CHEN 200- f01-L06

Chapter 3 Pressure Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Pressure can be expressed as a relative pressure or an absolute pressure. The units of pressure are: N SI Unit: ( or Pa ) m2 dynes CGS Unit: cm 2 lbf American Engineering Unit: ( or psi) 2 in Chemical engineers are most often interested in pressures that are caused by a fluid.
A.

If fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe and a leak develops. A force must be applied over the area of the hole that causes the leak. This pressure is called the fluid pressure (the force must be applied divided by the area of the hole). This is schematically shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Fluid pressure in a tank and a pipe

B.

If a vertical container contains a fluid, the mass of the fluid will exert a force on the base on the container. This pressure is called the hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure caused by the mass of a fluid. This is shown schematically in Figure 6.
1

CHEN 200- f01-L06

Figure 6: Pressure at the base of fluid column (hydrostatic pressure) Types of Pressures a. Atmospheric pressure, Patm , is the pressure caused by the weight of the earths atmosphere. Often atmospheric pressure is called Barometric Pressure. Absolute pressure, Pabs , is the total pressure. An absolute pressure of 0 is a perfect vacuum. Absolute pressure must be used in all calculations unless a pressure difference is used. Gauge Pressure, Pgauge , is pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Vacuum is a gauge pressure that is a pressure below atmospheric pressure. It is used so that a positive number can be reported.

b.

c. d.

Absolute pressure, gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure are related by the following expression: Pabs = Patm + Pgauge The standard atmosphere is defined as the pressure equivalent to 760 mm of Hg at sea level and at 0C . The unit for the standard pressure is the atmosphere, atm. Pressure equivalents to the standard atmosphere (atm) are:

CHEN 200- f01-L06

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76 cm Hg N ( or Pa ) = 101.3 kPa=1.013 bars m2 lb f or =14.696 psi = 29.92 in Hg = 33.91 ft H 2 O in 2 =1.013 105 The units, psi and atm, often carry a trailing a or g to indicate that the pressure is absolute or gauge pressure. Thus, by psig, we me gauge pressure in psi and by psia, we me absolute pressure in psi. So is the meaning of atma or atmg if nothing is noted otherwise. Example: A pressure gauge on a tank reads 20 psi. What is the gauge pressure? Solution: The gauge reads the gauge pressure directly. So, we must interpret the reading as gauge pressure and to avoid confusion, we should report the pressure as 20 psig instead of 20 psi. Example: A gauge on a tank reads 15 psi. What is the absolute pressure in the tank? Solution: Pabs = Patm + Pgauge Since atmospheric pressure was not given, we must assume it is 14.7psi. Thus, we find the absolute pressure in the tank as: Pabs = 14.69 + 15 = 30. psia Example: The pressure gauge on a tank reads 20. cm Hg vacuum. What is the absolute pressure in the tank?
3

CHEN 200- f01-L06

Solution: The gauge reads a vacuum gauge pressure directly. The pressure is below atmospheric, or is 20 cm Hg relative to atmospheric pressure. Thus, the absolute pressure is: Pabs = Patm + Pgauge = 76 + (- 20) = 56 cm Hg

Pressure Sensing Devices

Some Pressure sensing devices are - Bourdon gauge - Diaphragm capsule - Capacitance sensor - Column of fluid Manometer Barometer Figure 7: Bourdon gauge A manometer is a U-shaped device that uses a fluid, which has a greater density than the other fluids in the process unit. Manometer operation is based on the fact that hydrostatic pressure at the same level in the same fluid must be the same in each leg. To understand how a manometer works, we must understand how to determine the hydrostatic pressure caused by a mass of a column of fluid. By definition of pressure: F mg Vg Ahg = = = = gh A A A A Whenever we need to determine the hydrostatic pressure caused by a gh mass of fluid, its simply: P = P= Example: What is the pressure (in kPa) caused by a 25.0 cm column of fluid (SG = 6.43) at sea level and ambient conditions? Solution: P = gh
4

CHEN 200- f01-L06

In SI units: h = 25 cm = 0.250 m; ref = 1000 P = r gh = r ref ( SG ) gh

kg m ; g = 9.8 2 m3 s

1 N 1 kPa kg m 9.8 2 0.250 m) = 1000 3 6.43) ( ( kg N m m s 1 1000 2 s2 m = 15.8 kPa Example: What is the pressure (in psi), caused by a 6.34 ft column of mercury at ft ambient temperature in a location where g = 29.7 2 ? s Solution: From Table B1, we find the specific gravity for Hg: SG = 13.546 . lb The density of water (reference fluid): ref = 62.4 m ft 3 P = r gh = r rfe ( SG ) g
2 lb 2 s ft lb m 1ft f = 62.4 3 (13.546) 29.7 2 6.34 ft ) ( 32.174 lb 12in ft s m ft

= 34.4 psi Manometers for Pressure and D P Measurement Three different arrangements of manometers are shown in Figure 8. These manometers can be used to measure a pressure using a column of a dense liquid. a. An open-ended manometer can give the gauge pressure.
b.

A differential manometer gives D P between 2 points. Note that the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Why? A closed-end manometer gives absolute pressure.

c.

CHEN 200- f01-L06

d.

A manometer, which has one leg, sealed and the other leg open measures atmospheric pressure. It is called a barometer.

Figure 8: Arrangement of Manometers The basics variables that need to be considered in manometry to measure pressure or pressure difference are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Manometer variables The line ab is at the interface between the manometer fluid and the higher-pressure fluid. The hydrostatic pressure on each leg is the same at that point. It becomes our reference point. We do a pressure balance by equating the pressures on each leg. Applying the above allows us to develop the general manometer equation as:
6

CHEN 200- f01-L06

i.e.,

Pressure on leg 1 = Pressure on leg 2 P1 + 1 gd1 = P2 + 2 gd 2 + f gh

Example: Determine the pressure drop across the orifice meter as shown below
Fluid: water r 1 = 1000 kg/m 3

32 mm
Manometer Fluid r f = 1100 kg/m 3 d

10 mm

Solution: This is a differential manometer. Note that the hydrostatic pressure above the 32 mark is the same on both sides, it cancels out. The reference line to select is at the 10 mark. The manometer equation is P + 1 g ( d + l ) = P2 + f gd + 1 gl 1 which simplifies to P + 1 gd = P2 + f gd 1 We now can write the pressure difference across the orifice from the above equation as: P P2 = P = gd ( f 1 ) 1 Substituting the appropriate known quantities, we get: m kg 1 N P = 9.8 2 ( 0.022 m ) ( 1100 1000 ) 3 s m 1 m kg s2 N = 21.6 2 = 21.6 Pa m