Civil Engineering Materials 267

Stresses in Materials

Lecture 4: Compatibility Shear Stress and Strain

Kerri Bland

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulation 1969 WARNING This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on behalf of Curtin University of Technology pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice

References P.P. Benham & R.J. Crawford, Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 1987, Longman Scientific & Technical R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 6th Ed., 2005, Prentice Hall/Pearson. E.P. Popov, Engineering Mechanics of Solids, 2nd Ed., 1991, Prentice Hall.
Lecture 4 2

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints Effect of Restraining Mechanical Strain:
x

F x=F/A

Force applied resulting in x

x y
E E

Determine x, y and z, using general strain equations:

x = y = z =
Lecture 4

y
E

z
E

+ t + t + t
3

x
E

z y
E E

z
E

x
E

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints

y=0
y

x F x=F/A

Force applied resulting in x

x y z

If there is no restraint against strain in the y and z direction (ie: it expands as it wants due to Poissons ratio), then y and Z = 0, so: x = x E y x z = + t x E E E y = y E = x z + t E E E z = x y = z x + t E E E E
Lecture 4 4

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints 0 =0

y y

x
x

F x=F/A

Force applied resulting in x

If there is restraint against strain in the y direction then y = 0, y 0 (ie: in order to prevent the strain that wants to occur (due to ) a restraining force or stress is applied to the element by the restraint) (Assume no restraint y x y = =0 in z direction so Z = 0) E E x = x y z + t E E E y = x y = y x z + t primary or applied stress x E E E y secondary or derivative stress y z x
z =
E E E + t
Lecture 4 5

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints y0 y=0

x
x

F x=F/A

Force applied resulting in x

Also, if there is restraint against strain in the y direction then x x/E

(Assume no restraint in z direction so Z = 0)

x =

x
E

y
E

x = y = z =

x y
E E

y
E

z
E

and y = x
+ t + t + t
Lecture 4 6

x
E

z y
E E

x =

x
E

(1 )
2

z
E

x
E

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints y y0 y=0 x x = x E E x F and y = x F
x=F/A

E So, for 100% restraint in the y or z direction (not both) we get: x ' Apparent Young' s Modulus E x = x x = x x = x y z + t (1 2 ) E E E
y = z = y
E

x =

(1 )
2

x
E

z y
E E

+ t + t

z
E

x
E

E = (1 2 )
Lecture 4

1.1E for steel

7

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints y y0 y=0 x x = x E E x F and y = x F
x=F/A

x =

x
E

(1 )
2

For a reduced proportion of restraint in the y or z direction (not both) we get:

' x

(where 1.0> >0)

E (1 2 )

Apparent Young' s Modulus E =

x = y = z = x y
E E

y
E

z
E

+ t + t + t
Lecture 4 8

x
E

z y
E E

z
E

x
E

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
y

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints y0 y=0

x
x

F x=F/A

For 100% restraint in the y and z directions (both) we get:

E (1 ) Apparent Young' s Modulus E = (1 2 2 )
' x

x = y = z =

x y
E E

y
E

z
E

+ t + t + t
Lecture 4 9

x
E

z y
E E

z
E

x
E

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints
y

Effect of Restraining Thermal Strain:

Heat t
x

Know: l, t, , A, E Find x, induced axial force:

Need 2 equations to solve:

(1) Compatibility:

l = 0

x = y = z =

x y
E E

y
E

z
E

+ t + t + t

x = thermal + mechanical strain = 0 x =0 = t +

E

l =0 l

=0

x
E

z y
E E

x = tE
(2) Axial force (AF)
Lecture 4

z
E

x
E

= xA = -tEA
10

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility
Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints y

Effect of Restraining Thermal Strain:

Heat t
x

steel

brass

Find st, br, induced axial force:

Need 3 equations to solve:

lst

lbr

(1) Compatibility:

l total = 0 and

l steel + l brass = 0 l l l = l

x = y = z =

x y
E E

y
E

z
E

so :
+ t + t + t

(l )steel + (l)brass = 0
= (xA)st = (xA)br
11

x
E

z y
E E

t + x .l st + t + x .l br = 0 E st E br
(2) & (3) Axial force (AF)
Lecture 4

z
E

x
E

Solve for x.st and x.br , then AF

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Principal of Compatibility

Strains must be compatible with any internal or external restraints Restraint problems are always statically indeterminate and require knowledge of material characteristics and member values (ie: cross sectional area, E, )

Lecture 4

12

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Compatibility
Thermal strain example
Concrete mass after initial set Outer layers
heat of hydration able to dissipate cooled and set in fixed position y relative to ambient temperature
cold

cold cold

cold

cold cold

heat cold

cold

cold

cold

Inner layers
heat of hydration not able to dissipate heat builds up wants to expand (=t) restrained due to outer fixed layers stresses induced

x
y
E

Assuming no restraint in the z direction

x = y =

x
E

+ t = 0 + t = 0

y
E

x
E

Two equations and two unknowns: solve to find x and y.

Lecture 4 13

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Compatibility
Worked example
t=100C y= -2.5 MPa x=? (a) y=? x=? (b)

Long reinforced concrete wall Given: Econcrete = 14 GPa = 0.2 = 10-5/C

y= -2.5 MPa

(a) The compressive stress in an element of concrete at the bottom of a reinforced concrete wall due to the self-weight of the concrete has been calculated as -2.5 MPa. Determine the normal stress in the x-direction due to the confinement of the concrete in the longitudinal direction of the wall. Compatibility :

x=? x= 0

As a wall is relatively thin (cf width and height) assume that z = 0

E E x = y = 2.5 * 0.2 = 0.5MPa

14

x = 0 =

+0

Lecture 4

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Compatibility
Worked example
y= -2.5 MPa x=? (a) t=100C y=? x=? (b)

Long reinforced concrete wall Given: Ecocnrete = 14 GPa = 0.2 = 10-5/C

(b) A small part of the wall is being heated such that the temperature rise is 100C. Determine the normal stresses in the x and y-directions due to the confinement of the concrete in the longitudinal direction of the wall.

y= ?

y= 0 x=?

Compatibility :

Multiply (1) by and substitute into (2)

x = 0 =

x
E

y
E

+ t

(1)

y
E

(1 2 ) + t (1 + ) = 0

+ t (2) E E As a wall is relatively thin (cf width and height) assume that z = 0 Lecture 4

x= 0 y = 0 =

Et 14 * 10 3 * 10 5 * 100 = y = (1 ) (1 0.2) = 17.5MPa (and x = 17.5MPa )

15

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Compatibility
Worked example
y= -2.5 MPa x=? (a) t=100C y=? x=? (b)

Long reinforced concrete wall Given: Ecocnrete = 14 GPa = 0.2 = 10-5/C

(c) If parts a and b occur simultaneously, determine the normal stresses in the x and y-directions

By superposition: y= ? y= 0 x=? x= 0
As a wall is relatively thin (cf width and height) assume that z = 0

x = -0.5+(-17.5) = -18 MPa y = -2.5+(-17.5) = -20 MPa

Lecture 4

16

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Compatibility
Example:
Heat t Find st, br, x
Steel rod air Brass tube

Compatibility of strains: l assembly = l rod = l tube

l assembly = l rod = l tube

x,assembly = x,rod = x,tube

st br x = E + st t = E + br t st br rod tube
Equilibrium:

(1)

( st Ast ) + ( br Abr ) = 0

=0 (2)

Solve (1) and (2) to find st and br, then use to find x.
Lecture 4 17

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Shear Stress
External Axial Tension Force Internal Normal Stress Response

=P

(Average Normal Stress)

Similarly:

External Shear Force External Shear Force

Internal Shear Stress Response

av

=V

(Average Shear Stress)

Lecture 4

External Shear Force External Shear Force

18

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Examples of shear in bolts:

Top bolt (a, b, c, d) shows single shear plane Bottom bolt (e, f, g, h) shows double shear planes
Lecture 4 19

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Class examples:
1. Determine the average shear stress in each bolt in the following detail. Assume M24 bolts are being used. (ie bolt diameter = 24mm)
A

a) Section AA b) Section AA
A

30

0k

Lecture 4

20

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Class examples:
2. If we have an applied load of 540kN, what bolt size would be required for the three bolt arrangement shown below? Assume that the maximum possible shear stress in the bolts is 400MPa. (Standard bolt sizes: M12, M16, M20, M24, M30, M36).

a) Section AA b) Section AA
A

54

0k

Lecture 4

21

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Normal & Shear Stresses

Stress direction and type (ie normal/shear) changes depending on direction and type of externally applied loads. There needs to be a consistent method of

describing the stresses so that the type and direction of stress can be easily recognised.
y x z Typically adopt an orthogonal set of axes: In this unit the x-axis will correspond with the longitudinal axis of the member in question.
Warning: In later design units axes change and the x and z axes swap so that the longitudinal axis becomes the z axis.

Stress expressed as with two subscripts. 1st Subscript: direction normal to the plane on which stress acts 2nd Subscript: actual direction of the stress

xx usually denoted as x

xy
Lecture 4

xz
22

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Normal & Shear Stresses 3D In a 3D elemental cube, the normal and shear stresses can be designated as follows:1st subscript = direction normal to the plane on which stress acts 2nd subscript = actual direction of the stress
Lecture 4 23

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Conjugate Shear Stresses

Considering the x-y plane only (ie: in 2D):
y
(Reaction)

xy
z

yx

xy
(Reaction)

xy
A

yx
(Reaction)

(Initial action)

The element is in equilibrium:MA = 0 yx = xy

Complementary or conjugate shear stresses are paired and in equilibrium. For conjugate shear stresses in 3D:-

xy = yx

yz = zy

zx = xz

Lecture 4

24

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Shear Strain
Consider a small element subjected to shear:-

Shear stress = = V/A (MPa) Shear strain = = l/l

= angular strain = change of an angle that was formally 90 Shear strain = l/l = tan for small values.
Lecture 4 25

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Visualising shear strain deformation in 2D

subscript of (shear strain) = subscript of stresses causing distortion

Lecture 4

26

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Shear Modulus G

For a ductile material, we can draw a - relationship, which is analogous to - relationship.

Slope = G =

= shear modulus or modulus of rigidity

This can be idealised:Lecture 4 27

Civil Engineering Materials 267 - Stresses

Summary Shear stress and Strain

Average Shear stress :

av = V

Shear strain (angular strain):

l
l

Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity): (a measure of the shear stiffness of a linear elastic material)
Lecture 4

G=

28