1 INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, a more generally, help from

the representation and manipulation of image data by

computer with

specialized software and hardware.The development of computer graphics has made computers easier to interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data. Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the video game industry. The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe "almost everything on computers that is not text or sound". Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things:

the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer the various technologies used to create and manipulate images the images so produced, and the sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and

manipulating visual content Although computer graphics is a vast field that encompasses almost any graphical aspect, we are mainlyinterested in the generation of images of 3-dimensional scenes. Computer imagery has applications for filmspecial effects, simulation and training, games, medical imagery, flying logos, etc. Concepts and Principles Image In common usage, an image or picture is an artifact, usually two-dimensional, that has a similar appearance to some subjectusually a physical object or a person. Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue. They may be captured by optical devicessuch as cameras, mirrors, lenses,

2 telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces. 1. Pixel Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three or four components such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. Graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs,drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, drawings, or typography, images.

numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Rendering

other

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs. The model is a description of three dimensional objects in a strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information. APPLICATION OF GRAPHICS Computers have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. Advances in computer technology have made interactive computer graphics a practical tool. Today, computer graphics is used in the areas as science, engineering, medicine, business, industry, government, art, entertainment, advertising, education, and training.

Computer-aided design Computer simulation

Digital art Education Graphic design Infographics Information visualization Rational drug design Scientific visualization Video Games Virtual reality Web design

4 1. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN A major use of computer graphics is in design processes, particularly for engineering and architectural systems. For some design applications; objects are first displayed in a wireframe outline form that shows the overall sham and internal features of objects.Software packages for CAD applications typically provide the designer with a multi-window environment. Each window can show enlarged sections or different views of objects. Standard shapes for electrical, electronic, and logic circuits are often supplied by the design package. The connections between the components have been mad automatically. Animations are often used in CAD applications. When object designs are complete, realistic lighting models and surface rendering are applied. Manufacturing process of object can also be controlled through CAD. Interactive graphics methods are used to layout the buildings. Three-dimensional interior layouts and lighting also provided. With virtual-reality systems, the designers can go for a simulated walk inside the building. 2. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS It is used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate slide for with projections. Examples of presentation graphics are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, pie charts and displays showing relationships between parameters. 3-D graphics can provide more attraction to the presentation. 3. COMPUTER ART Computer graphics methods are widely used in both fine are and commercial art applications. The artist uses a combination of 3D modeling packages, texture mapping, drawing programs and CAD software.

1.Direct Method to drawing a line.

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() { int x1,x2,y1,y2,dy,dx,c,m; int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); clrscr(); cout<<"Enter the values as starting and ending points"; cin>>x1>>y1>>x2>>y2; dy=y2-y1; dx=x2-x1; m=dy/dx; c=y1-(m*x1); while(x1<=x2) { if(m<=1) {

6 x1++; y1=m*x1+c; putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE); } else { y1++; x1=(y1+c)/m; putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE); } } getch(); }

Output

2.Program to draw a line using Digital differential Analyzer.

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() { int x1,x2,y1,y2,dy,dx,m=0;

8 int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); clrscr(); cout<<"Enter the values as starting and ending points"; cin>>x1>>y1>>x2>>y2; dy=y2-y1; dx=x2-x1; m=dy/dx; while(x1<=x2) { if(m<=1) { x1++; y1=y1+m; putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE); } else { y1++; x1=x1+(1/m); putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE);

9 } } getch(); }

Output

10

3.Draw a line using Bresenhan Line Algorithm.

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() { int x1,x2,y1,y2,dy,dx,f; int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); clrscr(); cout<<"Enter the values as starting and ending points"; cin>>x1>>y1>>x2>>y2; dy=y2-y1; dx=x2-x1; f=(2*dy)-dx; while(x1<=x2) { if(f<0) { f=f+(2*dy);

11 x1++; putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE); } else { f=f+(2*dy)-(2*dx); x1++; y1++; putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE); } } getch(); }

Output

12

4.Bresenhan circle algorithm.

# include<iostream.h> # include<conio.h> # include<graphics.h> void main() { clrscr(); int xc,yc,r,f,fe,fse,x,y; int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); cout<<"\nEnter the value of x-center,y-center and radius : "; cin>>xc>>yc>>r; x=0; y=r; f=3-(2*r); while(x<=y) { putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(y+xc,x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-y+xc,x+yc, WHITE);

13 putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE); putpixel(y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); if(f<0) { fe=4*x+6; f=f+fe; x++;

} else if(f>0) { fse=10+(4*x)-(4*y); f=f+fse; x++; y--; } } getch(); }

14

Output

5.Draw circle using Polar co-ordinate

# include<iostream.h> # include<conio.h> # include<graphics.h> # include<math.h> void main()

15 { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); float xc,yc,r,c,s; float x,y,theta; cout<<"\nEnter the value of x-center,y-center and radius : "; cin>>xc>>yc>>r; x=0; y=r; theta=1/r; c=cos(theta); s=sin(theta); while(x<=y) { putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(y+xc,x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-y+xc,x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE);

16 putpixel(y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); float temp=x; x=x*c-y*s; y=y*c+temp*s; } getch(); }

Output

17

6.Draw a circle by using mid point circle algorithm

# include<iostream.h> # include<conio.h> # include<graphics.h> void main() { clrscr(); int xc,yc,r,f,fe,fse,x,y; int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); cout<<"\nEnter the value of x-center,y-center and radius : "; cin>>xc>>yc>>r; x=0; y=r; f=1-r; while(x<=y) { putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(y+xc,x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE);

18 putpixel(-y+xc,x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE); putpixel(-y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc, WHITE); putpixel(y+xc,-x+yc, WHITE); if(f<0) { fe=2*x+3; f=f+fe; x++; } else if(f>0) { fse=5+(2*x)-(2*y); f=f+fse; x++; y--; } } getch(); }

19

Output

20

7.Draw a ellipse by using Polar ellipse algorithm

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); float xc,yc,rx,ry,t1,t2,x1,y1,x2; cout<<\n\t\t\t\t--------------------------------------; cout<<"\nenter the value xc,yc,x radius,y radius\n" ; cin>>xc>>yc>>rx>>ry; t1=0; t2=90; while(t1<=t2) { y1=ry*sin(t1); x1=rx*cos(t1); putpixel(x1+xc,y1+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x1+xc,-y1+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x1+xc,-y1+yc,WHITE);

21 putpixel(-x1+xc,y1+yc,WHITE); t1=t1+1; } getch(); closegraph(); }

Output

8.Draw a ellipse by using direct ellipse algorithm

22 #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,""); float xc,yc,xr,yr; cout<<" Enter the value of center and xradius y radius cin>>xc>>yc>>xr>>yr; int x1=0; int x2=xr; while(x1<=x2) { putpixel(x1+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x1+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x1+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x1+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); float y=sqrt(1-((x1*x1)/(xr*xr)))*yr; x1+=1; ";

23 } getch(); }

Output

24

9. Draw a ellipse by using mid point ellipse algorithm.

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

25 float xc,yc,x,y,xr,yr,f; cout<<"enter xcenter,ycenter,xradius & yradius"; cin>>xc>>yc>>xr>>yr; x=0; y=yr; f=(yr*yr)+(xr*xr)/4-(xr*xr)*yr; while(2*(yr*yr)*x<=2*(xr*xr)*y) { if(f<=0) { f=f+(3+(2*x))*(yr*yr); x++; putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); } else { f=f+3*(yr*yr)+2*x*(yr*yr)+2*(xr*xr)-2*y*(xr*xr); x++;

26 y--; putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); } } f=(yr*yr)/4-2*(xr*xr)*yr+(xr*xr); while(y>=0) { if(f<=0) { f=f+(3-(2*y))*(xr*xr); x++; y--; putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); } else

27 { f=f+2*(yr*yr)+2*x*(yr*yr)+3*(xr*xr)-2*y*(xr*xr); y--; putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE); } } getch(); }

28

Static Application(Hut)
#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main()

29 { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); setcolor(GREEN); line(60,10,20,100); line(60,10,100,100); line(20,100,100,100); line(60,10,290,10); line(290,10,320,100); line(100,100,320,100); line(20,100,20,340); line(100,100,100,340); line(20,340,100,340); line(320,100,320,340); line(100,340,320,340); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW); floodfill(319,339,GREEN); floodfill(61,291,GREEN); floodfill(61,11,GREEN); floodfill(21,99,GREEN); setcolor(GREEN);

30 line(40,250,40,340); line(80,250,80,340); line(40,250,80,250); setcolor(BROWN); circle(60,55,10); line(140,200,140,240); line(140,200,265,200); line(265,200,265,240); line(140,240,265,240); setfillstyle(HATCH_FILL,BROWN); floodfill(41,251,GREEN); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BROWN); floodfill(61,56,BROWN); floodfill(141,201,BROWN); getch(); }

31

Output:

32

33

Dynamic application(Cart):
#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<dos.h> #include<stdlib.h> void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); int m=5; while(!kbhit()) { circle(150+m,300,50); circle(150+m,300,15); circle(450+m,300,50); circle(450+m,300,15); line(100+m,250,500+m,250); line(100+m,300,135+m,300);

34 line(150+m,250,150+m,285); line(165+m,300,200+m,300); line(150+m,315,150+m,350); line(400+m,300,435+m,300); line(450+m,250,450+m,285); line(465+m,300,500+m,300); line(450+m,315,450+m,350); line(450+m,250,575+m,150); line(500+m,150,620+m,150); delay(150); cleardevice(); m+=5; } getch(); }

Output:

35

Dynamic application(smilly face)

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h>

36 #include<dos.h> #include<stdlib.h> int main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); int m=5; while(!kbhit()) { setcolor(YELLOW); circle(200+m,200,90); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW); floodfill(201+m,201,YELLOW); setcolor(WHITE); circle(150+m,165,15); circle(250+m,165,15); setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK); floodfill(151+m,166,WHITE); floodfill(251+m,166,WHITE); setcolor(GREEN); line(200+m,155,200+m,175);

37 setcolor(RED); arc(200+m,235,180,0,15); delay(150); cleardevice(); m+=5; } getch(); }

Output: