N5250 1

Microwave Circuit
Design
ECE 5250/4250 Lecture Notes
Fall 2009
1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, & 2009
Mark A. Wickert
ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 1i
!"#$"%&'(&)*+,-.$--$',&
/$,"&)0"'*1
Distributed Circuit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
InIinite Length Line 17
Terminated Line 19
General Transmission Line Problem 111
Case 1: Matched Source 120
Case 2: Mismatched Source Impedance 125
Sinusoidal Signals on Transmission Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Voltage and Current Relationships 131
Lossless Line 134
Low Loss Line 135
Terminated Lossless Line 137
Terminated Lossless Line with Arbitrary Source Impedance 144
Source to Load Power TransIer Considerations 146
Terminated Lossy Line 147
Line Attenuation Calculation 149
Dispersion 150
Distortionless Line 151
1ii ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits
ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits 11
Review of
Transmission Line
Theory
Transmission lines and waveguides are used to transport
electromagnetic energy at microwave frequencies from one
point in a system to another
The desirable features of a transmission line or waveguide
are:
Single-mode propagation over a wide band of frequencies
Small attenuation
The transmission line structures of primary interest for this
course are those for which the dominant mode of propagation
is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave
Recall that for TEM waves the components of electric and
magnetic fields in the direction of wave propagation are zero
We wish to consider transmission lines which consist of two
or more parallel conductors which have axial uniformity
That is to say their cross-sectional shape and electrical prop-
erties do not vary along the axis of propagation
Chapter
1
Review of Transmission Line Theory
12 ECE 5250/4250 Microwave Circuits
The TEM wave solution for axially uniform transmission
lines can be obtained using:
Field Analysis - (obtain electric and magnetic field waves
analogous to uniform plane waves)
Distributed-Circuit Analysis - (obtain voltage and current
waves)
Distributed circuit analysis will be at the forefront of all anal-
ysis in this course, in particular consider Pozar
1
, Modern
microwave engineering involves predominantly distributed
circuit analysis and design, in contrast to the waveguide and
field theory orientation of earlier generations
1. David Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York,
2005.
Figure 1.1: Transmission lines with axial uniformity
Distributed Circuit Analysis
Parameters:
L series inductance per unit length due to energy storage in
the magnetic field
C shunt capacitance per unit length due to energy storage in
the electric field
R series resistance per unit length due to power loss in the
conductors
G shunt conductance per unit length due to power loss in
the dielectric. (i.e. )
Using KCL, KVL and letting it can be shown that
(1.1)
and
(1.2)
Figure 1.2: Distributed element circuit model
! !" j!# !# 0 $ % =
&z 0 '
(v z t % ) *
(z
--------------------- Ri z t % ) * L
(i z t % ) *
(t
-----------------
+ =
( i z t % ) *
(z
-------------------- Gv z t % ) * C
(v z t % ) *
(t
------------------
+ =
For now assume the line is lossless, that is and
, so we have:
(1.3)
Now differentiate the first equation with respect to z and the
second with respect to time t
(1.4)
Combine the two resulting equations to get
(voltage eqn.) (1.5)
similarly obtain
(current eqn.) (1.6)
These are in the form of the classical one-dimensional wave
equation, often seen in the form
(1.7)
where has dimension and significance of velocity
R 0 =
G 0 =
(v
(z
----- L
(i
(t
----
=
(i
(z
----- C
(v
(t
-----
=
(
2
v
(z
2
-------- L
(
2
i
(t(z
---------- -
=
(
2
i
(z(t
---------- - C
(
2
v
(t
2
--------
=
(
2
v
z
2
(
-------- LC
(
2
v
(t
2
--------
=
(
2
i
(z
2
-------- LC
(
2
i
(t
2
-------
=
(
2
y
(z
2
--------
1
+
p
2
-----
(
2
y
(t
2
--------
=
+
p
A well known solution to the wave equation is
(1.8)
propagates in the positive z direction
propagates in the negative z direction
This solution can be checked by noting that
(1.9)
A solution for the voltage wave equation is thus
(1.10)
The current equation can be written in a similar manner, but
it can also be written in terms of and since
(1.11)
or
(1.12)
Letting and using the chain rule the above equa-
tion becomes
(1.13)
y y
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
y
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
+ =
y
+
y
(y
0
(z
----------
(y
0
(x
----------
(x
(z
-----
1
1
2
+
p
------
(y
0
(x
----------
x % t
z
+
p
-----
0 = = =
v z t % ) * v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
+ =
V
+
V
(v
(z
--------- L
(i
(t
----
=
(v
+
(z
--------
(v
(z
-------- + L
(i
(t
----
=
x t z +
p
3 0 =
1
+
p
------
(v
+
(x
--------
1
+
p
-----
(v
(x
--------
+ L
(i
(t
----
=
This implies that
(1.14)
or
(1.15)
where
(1.16)
At this point the general lossless line solution is incomplete.
The functions v+ and v- are unknown, but must satisfy the
boundary conditions imposed by a specific problem
The time domain solution for a lossless line, in particular the
analysis of transients, can most effectively be handled by
using Laplace transforms
If the source and load impedances are pure resistances and
the source voltage consists of step functions or rectangular
pulses, then time domain analysis is most convenient
In the following we will first consider resistive load and
source impedances, later the analysis will be extended to
complex impedance loads using Laplace transforms
i z t % ) *
1
L+
p
---------
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
=
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
=
+
p
1
LC
-----------
(velocity of propagation) % =
Z
0
L
C
--- - (characteristic impedance) % =
Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads
The Laplace transform technique will in theory allow for a
generalized time-domain analysis of transmission lines
In Section 2 sinusoidal steady-state analysis will be intro-
duced. This approach offers greatly reduced analysis com-
plexity
Infinite Length Line
Assume that the line is initially uncharged, i.e. for and
(1.17)
and
(1.18)
the above equations imply that
(1.19)
Figure 1.3: Infinite length line circuit diagram
z 0 4
t 0 5
v z t % ) * v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
+ 0 = =
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
0 = =
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
0 for t z +
p
3 0 6 =
and
(1.20)
Note: For the given initial conditions only can
exist on the line.
We thus conclude that
(1.21)
Suppose that at a voltage source is
applied through a source resistance , at z = 0
Apply Ohm's law at z = 0 for t > 0 and we obtain
(1.22)
or
(1.23)
which implies
(1.24)
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
0 for all t =
v
+
t z +
p
3 ) *
v z t % ) * v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
7
8
8
9
8
8
:
for all t
z
+
p
-----
0 ;
t 0
+
= v
g
t ) *
R
g
v
g
t ) * v 0 t % ) * i 0 t % ) *R
g
=
v
g
t ) * v
+
t ) *
R
g
Z
g
------
v
+
t ) * =
v
+
t ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t ) * =
The final result is that under the infinite line length assump-
tion for any z we can write
(1.25)
(1.26)
Note: That the infinite length of line appears as a voltage
divider to the source
Voltages and currents along the line appear as replicas of
the input values except for the time delay
Terminated Line
Note: As a matter of convenience the reference point
has been shifted to the load end of the line
Suppose that a wave traveling in the direction is incident
upon the load, , at
Thus,
(1.27)
v z t % ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
i t z % ) *
1
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
z +
p
3
Figure 1.4: Terminated line circuit diagram
z 0 =
z
+
R
L
z 0 =
v z t % ) * v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
and i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
= =
By applying Ohms law at the load, we must have
(1.28)
This condition cannot, in general, be met by the incident
wave alone since
(1.29)
Since the line was initially discharged, it is reasonable to
assume that a fraction, , of the incident wave is reflected
from the load resistance, i.e.,
(1.30)
The load voltage is now
(1.31)
Similarly the load current is
(1.32)
To satisfy Kirchoffs laws,
(1.33)
or the more familiar result
(1.34)
v 0 t % ) * R
L
i 0 t % ) * =
v z t % ) * Z
0
i z t % ) * =
<
L
v
t ) * <
L
v
+
t ) * =
v 0 t % ) * v
+
t ) * v
t ) * + 1 <
L
+ ) *v
+
t ) * = =
i 0 t % ) *
v
+
t ) *
Z
0
------------
v
t ) *
Z
0
------------
1 <
L
+ ) *v
+
t ) *
Z
0
--------------------------------- = =
Net load voltage
Net load current
--------------------------------------- R
L
Z
0
1 <
L
+
1 <
L
---------------
= =
<
L
R
L
Z
0
R
L
Z
0
+
------------------ =
Note: is real by assumption
Note: To terminate the line without reflection use
.
General Transmission Line Problem
From earlier analysis, we know that for ,
(1.35)
When the leading edge of has traveled to the
load end of the line ( )
Assuming a reflected wave now returns to the
source during the interval
(1.36)
<
L
R
L
Z
0
=
Figure 1.5: Circuit for general transmission line problem
0 t l +
p
3 5 5 T
l
=
v z t % ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
7
8
8
9
8
8
:
0 t T
l
5 5
t T
l
= v
g
t ) *
z l =
R
L
Z
0
$
T
l
t 2T
l
6 5
v z t % ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
<
L
v
g
t
2l
+
p
-----
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
+ =
= 8 8 8 > 8 8 8 ? = 8 8 8 8 > 8 8 8 8 ?
v
+
t z +
p
3 ) * v
t z +
p
3 + ) *
and
(1.37)
When the load reflected wave arrives at the
source ( ), a portion of it will be reflected towards the
load provided
The reflection that takes place is independent of the source
voltage
The wave traveling in the positive direction after
seconds has elapsed, can be found by applying
Ohm's law for and :
(1.38)
Now substitute
(1.39)
and solve for
The results is
(1.40)
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
1
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
<
L
v
g
t
2l
+
p
-----
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
=
v
t z +
p
3 + ) *
z 0 =
R
g
Z
0
$
Z
2l +
p
3 2T
l
=
z 0 = t 2T
l
=
v
g
2T
l
) * v 0 2T
l
% ) * R
g
i 0 2T
l
% ) * =
v 0 2T
l
% ) * v
+
2T
l
) * v
2T
l
) * + =
i 0 2T
l
% ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
2T
l
) * v
2T
l
) * @ A =
v
+
2T
l
) *
v
+
2T
l
) * v
g
2T
l
) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
2T
l
) *
R
g
Z
0
R
g
Z
0
+
------------------
+ =
v
g
2T
l
) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
0 ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
<
L
<
g
+ =
= 8 8 > 8 8 ? = 8 8 > 8 8 ?
incident part of v
g
t ) * reflected portion of v
2T
l
) *
where is the source reflection coefficient defined as
(1.41)
Note: is real by assumption in this case
The wave incident on the load during the interval
, thus consists of the original source signal plus
a reflected component due to mismatches at both the load and
source ends of the line
(1.42)
and
(1.43)
The process of reflections occurring at both the source and
load ends continues in such a way that in general over the
time interval, , the and solu-
tions each require terms involving
<
L
<
g
R
g
Z
0
R
g
Z
0
+
------------------ =
<
g
2T
l
t 3T
l
6 5
v z t % ) *
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
<
L
v
g
t
z 2l
+
p
------------- +
, -
. /
+ =
+ <
g
<
L
v
g
t
z 2l +
+
p
-------------
, -
. /
2T
l
t 3T
l
6 5 %
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
<
L
v
g
t
z 2l
+
p
------------- +
, -
. /
=
+ <
g
<
L
v
g
t
z 2l +
+
p
-------------
, -
. /
2T
l
t 3T
l
6 5 %
n
th
n 1 ) *T
l
t nT
l
5 5 v z t % ) * i z t % ) *
n v
g
t ) *
Example: Consider the following circuit.
Here we have
(1.44)
a) Find and for
b) Find and for
For both parts (a) and (b) the basic circuit operation is as fol-
lows:
i) An 8v pulse will propagate toward the load, reaching the
load in 2 ms.
ii) A -8v pulse will be reflected from the load, requiring 2 ms
to reach the source.
iii) A -4v pulse will be reflected at the source. It will take 2
ms to reach the load.
iv) The process continues.
The +z and -z direction propagating pulses can be displayed
on a distance-time plot or bounce diagram (see Figure 1.7)
Figure 1.6: Transmission line circuit
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+
------------------
1
4
-- -
<
L
% 1 <
g
%
1
2
-- -
T
l
% 2Bs = = = =
V 0 t % ) * I 0 t % ) * T
p
1Bs =
V 0 t % ) * I 0 t % ) * T
p
6Bs =
In the bounce diagram the boundaries at z = 0 and z = 400
m are represented as surfaces with reflection coefficient of
1/2 and -1 respectively.
To obtain the voltage waveform at say z = 380 m as a func-
tion of time, you sum the contributions from the various +z
and -z traveling waves
For pulses that are short in comparison with the one-way
delay time of the line, only at most two wave terms need to
be included at a time.
For long pulses (in the limit say a step function) all wave
terms need to be included
Figure 1.7: Bounce diagram showing pulse propagation
a) : at we have
b) : at we have
We can simulate this result using the Agilent Advanced
Design System (ADS) software
In this example we will use ideal transmission line elements
T
p
1Bs = t 4Bs =
v 0 4Bs % ) * 4 8 ) * + 12v. = =
i 0 4Bs % ) *
1
50
----- -
4 8 ) * @ A 0.08A. = =
T
p
6Bs = t 4Bs =
v 0 4Bs % ) * 8 4 ) * + ) * 8 ) * + 4v. = =
i 0 4Bs % ) *
1
50
----- -
8 4 ) * + ) * 8 ) * @ A 0.24A. = =
Source
VtPulse
SRC1
Period=20 usec
Width=1 usec
Fall=50 nsec
Rise=50 nsec
Edge=linear
Delay=0 nsec
Vhigh=32 V
Vlow=0 V
t
Tran
Tran1
MaxTimeStep=50 nsec
StopTime=20.0 usec
TRANSIENT
TLIND
TLD1
Delay=2 usec
Z=50.0 Ohm
I_Probe
I_Probe1
R
R2
R=0 Ohm
R
R1
R=150 Ohm
Figure 1.8: Circuit schematic (Example1.dsn)
A short circuit
Current
measurement
means
TLIND allows the line
to be specd in terms of
propagation delay
The source end voltage,
The source end current entering the line,
Modify the schematic by increasing the pulse width to 6
v 0 t % ) *
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 20
-10
-5
0
5
-15
10
time, usec
S
o
u
r
c
e
(
v
)
T
p
1Bs =
i 0 t % ) *
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
-0.05
0.20
time, usec
I
_
P
r
o
b
e
1
.
i
(
A
)
T
p
1Bs =
Bs
The source end voltage,
The source end current entering the line,
v 0 t % ) *
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 20
-10
-5
0
5
-15
10
time, usec
S
o
u
r
c
e
(
v
)
T
p
6Bs =
i 0 t % ) *
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 20
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
-0.05
0.25
time, usec
I
_
P
r
o
b
e
1
.
i
(
A
)
T
p
6Bs =
Transient Analysis using Laplace Transforms
In the time domain we know that for a lossless line
(1.45)
and
(1.46)
where and are determined by the
boundary conditions imposed by the source and load
Laplace transform each side of the above equations with
respect to the time variable, using the time shift theorem
which is given by
(1.47)
where is the laplace transform of
The result is
(1.48)
and
Figure 1.9: Lossless line with arbitrary terminations
v z t % ) * v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
= v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
+
i z t % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
v
t
z
+
p
----- +
, -
. /
=
v
+
t z +
p
3 ) * v
t z +
p
3 + ) *
L f t c ) * C D F s ) *e
sc
=
F s ) * f t ) *
v z s % ) * v
+
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
v
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
+ =
(1.49)
where and
Case 1: Matched Source
For the special case of , the source is matched to
the transmission line which eliminates multiple reflections
Thus, we can write
(1.50)
at , the incident wave is reflected with the reflection
coefficient
(1.51)
so,
(1.52)
which implies that
(1.53)
Finally, for we can write
(1.54)
i z s % ) *
1
Z
0
-----
v
+
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
v
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
@ A =
v
+
s ) * L v
+
t ) * C D = v
s ) * L v
t ) * C D =
Z
g
s ) * Z
0
=
V
+
s ) * V
g
s ) *
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
+
------------------
1
2
-- -
V
g
s ) * = =
z l =
<
L
s ) *
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
+
------------------------- - =
V l s % ) * V
+
s ) *e
sl +
p
3
1 <
L
s ) * + @ A =
V
s ) * <
L
s ) *e
s2l +
p
3
V
+
s ) * =
0 z 5 l 5
V z s % ) *
1
2
-- -
V
g
s ) * e
sz +
p
3
<
L
s ) *e
s 2l z ) * +
p
3
+ @ A =
1
2
-- -
V
g
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
1
2
-- -
<
L
s ) *e
s2l +
p
3
V
g
s ) *e
sz +
p
3
+ =
To obtain inverse transform:
(1.55)
Example:
Let and be a parallel RC connection
Find:
To begin with in the s-domain we can write
(1.56)
and
(1.57)
V z t % ) *
v z t % ) *
1
2
-- -
v
g
t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
L
1
<
L
s ) *V
g
s ) * @ A
t t z 2l ) * +
p
3 + '
+ =
v
g
t ) * v
0
u t ) * = Z
L
Figure 1.10: Parallel RC circuit
v z t % ) *
Z
L
s ) *
R
1
Cs
------
R
1
Cs
------ +
----------------
R
1 RCs +
-------------------- = =
<
L
s ) *
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
+
------------------------- -
R
1 RCs +
-------------------- Z
0
R
1 RCs +
------------------- - Z
0
+
-------------------------------- = =
R Z
0
RCZ
0
--------------- s
R Z
0
RCZ
0
--------------- s +
------------------------
b s
a s +
-----------
a
R Z
0
+
RCZ
0
---------------
b
R Z
0
RCZ
0
--------------- = % = % = =
Now since
(1.58)
To inverse transform first apply partial fractions to
(1.59)
Clearly,
(1.60)
so
(1.61)
and
(1.62)
V
g
s ) * v
0
L u t ) * C D v
0
s 3 = =
V z s % ) *
v
0
2s
-----
e
sz +
p
3
b s
a s +
-----------
e
s 2l z ) * +
p
3
+ =
b s
s a s + ) *
-------------------
K
1
s
------
K
2
s a +
----------- + =
K
1
b
a
-- -
R Z
0
R Z
0
+
--------------- = = K
2
a b + ) *
a
--------------------
2R
R Z
0
+
--------------- = =
V z s % ) *
v
0
2
-----
1
s
-- -
e
sz +
p
3
=

R Z
0
R Z
0
+
---------------
1
s
-- -
2R
R Z
0
+
---------------
1
s a +
-----------
E E
? 7
> 9
= :
e
s 2l z ) *
+
p
--------------------
+
v z t % ) * L
1
V z s % ) * C D
v
0
2
-----
u t
z
+
p
-----
, -
. /
R Z
0
R Z
0
+
---------------
?
>
=
+ = =
2R
R Z
0
+
---------------
e
t
2l z
+
p
-------------
, -
. /
R Z
0
+
RCZ
0
---------------
7
9
:
u t
2l z
+
p
-------------
, -
. /

As a special case consider
(1.63)
Example: The results of an ADS simulation when using
v, ohms, C = 50 pf, and ns is
shown below
The ADS schematic is shown below
z l =
v z t % ) *
v
0
2
-----
1
R Z
0
R Z
0
+
---------------
2R
R Z
0
+
---------------
e
t
l
+
p
-----
, -
. /
R Z
0
+
RCZ
0
---------------
+ u t
l
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
v
0
R
R Z
0
+
---------------
1 e
t
l
+
p
-----
, -
. /
R Z
0
+
RCZ
0
---------------
u t
l
+
p
-----
, -
. /
=
Figure 1.11: Sketch of the general waveform v l t % ) *
v
0
2 = Z
0
R 50 = = T
l
5 =
Figure 1.12: ADS Circuit diagram with nodes numbered
Next we plot the source and load end waveforms
Load Source
Tran
Tran1
MaxTimeStep=0.1 nsec
StopTime=20.0 nsec
TRANSIENT
C
C1
C=50 pF
R
R2
R=50 Ohm
TLIND
TLD1
Delay=5 nsec
Z=50.0 Ohm
VtPulse
SRC1
Period=1 usec
Width=1 usec
Fall=0.1 nsec
Rise=0.1 nsec
Edge=linear
Delay=0 nsec
Vhigh=2 V
Vlow=0 V
t
R
R1
R=50 Ohm
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
1.0
time, nsec
S
o
u
r
c
e
L
o
a
d
load end source end
Case 2: Mismatched Source Impedance
For the general case where to reflections occur at
the source end of the line as well as at the load end
The expression for now will consist of an infinite
number of terms as shown below:
(1.64)
where
(1.65)
In terms of +z and -z propagating waves we can write
(1.66)
Z
g
s ) * Z
0
$
V z s % ) *
V z s % ) * V
g
s ) *
Z
0
Z
0
Z
g
s ) * +
-------------------------
e
sz +
p
3
<
L
s ) *e
s 2l z ) * +
p
3
+ @ =
<
L
s ) *<
g
s ) *e
s 2l z + ) * +
p
3
+
<
L
s ) *<
g
s ) *<
L
s ) *e
s 4l z ) * +
p
3
+
<
L
s ) *<
g
s ) *<
L
s ) *<
g
s ) *e
s 4l z + ) * +
p
3
F
+ + A
<
L
s ) *
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
Z
L
s ) * Z
0
+
------------------------- -
and <
g
s ) *
Z
g
s ) * Z
0
Z
g
s ) * Z
0
+
------------------------- = =
V z s % ) *
V
g
s ) *Z
0
Z
0
Z
g
s ) * +
-------------------------
e
sz +p 3
<
L
n
s ) *<
g
n
s ) *e
s 2n ) *l +
p
3
n 0 =
G
H
=
e
sz +
p
3
<
L
n 1 +
s ) *<
g
n
s ) *e
s 2n 2 + ) *l +
p
3
n 0 =
G
H
+
Example: Consider a circuit with v, ohms,
ns, ohms, and a parallel RC circuit
with ohms and pf, as shown below in Figure
1.13.
In the s-domain the solution is of the form
(1.67)
To inverse transform note that each series term con-
sists of the product of a constant, a ratio of polynomials in ,
and a time shift exponential (i.e. )
In the time-domain each series term to within a constant is of
the form
(1.68)
v
0
2 = Z
0
50 =
T
l
5 = Z
g
R
g
100 = = Z
L
R 100 = C 20 =
Figure 1.13: Circuit diagram with Spice nodes indicated
V z s % ) *
2
3
-- -
e
sz +
p
3
b s ) *
n
s s a + ) *
n
---------------------
1
3
-- -
, -
. /
n
e
s 2n ) *l +
p
3
n 0 =
G
H
=
e
sz +
p
3
b s ) *
n 1 +
s s a + ) *
n 1 +
---------------------------- -
1
3
-- -
, -
. /
n
e
s 2n 2 + ) *l +
p
3
n 0 =
G
H
+
V z s % ) *
s
e
sI
L
1 b s ) *
n
s s a + ) *
n
---------------------
? 7
> 9
= :
t t I
n
'
n % 0 1 2 F % % % =
A partial fraction expansion of the ratio of polynomials in
(1.68) is
(1.69)
where
(1.70)
and
(1.71)
To obtain a partial solution for comparison with a Spice sim-
ulation we will solve (1.69) for , 1, and 2.
Case :
(1.72)
Case n = 1
(1.73)
b s ) *
n
s s a + ) *
n
---------------------
K
1
s
------
K
12
s a +
-----------
K
22
s a + ) *
2
-------------------
F
K
2n
s a + ) *
n
------------------- + + + + =
K
1
b
n
a
n
----- =
K
2k
1
n k ) *!
------------------
d
n k ) *
ds
n k ) *
------------------
b s ) *
n
s
------------------
s a =
k % 1 2 F n % % % = =
n 0 =
n 0 =
1
s
-- -
u t ) * J
b s
s s a + ) *
-------------------
b a 3
s
--------- -
a b + ) * a 3
s a +
------------------------
b
a
-- -
a b +
a
------------
e
at
u t ) * J =
n = 2
(1.74)
Using Mathematica the analytical solution valid for up to
25 ns was obtained
b s ) *
2
s s a + ) *
2
---------------------
b
2
a
2
3
s
---------------
1 b
2
a
2
3 ) *
s a +
---------------------------- -
b a + ) *
2
a 3
s a + ) *
2
-------------------------- + =

b
2
a
2
----- 1
b
2
a
2
-----
, -
K L
. /
e
at b a + ) *
2
a
-------------------
te
at
+ u t ) * J
t
This required the use of +z and -z wave solutions from the
series for and 1
The theoretical voltage waveforms at and are
shown below
A circuit simulation using ADS was also run, the results
compare favorably as expected
n 0 =
z 0 = z 1 =
5 10 15 20 25
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
t (ns)
Load
Source
L
i
n
e

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
v
)
Plots of and
Load Source
VtStep
SRC1
Rise=0.05 nsec
Delay=0 nsec
Vhigh=2 V
Vlow=0 V
t
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=25.0 nsec
TRANSIENT
C
C1
C=20 pF
R
R2
R=100 Ohm
R
R1
R=100 Ohm
TLIND
TLD1
Delay=5 nsec
Z=50.0 Ohm
v 0 t * % ) * v l t % ) *
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0 26
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-0.2
1.2
time, nsec
S
o
u
r
c
e
m2
L
o
a
d
m1
m3
m1
indep(m1)=
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.889
1.148E-8
m2
indep(m2)=
plot_vs(Source, time)=0.963
1.608E-8
m3
indep(m3)=
plot_vs(Load, time)=0.988
2.443E-8
Source
Load
(
v
)
Sinusoidal Signals on Transmission Lines
Voltage and Current Relationships
Consider an axially uniform transmission line operating in
the TEM or Quasi-TEM mode
Let the sinusoidal voltage and current at be given by
(1.75)
where the complex phasors V and I represent the voltage and
current without the time dependence
Since a sinusoidal steady-state solution is desired, phasor
notation may be used to solve the transmission line equations
Note that with suppressed it is implied that
(1.76)
By writing the basic line equations in phasor notation we
obtain
(1.77)
Figure 1.14: Voltage and current at z on an axially uniform line
z
v t z % ) * Re V z ) *e
jMt
C D V z ) * Mt V z ) * N + @ A cos = =
i t z % ) * Re I z ) *e
jMt
C D I z ) * Mt I z ) * N + @ A cos = =
e
jMt
e
jMt
(
n
V
(t
n
--------- jM ) *
n
V =
(V
(z
------ R jML + ) *I =
and
(1.78)
The voltage wave equation becomes
(1.79)
where R, G, L, and C are the primary transmission line
parameters defined earlier
The general solution is
(1.80)
where
(1.81)
with being the line attenuation constant in nepers per meter
and is the line phase constant in radians per meter
is the constant associated with the wave propagating in
the +z direction and is the constant associated with the
wave propagating in the -z direction
The current can be shown to have general solution of the
form
(1.82)
(I
(z
----- G jMC + ) *V =
(
2
V
(z
2
--------- RG M
2
LC ) *V jM RC LG + ) *V 0 =
V z ) * V
+
e
Oz
V
e
Oz
+ =
O P jQ + =
R jML + ) * G jMC + ) * =
M
2
LC RG jM RC LG + ) * + + =
P
Q
V
+
V
I z ) *
I z ) * I
+
e
Oz
I
e
Oz
+ =
By substituting (1.77) into (1.82) we obtain
(1.83)
The line characteristic impedance is defined as
(1.84)
which then relates the voltage and current on the line as
(1.85)
Finally we can write as
(1.86)
In the time domain the steady state solution voltage wave-
form is
(1.87)
I z ) *
1
R jML +
-------------------
, -
. /
(V z ) *
(z
--------------
=
1
R jML +
-------------------
OV
+
e
Oz
OV
e
Oz
+ ) * =
G jMC +
R jML +
--------------------- V
+
e
Oz
V
e
Oz
) * =
Z
0
R jML +
O
-------------------
R jML +
G jMC +
--------------------- = =
Z
0
V
+
I
+
------
V
--------- = =
also
I z ) *
I z ) *
V
+
Z
0
------
e
Oz V
Z
0
------
e
Oz
=
v z t % ) * V
+
Mt Qz V
+
N + ) *e
Pz
cos =
V
Mt Qz V
N + + ) *e
Pz
cos +
Lossless Line
Special Case: For an ideal lossless line , and
reduce to
(1.88)
Since the phase velocity, , on the line is
(1.89)
which allows to also be written as
(1.90)
This result implies that can be obtained by knowing the
velocity of propagation in the medium and the capacitance
per unit length of the transmission line structure
In free space
(1.91)
where and are the free space permittivity and permea-
bility respectively
For a dielectrically filled structure where it is assumed
that ,

and , thus
(1.92)
R G 0 = = O
Z
0
O jQ jM LC P 0 = ) * = =
Z
0
L
C
--- - =
Q M LC = +
p
+
p
1
LC
----------- =
Z
0
Z
0
1
+
p
C
---------- =
Z
0
+
p
c
1
B
0
!
0
---------------
3
8
R10 m/s S = =
!
0
B
0
B B
0
= ! !" j!"" !
0
!
r
S = T 0 =
+
p
c !
r
3 =
where is the relative permittivity of the medium
For partially filled transmission line structures such as
microstrip, the velocity of propagation can be written as
(1.93)
where is the effective value of relative permittivity.
(Note: ).
Low Loss Line
Special Case: For most practical transmission line structures
the losses are small, which is to say, and
This low-loss assumption allows the expression for to be
simplified
To begin with write
(1.94)
using the binomial expansion
Thus
(1.95)
!
r
+
p
c
!
eff
------------ =
!
eff
!
eff
!
r
5
R ML G MC
O
O jM LC 1
RG jM RC LG + ) * +
M
2
LC
------------------------------------------------ +
1 2 3
=
1 x + ) *
1 2 3
1
1
2
---
x for x 1 + S
O jM LC 1
1
2
-- -
RG
M
2
LC
--------------
j
M
----
R
L
---
G
C
---- +
, -
. /
+
? 7
> 9
= :
S
= > ?
0 U
or
(1.96)
Note that did not change from the lossless case
Using a similar approach on results in
(1.97)
Note also that under the low-loss assumption is still
approximately real
O P jQ
1
2
-- -
LC
R
L
---
G
C
---- +
, -
. /
jM LC + S + =
Q
Z
0
Z
0
R jML +
G jMC +
---------------------
R jML + ) * G jMC ) *
G
2
M
2
C
2
+
-------------------------------------------------- = =

RG jM GL RC ) * M
2
LC + +
M
2
C
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------- S
L
C
--- - 1
RG jM LG RC ) * +
M
2
LC
----------------------------------------------- - + =

L
C
----
1
1
2
-- -
j
G
MC
--------
R
ML
-------
, -
. /
+
L
C
--- - U S
Z
0
Terminated Lossless Line
First consider the case where the generator or source driving the
line is matched to the line characteristic impedance as shown
below in Figure 1.15.
For an arbitrary load impedance, , the boundary conditions
will require both forward (+z) and backward (-z) propagating
waves to exist
At , the voltage and current equations with are
(1.98)
and
(1.99)
By convention, the voltage reflection coefficient at the load is
defined as
(1.100)
Z
0
Figure 1.15: Lossless line terminated with impedance Z
0
Z
L
z 0 = P jQ =
V 0 ) * V
+
e
jQ 0 ) *
V
e
jQ 0 ) *
+ V
L
= =
I 0 ) *
1
Z
0
-----
V
+
e
jQ 0 ) * 1
Z
0
-----
V
e
jQ 0 ) *
I
L
= =
<
V
V
+
------ =
From the voltage and current equations we can now solve for
in terms of and
(1.101)
or
(1.102)
The voltage transmitted to the load due to the incident volt-
age wave can be defined in terms of the voltage transmission
coefficient
(1.103)
so
(1.104)
At a discontinuity in a transmission line system, such as load
terminating the line at , the ratio of power incident
to the power reflected is a quantity of interest
A common scalar network analyzer measurement is return
loss (RL) which is 10log10 of this power ratio
The return loss is related to in the following way
(1.105)
where
< Z
L
Z
0
V 0 ) *
I 0 ) *
----------- Z
L
V
+
1 < + ) *
V
+
1 < ) * Z
0
3
---------------------------------- Z
0
1 < +
1 <
------------ -
= = =
<
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
Z
0
+
------------------ =
T
V
L
TV
+
1 < + ) *V
+
= =
T 1 < + V
Z
L
z 0 =
<
RL 10log
10
P
incident
P
reflected
--------------------
, -
. /
=
(1.106)
Now
(1.107)
so
(1.108)
If then and the magnitude of the voltage
along the line is just that of the incident wave which is
In general so
(1.109)
and
(1.110)
by writing (polar form) then we can write
(1.111)
which inspired the vector diagram of shown below
P
incident
1
2
-- -
Re V
+
I
+
) *
*
C D
1
2
-- -
V
+
2
Z
0
------------
= =
P
reflected
1
2
-- -
Re V
) *
*
C D
1
2
---
V
2
Z
0
-----------
= =
P
incident
P
reflected
--------------------
V
+
2
V
2
------------
1
<
2
--------- = =
RL 20log
10
< dB =
Z
L
Z
0
= < 0 =
V
+
< 0 $
V z ) * V
+
e
jQz
<V
+
e
jQz
+ =
V z ) * V
+
1 <e
j2Qz
+ =
< We
jX
=
V z ) * V
+
1 We
j X 2Qz + ) *
+ =
V z ) *
With the aid of the vector diagram shown above, it is clear
that takes on maximum and minimum values of
(1.112)
where is an integer
The variation in is sinusoidal with the distance
between maxima and between minima each being
Recall that where is the wavelength of TEM
waves in the medium
The incident and reflected voltage waves interfere to produce
the voltage standing-wave pattern shown below in Figure
1.17
Figure 1.16: Vector diagram showing V z ) *
V z ) *
V z ) *
max
V
+
1 W + X 2Qz + % 2nY = =
V z ) *
min
V
+
1 W X 2Qz + % 2nY Y + = =
n
V z ) *
d Y Q 3 = Z 2 3 =
Q 2Y Z 3 = Z
The ratio of to is defined as the voltage
standing-wave ratio (VSWR), or simply SWR
(1.113)
Comparison of termination characterization parameters
RL VSWR
0.0 1.0
0.1 +20 dB 1.2222
0.3162 +10 dB 1.9520
0.5012 +6 dB 3.0095
0.8913 +1 dB 17.3910
0.9441 +0.5 dB 34.7532
Figure 1.17: Voltage wave along the line for various real loads.
V z ) *
max
V z ) *
min
VSWR
1 W +
1 W
------------
1 < +
1 <
--------------- = =
<
+G
The analysis of a terminated transmission line up to this point has
assumed that the source impedance and line characteristic
impedance are equal. This simplifies the analysis of voltage and
current along the line since under this assumption the wave
reflected at the load is completely absorbed when it arrives at the
source.
To consider the mismatched source case, the impedance seen
looking into an arbitrarily terminated transmission line is
helpful
Figure 1.25: Circuit for finding the input impedance of a line terminated in ZL.
To find , simply form the ratio with
(1.114)
Recall that the load reflection coefficient is given by
(1.115)
Figure 1.18: Circuit for finding the input impedance of a line ter-
minated in ZL.
Z
in
V z ) * I z ) * 3 z l =
Z
in
V z ) *
I z ) *
-----------
z l =
Z
0
V
+
e
jQl
V
e
j Ql
+
V
+
e
jQl
V
e
j Ql
---------------------------------------
= =
<
L
V
V
+
------
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
Z
0
+
------------------ = =
so
(1.116)
Finally after rearranging using Eulers identity for tan( )
reduces to
(1.117)
Two special cases of interest that will be considered later
result when the operating frequency is such that or
The input impedances for these cases are
(1.118)
The input impedance of open and short circuit terminated
transmission lines will also be of interest
(1.119)
Z
in
Z
0
e
jQl
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
Z
0
+
------------------
e
jQl
+
e
jQl
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
Z
0
+
------------------
e
jQl
-------------------------------------------- -
=
Z
in
Z
in
Z
0
Z
L
jZ
0
Ql tan +
Z
0
jZ
L
Ql tan +
----------------------------------
=
l Z 2 3 =
l Z 4 3 =
Z
in
l Z 2 3 = ) * Z
L
=
Z
in
l Z 4 3 = ) *
Z
0
2
Z
L
------ =
Z
in
Z
L
0 '
jZ
0
Ql tan =
Z
in
Z
L
G '
jZ
0
Ql cot =
The reflection coefficient at any can also be obtained
by noting that
(1.120)
so
(1.121)
The above result will appear later during the discussion of
scattering parameters.
Terminated Lossless Line with Arbitrary Source Impedance
The circuit of interest is shown below in Figure 1.26
One approach to this problem is to consider all the reflections
and re-reflections and then sum the infinite series
Since the infinite series is geometric and , it is summa-
ble in closed form
z l =
V
+
z l =
V
+
e
jQl
=
V
z l =
V
e
j Ql
=
< l ) *
V
e
j Ql
V
+
e
jQl
----------------- <
L
e
j2Ql
= =
Figure 1.19: Terminated line with arbitrary source impedance.
< 1 5
A second approach is to use the boundary conditions at the
source and load terminations to obtain the steady-state solu-
tion directly
Using (1.117) for we can write
(1.122)
Now since
(1.123)
so
(1.124)
Now substitute
(1.125)
into (1.124) to obtain
(1.126)
Z
in
V z = l ) * V
g
Z
in
Z
in
Z
g
+
-------------------
V
+
e
jQl
V
e
jQl
+ = =
V
V
+
<
L
=
V
g
Z
in
Z
in
Z
g
+
-------------------
V
+
e
jQl
<
L
e
jQl
+ @ A =
V
+
V
g
Z
in
Z
in
Z
g
+
-------------------
e
jQl
1 <
L
e
j2Ql
+
-----------------------------
=
Z
in
Z
0
1 <
L
e
j2Ql
+
1 <
L
e
j2Ql
-----------------------------------
=
V
+
V
g
Z
0
e
jQl
Z
0
1 <
L
e
j2Ql
+ ) * Z
g
1 <
L
e
j2Ql
) * + @ A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
V
g
Z
0
Z
0
Z
g
+
------------------
e
jQl
1 <
g
<
L
e
j2Ql
----------------------------------- -
=
where is the reflection coefficient looking towards the
generator
Finally, we can write for any
(1.127)
An equation for may be obtained in a similar manner
Source to Load Power Transfer Considerations
The power delivered to the load via the lossless line is just
the input power which is given by
(1.128)
Let and , then
(1.129)
As a special case suppose that
Clearly , , and
(1.130)
<
g
l z 0 5 5
V z ) * V
g
Z
0
Z
0
Z
g
+
------------------
1 <
L
e
j2Qz
+
1 <
g
<
L
e
j2Ql
----------------------------------- -
e
jQ z l + ) *
=
I z ) *
P
1
2
-- -
Re V l ) *I
*
l ) * C D
1
2
-- -
V l ) *
V
*
l ) *
Z
in
----------------
? 7
> 9
= :
= =
1
2
-- -
V
g
2
Z
in
Z
in
Z
g
+
-------------------
2
Re
1
Z
in
*
-------
? 7
> 9
= :
=
Z
in
R
in
jX
in
+ = Z
g
R
g
jX
g
+ =
P
1
2
-- -
V
g
2
R
in
R
in
R
g
+ ) *
2
X
in
X
g
+ ) *
2
+
-------------------------------------------------------------
=
Z
L
Z
0
=
<
L
0 = Z
in
Z
0
=
P
1
2
-- -
V
g
2
Z
0
Z
0
R
g
+ ) *
2
X
g
2
+
--------------------------------------
=
As another special case suppose that
Note that the condition can be satisfied through
adjustment of and
(1.131)
How do we obtain maximum power transfer?
For fixed we know from circuit theory that for maxi-
mum power transfer we choose
The resulting power delivered is as expected
(1.132)
Note that if is real then (1.130) and (1.131) yield the
maximum power transfer result
Terminated Lossy Line
The analysis of a terminated lossy line is very similar to the
lossless case except now must be replaced by
It will be assumed that is small enough to imply that
can still be considered real
Z
in
Z
g
=
Z
in
Z
g
=
Ql Z
0
P
1
2
-- -
V
g
2
R
g
4 R
g
2
X
g
2
+ ) *
-------------------------- -
=
Z
g
Z
in
Z
g
*
=
P
1
2
-- -
V
g
2 1
4R
g
---------
=
Z
g
jQ O P jQ + =
P Z
0
Figure 1.20: Terminated lossy line.
To begin with we can immediately write
(1.133)
Additionally and respectively become
(1.134)
and
(1.135)
The power delivered to the line input is
(1.136)
The power actually delivered to the load is
(1.137)
V z ) * V
+
e
Oz
<
L
e
Oz
+ @ A =
I z ) *
V
+
Z
0
------
e
Oz
<
L
e
Oz
@ A =
<
L
Z
in
< l ) * <
L
e
j2Ol
<
L
e
j2Ql
@ Ae
2Pl
= =
Z
in
Z
0
Z
L
Z
0
Ol tanh +
Z
0
Z
L
Ol tanh +
----------------------------------
=
P
in
1
2
-- -
Re V l ) *I
*
l ) * C D =
V
+
2
2Z
0
----------- -
e
2Pl
<
L
2
e
2Pl
<
L
e
j2Ql
<
L
e
j2Ql
) *
*
+
? 7
> 9
= :
=
V
+
2
2Z
0
----------- -
1 < l ) *
2
@ Ae
2Pl
=
= 8 > 8 ?
< l ) *
2
e
2Pl
P
L
1
2
-- -
Re V 0 ) *I
*
0 ) * C D
V
+
2
2Z
0
------------
1 <
L
2
@ A = =
The power lost in the line is
(1.138)
Line Attenuation Calculation
The perturbation method of loss analysis assumes that the fields
associated with the lossy line are very similar to the fields of the
lossless line.
The power flow along the line is given by
(1.139)
where is the power input at , and is the attenua-
tion parameter of interest
The power loss per unit length is
(1.140)
Rearranging we obtain
(1.141)
Note that this analysis assumes that is known and can
be found from the fields of the lossless line
P
loss
P
in
P
L
V
+
2
2Z
0
------------
e
2Pl
1 ) * <
L
2
1 e
2Pl
) * + @ A = =
P z ) * P
0
e
2Pz
=
P
0
z 0 = P
P
l
(P
(z
---------- 2PP
0
e
2Pz
2PP z ) * = = =
P
P
l
z ) *
2P z ) *
--------------
P
l
z = 0 ) *
2P
0
---------------------- = =
P
0
P
l
Dispersion
In the first order approximation to given by (1.96) we
found that
(1.142)
If is not of the form , then the phase velocity
If is a function of frequency then the frequency compo-
nents associated with a broadband signal will arrive at the
load end of the line at different times
This phenomenon is known as dispersion.
In linear system theory we would say the system has nonlin-
ear phase
Fortunately since is typically much less than ,
we see that for low loss lines is very nearly linear in
Example: Consider the transmission line circuit shown below in
Figure 1.21.
O
Q M LC
RG
2M
2
LC
---------------------- =
Q Q aM =
+
p
M Q constant $ 3 =
+
p
RG 2M
2
LC
Q M
Figure 1.21: Match terminated low loss line.
We can immediately write that
(1.143)
The transfer function denoted is thus given
by
(1.144)
The magnitude and phase are
(1.145)
For we see that the phase function is composed of
linear and nonlinear components
Distortionless Line
It is possible for a lossy line to have a linear phase factor if
the line parameters satisfy
(1.146)
To demonstrate this insert (1.146) into (1.96)
v
L
M ) *
1
2
-- -
v
g
M ) *e
Pl
e
jM LC
RG
2M
2
LC
---------------------
=
H M ) * H 2Yf ) * =
H M ) *
v
L
M ) *
v
g
M ) *
--------------
1
2
-- -
e
Pl
e
jM LC
RG
2M
2
LC
---------------------
= =
H M ) *
1
2
-- -
e
Ml
=
H M ) * N Ml LC
RGl
2M LC
------------------- + =
RG 0 $
R
L
---
G
C
---- =
(1.147)
Clearly, is now a linear function of frequency and the
attenuation, , is nearly constant with frequency
Note that the line resistance is usually a weak function of fre-
quency
Example: RG-58/U Coax
To better illustrate the impact of dispersion, consider the spe-
cial case of RG-58/U coaxial cable
In the Pozar text (and Collin) the transmission parameters of
coax are shown to be
where is the surface resistivity of the conductor, and is
given by
, (1.148)
Coax
O jM LC 1
R
2
M
2
L
2
------------ 2j
R
ML
-------
+
1 2 3
=
jM LC 1 j
R
ML
-------
=
R
C
L
---- jM LC + P jQ + = =
Q
P
b
a
L
B
2Y
------
b
a
-- - ln =
C
2Y!"
b a 3 ln
--------------- =
R
R
s
2Y
------
1
a
-- -
1
b
-- - +
, -
. /
=
G
2YM!""
b a 3 ln
----------------- =
R
s
R
s
MB
2T
------- =
where here with
For RG-58/U the dielectric diameter is in and the
dielectric material is polyethylene having @ 10
GHz and
Since the characteristic impedance is nominally 50 ohms we
can determine the inner radius, , by setting
,
thus in
The transmission line parameters are given by:
(1.149)
To obtain the frequency response of a one meter section of
properly terminated RG-58/U cable, we simply insert the
above transmission line parameters into
B B
0
B
r
B
0
= = B
0
4Y 10
8
R =
2b 0.116 =
!
r
2.25 =
!"" 0.004!
0
!
r
=
a
Z
0
L
C
---- S
60
!
r
--------
b
a
-- - ln 50 = =
2a 0.033 =
L
B
2Y
------
b
a
-- - ln
!
r
Z
0
c
--------------- 250 nH/m = = =
C
2Y!"
b a 3 ln
---------------
!
r
cZ
0
-------- 100 pf/m = = =
R
R
s
2Y
------
1
a
-- -
1
b
-- - +
, -
. /
1.273 10
4
f ohms/m R R = =
G
2YM!""
b a 3 ln
-----------------
MC!""
!"
--------------- 2.513 10
13
f s/m R R = = =
(1.150)
making sure to explicitly include the frequency dependence
on and , i.e., and
The equivalent impulse response of the system can be
obtained by inverse Fourier transformation, i.e.,
(1.151)
The response of the system to an arbitrary pulse waveform,
, can be obtained in the transform domain, or by
direct convolution
(1.152)
where
The following results were obtained using Mathematica
Magnitude and phase frequency response for m
Impulse response computed using a 1024 point inverse
Fourier transform (IFFT) for m
Simulated pulse response to a 500 Mb/s return-to-zero
(RZ) data pattern of the form ...000101001000... (each
pulse is 2ns long)
H f ) *
v
L
f ) *
v
g
f ) *
------------
1
2
-- -
e
Ol
= =
1
2
-- -
j2Yf LC 1
RG j2Yf RC LG + ) * +
4Y
2
f
2
LC
---------------------------------------------------- - + l exp =
R G R R f ) * = G G f ) * =
h t ) * F
1
H f ) * C D H f ) *e
j2Yft
f d
G
G
[
= =
v
g
t ) * p t ) * =
v
L
t ) * p t ) *
*
h t ) * F
1
P f ) *H f ) * C D = =
P f ) * F p t ) * C D =
l 2 =
l 2 10 and 50 % % =
Mathematica modeling
Z
0
Z
0
p t ) * l
v
L
t ) * y y ) * =
+
-
t (ns)
2
2 ns
p t ) *
6 10 16
Frequency response
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
8
6
4
2
0
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)
f (Hz)
Gain in dB less
the 1/2 loss factor
of 6 dB
The phase response and pulse response
The input is a real signal, but the frequency response is not
conjugate symmetric, so the impulse response is complex
This makes the pulse response contain real and imaginary
parts as well
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
10 20 30 40 50
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
)
f (Hz)
t (ns)
Linear phase
term removed
Real
Imaginary?
The model makes it
impossible to eliminate
the imaginary part
ADS schematic when using the lossy coax model
Input and output waveforms with ADS are more realistic, but
a warning regarding a complex impulse response is posted
Input Output
COAX_MDS
TL1
TanD=0.004
Er=2.25
Mur=1.0
Cond2=5.8E+7
Cond1=5.8E+7
T=2.0 mil
L=2 meter
Ro=60 mil
Ri=58 mil
A=16.5 mil
VtPulse
SRC3
Width=2 nsec
Delay=16 nsec
t
VtPulse
SRC2
Width=2 nsec
Delay=10 nsec
t
VtPulse
SRC1
Width=2 nsec
Delay=6 nsec
t
R
R1
R=50 Ohm
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=50.0 nsec
TRANSIENT
R
R2
R=50 Ohm
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 40
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.2
1.0
time, nsec
I
n
p
u
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
Input Output

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Transient Analysis with Resistive Loads

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