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Constitution of UHPFRC
very high cement content very low water-cement ratio
Blast performance
5 T of TNT @ 30 m
standard concrete
UHPFRC
UHPFRC - 6% fibres
25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Deflection, mm
UHPFRC - 2% fibres
Stress, MPa
20
10
steel fibres steel fibres steel/3% 6 mm steel steel/0.5% PP steel/3% 25 mm steel 1.0 1.2
Deflection, mm
Small-scale tests
500mm x 500mm x 25mm thick panels manufactured at University of Liverpool Explosion testing at University of Sheffield Buxton site
Fibres
2% mix 4% hybrid mix 6% hybrid mix
Stand-off: 500mm
900g charge
1100g charge
Full-scale tests
3.5 m x 1.3 m x 100 mm thick panels manufactured in Melbourne by VSL, Australia (Ductal) Explosion testing in conjunction with CPNI in July/October 2008 Predictive modelling using Autodyn prior to the tests
Panel # Fibres Reinforced? Stand-off (metres)
1
4 2 3
2% 13mm long
2% 13mm long 2% 13mm long 2% 13mm + 2% 25mm
YES
YES NO NO
9
7 12 12
Panel # 1 4
Standoff (m) 9 7
SDOF representation
Equivalent spring-mass system Actual structure with distributed mass m, stiffness k and loading w(t)
w(t)
KL = Fe / F KM = Me / M
m, k
Transformation factors based on deformed shape, strain range,...
ke
y(t)
Me y(t) Fe (t)
k2
M0 (yel)1 < y < (yel)2 M0
Rm
M0 (yel)2 < y < ym
R1
kE
k1
0 < y < (yel)1
ym
k1
100
50
Resistance functions
Resistance vs Deflection
120
Resistance vs Deflection
120
Resistance vs Deflection
120
Panel #1/4
Panel #2
Panel #3
100
100
100
80
80
80
Resistance
Resistance
60
60
Resistance
0 50 100 150 200 250
60
40
40
40
20
20
20
Deflection
Deflection
Deflection
250
Moment (kNm)
2% reinforced (#1)
200
100
50
Summary
UHPFRC achieved superior performance over standard concrete Increasing fibre content increased both flexural strength and toughness but the increase was disproportionate Forced orientation of fibres close to the moulded surfaces of test specimens was found to have no effect on flexural strength UHPFRC panels performed well in both small-scale and fullscale explosion tests with no rear-face spalling
Project sponsors
EPSRC
Centre for Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) VSL Australia manufacturers of Ductal Bekaert fibres Elkem Materials microsilica Fosroc International chemical admixtures Castle Cement Hanson
SCHEMATIC OF PPLR
Max. pressure = 800kPa Max. specimen size = 500mm square (pressurised area) ~ 9msec rise time at 200kPa
-1
Time (s)
Pressure (bar)
8 Time (ms)
10
12
14