Extended Cell Configuration

Originator: A.
FREULON
All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this document, use and communication of its contents not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel
Extended Cell RELEASE B8 : : : ALCATEL 900/BSS SYS-TLA PRODUCT DEFINITION
System Sub-system Document Category
ABSTRACT
This document specifies the functional aspects of the extended cell feature, enabling to have site coverage extending up to 70 km radius area. This document describes the technical solutions with an Evolium BTS.
Approvals Name App. J. ACHARD SYT CCM A. WAZANA PL R. SABELLEK

BTS-DPM
Name App.
JP JARDEL SYT-DPM
YANG Xiaoping BSC-DPM
J.P. GRUAU PM
REVIEW
Ed01 proposal 1 Sept.5th 2003 MCD/TD/VAL/SYT/AFR/2003.274
HISTORY
Ed. 01 Proposal 01 Augus1st 2003 The solution based on G2 BTS hardware is no longer supported with B8 release, hence all specified behaviour corresponding to the G2 BTS is removed from the document. Some useless repetitions are removed to make the understanding easier. Document updated according to review report. Restriction concerning LCS in extended cell is removed.
Ed 01 Released
th Sept 5 2003
Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED

B8_EXT_CELL_382_01.DOC
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TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTORY ......................................................................................................................................... 2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 2 RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................. 2 PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1. 2. SCOPE..................................................................................................................................... 5 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Commercial Interest........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Technical constraints ..................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Alcatel solution ............................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1General ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2Antenna Pattern and Cell topology ............................................................................ 7 2.3.3Radio and link Establishment .................................................................................... 8 2.3.4Handover .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3.5Configuration............................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Restrictions ..................................................................................................................... 9 DETAILED BEHAVIOUR.........................................................................................................10 3.1 BTS requirements ..........................................................................................................10 3.1.1Antenna height .........................................................................................................10 3.1.2Antenna pattern........................................................................................................10 3.1.3TOA estimation. .......................................................................................................10 3.1.4Synchronisation........................................................................................................10 3.1.5RF Interference ........................................................................................................11 3.1.6BSIC constraint ........................................................................................................12 3.2 BSC requirements..........................................................................................................13 3.2.1Paging procedure .....................................................................................................13 3.2.2Radio and link establishment....................................................................................13 3.2.2.1 MS located in the inner cell area...................................................................14 3.2.2.2 MS located in the outer cell area...................................................................16 3.2.2.3 MS located in the overlap zone.....................................................................17 3.2.3Handover .................................................................................................................20 3.2.3.1 Handover from the Inner cell to the outer cell ...............................................20 3.2.3.2 Handover from the outer cell to the inner cell................................................20 3.2.3.3 Handover from the inner or outer cell to other cell ........................................20 3.2.3.4 Synchronous handover restricted..................................................................20 3.2.3.5 Directed Retry ..............................................................................................22 3.2.4Location update........................................................................................................22 3.2.5Location services .....................................................................................................22 PARAMETERS AND CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS....................................................23 GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................24 ANNEX A : RADIO ASPECTS: ANTENNA HEIGHT ...............................................................25 ANNEX B: LINK BUDGET ......................................................................................................27 ANNEX C: JUSTIFICATION FOR RESTRICTION GPRS NOT SUPPORTED.....................28 ANNEX: EXTENDED CELL WITH MULTILAYER NETWORK. ...............................................29
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. ANNEX: Handover To The Extended Cell With Directive Antenna.....................................30

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Figure 1: Alcatel solution for extended cell........................................................................................ 6 Figure 2: linear coverage .................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3: omnidirectional antenna .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4: air interface synchronisation and frequency usage for extended cell ................................ 11 Figure 5 : potential interference from outer cell on inner cell RACH ................................................ 11 Figure 6: Radio link establishment for the inner cell ........................................................................ 14 Figure 7 : Radio link establishment in the outer cell ........................................................................ 16 Figure 8: overlap zone in the extended cell .................................................................................... 17 Figure 9 : Radio link establishment in the overlap zone................................................................... 18 Figure 10: maximum range due to earth curvature (ITU-R formula) ............................................... 25

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INTERNAL REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

REFERENCED DOCUMENTS GSM References

[1] 03.30 Radio network planning aspects
The version numbers of the GSM technical specifications used in this Release are given in [8].
Doctree References
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 3BK 11202 0353 DSZZA - Handover preparation 3BK 11202 0346 DSZZA - Internal channel change 3BK 11202 0347 DSZZA External channel change 3BK 11204 0294 DSZZA - FBS Logical Configuration Management 3BK 11202 0348 DSZZA - Paging and Access Grant Control 3BK 11202 0341 DSZZA Radio and Link establishment 3BK 11203 0096 DSZZA - Alcatel BSS Application Document to GSM - General Overview
RELATED DOCUMENTS [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]] ART/DST/SSA/VK/MC/672/93 Antenna parameter for > 35 km radius cell with GSM 8AM 41093 0000 DSZZA - Design specification of the Extended Cell Feature in the BSS 3BK 11210 0073 DSZZA - Digital signal processing in the frame unit ART/DST/DAS/118/CH/94 - Rapport de mesures radio concernant la diversite d'antenne SFR 3BK 10204 01510 DTZZA Improvement to BTS G2 Extended Cell Solution on Evolium BTS.

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1. SCOPE The purpose of this document is to specify the functional aspects of the feature "extended cell" which provides a coverage range up to 70 km within one single BTS. This document is meant to give the specification of the telecom behaviour, and main configuration constraints. However, it should be referred to O&M specification for configuration management and BTS specification documents for radio part specification. This document is valid for Evolium BTS only.
2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 2.1 Commercial Interest For an operator, the major costs of equipment roll-out are related to the site (and not just the hardware). The maintenance cost is directly proportional to the number of sites as for the site rental cost, when applicable. The interest for having large cells is therefore to reduce the number of sites when the traffic density is sufficiently low. This should be particularly efficient to insure the coverage of remote areas with low density of population, highways and offshore coverage. For these reasons, a solution to obtain a coverage range up to 70 km can be very adequate. Due to radio planning constraints, two major possibilities can be offered and combined: - omnidirectional coverage up to about 50 km radius - or linear coverage up to 70 km radius (mono or bi-directional) For an omnidirectional extended cell site with 50 km range, the coverage is multiplied by two.. For a linear bi-directional extended cell site with 70 km range, the linear coverage is also multiplied by two.
2.2 Technical constraints The GSM specifications use a TDMA/FDMA multiple access scheme. The MS receives the frame synchronisation through a RF channel that experiences a propagation delay. In order to minimise the guard band between adjacent timeslots, the MS is instructed by the infrastructure to advance its transmission timing in order to compensate for the propagation delay. The maximum range defined in GSM to compensate for the propagation delay is 35 km. When a MS attempts to make a call at a greater distance, the call will fail.

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2.3 Alcatel solution

2.3.1 General One single BTS provides coverage up to maximum 70 km. One cell covers the range from 0 to 35 km and another cell covers the range from 33 to 70 km. The extended inner cell and the extended outer cell are on the same BTSs.
Extended cell
Outer cell Inner cell

35 km Sector1 35 km to 70 km
Sector2 EVOLIUM Base station Handover relationship
Figure 1: Alcatel solution for extended cell At the border of the two cells, an overlapping area allows to provide a continuous coverage. When the MS moves from one cell to the other, a handover is triggered in the overlap zone. Two BCCH channels are needed (one for the inner cell, one for the outer cell), so that the MS reports measurements on both cells for the handover algorithms. The TRXs of the inner cell and of the outer cell are synchronised, but the reception of the outer cell is delayed by 60bits period to account for the propagation delay. In the inner cell, the MS can receive the BCCH inner frequency as wells as the outer BCCH frequency. To avoid to manage RACH reception on two different frequencies in the inner cell, the MS is forced to access the inner cell on the outer BCCH frequency. For this purpose, the RACH reception (BCCH TRX) of the inner cell is tuned to the outer BCCH frequency, and the inner cell is barred1. So on time slot 0 of the inner cell, transmission is done on the inner cell BCCH frequency, and reception is done on outer BCCH frequency. The chosen implementation allows to make use of all timeslots2 of the TDMA frame and to use the combined configuration for the CCCH channel. The extended cell mechanism allows to compensate for the propagation delay of a burst up to 70 km distance, but the link budget determined from the operational constraints (BS output power, antenna gain, propagation attenuation, range limitation due to obstacles or earth curvature) will in the last place determine the effective range. An example of power budget is given in ANNEX.
1 2
Cell barring does not prevent handover access in the cell Except TS 7 of the outer cell, see justification further. Extended Cell 01 RELEASED
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2.3.2 Antenna Pattern and Cell topology Two topologies are possible, depending on the type of the inner cell and outer cell antennas. The basic rule is that the maximum range can only be achieved with highly directive antennas (see ANNEX). The two topologies are outlined on the following schemes. The chosen technical solution implies that the inner cell is always barred (see justification further). Consequently the inner cell must be completely overlapped by the outer cell to avoid holes in the network coverage. In addition, when the antenna patterns for the inner cell and the outer cell are the same, it is possible to use the same antennas for the both cells. The Tx RF signals are combined with an external combiner (possibly a WBC). Two antennas are used for diversity reception.
Highway
outer cell 70km
35 km
outer cell outer limit 50 km radius inner cell outer limit inner limit
inner cell
35 km radius
Figure 3:
omnidirectional antenna
Figure 2: linear coverage

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2.3.3 Radio and link Establishment

The inner cell is always barred, so the MS cannot camp on the inner cell, even if located in the inner cell range. In the whole extended cell coverage, the MS has a good reception of the outer cell BCCH, so the MS will always be camping in the outer cell, whether in the inner cell or outer cell range. Camping has the precise meaning defined in 3GPP 45.008 (GSM TS05.08). It means that the MS has selected the outer cell to make a random access, depending first on reception criteria and then selecting a cell which is not barred for random access. For this reason, a special radio and link establishment procedure is used to cope with this behaviour . It consists of receiving the CHANNEL REQUEST messages on outer BCCH frequency, and allocating the SDCCH channel according to the MS estimated position. The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND for an SDCCH is sent on the outer cell BCCH frequencies, but the SDCCH may be allocated in either inner or outer cell, depending on the MS position.
2.3.4 Handover In the extended cell , the handover procedure is purely controlled by settings of the handover detection parameters. Two special causes allow handover from the inner cell to the outer cell and handover from the outer cell to the inner cell. There is no change in the BSC handover algorithm either for handover preparation or execution. Appropriate settings of the handover parameters make sure that the necessary distance has been reached before handing a call over to the outer or the inner cell, otherwise the handover would fail. Appropriate setting of handover parameters is defined to avoid Ping-Pong handover in the overlap zone. The handover between inner and outer cell must not prevent handover towards a possible third cell.
2.3.5 Configuration Following configuration are allowed. Specific constraints which results from the two-cells solution are detailed in section 4 The extended cell has up to 4 TRX in the inner cell and up to 4 TRX in the outer cell. The extended cell feature does not allow frequency hopping in this release. The range extension kit is supported. In one BTS, it is possible to mix one extended cell and normal cells. For example, in a costal area, it is possible to define four sectors as follows: normal cell with directive antenna (towards the land) normal cell with directive antanna (towards the land) extended inner cell with directive antenna (towards the see) extended outer cell with extended antenna (towards the see) Only one extended cell per BTS is possible3. So to have two extended cells ( as shown in Figure 2) two BTSs are required.
3
This restriction comes from Abis OML current coding rules Extended Cell 01 RELEASED
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2.4 Restrictions
Previous solution based on G2 BTS hardware is no longer supported (since B6 release). GPRS is not supported in extended cells (see annex for justification). Synchronous handover is not supported in extended cells (see section 3.2.3.4). Frequency hopping is not supported in extended cell (simplification) The deployment of a lower layer under the extended inner cell is possible only if both the extended cell and the lower layer cells are controlled by an Alcatel BSC. No handover from the lower layer cells to the extended outer cell must be allowed (see Annex for justification) When the extended cell is realised with a directive antenna (c.f. Figure 2), handovers from a neighboor of the extended inner cell, into the extended outer cell shall be disabled (no handover relation ship). With an adjacent cell controlled by an Alcatel BSC, specific tuning of parameters may help overcome this problem needed (see ANNEX for details)

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3. DETAILED BEHAVIOUR
3.1 BTS requirements 3.1.1 Antenna height In order to provide line of sight ray path towards the MS , the outer cell antenna must be set sufficiently high to overcome the earth curvature. To reach a 70 km range with vehicle mounted mobiles, the minimum BTS antenna height should be about 200m. However, depending on the environment and the power transmitted at the antenna, the propagation can be sufficiently good with reflected rays, which enable to use much lower antenna height (50m to 100m). The expended range depending on TRX type and Environment is provided in ANNEX. 3.1.2 Antenna pattern In order to achieve the necessary link budget (see annex A for link budget example), it may be necessary to use a high gain antenna for the outer cell, which means also a highly directive antenna. Therefore two major planning options are possible : either providing the maximum range for the outer cell at the expense of a sectorized coverage, or providing omnidirectional coverage for both cells at the expense of smaller range. In order to achieve the necessary range, the receiver in the outer cell should be equipped with antenna diversity. Note: due to higher outer cell antenna gain or BS power there are some places in the inner cell area where the MS could receive the outer cell BCCH at a higher level than the inner cell BCCH. The contrary may also happen : the inner cell is the best cell in the outer cell area. As the inner cell is barred, this will not cause any problem. As the inner cell is always barred, radio planning must ensure that the outer BCCH reception by the MS in the inner cell range is good enough for the MS to camp on the outer cell when actually located in the inner cell range. 3.1.3 TOA estimation. The TOA estimation in the BTS is the same for an extended cell and a normal cell. In all cases, the output of the TOA estimation function in the demodulator (see [11]) depends on the burst type : - for the access bursts, the TOA estimation is between 0 and 63 bit periods. All negative values are transformed to 0. - for the normal bursts the TOA estimation is from -3 to + 6 bit periods. 3.1.4 Synchronisation The inner and outer cells are synchronised (same BTS). The inner cell covers the range from 0 to 35km and the outer cell from 33 to maximum 70 km. In order to decode correctly the access bursts, the receiver in the outer cell is delayed by 60 bit periods (221.5 s), corresponding to 33 km. This is shown in Figure 4 Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED
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The Figure 4 also shows how frequencies are used on the TS 0 of the BCCH TRX of the inner cell for the non combined CCCH/SDCCH case.
In the CCCH/SDCCH combined case, only the part of Time slot 0 used for RACH is tuned on outer BCCH frequency. Consequently both inner and outer cell must have the same BCCH configuration: both CCCH/SDCCH combined or both uncombined. For non-BCCH TRX, the frequency tuning is normal, but the reception of theTRX belonging to the outer cell is delayed as on Figure 4.
Figure 4: air interface synchronisation and frequency usage for extended cell
3.1.5 RF Interference There is a potential for uplink RF interference in the inner cell on TS0 when a call is going on in the outer cell on timeslot 7. The Figure 5 shows the combination of the Access burst received in the inner cell on frequency BCCH outer cell and speech burst from a call on the outer cell. It is possible that an on-going call on TS7 in the outer cell will jam the access burst of MS in the inner cell.
BCCH outer TS7 NB TSO

60 bits
Outer cell
TSO
BCCH outer
Inner cell
RACH
Figure 5 : potential interference from outer cell on inner cell RACH
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xR llec renni
xT llec retuo
xT llec renni
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ycneuqerf HCCB llec retuo
ycneuqerf HCCB llec renni
yaled stib 06
# ST
In order to overcome this problem, the TS7 of the outer cell shall always be set to IDLE configuration so that it is never allocated.
3.1.6 BSIC constraint For the inner cell to be able to correctly decode the RACH received on outer BCCH frequency, the inner cell must know the outer cell BSIC. To avoid the inner cell to handle two BSIC, the BSIC of the inner cell and outer cell must be the same.

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3.2 BSC requirements 3.2.1 Paging procedure

There is no impact of the extended cell on the paging procedure. In order to set up a call requested by the network side, the paging procedure is used to make the destinating MS switch from idle to connected mode (see [6]). This procedure is purely controlled by the MSC (also the repetition of the paging) and the role of the BSS is mainly to distribute the paging message according to MSC instructions (by LAI or list of cells). The principle of the paging procedure is to send a paging message in all cells belonging to the location area in which the mobile is currently registered. 3.2.2 Radio and link establishment For radio and link establishment with a normal cell, see reference [7] When a MS wants to establish a radio connection with the infrastructure, it has to request a dedicated channel. This is done by sending on a common channel (RACH) an access burst which contains a request reference and the reason for the request (CHANNEL REQUEST message). The inner cell is always barred, hence the MS camps on outer cell, whatever its position in the extended cell4. The MS sends the CHANNEL REQUEST message on the outer BCCH frequency. Depending on the MS position, this message will be successfully decoded by inner cell BCCH TRE (MS in inner cell area) outer cell BCCH TRE (MS in outer cell area) both inner and outer cell TRE (MS in overlapp zone). The MS will receives correctly the answer (IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT) if sent on the outer cell BCCH frequency.
Camping has the precise meaning defined in 3GPP 45.008 (GSM TS05.08). It means that the MS has selected the outer cell to make a random access Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED
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3.2.2.1 MS located in the inner cell area

Figure 6 shows the message flow inside the BSS between the TREs and the TCU. As explained in section 2.3.3, the MS camps on the outer cell, so the channel request and immediate assignment procedure uses the frequency of the outer cell BCCH.
Figure 6: Radio link establishment for the inner cell (1) The MS camping5 on the outer cell sends an access burst on the RACH on outer cell BCCH frequency. These bursts will be received sucessfully in the inner cell by the BCCH TRE. In the outer cell, the access burst arrives too early and cannot be decoded. The inner cell BCCH TRE sends a CHANNEL REQUIRED message to the BSC containing the random reference sent by the mobile, the TDMA frame number when the message was sent over the air and the measured TOA. The TCU controlling this TRE allocates an SDCCH subchannel to the transaction in the inner cell and asks the BTS to activate this subchannel. The BTS activates the requested channel and sends back and acknowledgement, once this is done. The TCU sends the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND (which provides the description of the allocated SDCCH ) to the BCCH TRE of the inner cell. The TCU controlling the inner cell BCCH sends a copy of the message to the TCU handling the BCCH of the outer cell. This is done if and only if the timing advance IE included in the CHANNEL REQUIRED is smaller than 60, thus indicating that the MS is strictly in the inner cell (in order to avoid that the MS receives two Immediate Assignment messages when located in the overlap zone). The TCU controlling the outer cell BCCH forwards the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND to the outer cell BCCH TRE.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Camping has the precise meaning defined in 3GPP 45.008 (GSM TS05.08). It means that the MS has selected the outer cell to make a random access. Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED
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SM
)1( TSEUQER LENNAHC )6(AI )8( AU )7( MBAS

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ERT HCCB ERT HCCB llec retuo llec renni STB
)6( DMC TNEMNGISSA ETAIDEMMI
)4( KCA )3( HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC
)2( DERIUQER LENNAHC NOITACIDNI HSILBATSE

AI ypoc
UCT llec retuo
UCT llec renni CSB
(6) (6')
The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message is sent over the air to the MS on the AGCH of the outer cell. The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message sent by the inner cell is lost, because the MS listens to the outer cell frequency. The mobile switches its transceiver to the SDCCH allocated in the inner cell and sends repeatedly an SABM frame to establish the layer 2 connection with the BTS. The BTS acknowledges the establishment of the LapDm link to the MS with a UA frame sent on the SDCCH allocated to the MS.
(7)
(8)
Note : The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT is sent to the mobile on both the inner cell and the outer cell BCCH frequencies, although only the one sent on the outer cell BCCH frequency is useful.

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3.2.2.2 MS located in the outer cell area

Figure 7 shows the message flow inside the BSS between the TREs and the TCU. In this case, the radio link establishment procedure is exactly the same as for a normal cell.
Figure 7 : Radio link establishment in the outer cell
(1)
The MS in the outer cell sends an access burst on the RACH of the outer cell. This burst is succesfully received by the outer cell BCCH TRE. In the inner cell, the access burst arrives too late to be successfully decoded. The outer cell BCCH TRE sends a CHANNEL REQUIRED message to the BSC containing the random reference sent by the mobile, the TDMA frame number when the message was sent over the air and the measured TOA. The TCU controlling this TRE allocates an SDCCH subchannel in the outer cell to the transaction and asks the BTS to activate this subchannel. The BTS activates the requested channel and sends back an acknowledgement, once this is done. The TCU then sends the description of the channel in the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND to the outer cell BCCH TRE. The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message is sent over the air to the MS on the AGCH of the outer cell. The mobile switches its transceiver to the required channel and sends repeatedly an SABM frame to establish the layer 2 connection with the BTS. The BTS acknowledges the establishment of the LAPDm link to the MS with a UA frame sent on the SDCCH allocated to the MS.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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SM
)1( TSEUQER LENNAHC )6( AI )8( AU )7( MBAS

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)4( KCA )3( HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC
)2( DERIUQER LENNAHC NOITACIDNI HSILBATSE
UCT UCT llec retuo llec renni CSB
3.2.2.3 MS located in the overlap zone The overlap zone is defined to allow handover between the inner and the outer cell. The delay of the outer cell receiver is equal to 60 bit periods, and the maximum allowable timing advance in the inner cell before handover to the outer cell is 62. There is thus some overlap zone between the maximum time of arrival of the inner cell and the minimum time of arrival of the outer cell. Due to this, the access burts made by the MS in the overlap zone will be successfully decoded by the BCCH TRE in both cells.
inner cell outer cell overlap zone
Figure 8:
overlap zone in the extended cell
However, the inner cell BTS is able to decode access and normal bursts with a TOA up to 69, which is clipped to 63. The Table 1shows the TOA value as decoded in the BTS, and the corresponding value sent to the BSC on the Abis interface, when successful decoding is possible.
Note: For a TOA having a value of 58 or 59 for the TRE of the inner cell, and a negative value for the TRE of the outer cell (-2 or 1), the Access burst is also correctly decoded in both inner and outer cell. The negative TOA values in the outer cell are clipped to 0 by the outer cell TRE The overlap zone has been defined in the BSC for TOA received from the inner cell strictly greater than 59. This definition does not exactly match the real overlap zone corresponding to the BTS capability. This results in an undesired transmission of the IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND message on the outer cell BCCH TRE for an allocation in the inner cell, but does not cause any failure. This case is described in the following scenario (messages 5c and 6c).
ED
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enoz palrevo CSB enoz palrevo STB derusaem sa derusaem sa derusaem sa 0= AOT eulav AOT seY sey sey sey oN ?tnes DQR hC ERT HCCB ]3601[ ]9..3[ ]2..0[ ]1-,2-[ dedoced ton AOT STB llec retuo derusaem sa derusaem sa eulav AOT sey sey ?tnes DQR .HC ERT HCCB ]95,85[ ]75 0[ AOT STB llec renni
Table 1 : TOA value in BTS and on Abis interface Extended Cell 01 RELEASED
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36=AOT sey ]96..36[
derusaem sa sey ]26..06[
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)b8( AU )b7( MBAS

)c6( deviecer ton gsm )a6( deviecer ton gsm
NOITACIDNI HSILBATSE
esaeler HCCDS yripxe remit )9(
)c5( )renni-DS( DMC TNEMNGISSA ETAIDEMMI )b5( )retuo-DS( DMC .NGISSA .MMI
)b6( AI
)a5( )renni-DS( DMC .NGISSA .MMI
06<AT fi ypoc
)b4( KCA )a4( KCA )b3( retuo-HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC )a3( renni-HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC )1( TSEUQER LENNAHC
SM
)b2( DERIUQER LENNAHC )a2( DERIUQER LENNAHC

UCT UCT llec retuo llec renni CSB
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ED 01
Blue: outer cell allocation (b) Red: inner cell allocation (a)
The above figure shows the message flow inside the BSS. It will be better understood when colours are visible.
RELEASED Figure 9 : Radio link establishment in the overlap zone Extended Cell
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(1a&b) The MS camping on the outer cell sends an access burst on the RACH. This burst is correctly received by the inner cell BCCH TRE and outer cell BCCH TRE.
(2a&b) The inner cell and outer cell BCCH TRE send a CHANNEL REQUIRED message to the BSC containing the random reference sent by the mobile, the TDMA frame number when the message was sent over the air and the measured TOA.. (3a&b) Both TCUs controlling the TREs having BCCH allocate an SDCCH subchannel to the transaction and ask the BTS to activate this subchannel. (4a&b) The BTS activates the requested channels and sends back an acknowledgement for each, once this is done. (5b) The TCU controlling the outer cell, sends the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND with SDCCH description in the outer cell to the outer cell BCCH TRE.
(5a&c)The TCU controlling the inner cell sends in the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT COMMAND with SDCCH description in the inner cell. Two cases are possible: Access Delay IE > 59 the inner cell TCU will not send a copy of the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT command to the outer cell TCU. This is the desired behaviour. Access Delay in [58,59] range, the inner cell TCU sends a copy of the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT command to the outer cell TCU. This is not the desired behaviour (corresponds to inner cell scenario). This is due to the fact that the BSC definition of the overlap zone does not match the exact BTS overlap area (negative values of TOA in the outer cell up to 2, are clipped to 0).
(6b)
The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message describing the SDCCH allocation in outer cell, is sent to the MS on the outer cell BCCH frequency. In most cases this message should be received by the MS (except if 6c is received first) The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message describing the SDCCH allocation in inner cell is lost on the inner cell air interface, because the MS does not listen to that frequency. The unused SDCCH will be released by the BSC when the supervising timer expires6. Access Delay in [58,59] range: The IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message describing the SDCCH allocation in inner cell is sent on the BCCH frequency of the outer cell. In most cases, the MS should have received message (6b) before and has already switched to the SDCCH in the outer cell, and so this message is lost. It is however possible, in case the message (6b) is delayed in the inner cell, that the message (6c) is received earlier by the MS. In this case establishment will occur on the SDCCH allocated in the inner cell (not drawn). The mobile receives the IMMEDIATE ASSIGNEMENT describing the SDCCH allocation in outer cell on the BCCH outer cell frequency. It then switches to the designated channel and sends repeatedly an SABM frame to establish the layer 2 connection with the BTS in the outer cell. If the message (6c) is received before (6b), then the establishment will occur in the inner cell. The BTS acknowledges the establishment of the LapDm link to the MS with a UA frame sent on the SDCCH allocated to the MS.
(6a)
(6c)
(7b)
(8b)
6 This behaviour will cause a high rate of SDCCH establishment failure in the inner cell, and it should be explained to customer that it is the consequence of double SDCCH allocation in the overlap zone.

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(9)
The unused SDCCH is released in the inner cell (double SDCCH allocation). If message 6c arrives first, then the unused SDCCH release will occur in the outer cell.
3.2.3 Handover The principle of the overlap area is to provide a hysteresis zone for handover between the inner and outer cells. A handover from the inner to the outer cell will only be triggered if the timing advance has reached 63. A handover from the outer cell to the inner cell will only be triggered if the timing advance has reached 0. 3.2.3.1 Handover from the Inner cell to the outer cell From the inner cell to the outer cell , the handover alarm is only triggered by the handover cause too long MS-BS distance (refer to [2]). When this cause is triggered the extended outer cell is always a candidate cell. However the operator setting of the handover parameters must insure that this cause is only triggered when the distance from the serving inner cell BTS is greater than the limit of the overlap zone (TA > 62) by setting U_TIME_ADVANCE to 62. In order to avoid the extended outer cell to be filtered by the filtering process the flag EN_PBGT_FILTERING must be set to DISABLE. The candidate cell evaluation process is recommended to be the GRADE mode. 3.2.3.2 Handover from the outer cell to the inner cell In the same way, from the outer cell to the inner cell , the handover alarm is only triggered by the handover cause too short MS-BS distance (refer to [2]). When this cause is triggered the extended inner cell is always a candidate cell. However the operator setting of the handover parameters must insure that this cause is only triggered when the timing advance applied by the mobile reaches 0, this is achieved by setting L_TIME_ADVANCE to 0. In order to avoid the extended inner cell to be filtered by the filtering process the flag EN_PBGT_FILTERING must be set to DISABLE. The candidate cell evaluation process is recommended to be the GRADE mode.
3.2.3.3 Handover from the inner or outer cell to other cell The setting of the handover parameter does not prevent any handover cause to trigger an alarm for a handover towards a third cell. In addition, if the outer or inner cell is always present in the candidate cell evaluation, the evaluation of the GRADE parameter is not biased by the setting of the handover parameter for the inner and outer cell. It is possible to use exactly the same rules and parameters for handover towards a third cell as in the macrocellular normal cases. 3.2.3.4 Synchronous handover restricted In the synchronous handover case, the BSC knows the TA on the serving cell by performing the Physical context procedure on the serving cell, and passes it on to the new cell in the Channel Activation message, without any modification. For the extended cell, in the overlap zone, the TA is 60 in the inner and TA is 0 on outer. So to have a synchronous handover the BSC would need to set the TA to 60 when going from outer cell to inner cell, and to 0 when going from inner cell to outer cell. Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED
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We have not defined such a specific synchronous handover scenario for the extended cell, so the synchronous handover does not work between the inner and the outer cell.

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3.2.3.5 Directed Retry

For protocol aspects it should be referred to [3] and for system behaviour to [2] The Directed retry consists of a SDCCH to TCH intercell handover that is triggered when a call is queued, waiting for a TCH to become free. Two types of behaviour are possible (possibly both at the same time) : - Directed Retry on handover alarms - Directed Retry on detection of a possible target cell (this is called Forced Directed Retry). In the first case the directed retry obeys the same rules as an intercell handover : once a handover cause has raised an alarm, the candidate cell evaluation process produces a list of ranked cells (GRADE or ORDER) and the first cell in the list which has a free TCH is chosen to attempt the Directed Retry. This process should function correctly in the extended cell, since it follows the special rules applied for handover (see section 3.4.). In the second case, the forced directed retry alarm is raised each time a neighbour cell is received at a sufficient level by the MS. Then a special candidate evaluation process only takes into account the Power Budget and the number of free channels in the destinating cell. In this case, there is no checking that the necessary range for handover has been reached. In order to avoid call terminations due to directed retry into the inner or outer cell with an incorrect distance range it is recommended to disable the forced directed retry towards the inner and the outer cell. For this purpose, the parameter Freellevel_DR(n) is set to the maximum value (255) for the inner and the outer cell. 3.2.4 Location update The location update procedure is transparent for the BSS. However, it is necessary to have the inner cell and the outer cell in the same location area, otherwise the location update will fail for the reason explained below. Let us assume that the inner cell and the outer cell are set in a different location area. The MS is located in the inner cell range and initiates a location update procedure (this can be a periodic LU, or MS switches on, etc..). Since the inner cell is barred, the MS makes an access on the frequency of the BCCH of the outer cell. The MS is informed of the Location Area corresponding to the outer cell. However the BSC, aware that the MS is in the inner cell range, includes the Location Area corresponding to the inner cell in the LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST towards the MSC. The MSC responds to the MS with the location Area code received from the BSC, corresponding to the inner cell. When the location area of the inner cell and of the outer cell are not identical, the location update will fail and no call will be possible in the inner cell range. 3.2.5 Location services The MFS uses the timing advance (TA) to estimate the position of the MS in an extended cell. In the MFS, the TA must correspond to the real physical distance between the MS and the BTS. When the MS is in the extended outer cell, the TA sent by the BTS does not corresponds to the distance between the BTS and the position of the MS. An offset equal to the delay of the receiver shall be added to the timing advance when it is transmitted to the MFS by the BSC, in order to reflect the actual geographical position of the MS; if the LCS transaction occurs in a cell which Cell range is Extended Outer, the BSC shall transmit a BSCLP timing advance, which is: BSCLP TA = BTS TA + 60, where BTS TA is the decimal value of the timing advance reported by the BTS. Extended Cell ED 01 RELEASED
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4. PARAMETERS AND CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS This document should not be considered as the technical reference for any O&M aspects, only some specific parameter setting, resulting from telecom constraints, is addressed. Following parmeter setting is needed. The Inner Cell shall always be barred. If combined CCCH/SDCCH is used in the inner extended cell, then the same configuration is required in outer extended cell, and vice-versa (ie same in both cells). The BSIC in the inner and outer cell must be the same. The TS 7 of BCCH TRX of outer cell must be set to idle The inner cell and outer cell must belong to the same location area Synchronous handover must be disabled. U_TIME_ADVANCE shall be set to 62. L_TIME_ADVANCE shall be set to 0. EN_PBGT_FILTERING must be set to DISABLE. CELL_EV must be set to Grade Freelevel_DR(n) is set to the maximum value (255). This is done automatically, at configuration time. Inner cell and outer cell must be neighbour, handover relationship must exist in both directions. See ANNEX for fine tuning of handover parameters

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5. GLOSSARY BCCH Broadcast Common Control Channel BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station BSIC Base Station Identity Code CU Carrier Unit CCCH Common Control Channel DLS Data Load Segment FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FOS Faulty Out of Service FQHU Frequency Hopping Unit FHI Frequency Hopping Interface FHU Frequency Hopping Unit, designs STSE, STSR and STSP boards(G2) FU Frame Unit FUIF Frame Unit Interface LAI Location Area Identity LapDm Link Access Protocol for D access mobile MCLU Master Clock Unit MCLR Master Clock Repeater MS Mobile Station OPR Operator out of service RACH Random Access Channel RF Radio Frequency RTS Radio Time Slot SNR Signal to Noise Ratio STSE/P Station Unit Timing and Switching Entity STSR Station Unit Timing and Switching Repeater TA Timing Advance (sent to the MS to advance its transmitter, a copy is sent to the BSC) TOA Time Of Arrival (measured by the BTS) TCU Terminal Control Unit TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier TRE Transmission Reception Equipment TS Timeslot TSC Training Sequence Code WBC Wide Band Combiner ALOHA Multiple access protocol based on statistical access and control of collision with ACK/NACK mechanism. In the slotted ALOHA protocol, the accesses to the media can only occur at given synchronised instants called slots.

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6. ANNEX A : RADIO ASPECTS: ANTENNA HEIGHT In order to provide line of sight ray path towards the MS , the outer cell antenna must be set sufficiently high to overcome the earth curvature. The next figure shows the achieved range with either a handheld MS or a MS antenna on a roof top.
Extended cell range for varying BTS antenna height 70 65 Range (km) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 BTS Antenna height (m) MS height = 1.7 m MS height = 7 m
formula)
Figure 10: maximum range due to earth curvature (ITU-R
This figure shows that for 70 km range with vehicle mounted mobiles, the minimum BTS antenna height should be about 200m. In this case the antenna must be installed on an elevated point , which can potentially limit the possible sites for extended cell with wide coverage. To achieve a cell range up to 70 km for the outer cell, a high effective height of the antenna is needed (effective height = height of the site (e.g. cliff, hill) + antenna height). Typical outer cell range examples are given below considering the following assumptions: Configurations in MBI5 or MBO2 cabinets for the outer cell are: standard with 2 TRX (no combining ANc) standard with 4 TRX (combining ANc) An antenna gain of 16 dBi. An antenna height of 50 m above ground and cable losses of 3.2 dB TMA7 main characteristics are: a gain of 14 dB, a noise factor of 1.6 dB, insertion losses of 0.6 dB in the Downlink The following table gives the outer cell range (in km) for different configurations, environments and effective antenna heights: The light grey coloured highlighted cells in the above table show the cases where extended cell configurations are required to allow a cell range greater than 35 km. Note that the configuration "2 TRX HP without TMA" is not shown because under the considered conditions, the link budget of the configuration "2 TRX MP without TMA" is Uplink limited, so using the configuration "2 TRX HP without TMA", the cell range will not be increased. Note that the configuration "4 TRX MP with TMA" is not shown because under the considered conditions, the link budget of the configuration "4 TRX MP without TMA" is Downlink limited, so using the configuration "4 TRX MP with TMA", the cell range will not be increased. For comparison , the following table shows cell ranges for GSM 1800 under the same assumptions - effective antenna height 200m
7
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250
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high-power TRX with TMA ( 2TRX configuration without Anc) Omni antenna 41 km 35 km 32 km Directional antenna 64 km 55 km 51 km
Morpho-structure (land use)
Water Rural open environment Agriculture environment (high vegetation, plants of 1 to 3 m height, high density of plants, e.g. crop fields, fruit plantation etc.) Forest Residential Medium Urban
11 km 12 km 8 km
17 km 19 km 13 km
This calculation shows the cell range limitations due to frequency increasing , radio attenuation higher as in 900 MHz band is a factor limitation before timing advance , extended cell functionality could only be supported in GSM 900 band .

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7. ANNEX B: LINK BUDGET

As an example, a link budget for an Evolium A9100 BTS is detailed below.
Link budget for a GSM 2W mobile, used outdoors, 60 W High Power BTS with an omnidirectional antenna of 200 m height in an open area:
Uplink Downlink RX Parameter RX Sensitivity -111.0 -104.0 dBm Antenna Diversity Gain 3.0 dB Feeder Loss (35m LCF 1 1/4'') -1.0 dB Jumper and Connector Loss -0.5 dB TMA Contribution 0.0 dB RX Antenna Gain 11.0 dBi Isotropic Power -124.0 -104.0 dBm TX Parameter TX Output Power 33.0 43.8 dBm Feeder Loss (35m LCF 1 1/4'') -1.0 dB Jumper and Connector Loss -0.5 dB TMA Insertion Loss 0.0 dB TX Antenna Gain 11.0 dB EIRP 33.0 53.3 dBm Margins Slow Fading Margin (sigma=5) -4.5 -4.5 dB Interference Margin -2.0 -2.0 dB Body Loss -3.0 -3.0 dB Penetration Margin 0.0 0.0 dB Total Margins -9.5 -9.5 dB Results Path Loss per Link 147.5 147.8 dB Maximum Allowable Passloss 147.5 dB Design Level -94.2 dBm Acceptance Level -98.7 dBm Propagation BTS Effective Antenna Height 200 m MS Antenna Height 1.5 m Area coverage probability 95 % Propagation model Hata-Okumura In this example, the link budget is balanced without a TMA8. Realistic cell ranges are
70 km in a rural open environment (limited by delay, not the link budget)
57 km in an agriculture environment (high vegetation, plants of 1 to 3 m height, high density of plants, e.g. crop fields, fruit plantation etc.) If a directive antenna is used, the antenna gain can be increased by about 6 dB. In that case, the theoretical limit of 70 km can be reached not only in rural open areas, but also in an agricultural environment.
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8. ANNEX C: JUSTIFICATION FOR RESTRICTION GPRS NOT SUPPORTED.

1) The major issue is that the MS cannot be left in autonomous cell reselection mode (NC0); this is because with G3 BTSs, the extended outer cell has a global coverage, i.e. covering in particular the inner geographical zone; this means that an MS starting a GPRS connection in the extended outer cell (and in the outer geographical zone) and moving into the inner geographical zone might not reselect the extended inner cell autonomously, because the MS will still receive the extended outer frequency very well. The problem is that the timing advance will no longer be appropriate when the MS keeps moving into the inner geographical zone, with the consequence that its own TBF will no longer be received by the BTS, but also (and worse) that it will start interfering with traffic from other outer cell MSs on the previous TS (which is inacceptable). 2) It seems the only way out of this problem is to use NC2 in order to trigger a reselection to the extended inner cell in the case under consideration; however, a new trigger based on timing advance is needed for NC2 in this case which does not exist in B8 today (the timing advance information is not even available to the MFS). Apparently, this had been analysed during B7 specification case, and it was agreed at that time that doing all this for extended cells "only" was too costly. 3) The conclusion is that it is not impossible in principle to support GPRS on extended cells, but that NC2 must be used and modified; other impacts on the BSC / MFS exist of course (e.g., the MFS might need to allocate a PDCH on the inner cell even if the Channel Request was received on the outer cell, probably a minor impact but not existing today); therefore support in the current framework of B8 is NOT possible.

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9. ANNEX: EXTENDED CELL WITH MULTILAYER NETWORK.

The extended cell is now mainly required for offshore coverage. In this case it is possible that the part of the inner cell which covers the shore is located in densely populated area. Consequently, an operator may want to develop a lower layer of micro-cells under the extended inner cell. The deployment of a lower layer under the extended inner cell is possible only if both the extended cell and the lower layer cells are controlled by an Alcatel BSC. In addition, the two following restrictions must be respected: Cell profile / handover causes restriction: Currently, the list of cell profiles allowed at the OMC does not allow an extended inner cell to have the cell layer type upper. To allow the full benefit of the special handover in multilayer environment (handover with cause 14 = high level in neighbour lower layer cell for slow mobile), a new cell profile will have to be created for an extended inner cell which belongs to the upper layer. However, as long as this profile does not exist, it is possible to use the general capture handover (cause 24) instead, with the extended cell having the cell layer type single. Handover relations restriction: A problem similar as the one described in ANNEX 1 must be considered. If we assume that some cells belonging to a lower layer are under the inner cell coverage area, and if we allow handover from these cells to both the extended inner cell and extended outer cell, the same malfunction is likely to happen: the MS will measure the outer cell as best received, and the BSC will decide a handover to the extended outer cell when the MS is in the extended inner cell synchronisation range. So, no handover from the lower layer cells to the extended outer cell must be allowed (no adjacency relation must be defined from the lower layer cells to the outer extended cell), in order that the handovers to the extended inner cell can work correctly.

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10. ANNEX: Handover To The Extended Cell With Directive Antenna For handover into an extended cell realized with a directive antenna pattern9 to work correctly, handovers from cells which are neighboor to the extended inner cell, into the extended outer cell should be disabled (see figure below).
Extended cell - HO restriction
handover not allowed
Outer cell Inner cell
Neighbor
If this is not respected, some malfunction of handover to the extended cell are liekly to happen. Some parameter tuning can help overcome the problem, if this handover relation is needed by the operator, but correct functionning cannot be guarantied. If the handover from neighbour cell to the extended cell is allowed, it is possible that a MS coming from an adjacent cell will enter the synchronisation range of the inner cell without going first through the extended outer cell. The outer cell BCCH transmits at a high power to ensure full range coverage. When the MS is in the inner cell coverage area, the outer cell BCCH is best received by the MS, and the network tries a handover to the outer cell. This handover fails because the MS is not in the synchronisation range of the outer cell. The following cases can happen: Better cell handover. Only the outer cell is in the candidate cell list. If the handover fails, the MS returns to the serving cell. As the better cell condition will in most cases repeat itself, the same try and fail scenario will repeat until the MS moves away or the is call terminated, or the radio link with the serving cell degrades and an emergency handover is required. The
For an omni-directional cell, the problem does not occur because the MS coming in the inner cell, comes first from the outer cell, and handover from outer to inner is done according to TA value.
Extended Cell
ED
01
RELEASED
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consequence as seen from the operator is a high rate of handover failure, which degrades the voice quality. If the serving cell is controlled by an Alcatel BSC : Parameter tuning can diminish the problem, by setting handover margins (but this is not always fully satisfactory due to the difficulty of radio planning), and by setting the repeatition time between two better cell handovers to the maximum value (20s). An improvement (change in BSC software) is proposed to add the inner cell as a candidate when the outer cell is selected as better cell. If the serving cell is controlled by another vendor : handover to the extended inner cell cannot work correctly. Emergency handover : The outer cell is first in the list, other cells are following among which the inner cell (should be 2nd in the list if the MS is in the inner cell coverage). The handover to the outer cell will fail (the MS returns to the old channel and sends a handover failure message), and the next cell in the list will be tried. The MS waits T3124 (=320ms on a TCH) before returning to the serving cell, the delay induced by the failure + retry should be roughly around 500ms, certainly less than 1 sec, when both cells are connected to the same BSC. If the handover is inter-BSC or inter MSC, then delays due to these entities should be added. It seems from current report from the UAE that the inner cell is never selected as a target cell when the adjacent cell is controlled by another manufacturer, We do not know whether the inner cell is really not selected as a potential candidate, or if the call is lost before trying it as a second atempt. In this case, the consequence as seen from the operator is a high rate of handover failure, with call dropped.
If the serving cell is controlled by an Alcatel BSC : The handover margins can be set to disadvantage handover to the outer cell compared to handover to the inner cell. The PRIORITY parameter can be used so that handover from an adjacent cell tries always the inner cell before the outer cell undependantly of cell rating on other criteria (radio measures, load). If the serving cell is controlled by another vendor : in this case the handover is inter MSC, so more critical. We can make some recommendation for radio planning but no correct behaviour can be guarantied
END of DOCUMENT

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Extended Cell Configuration

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Extended Cell RELEASE B8 : : : ALCATEL 900/BSS SYS-TLA PRODUCT DEFINITION

System Sub-system Document Category

Approvals Name App. J. ACHARD SYT CCM A. WAZANA PL R. SABELLEK

YANG Xiaoping BSC-DPM

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10. ANNEX: Handover To The Extended Cell With Directive Antenna.....................................30

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INTERNAL REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

REFERENCED DOCUMENTS GSM References

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2.3 Alcatel solution

Outer cell Inner cell

Sector2 EVOLIUM Base station Handover relationship

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outer cell 70km

Figure 2: linear coverage

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2.3.3 Radio and link Establishment

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BCCH outer TS7 NB TSO

Figure 5 : potential interference from outer cell on inner cell RACH

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ycneuqerf HCCB llec retuo

ycneuqerf HCCB llec renni

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3.2 BSC requirements 3.2.1 Paging procedure

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3.2.2.1 MS located in the inner cell area

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deviecer ton gsm

)1( TSEUQER LENNAHC )6(AI )8( AU )7( MBAS

ERT HCCB ERT HCCB llec retuo llec renni STB

)6( DMC TNEMNGISSA ETAIDEMMI

)5( DMC TNEMNGISSA ETAIDEMMI

)4( KCA )3( HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC

)2( DERIUQER LENNAHC NOITACIDNI HSILBATSE

UCT llec retuo

UCT llec renni CSB

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3.2.2.2 MS located in the outer cell area

Figure 7 : Radio link establishment in the outer cell

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)1( TSEUQER LENNAHC )6( AI )8( AU )7( MBAS

ERT HCCB ERT HCCB llec retuo llec renni STB

)5( DMC TNEMNGISSA ETAIDEMMI

)4( KCA )3( HCCDS .TCA LENNAHC

)2( DERIUQER LENNAHC NOITACIDNI HSILBATSE

UCT UCT llec retuo llec renni CSB

inner cell outer cell overlap zone