other site the operational manger has been forced to control all the sites. In pipe laying team also there is an assigned plumber who control the work at site at each locations, each assigned plumbers prepare reports about how many meter trench is excavated how much pipe buried, what type of pipe they used, elbows etc. The plumbers also employ the temporary workers if necessary. The plumber submits the report to the operational manager if he is requested at any time. At this time the operational manager has been forced to control all the sites. His contact is with each site Forman. He regularly visits each site. I think he is overloaded and the company is not following the right work flow. Under the general manager their is a technical manager. This technical manager is head for two work teams, drilling team and pump test team. In the drilling team there is one superintendent who has some knowledge about drilling, especially about the drilling machines. He controls all drilling works on site. Under him there is an assigned driller who is responsible for the actual work operation. This driller just like other groups, contact first to his superintendent, but if the superintendent prolong in solving the problems or else he can inform to the technical manger. The technical manager either inform to the superintendent or solve by himself and sometimes he come to site to see the condition .similarly the pump test group also follow similar procedure. i wrote my reports and send to the operational manager directly.

2.2 Drilling works

The construction of deep wells for hand pumps and motorized pump shall be carried out according to the following procedures. i) Drilling either by mud circulation or DTH (Down the hole) method

The choice of the methods for drilling depends on the geological formation of the area. We use the mud circulation method in the areas which has unconsolidated strata. In this method a hole is prepared some distance away from the drilled well. A drilling mud which is a mixture of betonite and water is prepared in the hole. There is an injection tube which is connected to the rig and insert to the solution. The mud circulates from the well to the hole and from hole to the well. we continuously add betonies and water in to the hole. The boring is done with the help of a drilling bit attached at the end of a hollow steel pipe. The drilling bit have hollow shanks centrally located offices for jetting the mud in to the bottom of the well. The drilling mud is used for two purposes. a) Materials loosed by the bit are cared upward in the well by the rising mud. b) The drilling mud forms a bentonite lining and supports the walls of the well from collapse.
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When the depth of drilling increases drilling rods made of heavy steel pipes are screwed at the upper end of the driven pipe. In the case of DTH, we use compressed aim. This method is specially used for consolidated strata (rocks soil formation). Mostly we use hammer bit for this purpose. A collar which has a hammer bit at one of its end drill for at least 6m. Then we insert work casing. This work casing is used for protection of the wall of the well from collapse; since the upper soil is loose we use compressed air for drilling and removing the materials loosed by the up and down movement of the bit. In this case we inject foam in the drilled well through the bit center. This is because, if the loosed material is heavy, it mar be difficult to carried it upward. So the foam carries this loosed material upward easily since it has the characteristics of floating. As the drilling depth increase a drilling rod is screwed at the top of the first rod and continues like this up to the depth which we need. ii) Borehole logging

In this process we use two ways of logging. 1) Geophysical logging. In this method we use electronic instruments to know the geological formation of the soil. The instrument is connected to a long cable marked red at each 2m interval .we released the cable into the well and read the resistivity of the soil in each 2m interval and the result is printed out. 2) Sampling: drill cutting are collected every two meters and boundary layers. these samples are contained in the vinyl bag. the depth of sampling shall be clearly written on the bag in such a manner that is easily readable. Since the sample is collected at the surface; it might be combined with mud , so before we put in the vinyl bag we must wash the sample. from this lintology of the soil is easily identified. The purpose of the borehole logging is to determine the position of the screens and casings(blind).this is because all the depth of the well may not be an aquifer. we put screens at depths where there is an aquifer for other depths put casings. the following charts show the results of a borehole logging.

iii. Casing and screen installation As much as the drilling supervisor believes that the water is enough, the drilling rods are taken out and using, the bore hole logging result, he decided where casings and screens are placed. This needs an experienced person in well construction, accurately understand work conditions, soil quality, geological condition in the area properly conduct the works with due consideration of changes in geological formation , aquifer and ground water condition. At the first casing/ screen there must be a plug at the bottom of the well for the purpose of settling.
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iv. Gravel packing of annular space between the well wall and the casing or land screens The gravel packing shall immediately upon completion of casing screen installation be placed in the annuls between the bore hole and the casing. This packing gravel is not like road construction gravels but shall consists of well rounded water worn siliceous grains. The gravel is filled up to 5m above the last (top) screen. The main purpose of this gravel is used for filtration of the ground water. v. well cleaning (shrouding) and development Well shrouding is a process of interposing coarse materials such as gravel and coarse sand between the well pipe and the aquifer soil to prevent finer particles of soil coming in contact with the screen and chocking it. Well development is the process of removing fine materials from the aquifer formation surrounding the screen pope. It has two main uses. 1. Increase the specific capacity of the well. 2. Preventing fine particles flowing in the well. The above processes are done by the use of compressed air. vi. water quality analysis on site and laboratory When development is done water inside the well is removed and flow on the surface. From this surface water we measure the discharge, PH, EC and temperature of the water.

In the laboratory the parameters and criteria for drinking water must be cheeked-The Ethiopian guidelines specification for drinking water quality shall be adopted for the judgment of water quality analysis described in the table below. Table 1 Parameters and criteria for the laboratory water quality analysis Parameters Ethiopia Guidelines specification for Drinking water Quality Health hazardous Substances Objectionable Level (Maximum allowable value) Maximum allowable value) 0.3mg/c 0.003mg/c S gm/c 3.0 mg/c 0. 8m/g/c 50mg/c Page | 13

Boron (B) Chromium (Cr) Copper (Cu) Fluoride(F) Manganese ( Mn) Nitrate(NO3)

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Aluminum (NH3) Ammonia (NH3) Chloride (CI) Hardness Iron(Fe) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S Sodium (Na) Sulfate (SO4) Total dissolved solids (TDS) Calcium(Ca) Alkalinity E. coli True color (Chromaticity) OdorTaste Turbidity -

Jimma University
0.4mg/c 2mg/c 533mg/c 392mg/c 0.4mg/c 0.0mg/c 358mg/c 483mg/c 1776mg/c Not odor Not unpleasant 7NTU

Not tested -

vii. Additional gravel parking betonies sealing backfilling and cement grouting. During airlifting packed gravel is compressed and stabilized. There fore we place additional packing gravels of the same quality around the screen and casing. After the additional gravel packing in the aquifer shall be seabed by bentonite. The bentonite sealing shall be 1m thick. The back filling using drilled cut fill for DTH method and purchased soil for mud circulation method respectively shall be carried out up to six (6) meters below the ground level. Surface soil should not be used for backfilling. About six(^) meter of the annular space near the surface shall be sealed with cement grout to prevent direct surface water from entering the well. viii. Pump test For the pump test the following procedure is followed Prepare the tripods ,this tripod is used for lowering rising pipe Arrange a steel bar sheet at the top of the well. This is used to hold rising pipes at the time of screwing one pipe to another. Connect the pipe with the first rising pipe. Using the pulley at the top the tripod lower the pump up to the first pipe end reach at the well top. Screw the second pipe with the top of the first pipe them screw the third pipe on the top of the second pipe and continue like this until the pump reach the required depth.
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The last pipe is angular which bends 90 and extends horizontally a war from the well ,at its horizontal end there is a gate to control the discharge. The pump is connected with a cable which is connected with a generator. When the generator is on the pump starts discharging the water. You can adjust the discharge by the gates valve first the surface water level is checked using Meter called M-scope. This is a long meter which has a wire inside it. This meter gives sound when it reaches the water. Then using this water and stop watch, we measure the decrease of the water level with time at constant discharge. This test is called continuous drawdown test and the test may be continued from 8 hours to 24 hrs depending on the condition of the well. From this test we measure the ground water level, PH,EC and water temperature. After the continues drawdown test the recovery of water level shall be measured for 8 hours or until the initial water level is recovered using M-scope and stop watch. For the above tests the water level measurement s are to be taken in accordance with following schedules. -Everyone minute for the opening ten (10) minutes. -Every two (2) minutes for the period of ten (10) minutes twenty (20) minutes. -Every five (5) minutes for the period of twenty (20) minutes to sixty (60) minutes. -Every ten (10) minutes for the period of sixty (60) minutes to one hundred and twenty (120) minutes. -Every twenty (20) minutes for the period of one hundred and twenty (120) minutes. -Every twenty (20) minutes for the period of one hundred and twenty (120) minutes to three hundred (300) minutes. -Every thirty (30) minutes for the period of three hundred (3000 minutes to four hundred and eighty 9480) minutes.

The following table shows on site test result. SWL (3.050, discharge 90.33l/s), pump potion 24m, tem.924.2oc), EC 9333 mc/cm), ph (08.3). Table 2 Continuous Test Time (min.) Water level (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 3.05 9.55 10.19 11.05 12.01 12.60

Time (min.) 60 70 80 90 100 110

Water level (m) 17.23 17.29 17.36 17.43 17.51 17.66

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6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 280 330 390 450 540 660 12.97 13.36 13.76 13.99 14.69 15.46 15.73 15.75 19.35 19.9 20.2 20.31 20.37 20.4 1210 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 300 360 420 480 600 720

Jimma University
17.82 18.01 18.20 18.35 18.56 18.72 18.90 19.04 19.6 20.15 20.25 20.36 20.38 20.4

From the continuous drawdown test we prepare are water using highland bottle and sealed it carefully and write on it the main office for laboratory analysis from this pump test as an engineer we need two important data 1. The dynamic water level (DWH) 2. The discharge

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2.3 Structure

Jimma University

There were many structures that I saw in my stay. The following are the the main ones. 1.reservior

The construction of a reservoir involves; Site clearing; the tresses and bushes and their roots shall be removed and the growth cut or burned and removed from the site. Setout; the setout is done using the leveling and theodolites Stripping; after site clearing and setout, stripping is started ,immediately. stripping shall consists of the removal all organic materials such as top soil and roots from all facilities. Excavation; the excavation shall conform to the dimension and elevations indicated in the drawings .mostly the dimension of excavation is higher than the dimension indicated in the drawings this is for placing and removal of forms, installation of services and for inspection
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Compaction; the next step is ramming the soil using compactor equipment. this is used to increase the bearing capacity of the soil. Soil test; before we proceed to the next work we should check the suitability of the soil. the method of checking the bearing capacity of the soil is by standard penetration test. The procedure is as follows; 1. Adjust the legs of the instrument(the legs are similar to the leveling or theodolite tripods).at the top of the tripods there is a pulley and an attached rod which extends to the bottom. 2. Connect the upper vertical part of the tripod with the lower vertical part. 3. Check the verticality of this connected part. 4. Put the number indicator at the bottom in such a manner that the connected part passes through its center. 5. Using the pulley penetrate the soil until the zero reading coincides with the soil level by up and down movement.in this case the up and down may not reach at the bottom and top ends. 6. Using the pulley system, carefully make up and down the cylindrical part which is connected with the pulley reaching the end extremes. 7. the number of blows. 8. Read the penetration, which is written on the driven rod. 9. Make repetitions at different points Count of the reservoir base 10. Average these different point penetration to get one number.

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11. Finally compare this number with

Jimma University
the standard.

For our case, for 35 blows of the maximum penetration is 10cm,and for other number of blows penetration is in this proportion. Hardcore and aggregate placement; after ensuring the suitability of the soil place hare core(crushed stones)on it. this has two main importance; It protects the leveling concrete from different chemicals that come from the soil underneath. these chemicals may be detrimental to the concrete. Since the crushed stone has many large voids between each piece it allows water to move laterally.so, it avoids the occurrence of uplift water pressure. But this voids may consume large quantity of concrete. Hence, to be economical we fill this voids by aggregate. Lean concrete formwork; the carpenters prepared forms that can support the lean concrete and other loads. the formwork might be wood or panels. Lean concrete placement Steel bar setting; after the lean concrete got its strengths we arranged double steel bars for the base of the reservoir in both ways and the steel bars of the walls of the reservoirs
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is arranged before placing concrete on the base. the water stopper and the washout pipes are also arranged at this time. Since the hydrostatic pressure at the base of the reservoir is very high their may be cracks. this may lead leakage of the water through this cracks. In order to prevent this leakage of water we put a water stopper which is waterproof and made from strong plastics or steels. the water stopper is put between the base and the wall of the reservoir in between the steel bars. Formwork preparation for the bottom slab or base of the reservoir. Base concrete placement. Formwork preparation for the walls of the reservoir; the formwork is a plywood, which has a wide area and has some holes for the insertion of separators. Since, the formwork should be strong, the carpenters used scaffolding GIS tubes etc . the external formwork was done first, after the completion of the external formwork the carpenter continues the internal .the material for inside formwork is similar to the external.in doing this they put spacers, separators, inlet, outlet and overflow pipes. Falsework preparation for the top slab. we used enough thickness timber for this purpose .on this level falsework we arranged steel bars.in doing the external and internal formworks we prepared the position of the external and internal ladders. In the top slab there is a manhole for the purpose of maintenance and removal of the internal formworks .the air vent pipe is placed in this time. after checking that all the necessary things are in their position, we can place the concrete for the walls and the top slab at the same day if possible. The formwork for the external wall is removed after three days but, the internal formwork stay for 21 days. The final step is plastering 2.spring protection

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Ground water which flows out at the surface constitutes a spring. a pervious layer

sandwiched between two impervious layers give rise to a natural spring a spring indicates the outcropping of the water table.in spring protection the following components are present; base ,head, wings and gabion. A gabion is a meshed steel wire manufactured in different volume .since ,most of time the spring is located at some lower areas, there is a possibility of collapse of the soil behind it. the gabion is put in layers filled with river stones .the layers may be vertical or/and horizontal. These gabion has two main advantages; 1. It protects the soil behind it from collapse. 2. It is used as a filtration medium holding the soil and allowing water to pass. The base of the spring is constructed with concrete.in this case since the spring has flowing water it is difficult to put concrete on this wet surface. So, first divert the water to one side and construct the other side, then we divert the water in the other direction and construct the other side. Even if we divert the water the bottom is still has some water ,consequently, the placed concrete may be eroded(the cement was removed by the spring water). So, we were obliged to use dry concrete.
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The head and the wings are the front and the sides of the spring protection respectively. they were constructed with stone masonary.at the of the head we inserted the washout and outlet pipes in the proper position. after we built the wings and the head we put river stones in the enclosed spring .the stones at the bottom is large but at the surface it is a small sized gravel for filtration of the spring water .in order to prevent the passage of impurities or large particles into the out let pipe we use strainer at the inside part of the outlet pipe. The slab of the spring is a reinforced concrete which rests on the gabion, head and wings this collected spring water maybe directed to a collection chamber or to a reservoir to reach to the community. 3. Generator House Site clearing: if the site which the generator house was supposed to be built has trees, bushes and other materials. After clearing the site the carpenter sets out taking one point as reference. Striping is the next process which involves the removal of top soils, grasses, debris and unnecessary materials. Then using the drawings to excavate the soil giving space for formwork and inspections. After we check the dimensional elevation of excavation we proceed to the next level which is securing suitability of the soil for the proposed structure. The procedure for the soil test is similar to the reservoir. Compaction of the soil is then done to increase the bearing capacity using a compactor. Then in the excavated part of the generator house, the generator was covered by crushed stone or hard stone. This hard core protects the level concrete from different chemicals that comes from the soil underneath. This chemical may be detrimental to the concrete. This hard core has many voids between each pieces. So it allows water to move laterally, i.e avoid the occurrence of uplift eater pressure. But these voids may be large that consume large quantities of cement. In order to save cement we place aggregate on the hard core. On these aggregates we place lean concrete or level concrete which has to main importance. The first one is to protect the base concrete from chemicals that may come from the soil below it and the second one is to make the surface level. After the lean concrete has cured carpenters prepared formwork for base concrete for the foundation part. Then the steel bars for the foundation path and the columns were arranged and tied keeping their position and spacings. The spacers are also put un their position at this time. After checking the dimension of the formworks and all necessary things we cast concrete for the base of the foundation pad. Then until the base concrete is cured hard core and lean concrete are placed under the grade beam position. Then the steel bars for the grade beam and the small columns are arranged in their position. Then the formwork is prepared and concrete placement will follow. Then the formwork for the big and small columns proceeds. After that the bottom formwork for the lentils for the windows and doors are prepared. Then the steel bars of the lintels are arranged in their position. Finally the side formworks are completed. The grade and the top beams are
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similar in their procedure of work. The difference is that in the top beam we insert steel bars of diameter of 6mm that extends upward before we place concrete. These extended steel bars are used for tying the roof trusses. After we cast the structural parts then we can start HCB placement for the wall of the generator house. Each HCB is connected to each other by a mortar. After the completion of block placement we proceed timber roof arrangement. Finally, we nailed galvanized steel sheets on the timber truss. The excavation on the floor slab and the generator foundation started now. First the generator foundation base is excavated, place hardcore, lean concrete, steel bar arrangement, base formwork and placement of concrete is done consecutively. Secondly, the hardcore lean concrete steel bar setting and base concrete placement is done for the floor slab. Here there is no need to prepare formwork for the floor slab since the grade beam acts as a formwork. Finally, finishing work is commenced for the external and internal wall and floor slab. Among the different work divisions of the company, I have worked in the civil works as a quality controller. Quality control comprises a combination of actions and decisions taken in compliance with specification and checks to ensure that these are satisfied using the drawing s of the structure To control the quality of some structure ,there are inspections prior to concrete placement during concert placement and after concrete placement. A. Inspection prior to concreting. i. Check the set out since the carpenters make the setout using water level or ,goma which make an error we have to check the level of the set out using leveling. Cheek the dimension and depth of excavation. The dimension shall conform to the ii. dimensions and elevations indicated in the drawings for each structure and shall extend in a sufficient distance from the walls and footing s to allow for placing and removal of forms installation of services and for inspection .In order to ensure the dimension and the elevation, it must be measured using a tape. Check the dimension and depth of hardcore. This is also indicated on the drawing of iii. the structure. Hence its dimension and the elevation is measured be fore the commencement of lean concrete form work.
iv.

Check the overall quality of the form work 1. The rigidity of the form work:-since the form work shall be capable of resisting all actions which mar occur during the construction process. They shall remain undisturbed until the concrete has achieved sufficient strength to withstand the stresses to which it will be subjected no stripping or release. The general layout of the form work shall be such that the concrete placing of reinforcement as well as concrete compaction of the concrete is possible. The formwork is also capable of being removing from the concrete without causing shock or damage.
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2. The leak tightness of joints between formwork elements. The formwork shall be sufficiently stiff and tight to ensure that the tolerances for the structure are satisfied and that its lad bearing capacity is not affected and to prevent loss of grout or mortar from the concrete at all stages and for the appropriate method of placing and compacting joints between the panels of the form work should be adequately tight. 3. Conformity of the dimension of the form work with the drawings:- forms shall be made of timber or metal members shown on the drawings. 4. The cleanliness of the formwork: The internal surface of the formwork must be clean. Care shall be exercised to keep forms free from dust, grease or other foreign matter. No material or treatment that will adhere to concrete shall be used. All forms shall be treated with approved oil prior to placing reinforcement and in addition wood forms shall be flushed with water immediately before placing concrete. v. Checking the overall quality of the reinforcement 1) The position of and site of reinforcement:- in placing the reinforcement, the dimensions and layouts shown on the details drawings shall strictly be observed. The diameter of the main reinforcement and stirrups must conform with the drawings. The special condition to be observed shall be that once the reinforcing brats are placed, they strictly maintain the calculated spacings and form. A rigid assembly, without the possibility that they may move or be distorted when the concrete is cast and rammed inside the forms. 2) The surface condition of the reinforcements:- The surface condition of the reinforcement shall be examined prior to use to ensure that is free from deleterious substances such as mud, oil, painting, loose rust etc, which may adversely affect the steel or concrete or the bond between them. 3) The rigidity of the reinforcement securing systems and the quality of joints between them. The assembly of the reinforcements should be sift enough to ensure that the bars do not shift their prescribed position during transportation, placing and concreting. Joints shall be done by overlapping, the ends in a length not shorter than 35 times the diameter of the bar, tasting them with the wire. 4) Concrete protection for reinforcement: - The minimum concrete covers of reinforcement shall be as indicated on the drawings. The specified cover to the reinforcement shall be maintained by the use of spacers. vi. Material inspection 1) Cement: The cement must be
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-Stored separately from other items -Protected from dampness due to weather or ground conditions. -The cement bag must be properly sealed. 2) Coarse aggregate; consists of crushed stone, gravel or other approved inert materials of similar characteristics having clear, hard, durable pieces and it shall be fee from organic matter of other deteriorative matter. -Must be protected from contamination -Prevention or intermingling aggregates with adjacent material. -Provision of adequate drainage for the piled aggregate for maintaining uniform moisture content. -If the aggregate contains deteriorative matter in it, washing is necessary.

3) Fine aggregate (sands) The fine aggregate for concrete shall consists of natural sand or other inert materials with similar characteristics having clean, hard and durable particles and it shall be free from objectionable quantities of dust, clear, grass root, organic matter and other impurities. If we believe that the sand is not free from these materials sieving is necessary. -Protected from contamination -Prevention of intermingling sands with adjacent material. 4) Admixture: is a liquid waterproofing for concrete and mortar as highly efficient plastic iser. Increase strength and water rightness, improve workability without increase water content, reduce shrinkage. This is mainly used for the reservoir. -Must be sealed properly. -Check for its expired date. B. Inspection during concrete missing. -Check the size of gauging box for measuring aggregates for coarse aggregate it must be 30x30x30 cm and for fine aggregate it must be 35x35x35cm. -Check all the necessary materials and equipments are ready. -Check the cleanliness of the mixer before start mixing. -Check the workers wear helmet and safety shoes -Check the concrete be transported from the mixer to the place where it is casted as much all possible rapidly to prevent the segregation of ingredients and to maliten the required workability.

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-Check the compaction is done by vibrator and applied continuously during the placing of each batch of concrete. -Observe when the vibrator is applied, the formwork rigidity, tightness of the formwork etc. Tests for slump, air content, water and temperature for the fresh concrete is conducted each placing day. In the test the following parameters are measured. 1) Slump This test is performed to check or find out the workability of the concrete. It is conducted with the help of a vessel shaped in the form of frustum of a cone open at both ends. Diameter at the top end is 10cm. A steel rod having pointed end is used for taping purpose. -The vessel is placed on a flat, non absorbent surface. -Fill the vessel with specimen concrete 1/3 of the height of the vessel. -Temped this concrete by the steel rod of as blows -Fill the last layer and temped this layer also by 25 blows. -After completely filling the vessel the concrete is struck off level with the top of the vessel with the help of a . trowel. Then it is immediately raised vertically on lifting the mould concrete mass is left to subside .The subsidence of concert is known as slump of the concrete. 2) Temperature -Take some concrete from the mixer and put this concrete on some place. - Insert some part of the thermometer in the fresh concert Wait at least 5 minutes or more. After the temperature becomes constant we take this temperature as the temperature of the concert. 3) Air content This test performed with an instrument called an aerometer the instrument is a metal cylinder with diameter of 20cm and height of 22cm.It has removable cover which has gauge that reads the percentage of a content of the concrete. -place the cylinder on a hot surface. -Remove the cover. -file one-third of the height of the cylinder with concrete. -Temped this concrete with a steel rod for 25 blows. -fill the remaining and temped it with 25 blows. -Then struck off level the top of the cylinder with the help of the trowel.

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-Then carefully seal the cylinder with its cover and tight its screw. -finally record the readings the gauge point indicates.

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4) Concrete cube -This test is done to know the crushing strength of the concrete for lean concrete work we prepare 3 cubes and for base concrete we prepare 6 cubes. The strength of the concrete is attained mostly at the age of 25 dares. But from study due to mugger cement the concrete get its maximum strength at the age of 45 dares.so, for the base concrete and lean concrete work, the 3 concrete cubes are crushed at the age 28 days, but for the base concrete, it fails at the age of 28 days, we crushed the other three specimen at the age of 45 dares. -The test is done by a cube of dimension 150x150x150cm The procedure is as follows. prepare the boxes on a flat surface. fix the screw firmly. paint the internal surface of the cube with grease. This is used to remove the concrete cube from the mould easily equal thickness, while filling each larger should be temped by 25 blows/strokes of temping rod. After completely filling the mould, the concrete is struck of level with the help of a trowel. After sometime all the concrete cube should be labeled write on the cube date of cast site number type of structure and part of structure. After 24hrs the cube is removed from the mould and immerse in to water. For the above tests there is specification that indicates the maximum and minimum limits so, the result we get must be with in the limit The required concrete slump shall be 8+2.5cm The wither/cement ration shall be 55% or less for reinforced context The air content shall be 3+ 1.5 % The minimum compressive stare concrete respective. This minimum strength is the strength obtained at site, but the lab result must be higher than this. If the test result is not with in this limit, either some adjustment is done or the work is rejected

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C. Inspecting after concert casting -Cheek the form work are in there ordinal

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- Cheek it the surface is superimposed anther concert in another day the surface must be left rough scratched. - It the surface is the final one it must be smooth. -Cheek the concert is cured with regular water flush - It the weather is very hot cover the concert surface with sand Sometimes in addition to the above work I have given the responsibility for preparing work schedule for the site I have worked .To prepare a secluded for some work one must consider the following factors. Which work piece is done first. How much time the part of the work needs What type of materials and equipments it needs. What type of technician and helpers the work needs and how many such a person you have etc. The other major tasks were to prepare reports about the work .The reports may be daily weekly ,monthly and sometime final reports about that site .In the report the whether condition, the work progress, material consumption etc are included .

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CHAPTER THREE INTERNSHIP BENEFITS

3.1 Upgrading theoretical knowledge This internship program provided us to locked back what we were learnt in the class room and gave opportunity to relate our theoretical knowledge with practical aspect. For fool understanding of the course reinforced concrete, water supply, ground water and geology where the area of focus that I did in my internship program. Some of this courses, when we learnt in the class were abstract to understand and difficult to visualize, in addition we didnt gate the chance to see in the lab or field trips. Hence most of us were obliged to be exam oriented memorizing the courses rather than understood it clearly. In the course outline in some of the courses the last chapters were either omitted or even if we learnt the instructor may told us not included in the exam. Hence, most of the time this chapter was not covered either on the constraint of time or improper time management of the instructor the work I did were related with some of this omitted chapters. In reinforced concrete the program helped me to know about lintels and machine foundation in addition to what I had before. In the case of ground water it was more difficult to visualize and most of the theories are based on assumptions how the ground water be held in different layers got the chance to visualized about aquifers, water holding capacity of soils, help to know the reason behind drilling well shrouding and development, the use of gravels and bentonite.

3.2 Upgrading practical Skills When this internship program was included in the countrys education curriculum, its main target is to expose students to the real world and become practically equipped. Because most of the course we too were abstracted to understand easily it is fact that our brain can easily capture and save things practical. Practical knowledge will never be deleted easily. Once it is printed in your mind, it will be there for a longtime. At this time we can say that education hit its target. In the structural part I saw many practical works form the beginning up to the end. In the generator house I saw how setout is done, how the connection between columns and foundation steel bars must be, what solution is provided
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after concrete casting of slabs and foundation pads if the weather condition become extreme, how the connection of column and beam steel bars are connected, how formworks are installed and removed easily for different parts of structure, where spacers

are put in place, how we check the spacing dimension and overlaps of steel bars, how the truss of the roof is connected to the tie beams, how we keep the verticality of columns, and so on In addition to these I saw two special structures which we have not learnt and not easily seen in many building. These are the lintels and the machine foundation. To give a highlight, a lintel is a beam like horizontal structural textural member used to span over the openings of doors and windows. It behaves just like a beam. It provides a bearing for the masonry above the openings and the opening materials and transfers all the loads to the supporting columns. I tried to see this structure in many high rising building, but almost all there use timber. In our case it is reinforced concrete lintels. I saw where we put lintels, how the connection of the steel bars between columns and lintels be how the dimension of the upper and lower lintels differ etc. The other special structure I saw was the foundation under the generator. We call this type of foundation machine foundation. We did not learn about this structure either in reinforced concrete one or two. To give a hint, a machine foundation is provided below a heavy machine. I understood that machine foundation must be isolated from the adjoining parts of the building by clearing a gap around it to avoid the transmission of vibrations, how the thickness of the foundation must be, how the steel bars of this type of foundation be arrange what procedure is followed to construct it etc. In our soil engineering course we learnt about bearing capacity of soils though it was theoretical. In my spare time I saw practically how standard penetration test is done. I saw the equipments, the procedure that we followed, how we interpret results, when and where we use this test and more not mentioned here.

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The reservoir was another practical investment for me in the reservoir I saw many practical works that we cannot see in buildings. To mention some, the wall of the reservoir is a double steel bar, I saw how the form work of the internal and external walls is erected, how we keep the vertical deflection of the vertical steel bars of the wall using the separator, since the hydrostatic force at the bottom of the reservoir is high there may happen leakage of water at this point so how we practical prevent this Practical benefit from water supply system In this course al so I learnt many practical works. To mention some of them, I understood what mechanism the water reaches from the borehole to the reservoir, what type of pipes we used for transmission and distribution systems, how the pipes are buried, how the pipes are connected to each other. Reach to the residents, what we use at the junction, where different gates are located, how excavation of trench is conducted at different place. Pump test After drilling is completed and the water inside the well is added, the next step is to conduct test that gives many parameters .I saw many practical works when I was with the pump test group.
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The procedure to perform the test. How the pump is summarized to the well. How continuous draw done test is done. How recovery test is done. How the quality of the water is measured such as temperature, electrical conductivity PH

Though we did not take the course ground water independently in detail, I had tried to know more about the course. By theory we learnt about different type of aquifers in other subjects. But, we did not know the practical relevance of these aquifers. Through work I understood how the water held in the aquifers wasbrought to the surface and utilized.
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Though, we have an aquifer in the drilled soil formation, unless we know the methods, we could not get the desired water in the well. Surely, I understood the methods we use to facilitate the groundwater movements towards the well. I also understood practically how the geological formation of the earth varies in a few distances. I had an experience for this when we went for drilling at one site, there was one handspun which gives service for the residents around there. It gives enough water with little effort. Some distance away from this hand pump, a new site is selected for another hand pump. The surface elevation of these two sites was different. The elevation of the old site is higher than the new site. As I heard from the residents, enough water was obtained at a near depth during the drilling time. Even they added gravels to decrease the depth of the well since the power of the water was very high. So, guess at what depth we could get water considering the above conditions? Surely you said that the water would come out at depths less than 50m. Surprisingly here, drilled up to 110m but nothing happened, so we closed the site and found another one. From this I understood that this is due to the difference is geological formation of the two sites, though they are near to each other. The other practical work is identifying the water capacity of the soil. From sampling we can identify the different soil formations. Based on these layers we recognized the clays, since clays has the capacity to hold water. If there is an aquifer with this layer, I knew that the well had to be washed for a longtime, though the water seems clean. I was lucky in that I saw many construction equipments that are not easily available. Even in my university I have not seen any of these equipments. These equipments are brought and manufactured mainly in Japan. In water development and pump test time we use PH, EC and thermometer to measure the PH, electrical conductivity and temperature of the water. The other instrument I saw is the tetrameter, which is used for bore hole logging at the drilling time. This is an electronic instrument which measure the resistivity of the different soil formation. The air meter concrete at the time of concrete cube test. The next instrument is used for the bearing capacity of the soil which is called the standard penetration test. Even when I was learning about this test, I did not get the chance to see the instrument and how it works.
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In general this internship agented to many practical works in different disciplines

3.3 Understanding about work ethics related issues. In terms of work related issues I learnt many values such as responsibility, punctuality, commitment, and cooperativeness professionalize etc. As one is assigned to some particular work, she/he must work its part and as much as possible effectively and efficiently. Because it there happened something in that particular work the one who take the responsibility and take the risk is the person who is assigned to it, whoever did the mistake . Hence, for my part I tried to do perfectly as much as possible. The other aspect is punctuality. In my case some works might need the presence of me before another workers proceed, in case if I was not punctual, the work might be deluded or the workers might lose their tolerance to wait me, consequently I missed some of my part, so if there was some work which needed my presence, I attended not only punctually, but before the time I needed not only for the work but since I had to be a model. The next aspect of work ethics is commitment to work. As an engineer we are supposed to improve the human life throughout the world. Hence, an engineer must work wherever you are needed, whether it is in rural areas, deserts, out of own country etc. This is the problem of most of Ethiopians. I learnt how the Japanese, Guinean, Indian and some Ethiopian youths sacrifice themselves for their work. These foreigners are faraway surprisingly they are happier than us who worked in our country. These are not the only values but for illustration only. I also saw some unethical actions during the internship program. These mistakes may be due to the subcontractor, the main contractor, consultant and client. 1) Over design (uneconomical design). When some structure is designed, the designer must consider two things, safety and economy. The designer of the structural
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engineer must optimize these two factors. If a design does not consider economy, the structure may not serve functions what it had cost. I saw such kind of problems in some of the project works. To cite an example the mix ratio for reinforced concrete was 1:1:2 which is very excess for the built structure.

The other example is the generator house which is 5.25m 4.25m. There is five big columns and 6 small columns with diameter 16mm main steel board and diameter 10mm stirrups. There are seven lintels with diameter 16mm main reinforcement bars and diameter 10mm stirrups. Surprisingly this structure is not exposed to such heavy loads even just like ordinary mud houses. Without exaggeration the material consumed for this generation house can but G+1 house. 2). Cube test is done by the contractor:- As much as I know a cube concerted test done by the consultant at the time of casting. Even the consultant has the right to take the concrete from any mix. Because of this gap there was a difference in the actual work ratio. And the club test ratio. If the mix ratio the actual work is different from the concrete abuse, what is the use of making concrete cube test? Definitely, the concrete club prepared food nothing cubes. At least each concrete cubes needs one bag of cement. Do you see how much bags of cement has wasted? For illustrate ion, I have data for Deneba. In this site more than 30 bags of cement is used for concrete cube only. Imagine how Much cement is wasted in all sites. The wastage is not only the cement , but there is also apartment for the crushing machine in the laboratory. 3). Inconsistence of materials with the drawings . In this case the approved drawing specifies to use some particular materials, but the real work is not done with that materials. to Mention an example ,the generation house floor slab steel bars are recommended in the drawing to use double steel bars in both wars
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(i.e upper these double steel bars ).for the purpose of photo graph these double steel has arranged in their position but after the photograph the upper steel bars water removed and concrete has casted only with the lower steel bars .hence for one generator house 196kg steel bar has stolen. The other example is in the case of the material used in the expansion joint between the generator foundation and the floor slab. the specification recommends to use tar of coal, but at site they used timber (chip woods ). 4). Deviation from specification (mix ratio) :- the specifications for the mix ration is different from the mix ratio actual used one site. By doing this the company tam geoengineering has got illegal benefits from19 water points only in deneba the company profited more than 108 bag of cement . This illegal profit may cover the workers salary at that site. 5). Assigning person`s to some work which is not in that profession

3.4 Improving team playing skills. Team work is very important and it will result for successful completion of any work. In a team work each industrial has its own specific task Different issues / ideas arose by each individual, unless individuals develop the habit of accepting other idea and avoiding the habit of insisting to one`s ideas the work may not progress as expected. I one must respect any workers ideas of their status. In may internship program I worked with many teams such as the reservoir, drilling, pump test team etc .In these group every individual has a part for the completion of the work ,not alone but in group. To my side I tried to contribute what expected from me. In addition to work with the above groups, I worked with some foreigners. I really appreciate these foreigners and some Ethiopians for their ability to understand each other without language barrier to accomplish the work. All of these foreigners can not know our

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language. Most of our workers, carpenters, mason, and driller are also not good in foreigner language. But they did their work effectively through sign as a medium of language. Hence, this internship helped me to develop team work skills in different conditions.

3.5 Improving interpersonal communication skills In work areas, especially in construction works, there involve many workers in different rank from the daily laborer up to the project manager .so each individual contact each other at work time or out of work Hence there must be a smooth relating for to communicate with the workers but through time with the help of my big friend I tried to improve my interpersonal commutation skills. One difficult was that I didnt work at the same place and the sane group for a long time. I introduced myself for different people at each site, but after some time when we became friends I left them and introduced another people in another place and group. This was not only with workers but there were also foreigners who have different people with different behavior and characters. This helped me to develop skills how to live and work in harmony with different people in different area.

3.6 Improving leadership skills Leadership is the most difficult work as I observed when you be com a leader you must be aware of many things such as how to manage workers, many, materials and time. Among the above managing workers is difficult, there are different workers with different behavior, so the leader must entertain then wisely not only this but he has the responsibility to identify who works good ,solve problem if there is any, I Understand that a leader must has some characters such as diplomatic, wish patience model etc Management money and time depends and on the period of the project. Sometimes the project has enough time for completion, in this case the work can be done with less
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workers while ion, the work must be done by all the available materials and man power. These two are the extreme cases, but a good leader must optimist both time and money. The other responsible for a leader was supplying the necessary material and equipment for each site on time and to use these materials and equipment wisely for a long time.

3.7 Improving entrepreneurship The Japanese government have give us a grant aid but indirectly they are creating job opportunities for their citizens by restricting the and consultant be a Japanese company and the workers be physically Japanese. Most of us think that it is profitable to work on big projects such as buildings, highways, dams etc; but there are many construction works which seems small but more profitable. Ethiopia has plenty of water sources throughout the country ,but we have not yet used it at least at small level. This water sources can be used for many purposes specially for engaging in water related works is profitable and create job opportunities in addition to benefited the entrepreneur. How the different pipes that is installed permanently such as pipe ,over flow pipe wash washout pipe outlet and air vent pipe is put in tier position. At the beginning I was surprised when the form work was erected cast the walls and top slab at the same day as much as possible was question was how they remove the internal formwork .

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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion
Water supply system in campuses some interrelated works. The client first identify area that has not access to water from the different towns or villages based on the number of population, their demand and availability of alternatives or other criteria. The next step is how to satisfy their demands, identification of alternative water sources such as rivers, lakes, ground water etc. after we identify the sources of water, in our case it is ground water. This is selected from the availability and the cost it required. Then the hydrogeological feature of the selected areas is studied in detail from the outcome of this result we can select that can give maximum discharge with list cost. Now we have identified where the maximum water is located but how to bring this ground water to the surface this is realized by drilling work. During the drilling to get the required discharge we follow some procedures such as selection of methods of drilling or hole logging, casing and screen installation gravel and sand packing of annular space between the bore wall and the casing and/or screens, well cleaning and development, water quality analysis on site, additional sand packing, bentonite sealing, back filling and cement grouting. After we ensure that the discharge in the well is adequate the next step is the pump test. In this test a submersible pump is used to remove the water from the wall. From this test we can get necessary information such as the discharge and the dynamic water table that is used to determine the type and capacity of the pump installed for the well. In addition to this the quality of the water is analyzed in the laboratory to know whether the well water fulfilled the criteria listed in the countries guideline for drinking water. If the water has passed the required criteria then how to bring this water to the community. Depending on the source f water and geographical position of the area we used different methods. For motorized wells the water from the well is driven by submersible pump using generator as a source of electricity. The driven water is stored in the reservoir which is located at higher elevation. from the reservoir the water is distributed to the resident by the mere action of gravity force.

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Internship Report

Jimma University

In some places the villages are located at the highest elevation so in this case there is no any higher location for the reservoir so it is impossible to distribute the water to the community by the action of the gravity. Hence another solution must be found. So we construct an elevated tank the elevation of which is higher than the elevation of the villages. From this tank water is distributed to the people as usual by the gravity system. The other case of water supply in the case of using spring as a source of water. First the spring water is stored at its original place constructing a spring protection structures. Then this water is directed to another storage structure which is built at a lower place then the spring. If the location of the villages or the towns is below this storage (reservoir) the water can easily be distributed to the people. But if the villages are located at higher elevation than the spring the stored water in the collection chamber is pumped in to the reservoir. As usual from the reservoir the water is distributed to the user. For a full water supply system there are some structures such as reservoirs collection chambers generator houses etc. all the construction of this structures require great attention in buildings some cracks may be tolerated but in the case of water related structures it is very dangerous if it is happened. The generator house is built for the purpose of sitting the generator that is used as a source of electricity. Since the generator has vibration when it is on, its foundation must be designed and built with great care, because a little deflection of the foundation may lead the male function of the generator. Bothe the above structures need care at the time their construction. We must use the right material, workmanship and procedure. Unless otherwise the consequence will be very serious. In order to attain the maximum result quality controller must be on site fort regular inspection. I was responsible for this task. In doing this I developed my practical, theoretical, interpersonal communication skill, team work skill, how responsibility, punctuality commitment to work etc. In general, this internship program helped me to open my eyes and see what is happing in the real world. The next instrument is used for the bearing capacity of the soil which is called the standard penetration test. Even when I was learning about this test, I did not get the chance to see the instrument and how it works. In general this internship agented to many practical works in different disciplines

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Internship Report
4.2 Recommendation to the company

Jimma University

The company must supply materials and equipments on time to reduce the lost working hours. The company must reduce the lost working hours for waiting photograph. At small level there is a division of workers by the foramen specially when two or more foramen works together. The foramen must be impartial. So the company must solve this at the beginning because this might hinder the progress of the work. The company must give orientation about work ethics for their workers. The company must inform the workers about new sites to prepare themselves before they go there. The company must keep the leakage of some important information.

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Internship Report
Reference

Jimma University

Tam geoengineering document Tone engineering document report Tender document for rural water supply in oromia region by kokusia kogyo. Co. Ltd EBCS 2

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