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1. INTRODUCTION
Using this circuit of IR music transmitter and receiver, audio musical notes can be generated and can be heard up to a distance of 10 meters. The receiver can be placed at a maximum distance of 1 meter from the transmitter without any considerable noise interference. However the communication distance can be improved by using Far IR LEDs. The range of communication can be increased to about 250 meters by using Far IR LEDs. The circuit of the transmitter and receiver are quite simple and can be placed and carried any where easily. The small apparatus provided with the infrared communication function is in many cases operated by a battery incorporated inside so that it is convenient when a user carries it during movement. We do not make use of any modulation technique when working with IR rays and hence there is obviously no necessity of carrier wave generation. This makes the transmitter and receiver designs much simpler This project emphasizes the way by which music is generated and driven by IR rays and gives an explanation to one of the methods of receiving IR rays without considerable noise interference.
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IR AUDIO TRANSMITTER
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4.1.4. Features: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 62-Note ROM memory. 1.5V ~ 4.5V power supply and low power consumption. Dynamic speaker can be driven with external NPN transistor. OSC resistor hold mode. Power on reset: melody begins from the first note. Built in level hold mode.
4.2. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) [1]: Light Emitting Diode is an optical diode, which emits light when forward biased. When a p-n junction is forward biased, the electrons cross the junction and recombine with holes by falling from conduction band to valence band. Thus the energy level associated with it changes from higher value to lower value. The energy corresponding to the difference between higher level and lower level is released by an electron while travelling from the conduction band to the valence band. In normal diodes, this energy is released in the form of heat. But LEDs are made up of some special materials which release this energy in the form of photons which emit the light energy. Hence such diodes are called light emitting diodes. This process is called Electroluminescence. The LEDs use the materials like gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) or gallium phosphide (GaP). The colour of emitted light depends on the composition of the semiconductor material used and can be infrared, ultraviolet or visible. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added directly on top of the chip to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
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Fig 5.1: Photo transistor (both the circuits are equivalent) 5.1.1. Structure: Although ordinary transistors exhibit the photosensitive effects if they are exposed to light, the structure of the phototransistor is specifically optimized for photo applications. The photo transistor has much larger base and collector areas than would be used for a normal transistor. These devices were generally made using diffusion or ion implantation. Early photo transistors used germanium or silicon throughout the device giving a homo-junction structure. The more modern phototransistors use type III-V materials such as gallium arsenide and the like Photo transistors that use different materials on either side of the p-n junction are also popular because they provide high conversion efficiency. These are generally fabricated using
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Fig 5.3: Circuit schematic of an Op-amp The circuit schematic of an Op-amp is shown in the fig , where
1. 2. 3.
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5.2.3. Operation: The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a V+ input and a V-input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp is given by the equation,
Where, V+ is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, V- is the voltage at the inverting terminal and AOL is open loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of a feedback loop from the output to the input). The magnitude of AOL is typically very large, 10,000 or more for integrated circuit opamp, and therefore even a quite small difference between v+ and v- drives the amplifier output nearly to the supply voltage. This is called saturation of the amplifier.
Fig 5.4: An Op-amp without feedback Without feedback, an op-amp acts as a comparator. If the inverting input is held at ground (0 V) directly or by a resistor, and the input voltage VIN applied to the non-inverting input is positive, the output will be maximum positive; if VIN is negative, the output will be maximum negative. Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is an open loop circuit acting as a comparator. Negative feedback is obtained by applying a portion of the output voltage to the inverting input as shown in fig: 5.5. The closed loop feedback greatly reduces the gain of the amplifier. If negative feedback is used, the circuit's overall gain and other parameters become determined more by the feedback network than by the op-amp itself.
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Fig 5.5: An Op-amp with negative feedback. 5.2.4. Applications: 1. Applications without using feedback: Voltage level detector. Zero voltage level detector.
In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in the same direction as the input voltage.
Fig 5.6: An op-amp connected in non-inverting amplifier configuration. The gain equation for the op-amp is:
However, in this circuit V is a function of Vout because of the negative feedback through the R1R2 network. R1 and R2 form a voltage divider, and as V is a high-impedance input, it does not load it appreciably.
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In an inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in an opposite direction to the input voltage. The gain equation of the op-amp:
Fig 5.7: An op-amp connected in inverting amplifier configuration. This time, V is a function of both Vout and VIN due to the voltage divider formed by Rf and Rin.
4. Other applications:
Audio- and video-frequency pre-amplifiers and buffers. Differential amplifiers. Differentiators and integrators.
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Filters. Precision rectifiers. Precision peak detectors. Voltage and current regulators. Analog calculators. Analog-to-digital converters. Digital-to-analog converters. Voltage clamps. Oscillators and waveform generators.
5.3. LOW VOLTAGE AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER LM386 [6]: The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from 20 to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation. 5.3.1. Pin Diagram:
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5.3.3. Applications: 1. AM-FM radio amplifiers. 2. Portable tape player amplifiers. 3. TV sound systems. 4. Line drivers. 5. Ultrasonic drivers. 6. Power converters. 5.4. LOUD SPEAKER [6]: A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input.
Fig 5.9: Loud Speaker The loudspeakers are almost always the limiting element on the fidelity of a reproduced sound in either home or theater. The other stages in sound reproduction are mostly electronic, and the electronic components are highly developed. The loudspeaker involves electromechanical processes where the amplified audio signal must move a cone or other mechanical device to produce sound like the original sound wave. This process involves many difficulties, and usually is the most imperfect of the steps in sound reproduction.
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hFE Characteristics:
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Fig: Typical reverse current vs reverse voltage NOTE: All temperatures shown on graphs are junction temperatures.
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