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Unit-1 Introduction to E-commerce Introduction E-commerce is actually advanced version of traditional commerce, or we can say that it is mainly developed to overcome the disadvantages of physical or traditional commerce.E- Commerce is the division of electronic business and is the process of buying or selling over internet, much like marketing but on the internet. Initially when Tim Berners-Lee programmed the internet, e-commerce was mainly meant to do Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Later as the internet developed the e-commerce also had developed. History of E-commerce 1940s: Through the mid-1940s reservations were recorded manually with a pencil on different colored index cards, and flights were controlled by half a dozen employees. In some reservations offices, a wall-sized status board was installed to display seat space available on each flight. It has been quickly discovered that the normal manner of reservations and transacting businessaccompanied by paper orderscould not keep up with the necessary needs. In order to break the paper bottleneck, Edward A. Guilbert , set up a system of ordering via telex, radio-teletype, and telephone. American developed the industry's first electrical/mechanical device for controlling seat inventory in 1946. It was called the Availability Reservisor, and it applied basic computer file technology to the task of tracking American's seats and flights. Even though it couldn't sell the seat or cancel a reservation, the system represented a milestone in adapting electronics to airline reservations. 1950s: By 1952, the airline had added basic computer file technology a random access memory drum and arithmetic capabilities to the Reservisor. With the Magnetronic Reservisor a reservations agent could check seat availability and automatically sell or cancel seats on the electronic drum. As advanced as this was for its time, the airline reservations process was still intensely manual. In 1953, Mr. Smiths and Los Angeles developed a data processing system that would create a complete reservation and make all the data available to any location throughout American's system. It was called a Semi-Automated Business Research Environment better known today as SABRE. American's initial research, development and installation investment in this system was almost $40 million. 1970s: In May 1976, American installed its first SABRE unit in a travel agency. By the end of the decade, SABRE had more than 1,000 travel agency customers. Today, more than 300,000 devices in 74 countries on six continents are connected to SABRE. 1980s & 1990s: What began as a system for American Airlines to keep track of seats sold on its flights has evolved into an electronic travel supermarket used by travel professionals, corporations and consumers worldwide to book airline, car and hotel reservations as well as to order theater tickets, bon voyage gifts, flowers and other travel-related goods and services. The introduction of easy SABRE in 1985 allowed personal computer users to tap into SABRE to access air, hotel and car reservations. Through SABRE - the recognized leader in the travel industry - an estimated $45 billion in travel products is booked each year. SABRE has evolved into the world's largest privately owned real-time computer network and has processed a record high 4,176 message per second. In 1995 SABRE helped develop Travelocity allowing ticket purchase and flight information via the Web. E-Business Models There are mainly five types of e-commerce models: 1. Business to Consumer (B2C) - As the name suggests, it is the model involving businesses and consumers. This is the most common e-commerce segment. In this model, online businesses sell to individual consumers. When B2C started, it had a small share in the market but after 1995 its growth was exponential. The basic concept behind this type is that the online retailers and marketers can sell their products to the online consumer by using crystal clear data which is medicines to patients is following B2C model. 2. made available via various online marketing tools. E.g. An online pharmacy giving free medical consultation and selling Consumer to business(C2B)- It is when a customer works for a certain company for business and the company buys it, here the consumer has to price the trade. Example for such a site is priceline.com .

3. Business to Business (B2B) - It is the largest form of e-commerce involving business of trillions of dollars. In this form, the buyers and sellers are both business entities and do not involve an individual consumer. It is like the manufacturer supplying goods to the retailer or wholesaler. E.g. Dell sells computers and other related accessories online but it is does not manufacture all those products. So, in order to sell those products, it first purchases them from different businesses i.e. the manufacturers of those product 4. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) - It facilitates the online transaction of goods or services between two people. Though there is no visible intermediary involved but the parties cannot carry out the transactions without the platform which is provided by the online market maker such as eBay. 5. Peer to Peer (P2P) - Though it is an e-commerce model but it is more than that. It is a technology in itself which helps people to directly share computer files and computer resources without having to go through a central web server. To use this, both sides need to install the required software so that they can communicate on the common platform. This type of e-commerce has quite low revenue generation 6. m-Commerce - It refers to the use of mobile devices for conducting the transactions. The mobile device holders can contact each other and can conduct the business. Even the web design and development companies optimize the websites to be viewed correctly on mobile devices. There are other types of e-commerce business models too like Business to Employee (B2E), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Citizen (G2C) but in essence they are similar to the above mentioned types. Moreover, it is not necessary that these models are dedicatedly followed in all the online business types. It may be the case that a business is using all the models or only one of them or some of them as per its needs. The legal environment of electronic commerce

The global spread of Internet creates favorable conditions for the growth of electronic commerce. At the same time, this is a challenge to the legal framework of many countries because the legal framework is insufficiently flexible or insufficiently specific in regulating the new relations between business entities. The Internet commerce presents the following problems to the legal framework of states: Distance transactions. More often than ever before the buyer-seller relations are losing direct contact. On the Internet it may happen dat neither party to the transaction knows about the transaction until it is due to be performed,let alone hv d written form of the transaction.New conditions n forms for the validity of transactions are necessary.It is also imperative to have means how to define the liability of the parties. Payments. New payment methods and means have emerged in the public environment of the wide world web. Almost every transaction of this kind involves, in addition to the buyer or seller, their banks n d operators of the payment systems, if any. Since d number of frauds through the use of electronic payment means is quite considerable these days, the liability of each party must be unambiguously defined. International aspects. Although electronic commerce does not recognise national borders, they are still recognised by commercial law. The existing specific legal acts, taxation rules and restrictions on imports and exports still remain an important, slow moving issue to lawyers Consumer protection. The population requires guarantees that the presentation of goods and services on the Internet should conform to their qualities, that the buyer should be entitled to return the acquired defective product, that the consumer should be protected against undesired advertising or against the improper use of his/her personal data. Protection of trade marks, Internet and intellectual property. The territory-bound character of law related to these forms of property runs counter to the realities of the cross-border nature of the Internet, while the digital form of many products distributed in the cyberspace is especially vulnerable to illegal copying. Ethical issues 1Privacy2Intellectual property3Free speech4Taxation5Computer Crimes6Consumer Protection. Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) Electronic Data Interchange is the computer-to-computer exchange of routine business data between trading partners in standard data formats. This definition contains 3 key concepts about EDI:

1. Computer-to-computer: EDI in its most efficient form flows directly out of a senders computer system directly into a receivers computer system without any human intervention; however, it is not always possible for EDI to flow in this most efficient manner. 2. Routing business data: EDI is used for routine business documents like Purchase Orders and Invoices. It is not used for non-routine business documents like complicated contracts or information meant for humans to read and analyze. 3. Standard data formats: A standard definition of the location and structure of the data is provided. Unstructured text is not EDI.

The diagram above illustrates how much slower the conventional paper process than the EDI process. Additionally, the conventional paper process includes substantially more human intervention to move business information from one company to another. The conventional process requires someone to handle a printed computer generated form and mail it. Then, the recipient re-keys the data back into another computer for their internal processing. (It is estimated that 80% of the data that is keyed into computers is output from other computers!) The EDI process is a computer transmitting the information directly to another computer, eliminating the paperwork and human intervention. Benefits of EDI Speed Data can move directly out of one computer system and into another with little to no delay. Accuracy Errors are reduced because data is not being re-keyed. Error rates from entering data are between .5 3%. On large volumes of transactions, the possibility for the introduction of errors is enormous. Simplicity EDI standards specify how data will be formatted and where it can be found. Security Much less likely to lose information transmitted through EDI than information sent via mail. EDI can be accessed only by authorized users, and then there are audit trails and archives of data. EDI data cannot be easily changed by unauthorized users. It is also not subject to viruses. These 4 benefits produce the following results: Faster buy-sell cycle time2Faster cash flow3Reduced order lead time4Reduced inventories Ability to conduct just-in-time manufacturing5Improved trading partner relationships Value Chain

A value chain is a chain used for showing the relationship between an organization and a customer. Value chain is a chain in which supply and value of products is described serial wise. The main difference between value chain and supply chain is that in value chain some value added services are added or we can say value added services are used for selling the product. One of the people has given his own points for value chain, his name is Porter. A value chain is a chain of activities for a firm operating in a specific industry. The business unit is the appropriate level for construction of a value chain, not the divisional level or corporate level. Products pass through all activities of the chain in order, and at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of the independent activity's value. Requirements of value chain: Coordination and collaboration; Investment in information technology; Changes in organizational processes; Committed leadership; Flexible jobs and adaptable, capable employees; A supportive organizational culture and attitudes; Flintstone Example: Without the dinosaur, Fred couldn't complete his daily tasks quickly. This was because the dinosaurs had more strength than poor Freddy, therefore, making the process more efficient, which added value to the final result.

Porter's Value Chain

The idea of the value chain is based on the process view of organisations, the idea of seeing a manufacturing (or service) organisation as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation processes and outputs. Inputs, transformation processes, and outputs involve the acquisition and consumption of resources - money, labour, materials, equipment, buildings, land, administration and management. How value chain activities are carried out determines costs and affects profits. Most organisations engage in hundreds, even thousands, of activities in the process of converting inputs to outputs. These activities can be classified generally as either primary or support activities that all businesses must undertake in some form. According to Porter (1985), the primary activities are: 1. Inbound Logistics - involve relationships with suppliers and include all the activities required to receive, store, and disseminate inputs. 2. 3. Operations - are all the activities required to transform inputs into outputs (products and services). Outbound Logistics - include all the activities required to collect, store, and distribute the output.

4. Marketing and Sales - activities inform buyers about products and services, induce buyers to purchase them, and facilitate their purchase. 5. Service - includes all the activities required to keep the product or service working effectively for the buyer after it is sold and delivered. Secondary activities are: 1. Procurement - is the acquisition of inputs, or resources, for the firm. 2. Human Resource management - consists of all activities involved in recruiting, hiring, training, developing, compensating and (if necessary) dismissing or laying off personnel. 3. Technological Development - pertains to the equipment, hardware, software, procedures and technical knowledge brought to bear in the firm's transformation of inputs into outputs. 4. Infrastructure - serves the company's needs and ties its various parts together, it consists of functions or departments such as accounting, legal, finance, planning, public affairs, government relations, quality assurance and general management. Refer page no 19 iss dia Supply Chain

A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE The invention of faster internet connectivity and powerful online tools has resulted in a new commerce arena Ecommerce. Ecommerce offered many advantages to companies and customers but it also caused many problems. ADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE 1. Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products. 2. Buying/selling 24/7. 3. More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Low operational costs and better quality of services. No need of physical company set-ups. Easy to start and manage a business. Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around physically. Convenient shopping. From customers perspectives, shopping online would be really cool because: They dont need to physically be on the store; they can browse through your products in pyjamas, laying They save more time and gas They can browse through many products within minutes They can compare prices easily They can choose preferred payment gateway your online store offers They can provide their important information (i.e. credit card number) more securely They can do all those stuff above on the go For certain products they can have better deals Improved customer interaction.

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9.

DISADVANTAGES OF ECOMMERCE 1. Any one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which eat up customers money. 2. There is no guarantee of product quality. 3. Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes. 4. As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer loyalty is always on a check. 5. There are many hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site, service, payment gateways, all are always prone to attack. UNIT-2 Electronic payment system Its actually considered in e-commerce payment system. An e-commerce payment system facilitates the acceptance of electronic payment for online transactions. Also known as a sample of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), e-commerce payment systems have become increasingly popular due to the widespread use of the internet-based shopping and banking. There are numerous different payments systems available for online merchants. These include the traditional credit, debit and charge card but also new technologies such as digital wallets, e-cash, mobile payment and echecks Requirements of EPS Another form of payment system is allowing a 3rd party to complete the online transaction for you. These companies are called Payment Service. 1.Security: payment systems are very likely to become a target for criminal attacks. 2.Flexibility: different models for different situations (anonymity, accountability, risk). 3.Computational efficiency: support for micropayment; per-transaction cost must be small enough so that they are insignificant. Recent: Google Pushes Wallet as Payment SystemGoogle is merging its Checkout and Wallet electronic payment services to consolidate them into a single product that works both on Web browsers and mobile devices.The company is also in the process of making Wallet the payment tool on Android Market, YouTube, Google+ Games, and other Google sites where e-commerce transactions occur. Checkout was launched several years ago as an online payment platform, designed primarily to work on conventional web browsers, while Wallet made its debut in September of this year as a payment application for mobile phones.Shoppers should use their Wallet account credentials on sites that also accept Checkout, while people who only have a Checkout account will be able to transfer their account to Wallet the next time they log into the service,

Google said in a blog post.The integration between Wallet and Checkout will be transparent to merchants, the company said.

Credit cards A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services.[1] The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. A credit card is different from a charge card: a charge card requires the balance to be paid in full each month.[2] In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being charged. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like currency by the owner of the card. Most credit cards are issued by banks or credit unions, and are the shape and size specified by the ISO/IEC 7810 standard as ID-1. This is defined as 85.60 53.98 mm (3.370 2.125 in) (33/8 21/8 in) in size. Transaction steps 1. Authorization: The cardholder presents the card as payment to the merchant and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer (acquiring bank). The acquirer verifies the credit card number, the transaction type and the amount with the issuer (Card-issuing bank) and reserves that amount of the cardholder's credit limit for the merchant. An authorization will generate an approval code, which the merchant stores with the transaction. 2. Batching: Authorized transactions are stored in "batches", which are sent to the acquirer. Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of d business day. If a transaction is not submitted in the batch, the authorization will stay valid for a period determined by the issuer, after which the held amount will be returned to d cardholder's available credit (see authorization hold). 3. Clearing and settlement: The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association, which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer. Essentially, the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction. 4. Funding: Once the acquirer has been paid, the acquirer pays the merchant. The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus either the "discount rate," "mid-qualified rate", or "non-qualified rate" which are tiers of fees the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions. 5. Chargebacks: A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction. Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder. In the event of a chargeback, the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution. The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant, who must either accept the chargeback or contest it. Debit cards A debit card (also known as a bank card or check card) is a plastic card that provides the cardholder electronic access to his or her bank account/s at a financial institution. Some cards have a stored value with which a payment is made, while

most relay a message to the cardholder's bank to withdraw funds from a designated account in favor of the payee's designated bank account. The card can be used as an alternative payment method to cash when making purchases. In some cases, the cards are designed exclusively for use on the Internet, and so there is no physical card. An example of the front of a typical debit card: 1. Issuing bank logo2EMV chip3Hologram4Card number5Card brand logo6Expiration date 2. Cardholder's name An electronic card issued by a bank which allows bank clients access to their account to withdraw cash or pay for goods and services. This removes the need for bank clients to go to the bank to remove cash from their account as they can now just go to an ATM or pay electronically at merchant locations. This type of card, as a form of payment, also removes the need for checks as the debit card immediately transfers money from the client's account to the business account.

Smart cards A smart card is a card with a microchip in it. Such cards are used as a method of identification and authentication.Plastic cards that allow to withdraw money from a cash machine often are smart cards nowadays (Some of them still have a magnetic stripe which holds the same information). The very often the user is identified with a PIN. If the pin is entered correctly, money can be withdrawn. If the PIN is not entered correctly, the card is blocked (after a number of false attempts). At first, smart cards were used in public telephones in France, in 1983. There, the card simply stored a prepaid credit. This credit was reduced when calls were made. Another way to solve the problem is that the balance is stored in a remote database. To make calls, a (usually toll-free number) is first called. From there, additional calls can be made. This eleiminates the need for cards with chips on them. Electronic money Electronic money (also known as e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash, digital currency, cyber currency) is money or scrip that is only exchanged electronically. Digital money is money that can be traded electronically. It can be used for online purchases or can be transferred from one account to another. Whenever you swipe your card instead of paying cash, you are using form of digital money.Digital money is also recognized as digital cash, digital currency, electronic money, electronic cash, electronic currency or e-money. Direct deposit and Electronic Funds Transfer are some of the known examples of digital money.

Theoretically, digital money is a system that debits and credits money electronically. It is used to exchange value with another system or itself. Furthermore it is a term for cryptography and technologies that enable it. This system includes digital stored value system, computer networks and internet. The most successful example of digital money or emoney is Hong Kongs Octopus card system. In the beginning it was used as transit payment system. Now it has developed into broadly used electronic cash system. Marketing strategies Marketing strategy can be defined as a type of planning for marketing. Also it can be say that a preplanned structure of selling and purchasing of products online. People power Total commitment from top leadership, keeping in mind that rural marketing is a long-term relationship, is imperative - the successes of Hindustan Lever [ Get Quote ] and ITC are proof of this statement. But even more important is the need for a dedicated task force.Rural marketing efforts need special mindsets, which many of the urban-oriented management graduates who are at the helm of affairs at most organisations do not possess. A separate marketing and sales vertical headed by people with passion and commitment to rural marketing and supported by a field team that can face the rough and tough of the vast country-side with courage and conviction is a must.The best bet is to recruit students from specialised institutes such as the Indian Institute of Rural Management, or at least, management graduates who have studied the subject as an elective.Many of these are students from small towns, people with fire in their bellies who want to prove themselves in big companies and have no issues about working in smaller markets. Pay them well - remember, you pay peanuts, you get only monkeys - and discuss the path their careers are likely to take in the organisation. And send them out in the field only after thorough training. Ensure the consistency of the team involved in any project, until the completion of a specific task. Recently, we were involved with two big clients. In both cases, the teams that briefed us in the initial stages and participated enthusiastically in the campaign, were shifted out midway, in keeping with their companies' policy of shifting and promoting people.The teams that succeeded felt no ownership of the campaigns they had not initiated. What started as a great rural marketing initiative has been relegated to the dustbin... the fate of many rural marketing initiatives in the country. Goals are good

Early on in the campaign, define your objective: is it a tactical effort to achieve increased sales in specific areas during a specific time, or do you want to build a strong equity for your brand in rural India? Example: An experience with FMCG companies is that they are more interested in the first choice. Most of them have previously appointed vendors who implement the company's ideas blindly, be they van campaigns or below-the-line activities.There is very little effort to tailor whatever communication is made in such efforts, to suit the local audience or fit it with the overall campaign efforts in the mass media. This invariably leads to less than satisfactory results in terms of awareness of the brands and long-term impact of the efforts in the targeted markets. If you are interested in the second alternative, a comprehensive brand building strategy in rural India, with both short term and long term goals, is a must. Know your customers

A good place to begin is studying the mindset of your customers, so you can create a customised plan of action. All too often, clients insist their knowledge of their customers (based on studies of urban India) is enough on which to base an action plan. Our experience shows that the attitudes, aspirations and fears of rural customers, with regard to products and brands, is very different from their urban counterparts. Ensure availability

Studies also indicate that rural consumers prefer to shop for durables such as televisions, automobiles and appliances in the nearest big town or city. So, if your products are in towns with populations of 50,000, you're closer to the rural consumer than you would have thought. Advertising on web

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web to deliver marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, blogs, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, interstitial ads, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam Above is the example of advertising a product i.e shirts on a search engine yahoo.com. Use these types of example to answer a question regarding to advertising on web. M-Commerce "Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device."M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, mcommerce enables users to access the Internet without needing to find a place to plug in. Mobile commerce, or mcommerce, is simply the ability to conduct business transactions through a mobile device. With smartphone sales rising 49% in the first quarter of 2010, never before has it been so easy to shop, anywhere, anytime from the palm of your hand. Upto 2011 By the end of the first quarter of 2011 we can expect to see most of the large Telcos offering payment services under their brand. These will be facilitated by a customer wallet most likely being backed by a large Bank. The launch will be mostly around basic Bill Pay/Utility services with a significant push around pre-paid recharge/post paid bill pay using the wallet. The need to push these self-services of the operators will be to test the waters in terms of comfort of the subscribers to use their customer wallet. 3 rd Party Bill Pay services will be in introduced but not pick up very quickly. Upto 2015 Upto 2015, the experts has examined and planned that selling/buying of goods could be happen by mobile commerce. Marketing can also be done through mobile phones itself. Billing for postpaid system can be held by mobile phones. By 2015, its estimated that shoppers from around the world will spend about $119 billion on goods and services bought via their mobile phones, according to a study by ABI Research released this past February. In the United States alone, mobile shopping rose from $396 million in 2008 to $1.2 billion in 2009, and mobile campaign spending also increased by 25 to 30% over the past year, with companies shelling out just under $313 million according to the same study. Senior Analyst Mark Beccue, said that hes forecasting U.S. sales to reach about $2.2 billion in 2010. DEFINITION "Mobile Commerce is the use of information technologies and communication technologies for the purpose of mobile integration of different value chains an business processes, and for the purpose of management of business relationships. Advantages of M-commerce 1.Convenience: It is a true convenience to do much from a handy device via M-Commerce. With wherever you are, in just a few clicks on your mobile device, you can already do shopping, banking and download media files. 2.Flexible Accessibility :User can be accessible via mobile phones and at the same time be accessible online too through logging on to various mobile messengers like Yahoo and Gtalk and other networking platforms.On the other hand, user may also choose not to be accessible by shutting down his mobile device, which at times can be a good thing. 3.Easy Connectivity :As long as the network signal is available, mobile devices can connect and do commerce transactions, mobile to mobile and even mobile to other devices. No need for modem or WI-FI connectivity set up. 4.Personalization :Each mobile device is usually dedicated to a specific user, it is personal. You can do whatever you want to your mobile device, modify the wallpaper, change view settings or modify contact information as you send emails or e-payments.

5.Time Efficient :Doing M-Commerce transactions do not require the user to plug anything like personal computer or wait for the laptop to load. Just hit the on button of your mobile device . Despite the small screen, having something in your pocket that can do so much via M-Commerce is really an amazing technology and a great help. E-Commerce business are also making applications for mobile phones which allows users to browse their online products and make payments with couple of buttons. MOBILE DEVICEM-commerce is not just about using mobile phones as end user devices. The following list gives an overview of different kinds of mobile devices. Mobile phone PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) Smart phone-the smart phone combines mobile phone and PDA technology into one device. Laptop Earpiece (as part of a personal area network) M-COMMERCE VERSUS E-COMMERCE In comparison to e-commerce, m-commerce offers both advantages and disadvantages. The following shows the advantages of m-commerce: Ubiquity: The use of wireless device enables the user to receive information and conduct transactions anywhere, at anytime. Accessibility: Mobile device enables the user to be contacted at virtually anytime and place. The user also has the choice to limit their accessibility to particular persons or times. Convenience: The portability of the wireless device and its functions from storing data to access to information or persons. Localization: The emergence of location-specific based applications will enable the user to receive relevant information on which to act. Instant Connectivity (2.5G): Instant connectivity or "always on" is becoming more prevalent will the emergence of 2.5 G networks, GPRS or EDGE. Users of 2.5 G services will benefit from easier and faster access to the Internet. Personalization: The combination of localization and personalization will create a new channel/business opportunity for reaching and attracting customers. Personalization will take the form of customized information, meeting the users preferences, followed by payment mechanisms that allow for personal information to be stored, eliminating the need to enter credit card information for each transaction. Time Sensitivity Access to real-time information such as a stock quote that can be acted upon immediately or a sale at a local boutique. Security depending on the specific end user device, the device offers a certain level of inherent security. Disadvantages of m-commerce: 1.Mobile devices offer limited capabilities (such as limited display). Between mobile devices these capabilities vary so much that end user services will need to be customized accordingly. 2.The heterogeneity of devices, operating systems and network technologies is a challenge for a uniform end user platform. For this reason, standardization bodies consisting of telecommunication companies, device manufacturers and value added service providers integrate their work. 3.Mobile devices are more prone to theft and destruction. 4.The communication over the air interface between mobile device and network introduces additional security threats. AREAS / USES OF M-COMMERCE In the current commerce industry, mobile commerce or M-Commerce has been entered in finance, services, retails, tele-communication and information technology services. In these sectors, M-Commerce is not only being widely accepted but also it is being more used as a popular way of business/ commerce. Finance Sectors Telecommunication Sectors Service / Retail sectors Information Sector

M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS 1. Mobile ticketing: Tickets can be sent to mobile phones using a variety of technologies. Users are then able to use their tickets immediately by presenting their phones at the venue.Tickets can be booked and cancelled on the mobile with the help of simple application downloads or by accessing WAP portals of various Travel agents or direct service providers. Mobile ticketing for airports, ballparks, and train stations, for example, will not only streamline unexpected metropolitan traffic surges, but also help users remotely secure parking spots (even while in their vehicles) and greatly facilitate mass surveillance at transport hubs. 2. Mobile vouchers, coupons and loyalty cards:Mobile ticketing technology can also be used for the distribution of vouchers, coupons and loyalty cards. The voucher, coupon, or loyalty card is represented by a virtual token that is sent to the mobile phone. Presenting a mobile phone with one of these tokens at the point of sale allows the customer to receive the same benefits as another customer who has a loyalty card or other paper coupon/voucher. Mobile delivery enables: economy of scale quicker and easier delivery effective target marketing privacy-friendly data mining on consumer behaviour environment-friendly and resources-saving efficacy 3. Content purchase and delivery: Currently, mobile content purchase and delivery mainly consists of d sale of ring-tones, wallpapers, n games for mobile phones. The convergence of mobile phones, mp3 players n video players into a single device will result in an increase in the purchase n delivery of full-length music tracks n video. Download speeds, if increased to 4G levels, will make it possible to buy a movie on a mobile device in a couple of seconds, while on d go. 4. Location-based services:Unlike a home PC, the location of the mobile phone user is an important piece of information used during mobile commerce transactions. Knowing the location of the user allows for location based services such as: local maps 2 local offers 3 local weather 5 people tracking and monitoring 5.Information services:A wide variety of information services can be delivered to mobile phone users in much the same way as it is delivered to PCs. These services include: 1 news services 2 stock data 3 sports results 5 financial records 6 traffic data and information Particularly, more customized traffic information, based on users' travel patterns, will be multicast on a differentiated basis, instead of broadcasting the same news and data to all Users. This type of multicasting will be suited for more bandwidth-intensive mobile equipment. 6. Mobile Banking: Banks and other financial institutions are exploring the use of mobile commerce to allow their customers to not only access account information, but also make transactions, e.g. purchasing stocks, remitting money, via mobile phones and other mobile equipment. This service is often referred to as Mobile Banking or M-Banking. More negative issues like ID theft, phishing and pharming are lurking when it comes to mobile banking, particularly done on the mobile web. Net security technology free from redundancy and paradigm shifts away from mobile web-based banking will be an optimal solution to mobile banking in the near future. 7. Mobile brokerage: Stock market services offered via mobile devices have also become more popular and are known as Mobile Brokerage. They allow the subscriber to react to market developments in a timely fashion and irrespective of their physical location. 8. Auctions: Over the past three years Mobile reverse action solutions have grown in popularity. Unlike traditional auctions, the reverse auction (or low-bid auction) bills the consumer's phone each time they place a bid. Many mobile PSMS commerce solutions rely on a one-time purchase or one-time subscription; however, reverse auctions are high return applications as they allow the consumer to transact over a long period of time. 9. Mobile purchase: Mobile purchase allows customers to shop online at any time in any location. Customers can browse and order products while using a cheap, secure payment method. Instead of using paper catalogues, retailers can send customers a list of products that the customer would be interested in, directly to their mobile device or consumers can visit a mobile version of a retailers ecommerce site. Additionally, retailers will also be able to track customers at all times and notify them of discounts at local stores that the customer would be interested in.

10. Mobile marketing and advertising: Mobile marketing is an emerging concept, but the speed with which it's growing its roots is remarkable. Mobile marketing is highly responsive sort of marketing campaign, especially from brands experience point of view. And almost all brands are getting higher campaign response rates. Corporations are now using m-commerce to expand everything from services to marketing and advertisement. Although there are currently very few regulations on the use and abuses of mobile commerce, this will change in the next few years. With the increased use of m-commerce comes increased security. Cell phone companies are now spending more money to protect their customers and their information from online intrusions and hackers. Unit-3 E-government

Definition E-government can be defined as the electronic government which works electronically or digitally and operate all the policies of government. It refers to the use by government agencies of information technology that have the ability to transform the relationship between citizens. History The countries with remarkable e-governance initiatives are New Zealand, Canada and Singapore. E-government in the United States was especially driven by the 1998 Government Paperwork Elimination Act and by President Clinton's December 17, 1999, Memorandum on E-Government, which ordered the top 500 forms used by citizens to be placed online by December 2000. The memorandum also directed agencies to construct a secure e-government infrastructure. Electronic Governance involves 1,,New styles of leadership, 2 New ways of debating 3 Deciding policy and investment, 4 New ways of accessing education, 5New ways of listening to the citizens 6New ways of organizing 8 Delivering information and services. Non-internet e-Government While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, wireless networks and services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking systems, RFID, biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other Near Field Communication applications; polling station technology (where non-online e-voting is being considered), TV and radiobased delivery of government services (e.g., CSMW), email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies. E-Governance Issues and Challenges Challenges in implementation of E-Governance Applications A number of issues, some old and some new have arisen in e-governance application, for example: (i) Lack of strategies and financial plan (ii) The project implementation is generally vendor driven (iii) Lack of standardization ( For example, similar projects are carried out by different state agencies using incompatible file formats and application standards) (iv) Reverse compatibility of application with legacy systems are missing in several projects. (v) The IT Infrastructures are procured before building the application or digitizing the data. (vi) Physical security is emphasized, whereas the Logical and application security is left to vendors in many cases. (vii) Lack of understanding by the departments, for the components of e-governance applications, which can be outsourced or can be carried out in-house. Refer dia of page 1 Issues in E-Governance 1. Phase 1: Information Technology framework 2. Phase 2: Digitization 3. Phase 3: Citizen Access 4. Phase 4: Content Development In the first phase, the IT framework need to be identified and the project should be rolled out only after evaluating the feasibility of the project in terms of capacity building, readiness and financial sustainability. e.g. The prime example is e-Seva. The project was started without formal budget provision and without conducting feasibility study. Consequences: The projects was a success but it lead to delays and increased cost of the project In the second phase, the digitization is important to the success of the project. Large amount of data leads to chaos and redundancy of the project. Before the digitization is initiated the data should be filtered. The data cleansing should be done periodically and only by the departments.

Problem: The outsourced agency which is generally entrusted with this task is not the correct approach, since this leads to corruption, stealing and dilution of data In the third phase - Citizen Access: To make the information available, the infrastructure plays a very vital role. The infrastructure includes telecommunication network, Electricity, Kiosks etc. Although the SWAN (state wide area network) has connected almost all corners of the country. Problem :- Promotion of different media sources like Mobiles telephony, Radios, and Television. In the Fourth phase - Content Development: This phase is not limited to content updating, but the transactions must be reconciled, scrutinized and updated. The transactional data must be converted into historical data and separate data mart may be created. e.g.:- The transactions in eSeva were not reconciled with the data in the respective departments and scrutiny revealed many irregularities, inadequacies and inconsistencies in the data. Relationship of E-governance/ can be scope also E-Governance also covers all these relationships as follows: A. Government to Citizen (G2C) B. Citizen to Government (C2G) C. Government to Government (G2G) D. Government to Business (G2B) E. Government to Employee(G2E) A. Government to Citizen :Government to Citizen relationship is the most basic aspect of E-Governance. In modern times, Government deals with many aspects of the life of a citizen. The relation of a citizen with the Government starts with the birth and ends with the death of the citizen. A person transacts with the Government on every corner of his life. May it be birth registration, marriage registration, divorce or death registration. The G2C relation will include the services provided by the Government to the Citizens. These services include the public utility services i.e. Telecommunication, Transportation, Post, Medical facilities, Electricity, Education and also some of the democratic services relating to d citizenship such as Certification, Registration, Licensing, Taxation, Passports, ID Cards etc. Therefore E-Governance in G2C relationship will involve facilitation of the services flowing from Government towards Citizens with the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). 1. E-Citizenship - E-Citizenship will include the implementation of ICT for facilitation of Government Services relating to citizenship of an individual. It may involve online transactions relating to issue and renewal of documents like Ration Cards, Passports, Election Cards, Identity Cards, etc. It will require the Government to create a virtual identity of every citizen so as to enable them to access the Government services online. For the same, Government would need to create a Citizen Database which is a huge task. 2. E-Registration - E-Registration will cover the online registration of various contracts. An individual enters into several contracts during his life. Many of these contracts and transactions require registration for giving it legality and enforceability. Such registration may also be made ICT enabled. E-registration will help to reduce a significant amount of paperwork. 3. E-Transportation - E-Transportation services would include ICT enablement of services of Government relating to Transport by Road, Rail, Water or Air. This may involve online booking and cancellation of tickets, status of vehicles, railways, boats and flights, issue and renewal of Driving Licences, registration and renewal of vehicles, transfer of vehicles, payment of the fees of licences, payment of fees and taxes for vehicle registration,

4. E-Health - E-Health services would be ICT enablement of the health services of the Government. Under this interconnection of all hospitals may take place. A patient database may be created. A local pharmacy database may also be created. All this can be done. 5. E-Education - E-Education would cover the implementation of ICT in imparting of education and conducting of Courses. Distant as will as classroom education will be facilitated with the use of ICT. Use of internet can reduce the communication time required in Distance education; Internet may also help in conducting online classes. 6. E-Help - E-Help refers to facilitation of disaster and crisis management using ICT. It includes the use of technologies like internet, SMS, etc. for the purpose of reducing the response time of the Government agencies to the disasters. NGOs help Government in providing help in situations of disasters. Online information relating to disasters, warnings and calls for help can help the Government and the NGOs coordinate their work and facilitate and speed up the rescue work. 7. E-Taxation - E-Taxation will facilitate the taxing process by implementing ICT in the taxing process. Online tax due alerts and online payment of taxes would help transact faster.

B. Citizen to Government:Citizen to Government relationship will include the communication of citizens with the Government arising in the Democratic process like voting, campaigning, feedback, etc. 1.E-Democracy - The true concept of Democracy includes the participation of the citizens in the democratic and governing process. Today due to the increased population the active participation of the citizens in governing process is not possible. The ICT can help enable the true democratic process including voting, public opinion, feedback and Government accountability. 2. E-Feedback - E-Feedback includes the use of ICT for the purpose of giving feedback to the Government. Lobbying is pursuing the Government to take a certain decision. Use of ICT can enable online feedback to the Government, online debates as to the Government services. C. Government to Government:G2G relationship would include the relationships between Central and State Government and also the relationship between two or more Government departments. 1. E-administration - E-administration would include the implementation of ICT in the functioning of the Government, internally and externally. Implementation of ICT can reduce the communication time between the Government Departments and Governments. It can substantially reduce paperwork if properly used. E-administration will also bring morality and transparency to the administration of Government Departments. 2. E-police - The concept of E-police is little different from Cyber-Police. Cyber Police require technology experts to curb the electronic/cyber crimes. E-police refers to the use of ICT for the purpose of facilitating the work of the Police department in investigation and administration. The concept of E-police includes databases of Police Officers, their performances, Criminal databases wanted as well as in custody, the trends in crimes and much more. ICT can help reduce the response time of the Police department and also reduce cost by reducing paperwork. 3. E-courts - The concept of E-Court will include the ICT enablement of the judicial process. Technology may help distant hearing, online summons and warrants and online publication of Judgments and Decrees. D. Government to Business 1. E-Taxation - Corporate sector pays many taxes, duties and dues to the Government. Payment of these taxes and duties will be made easier by E-Taxation. Online taxing and online payment of taxes can help reduce cost and time required for physical submission of taxes. ICT can also help crosscheck the frauds and deficiencies in payment, further bringing accuracy and revenue to the Government. 2. E-Licencing - Companies have to acquire various licences from the Government, similarly the companies have to acquire various registrations. ICT enablement of the licensing and registration can reduce time and cost. 3. E-Tendering - E-Tendering will include the facilities of online tendering and procurement. It will online alerts as to new opportunities of business with the Government and also online submission of tenders and online allotment of work. It will reduce time and cost involved in the physical tendering system. Benefits of e-governence To Citizens 1.More Convenience Everyone expects more services online. You dont want to wait in a line for an hour to spend five minutes at a counter. We can save you time and energy by putting those services on the Internet. You dont have to miss work to do business during "government hours." You can do business anytime you want, anywhere you want. We come to you so you can even do business from the privacy of your own home. 2.Better Customer Service You rarely need help with routine transactions. E-government lets agencies focus on things you usually need help with. These include: Explaining complex policies Translating English for people who dont speak it well Providing assistance for disabled or otherwise challenged people Providing up-to-date news.

3.More Information Access: Not all decisions are made between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. during a weekday. If you are looking for a house, you may want information about an area during a weekend. E-government gives you 24-hour access to this and other information.Using the Internet also makes finding the information easier. By using a standard look and feel, you know where to find specific types of information on a Web page, such as contact information. To Businesses

1.Lower Costs:-E-government saves companies money. Whenever your employees must drive to a government office or wait in a line, you lose productive time from them. Lost productivity is spent money. If your employees need more than one trip, then each trip is spent money. Putting services on the Internet gets rid of the driving time and time spent waiting in a line. With Oregons e-government system, return trips are just a few mouse clicks. Employees have

more productive time in the office.Most companies have Internet access. You dont need to buy any more equipment or software to use Oregons e-government system. You dont need any training either. To the state 1.Decreased Cost:-State Web sites will be managed through a content management tool. This tool makes it easier to make changes on agency Web pages. This, in turn, reduces the time and energy required to keep agency Web pages upto-date.The E-Government program also consolidates hardware and software needed to create and update state Web sites. This reduces licensing fees and increases the ability of the state to maintain its Web sites. In addition, the E-Government program is providing a powerful Web tool to meet the most common agency needs. This means that agencies no longer have to find their own answers to their online needs. We are reducing the need for 70+ individual platforms to one platform. Development only needs to be done once and then it is available to all agencies. This reduces costs for the state and for the taxpayer. 2.Increased Efficiency:-Online transactions are faster than face-to-face transactions. Paper processing is automated, reducing time and the risk of clerical errors. This allows state agencies to focus on providing better service for the customer. 3.Increased Esteem:-E-government makes the state more responsive to everyones needs. This will help the public see the government as a positive force in their lives Models of E-governance 1.Broadcasting model2.Critical flow model3.Comparative analysis4.Mobilization and lobbying 5.Interactive services/ G2C2G. Unit-4E-readiness E-Readiness is the ability to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to develop one's economy and to improve one's welfare. The process of assessing and improving e-readiness comprises four steps: Choosing an appropriate assessment (evaluation) tool based on a clear understanding of national goals for ICT integration. Conducting the e-readiness assessment. Developing a detailed action plan that will move the country toward its objectives. Implementing the plan. It can also be explained as an infrastructure prepared earlier before apply any policy of government digitally. Example: 1.Prepreparation of any mall project. 2. Prepreparation of school database. 3. Prepreparation of delivery of govt.services to particular villagers(citizen).etc. E-framework Cover e-framework under following headings: 1. Purpose2Vision3Goal4Guiding Principles5Governance6Content Below is the example of e-framework for education and research initiative: 1. Purpose:This document describes the project charter for the e-Framework for Education and Research Initiative (the Initiative). Specifically, it details the vision and goals for the Initiative, its guiding principles and governance, and the manner and policies determining how partners and other contributors may participate.This refers to various supporting documents that provide detailed descriptions of the various entities of the Initiative. Other supporting documents detail the policy framework of the Initiative, including the rights of partners and users of the e-Framework knowledge base and website. 2. Vision:Enabling the use of information technologies by collaboratively, effectively and efficiently harnessing of the successful development and wide adoption of interoperable standards and flexible infrastructures to support the core and inter-connected activities of education, administration, teaching and research. 1 3 .Goals:The primary goal of the Initiative is to produce an evolving and sustainable open standards based service oriented technical framework to support education and research communities nationally and internationally. In pursuing this goal, it is guided by the following technically oriented principles: A service oriented approach to system and process integration Development, promotion and adoption of Open Standards and other interoperability technologies Community involvement in development of the e-Framework Open collaborative development activities Flexible and incremental deployment

4. Guiding Principles:The partners of the e-Framework have undertaken to conduct the business of the Initiative with regard to the following Guiding Principles: 1. The e-Framework partners are committed to open transparent communication and dialogue between themselves and with the broader e-Framework community. 2. Knowledge exchange and knowledge sharing are essential aspects of the vitality of the e-Framework and crucial to the wider adoption of the Initiatives deliverables by our key stakeholders. 3. The partners will encourage and develop a culture of active co-operation and collaboration, and promote an inclusive and supportive environment in conducting the business of the Initiative. 4. The partners will treat each other equitably and make all best efforts to protect and facilitate the exercise of partner's rights. 5. The e-Framework partners will strive for technical excellence and adoption of co-developed good practices. 5 .Governance:The Initiative is governed through a number of related entities listed here: 1. The e-Framework Partners' Strategy Board (the Strategy Board) 2. The e-Framework Management Group (the Management Group) 3. The e-Framework Integrity Group (the eFIG) 4. The e-Framework Communications Group (the Communications Group) 5. Other e-Framework Working Groups (Ad Hoc Groups) established as needed. The governance structure (the entities, their function, and their inter-relationships) is determined by the Strategy Board and may be varied by the Strategy Board by the consensus of all e-Framework partners. Other ad hoc working groups may be established by the Strategy Board within the existing governance structure if deemed necessary and appropriate. Policy The following sub-sections outline the policy framework of the Initiative. The policy framework incorporates policies concerned with intellectual property, acceptable use, privacy, and terms and conditions of use and contribution of content. 1. Intellectual Property Rights Policy The e-Framework Intellectual Property Rights Policy document governs the development and use of the eFramework website. In particular, it determines compliance with all relevant national legislation; promotes the use of Creative Commons and Open Content licensing terms; under best endeavours seeks to ensure appropriate authorisation of the use of third party content; and to take appropriate action in the event of any infringement of intellectual property rights. 2. Acceptable Policy The e-Framework Acceptable Use Policy determines those activities and actions deemed to be unacceptable use of the e-Framework website and supporting systems and indicates the consequences of such unacceptable use. 3. Website Privacy Statement The e-Framework Website Privacy Statement describes the data, which may include personal information, collected by services associated with the e-Framework website in the course of providing a service. The privacy statement also details the code of conduct and acceptable use of that collected data. What is data mining Data mining, the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases, is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on the most important information in their data warehouses. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. The automated, prospective analyses offered by data mining move beyond the analyses of past events provided by retrospective tools typical of decision support systems. What is data warehousing Definition of the data warehouse focuses on data storage. In computing, a data warehouse (DW) is a database used for reporting and analysis. The data stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the operational systems. The data may pass through an operational data store for additional operations before it is used in the DW for reporting. A data warehouse maintains its functions in three layers: staging, integration, and access. Staging is used to store raw data for use by developers. The integration layer is used to integrate data and to have a level of abstraction from users. The access layer is for getting data out for users. Applications of data warehousing and data mining in e-governance

While E-Governance is defined as being accessible electronically to provide the public with relevant information besides facilitating communication between different government sector, E-Government refers to government use of electronic resources and technology to conduct its business. It refers to the application of information and communication technology (ICT) by the government with the aim of exchanging information and services among different arms of government, and with its citizens and businesses. This could be done by any government, anywhere in the world. Governments deal with large amount of data. To ensure that such data is put to an effective use in facilitating decision making, a data warehouse and Data Mining techniques are used over the historical data. It permits several types of queries requiring complex analysis on data to be addressed by decision makers. In this paper the focus is on the scope and use of Data Warehousing & Data Mining in all the dimensions of EGovernance like Government to Citizen (G2C), Government to Government (G2G) and Government to Business (G2B). The efficiency of Government can be increased by using the Data Warehouses and data mining. The need of DWM and e-Governance 1. How to better understand our citizen's needs 2. How to gain more operational effectiveness 3. How to provide better, faster access to critical data about service status while increasing the value of information for those who make decisions on different levels of the government 4. Develop project implementation plans on state and national level 5. Propose extensive and effective databases for the e-Society 6. Provide extensive data for support of e-Government 7. Create effective data and system architectures for more goal oriented solutions to transitional problems. Benefits of Data Warehouse and Mining for Better e-Governance 1. Dependence on IT staff will be reduced. 2. Can obtain easily comprehensive information without the need to use sophisticated tools. 3. Can perform extensive analysis of stored data to provide answers to exhaustive queries. 4. Helps in formulating more effective strategies and policies for citizen facilitation. E-seva E seva is the form of services provided by the government or any institutons, organisation at the time of natural calamities like earthquake, volcanic erruption and many more.These services works for the people and provide basic requirements like food, clothings at the time of disaster. Difference between conventional and e-seva system:

Examples of e-seva: 1.Issue of birth certificate 2. Issue of complaints in government offices. 3.Complaints realted to govt.schools n colleges,.