EBPFINODAL

Technical Data
Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8 & AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5
Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications
La Jaluse 15 national (CH) 032 933 91 91 Case postale 70 international 4132 933 91 91 CH-2400 Le Locle Tlfax 032 933 91 89 www.robertlaminage.ch
YCO 10.04.02
Table of contents
1. General ...................................................................................... 4
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. Properties of Pfinodal and AM 388 alloys ...............................................................4 Phase diagram - Heat treatment .............................................................................5 Applications ............................................................................................................9 Pfinodal and AM 388 selection criteria ...................................................................9 Compositions ........................................................................................................10 Physical properties ...............................................................................................10
2. Mechanical proper ties of the alloys .......................................... 11 proper operties alloys..........................................

2.1. Pfinodal 2.1.1. Mechanical properties before hardening ..............................................................11 2.1.2. Mechanical properties after age hardening ..........................................................12 2.1.3. Mechanical properties after mill hardening ..........................................................13 2.2. AM 388 2.2.1. Mechanical properties before hardening ..............................................................14 2.2.2. Mechanical properties after age hardening ..........................................................15 2.2.3. Mechanical properties after mill hardening ..........................................................16
Proper operties 3. Proper ties ................................................................................ 17

3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. Comparative properties of spring alloys ...............................................................17 0,2 yield strength / A50 elongation Comparative ductility of spring alloys ...................................................................18 Bend ratio / 0,2 yield strength for 90 bending .....................................................19 Bend ratio / 0,01 yield strength for 90 bending ...................................................20 Bend ratio / 0,2 yield strength for 180 bending ...................................................21 Bend ratio / 0,01 yield strength for 180 bending .................................................22 Thermal relaxation ......................................................................................... 23 - 26 Comparison of CuBe2 and Pfinodal strip yield strengths .....................................27 Typical curve: Stress / Elongation .........................................................................28 Dimensional changes during age hardening ........................................................29 Stability of electrical conductivity versus temperature .................................. 30 - 31 Self stripping contact Lifespan tests on self-stripping contact Low corrosion environment ...................................................................................32 Alternate bending fatigue pre-treated states TM00, TM02, TM04 .......................................................... 33 - 35 Comparative fatigue: Pfinodal and CuBe2 ...........................................................36 3
3.13. 3.14.
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1. General
1.1. Proper operties Proper ties of Pfinodal and AM 388 alloys
The Pfinodal and AM 388 alloys mainly consist of copper, nickel and tin (Cu Ni15 Sn8, Cu Ni8 Sn5).
These alloys are produced by powder metallurgy and delivered in strip and wire form.
They offer a range of properties making them ideal for the manufacture of a wide variety of parts employed in diverse fields: electronics, watch-making, spectacles, etc.
Simple heat treatment leads to very high mechanical properties, owing to the hardening induced by the spinodal transformation.
This property is fundamental: these alloys can be delivered with high formability (bending) and acquire particularly high mechanical properties after heat treatment. They also offer remarkable dimensional stability after these heat treatments their hardness exceeds 400 HV they offer very good resistance to thermal relaxation they offer excellent resistance to corrosion, including on contacts they have stable electrical conductivity within a temperature range of -150 to +250 C they are ideal for plating and soldering.
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1.2.
Phase diagram - Heat treatment treatment
These diagrams show how to carry out the two fundamental types of heat treatment: annealing and hardening, which will give these alloys their particular mechanical properties.
Annealed condition The Cu Ni15 Sn8 alloy is in ductile phase between 650 and 920 C; industrially, this solution occurs between 800 and 880 C. To maintain this supersaturated solution at ambient temperature, the alloy must be quenched - that is rapidly cooled - from this high temperature. These two operations, heating and quenching, are always conducted by the supplier and give the alloy its ductile properties enabling forming of parts which, for example, involve severe bending.
Hardened condition Starting from the formed part, for example as-annealed and at ambient temperature, reheating between 300 and 400 C, preferably about 370 C for two hours, will bring the alloy to its + phase equilibrium condition and give high mechanical properties: this is the age hardening operation and this strengthening of properties is due to the spinodal transformation of the supersaturated solution.
The Cu Ni8 Sn5 alloy is in ductile phase between 680 and 800 C; industrially, this solution occurs between 680 and 760 C. In this condition, AM 388 can undergo age hardening between 300 and 400 C (we recommend 385 C for two hours) and acquire high mechanical properties.
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Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8

(15% nickel)
solidus + liquid
Liquidus
Temperature
Annealing + quench range
Age hardening range
AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5

(7,5% nickel)
Solidus + liquid
Liquidus
Temperature
Annealing + quench range
Age hardening range
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differ ferent metallurgical Conventional designations of different metallur gical states of Cu Ni15 Sn8 and Cu Ni8 Sn5 alloys
TB00:
State given by annealing followed by quenching.
TD01 to TD04: States obtained from TB00 to which increasing coldwork rates of 10 to 40% are applied (without hardening).
TX00:
State obtained from TB00, to which age hardening is applied.
TS01 to TS04:
States obtained from TD01 to TD04 to which age hardening is applied.
TM00:
State obtained from TB00 to which special mill hardening is applied in the suppliers mill, in order to obtain particularly high elongation for forming purposes, and requiring no additional heat treatment by the customer.
TM02 to TM08: Same as above - but starting from states TD01 to TD04.
Equivalencies: TM state = mill hardened = pre- hardened = pre-treated Non-hardened = coldworked without heat treatment Age hardened = with spinodal transformation treatment Non-coldworked = with annealing followed by quenching.
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heat treating curves
Initial state: non-coldworked (annealed + quenched)

0,2% yield strength 0,2% yield strength
Initial state: 10% coldworked
Time (hours)
Time (hours)
0,2% yield strength
Time (hours)
Example: Starting from the 20% coldworked state, application of heat treatment for 1 hour at 400 C gives the Cu Ni15 Sn8 alloy a yield strength of 1102 MPa. 8
0,2% yield strength
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1.3.
Applications
These alloys are in particular used for: - connectors, for their elastic and thermal performance properties - mechanics (springs and elastic parts), for their mechanical properties - spectacles, for their mechanical properties - watchmaking, for their excellent dimensional stability during heat treatment.
1.4.
Pfinodal and AM388 selection criteria
The choice between these two alloys depends on the trade-off between mechanical and electrical performance: - Pfinodal: - AM 388: higher mechanical properties higher electrical conductivity.
These alloys are recommended as alternatives to copper-beryllium alloys, when the latter are unable to meet: - critical bending requirements - plating requirements - the expected dimensional stability. They are recommended when low relaxation in a high temperature, corrosive atmosphere is required. The choice of a state will depend on the shape to be given to the semi-finished product. Depending on the importance of the forming to be carried out, we recommend state TB00 or the TD states. The mill hardened states have the advantage of requiring no further heat treatment by the user. As delivered, they are however less suitable for forming than states TB00 or TD. The choice of mill hardened quality will be a compromise between: Required proper operties Formability Required proper ties / For mability
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1.5.
Pfinodal: Nickel Tin
Compositions
AM 388: 15% 8% < 0,5% Balance Nickel Tin Other elements Copper 8% 5% < 0,5% Balance
Other elements Copper
1.6.
proper operties Physical proper ties

Properties
Pfinod al 920 8,9 16,4 AM 3 8 8 950 8,87 16,70
Solidus (0 C) Density (g /cm3) Coefficient of linear expansion between 20 and 200 C (ppm / C) Electrical conductivity at 20 C (% IACS) YOUNGs modulus of elasticity (GPa)
14 - 15
127
120
10
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proper operties 2. Mechanical proper ties of the alloys

Before and after heat treatment 2.1. Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8 2.1.1. proper operties before hardening Mechanical proper ties before hardening
Bend radius /thickness State 0,05 YS (MPa) 0,2 YS (MPa) UTS Rm (MPa)
A5 0 (%) T TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04 165-276 345-455 448-579 552-689 586-745 172-310 358-517 517-689 620-793 655-862 441-586 517-689 586-758 655-827 689-896 32-60 18-35 8-20 3-12 1-10 0 0 0 0,5 0,5 90 L 0 0 0,5 1 3 T 0 0 0,5 1 1 180 L 0 0 1 2 4
T = Transverse L = Longitudinal
State TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04 Vickers hardness 100-150 150-235 190-275 210-290 220-300
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11
2.1.2.
Mechanical proper ties after age hardening proper operties hardening

Heat treatment 370 C / 2 h 370 C / 2 h 370 C / 2 h 370 C / 2 h 360 C / 2 h 0,05 YS (MPa) 655-827 724-896 862-1034 931-1103 1000-1172 0,02 YS (MPa) 619-896 793-1000 931-1138 1000-1206 1069-1275 UTS Rm (MPa) 827-1034 896-1103 1000-1206 1069-1275 1138-1344 A50 (%) 6-20 4-16 3-12 2-9 2-6
State
TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04
State TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04
Vickers hardness 275-350 290-365 315-390 325-400 335-410
12
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2.1.3.
Mechanical proper ties after mill hardening proper operties hardening

Bend radius /thickness
State
0,01 YS (MPa)
0,05 YS (MPa)
0,2 YS (MPa)
UTS Rm (MPa)
A5 0 (%) T
90 L 0 0 0-0,5 0,5-6 T 0-0,5 0-0,5 0-1 1-2 -
180 L 0-0,5 0,5-1 0,8-1,5 2-3 -
TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08
448-620 517-689 620-792 689-862 792-965
482-620 551-723 655-827 723-896 862-1034
517-655 620-758 723-862 827-999 965-1171
655-792 723-862 792-930 896-1034 1034-1226
22-36 15-30 10-24 6-16 2-10
0 0 0 0-0,5 -
State TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08
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13
2.2. AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5
2.2.1.
Mechanical proper ties before hardening proper operties before hardening

State
0,2 YS (MPa)
UTS Rm (MPa)
A5 0 (%) T
90 L 0 0 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 0 0-0,5
180 L 0 0 0 0 0-1
TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04
172-241 379-448 482-551 517-586 551-620
379-482 413-517 517-586 551-620 586-655
32-40 18-25 5-11 4-7 2-5
0 0 0 0 0
State TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04
14
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AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5
2.2.2.
Mechanical proper ties after age hardening proper operties hardening

0,2 YS (MPa) 758-827 792-861 827-930 896-965 896-999 UTS Rm (MPa) 827-965 896-965 930-999 965-1034 965-1068 A50 (%) 6-8 8-10 6-9 6-8 4-6
State
Heat treatment
TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04
400 C / 2 h 385 C / 2 h 385 C / 2 h 385 C / 2 h 385 C / 2 h
State TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04
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15
AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5
2.2.3.
Mechanical proper ties after mill hardening proper operties hardening

State
0,05 YS (MPa)
0,2 YS (MPa)
UTS Rm (MPa)
A5 0 (%) T
90 L 0-1 0-2,5 0-3,7 1-5 2-5,5 T 0-1,1 0-2,2 0-2,7 1,3-3
180 L 0-1,3 0-2,8 0-4 1,5-5,5 2,5-6
TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08
448-586 586-723 620-758 655-792 689-827
482-620 620-758 689-827 723-861 792-930
689-827 792-930 792-930 827-965 896-999
18-25 10-18 10-16 10-14 6-10
0-0,8 0-2 0-2,5 1-2,8 1,2-3
1,5-3,5
State TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08
16
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3.1.
Proper operties 3. Proper ties
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Designation
1120 1020 1100 930 127 127 127 124 22 22 8 15 1280 1190 1170 1000 1,5 1,5 6 6-8 375 360 360 335
State
0,2 YS (MPa) UTS RM (MPa)

A5 0 % HV
E Modulus (GPa)
Electrical conductivity IACS (%)
CuBe2 CuBe1,7 Pfinodal AM 388
1/2 hard 1/2 hard TS03 TS03
Copper-cobalt Beryllium
670 131 48 770 5 225
1/2 hard
Steels
1100 210 196 390 250 157 117 3 17 2,5 10 1050 1200 800 1250 900 0,5 2 1200 20 1150 8 400
Spring XC75 Stainless steel Z10 CN18
CuNi20Mn20 CuZn22A13,5
1/2 hard Extra spring
Nickel silver CuNi18Zn27

670 210 126 800 2
Spring
proper operties Comparative proper ties of spring alloys
17
750 630 800 730 2 235 110 217 620 640 600 680 3 680 0,5 205 180 150 720 2 215 112 660 680 121 480 530 1,5 180 119
Brass CuSn8 Inconel 600
coldworked spring
12 1,7
Brass CuSn5
Spring
14 11 3,5
CuNi9Sn2
Spring
CuNi44Mn1
coldworked
Iron copper Fe1,5Co0,8Sn0,55
Extra spring
50
Cadmium copper Cd 0,8Sn0,6
Extra spring
60
3.2.
0.2 yield strength/ A50 elongation strength/ Comparative ductility of spring alloys
pre-treated CuBe2
0,2% yield strength
pre-treated
Elongation (A50)
18
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3.3.
Bend ratio / 0.2 yield strength for 90 bending strength
Unfavourable
Minimum bend ratio
Unfavourable
Favourable Favourable
Radius Thickness
0,2 YS
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19
3.4.
Bend ratio / 0,01 yield strength for 90 bending strength
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable
Minimum bend ratio
Favourable
Radius Thickness
0,1 YS
20
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3.5.
Unfavourable
Minimum bend ratio
Unfavourable Favourable Favourable
Radius Thickness
0,2 YS
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21
3.6.
Unfavourable
Favourable
Minimum bend ratio
Unfavourable
Favourable
Radius Thickness
0,1 YS
22
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3.7.a.
Ther mal relaxation Thermal relaxation

Tests at 200 C
Initial stress residual %
Time (hours)
Pfinodal 0,2 YS Pfinodal hard pre-treated 0,2 YS
(590-820 MPa) (810 MPa)
v q
Pfinodal 1/4 hard pre-treated 0,2 YS (640 MPa)
Initial stress: 80% 0,2 YS
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23
3.7.b.

Tests at 200 C
Time (hours)
q v
TM02 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS TM04 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS CuBe - 0,2 YS
(660 MPa) (860 MPa) (720 MPa)
24
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3.7.c.

Tests at 225 C
Time (hours)
q v
TM02 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS TM04 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS
(660 MPa) (860 MPa)
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25
3.7.d.

Tests at 250 C
Time (hours)
s v
TM02 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS TM04 Pfinodal - 0,2 YS
(740 MPa) (850 MPa)
26
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3.8.
Comparison of CuBe2 and Pfinodal strip yield strengths strengths
(MPa) 830 800
750
0,01% yield strength
700
650
600
550
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950 (MPa)
0,2% yield strength
q s
Mill hardened C72900 Mill hardened CuBe2 C17200 27
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Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8 3.9. Typical curve: Stress / Elongation curve: Stress
0,2% yield strength
Stress
Elongation (A50)
28
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3.10.
Dimensional changes during age hardening hardening
Shrinkage
CuBe2
Time at aging temperature (minutes)
Aging temperature:
Pfinodal CuBe2 0 to 40%
(370 C) (315 C)
Coldworked:
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29
3.11.a.
Stability of electrical conductivity versus temperature temperature
Electrical conductivity IACS
Temperature ( C)
30
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3.11.b.
Stability of electrical conductivity versus temperature temperature
Electrical conductivity IACS
Temperature ( C) q v C72900 Pfinodal C17200 CuBe2 31
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3.12.
Self stripping contact Lifespan tests on self-stripping contact corr environment Low corr osion environment
Contact resistance
Dispersion on CuBe2
Dispersion on Pfinodal
Time (hours)
Tests as per EIA RS-304-17 and 364-23 with 1000 hours in oven at 105 C qPfinodal --- v Bare Gold-plated on nickel substrate 32
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CuBe2
3.13.a.
Alternate Alter nate bending fatigue e-treated pre-tr TM00 pre-treated state
Stress
Number of cycles at rupture
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33
3.13.b.
Alter nate bending fatigue Alternate e-treated pre-tr TM02 pre-treated state
Stress
34
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3.13.c.
Alter nate bending fatigue Alternate e-treated pre-tr TM04 pre-treated state
Stress
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35
3.14.
Comparative fatigue: Pfinodal and CuBe2
Bend stress to ultimate tensile strength ratio
CuBe2 1/2 hard
36
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YCO 10.04.02
37

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Technical Data

Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8 & AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

2. Mechanical proper ties of the alloys .......................................... 11 proper operties alloys..........................................

Proper operties 3. Proper ties ................................................................................ 17

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Phase diagram - Heat treatment treatment

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8

Annealing + quench range

Age hardening range

AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5

Annealing + quench range

Age hardening range

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

State given by annealing followed by quenching.

State obtained from TB00, to which age hardening is applied.

States obtained from TD01 to TD04 to which age hardening is applied.

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8

Initial state: non-coldworked (annealed + quenched)

Initial state: 10% coldworked

Initial state: 20% coldworked

Initial state: 40% coldworked

0,2% yield strength

0,2% yield strength

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Pfinodal and AM388 selection criteria

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Other elements Copper

proper operties Physical proper ties

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

proper operties 2. Mechanical proper ties of the alloys

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8

Mechanical proper ties after age hardening proper operties hardening

TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04

State TX00 TS01 TS02 TS03 TS04

Vickers hardness 275-350 290-365 315-390 325-400 335-410

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

Pfinodal Cu Ni15 Sn8

Mechanical proper ties after mill hardening proper operties hardening

90 L 0 0 0-0,5 0,5-6 T 0-0,5 0-0,5 0-1 1-2 -

180 L 0-0,5 0,5-1 0,8-1,5 2-3 -

TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08

448-620 517-689 620-792 689-862 792-965

482-620 551-723 655-827 723-896 862-1034

517-655 620-758 723-862 827-999 965-1171

655-792 723-862 792-930 896-1034 1034-1226

22-36 15-30 10-24 6-16 2-10

State TM00 TM02 TM04 TM06 TM08

Vickers hardness 190-290 215-315 245-345 270-370 305-405

Rolled metals and steels for all industrial applications

2.2. AM 388 Cu Ni8 Sn5

Mechanical proper ties before hardening proper operties before hardening

TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04

172-241 379-448 482-551 517-586 551-620

379-482 413-517 517-586 551-620 586-655

32-40 18-25 5-11 4-7 2-5

State TB00 TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04

Vickers hardness 100-130 150-200 175-225 190-230 200-240