SCREW THREADS EFFICIENCY TEST

1.Introduction
Lets start with the basic meaning of the screw threads. Screw threads are long inclined planes wrapped around a cylinder. Screws can be single threaded, double threaded, triple threaded and so on. Screws may be used for fastening two or more parts together, carrying loads or they may be used for moving one part relative to an another part. The examples for these are power screws (they are used for changing angular motion into linear motion and also they transmit power), screw mechanisms in the milling machines and any place where two parts are clamped to each other. 1.1 Definitions The common vocabulary at these are as follows:

Major, mean and minor diameters. Where the major diameter is the largest diameter of a screw thread; the minor diameter is the smallest diameter of a screw thread. The lead is the distance when the nut moves parallel to the screw axis when the nut is given one turn. For a single thread the lead is equal to the pitch; where as at double threaded its twice the value of the pitch. The pitch is the distance between the adjacent thread parallel to the thread axis. The other least important parameters are the root, the forming operations. forms measured external and

crest,

internal threads. The crest and roots are usually flattened or rounded during 1.2 Terminology Lets start with the thread terminology. The threads are like strings wound side by side around a pencil. They may be single or multiple threaded. As mentioned earlier the relation of the lead and the pitch is directly proportional with the number of threads. The threads may be in three shapes. Most

commonly these shapes are Acme threads, Square threads and V shape squares. In these types the V-shape threads are easy to manufacture however they are not used for heavy loads. Where as square and acme threads are used when transmitting load is necessary. Acme threads are sometimes modified to a stub form by making the tooth shorter. This results in a larger minor diameter and mostly a stronger screw. Square threads are modified too. The modification is cutting the space between the teeth which gives us a thread angle of 10-15 degrees. This makes the cutting simpler. Mostly threads are formed according to right hand rule. There are mainly two types of profiles. These are the M and MJ profiles. Where the M profile replaces the inch class and is the basic ISO 68 profile with 60 degrees symmetric threads. The MJ profile has a rounded fillet at the root of the external thread and a larger minor diameter of both the internal and external threads. The MJ profile is recommended where required. The metric diameters are specified by writing the diameter and pitch in millimeters in the given order. For example M16 X 2 is a thread having a nominal major diameter of 16mm and 2mm of pitch. high fatigue strength is

2. Purpose
In this experiment there were 3 different types of screws. A square threaded 3mm pitch, a metric V thread of 2mm pitch, a metric V thread with 1.5mm pitch. With this experiment we will try to measure the effort required to raise a load with each type of screw and also finding the mechanical efficiency and advantage of each screw. As well as calculating the friction.

3. Theory & Equations

The theory used in here is very simple. Basically the theory states that the torque acts as a horizontal force pulling the axial load up the plane. We think this way because earlier we assumed that the screw thread was like an inclined plane rapped around a cylinder. In this case if we ignore friction we will have
2

100 % efficiency as a result we will calculate the minimum effort. Some of the equations that will be used for our calculations are as follows. P=W tan arctan = P / ( d) Emin = W / VR (with no friction) e= (W/E) / (VR) * 100

4.Results
The results are as follows:
Total Load (W) 9 22 52 72 102 152 202 Total Load (N) 1 2 3.3 4.5 5.8 7.6 10 Effort from graph (N)
1,3477 1,9353 3,2913 4,1953 5,5513 7,8113 10,0713

Effort if no friction
0,122783 0,300136 0,709413 0,982265 1,391542 2,07367 2,755798

Mechanical advantage
9 11 15,75758 16 17,58621 20 20,2

Mechanical efficiency
12,27831 15,00682 21,49737 21,8281 23,9921 27,28513 27,55798

Table 1. Square thread 16mm dia. & 3mm pitch Total Load (W) 14.8 22 52 72 102 152 202 Total Load (N) 1 1.4 3 4.2 5.5 8 10 Effort from graph (N) 1,1742 1,5234 2,9784 3,9484 5,4034 7,8284 10,2534 Effort if no friction 0,134607 0,200091 0,472942 0,654843 0,927694 1,382447 1,837199 Mechanical advantage 14,8 15,714 17,333 17,143 18,545 19 20,2 Mechanical efficiency 13,461 14,292 15,765 15,592 16,867 17,281 18,372

Table 2. V thread 2mm pitch

Total Load (W) 7 22 52 72 102 152 202

Total Load (N) 1 2.1 4.2 5.5 7 10 12.5

Effort from graph (N)

1,3463 2,2268 3,9878 5,1618 6,9228 9,8578 12,7928

Effort if no friction 0,0477 0,1501 0,3547 0,4911 0,6958 1,0368 1,3779

Mechanical advantage 7 10,476 12,381 13,091 14,571 15,2 16,16

Mechanical efficiency 4,7749 7,1461 8,4454 8,9297 9,9396 10,368 11,023

Table 3. V thread 1.5mm pitch

5. Graphs
There are two types of graphs. One of them is the graph of E vs. W and the other one is the graph of vs. W. The graphs of E vs. W is going to be given as an attachment (hand drawing). However the other graphs are shown below.

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 Load 150 200 250

Efficiency

Figure 1. Graph of Square thread 16mm dia. & 3mm pitch

20 Efficiency 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 Load 150 200 250

Figure 2. Graph of V thread 2mm pitch

12 Efficiency 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 Load 150 200 250

Figure 3. Graph of V thread 1.5mm pitch

6.Discussions
When we have a look at the efficiency graphs we can see that the efficiency of Square thread 16mm dia. & 3mm pitch is better than V thread 2mm pitch and that is better than V thread 1.5mm pitch. This shows us that square threads have better efficiency than the V shape screws and for the V shape screw the efficiency gets better as the pitch increases. The square threads are better because they are stronger. More scientifically we can say that in square thread there is no additional frictional due to wedging action as in Acme screws. In square threads loads are parallel to the axis of the screw this makes the square threads stronger. The expression for tan is the square of the ratio / multiplied by minus 1. The expression for raising the load with the Acme threads is as follows T=(F dm / 2)(l + dm sec ) / ( dm- l sec ) T=(F dm / 2)( dm - l) / ( dm + l)