Nanotechnology in Textiles1

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APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
A SEMINAR SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN TECHNOLOGY OF FIBER AND TEXTILE PROCESSING BY MISS MRUNMAYI TULASIDAS BEHERE INSTITUTE OF CHEMICALTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI MATUNGA, MUMBAI 400019 SEPTEMBER 2003
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Nano fibers Nano composite Nano filtration Innovations in textile technology Smart wear Polymer applications Nano innovations for Soldiers Other side of nanotechnology Conclusion References
Introduction
Nanotechnology is the science, engineering, and manufacturing of sub-micrometer systems which perform designed-for tasks analogous or related to electrical, mechanical, biological, and computing systems. The key word to-day seems to be nano technology which refers to any area of science in which crucial particle size is less than one micron. The molecular nano technology addresses the gap between molecules and atom. The nano structure materials exhibit properties much improved over those exhibited by conventional materials because of their large surface to volume ratio. One nanometer being equivalent to the width of three or four atoms, nanotechnology usually refers to the region of 1 to 100 nanometers. It is in this range that electrons display special behavior, and nanotechnology is aimed at harnessing this behavior. In general definition, nano means one millionth of a millimeter. When the term is applied to technology (nano technology), the common definition is the precise manipulation of individual atoms and molecule to create layer structures1 Using rules of quantum mechanics it is possible to calculate the behavior of electrons that swirl around an atom. Given enough computing power, on should be able to use such calculation to design a material atom by atom, building desirable properties by adjusting the electronic profile. The problem is the properties of materials results form interaction of huge number of atoms. But nanomaterials which are often isolated molecules- or molecules whose properties arise from limited interactions. It is just the predictive power that will allow it to revolutionize the discovery of nanomaterials. The nano technology is at an early stage of commercialization. But this year the government worldwide would spend 2 billion dollars on nanotech research. Millions of dollars would be invested in nano-tech companies and every major university would solidify their plans for nano tech department . Nanotechnology working at billionth of a millimeter scale is a continuous source of new opportunities for the textile industry. The concept is used to open the way for textiles with new and improved functions but no change in appearance or feel, to save resources and to address new environmental approaches. But the textile industry must make its own APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
4 contribution to nanotech research and urged the industry to intensify its collaborative links with chemists and researchers. When finer (nano level) inorganic materials are dispersed in polymers even in very low level addition, the two phase nano composite material is to be formed. By virtue of nano particle size, the surface area per unit mass is increased ,leading to good interaction with polymer matrix resulting into highest performance. The mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and flammability properties of nano composites are significantly improved. The specific surface area of the fillers in nano composite should be as large as possible without agglomeration. Nano technology is creating major innovations in Textile industry. There are many research going on all over the world on nano fibers, nano finishes,nano detergents etc.Out of them, some technologies are already out of laboratory and have started giving commercial use. Nanotechnology is often referred to as being "bottom-up", producing materials through assembly molecule by molecule and atom by atom, while existing technology is considered "top-down". For example, metal sheeting can be cut into smaller and smaller pieces in order to produce a final tool, while fabric can be cut into a variety of small shapes to be sewn together to produce clothing. The wool of sheep and the garment-like wings of cicadas are created by atoms and molecules being added one at a time, and can be considered natural nanotechnology, being bottom-up1. NanoTechnology refers to the controlled manipulation of materials at the atomic or molecular level. The name comes from the length of a nanometer (nm) which is a billionth of a meter. On this scale, the thickness of a human hair is huge - between 100,000 and 200,000 nm thick. A typical virus is roughly 100 nm wide. Atoms themselves are typically 0.1 to 0.5 nm wide. Nanotechnology involves building "things" roughly in the range of 100 nm or less. Approx. Dimensions in Nano meter(nm) Micron Atom 0.3 0.00036 Polymeric 50 to 500 0.06 to 0.6 nanofibre Melt 2,000 to 5,000 APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
Deniar 0.006 to 0.06
5 blown fibre 1.0 denier fibre Human hair Nanotechnology was first discussed in 1959 by Richard Feyman, the famous Caltech physicist, in a talk at Caltech entitled, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics". The United States government, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, has invested over $1 billion in this area since the year 2000 through 10 Departments and Agencies. Additional nanotechnology funding is, of course, being provided by other governments and by many private companies. Many believe that this field will become one of the biggest industries in our future - time will tell.2 Tomorrows ability to observe and manipulate matter on the molecular and atomic size scale opens new perspectives and chances. Molecules use DNA, charge single electrons and insert atoms. The result is one product or application. Atoms and molecular stick together because they have complementary shapes that are locked together. The goal is to manipulate atoms individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure. Basically, there are three steps: Manipulating individual atoms means to grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. Assemblers that can be programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules are the next step to develop nanoscopic machines. Assemblers and Replicators will work together to construct products automatically and replace todays methods. The overall result will be a decrease of manufacturing costs, making products cheaper and stronger, without waste, and sustainable, zero-emission based. 8,333 20,000 to 30,000 10 1
6 Markets and developments 2002-2015 - The Study 190 nanotechnology companies are listed on the stock markets 2003. About 2,000 companies and organizations are working in this field worldwide. More than 20,000 researchers around the world try to win the battle of leading the science. The leading countries today are USA, Japan, China, and Germany. The R&D spending worldwide are USD 7.4 billion in 2002 and increase up to USD 26.0 billion Global growth in Nanotech R & D (in million of dollars) Global growth in Nanotech R & D (in million of dollars)
Country/Region United States Western Europe Japan South Korea Taiwan Australia China Rest of World
1997 432 126 120 0 0 0 0 0
2002 604 350-400 750 100 70 40 40 270
By 2006 (government and industries). The total markets for nanotechnology worldwide will grow from USD 74.0 billion in 2001 to USD 299.9 billion in 2006 and USD 891.1 in 2015. This is the nanoindustry and not the applications3 The nano-world also includes a series of material technology breakthroughs that will continue to change how we build things, how much they weigh and how much stress and punishment they can take. Nanotechnology allows growing rather than manufacturing materials, which will save energy, conserve raw materials and eliminate waste products producing a healthier environment.
Next big thing is really small Nano fibers

Nanofiber Reinforced polymers prepared by fused deposition modeling.
7 Carbon nano tubes are an ordered array of carbon atoms that can have tensile strength up to 50x that of steel. These tubs or fibers are often called as graphite or carbon nano fibers as well as nano tubes. The size of nano fibers is usually described by diameters in microns. a typical one denier polyester fiber has diameter of 10 microns .A typical nanofiber has diameter between 50 to 300 nano meters .they cannot be seen without visual amplification The technology for manufacturing carbon nano tube is different from common fiber production techniques and the end uses are not those commonly associated with fiber .for this type of fibers, the smallest practical size is approximately 50nano-meters. The manufacturing techniques most often associated with polymeric nano fiber is electrospinning .In this technique ,either the polymer melt or polymer dissolve in solvent is placed in a tube which is sealed at on end and a small opening in necked down portion at other end .A high voltage potential is excess of 30KV is then applied between polymer solution and collector near the open end .This process can produce nano fibers of diameter as low as 50 nano meter, although the collected web usually contains fibers with varying diameters from 50 nm to 2 microns. The production rate of this process is measured in gms/hr. Other technique to produce polymeric nanofiber is recently been introduced by Nano fiber technology Inc. in which nano fibers are created by melt blowing a fiber with modular dye. The fiber produced is mixture of both micron and sub micron sizes. yet another technique spins bi-component nano fibers. Preparation of nano sized ZnO2, Fe3O4 and Al2O3 Among the nano structured materials the inorganic single/mixed oxides from a special class that have immense technological importance because of their use in catalysis ,engineering electronics magnetic materials .ZnO2 for example, has been prepared starting with an aqueous solution of zirconium oxycloride is added 35 % liquor ammonia in molar ratio of 1:4.A white gelatinous precipitate of hydrous zirconyl hydroxide is obtained which is filtered and washed with de ionized water to completely remove the chloride ion and excess of ammonia .The precipitate is dissolved in minimum quantity of nitric acid ,to form Zirconyl nitrate solution having ph 2.This is placed on hot plate (at 80c).Aqueous solution of mixture of sucrose (4 moles per mole of metal ion )and PVA (10mole %) is added to the solution of zirconyl nitrate under hot conditions (80C) with constant stirring to have the homogenous polymeric matrix based precursor solution.
8 Similarly appropriate stoichiometries of ferric nitrate and aluminum nitrate are taken and dissolved in de-ionized water and dispersed in the polymeric reagent of sucrose and PVA under hot condition to obtained the homogenous polymeric matrix based precursor solution of the respective oxide system. Each of the precursor solution is then separately evaporated to dryness and paralyzed subsequently to obtain the fluffy, carbonaceous precursor powder of the respective oxide. These precursors are then calcinated (300 to 500C for two hours) for the removal of residual carbon and the formation of nano sized particulates of the pure oxide. The obtained nano size powders are sonicated in water and incorporated in the matrix of activated charcoal through adsorption .The adsorbed bed, prepared by embedding the nano sized powder of ZnO2, Fe3O4 and Al2O3 in activated charcoal through adsorption have ability to remove fluoride and arsenite ions from industrial waste water as low as 0.01 to 0.02 ppm levels from there concentration of 1000 ppm in untreated waste water. For the purpose , activated charcoal is soaked in colloidal suspension of the oxide at pH 7.The amount of activated charcoal is maintained at around 15% with respect to the amount of oxide. The oxide get incorporated in the matrix of activated charcoal through adsorption. The black slurry is finally dried at 120C to obtain absorbing bed for the removal of the trace amount of the fluoride/arsenite/arsenate ions from industrial waste water. There are several other physico-chemical methods for the preparations of nano sized materials like Vapour phase reactions, Inert gas condensation, Sputtering, Mechanical alloyingLase ablation Spray conversion, Plasma spraying, Chemical vapour deposition The effect of nano particle size and its distribution on the dyeability of polypropylene has been extensively studied at the University of Massachusetts. The salient features of this study on ball milling and ultrasonication: The tumblers tumbler is a steel hexagon barrel with a removable rubber lining and is 9 cm in diameter and 8 cm wide A glass bottle of 5.5cm in height and 2.5cm in diameter is used inside the tumbler for the ball milling the effect of glass and stainless steel balls of 3.5mm, 5.0mm and 8mm size on particle size reduction and distribution has been studied . The speed of the tumbler is maintained at 20 rpm in the ball milling operations .The slower the speed the greater will be the chance for the balls to have contact with many particles. Also at lower speed, the centrifugal force would not overcome gravity. The ratio of ball to
9 material in tumbler is kept at 100:2.5 gms, the tumbling tine being 24 hrs.The 3mm glass balls provided better results in their studies. Ultrasonification done on milled samples in xylene .The amplitude pulsation rate and time of ultra sonication process has been investigated with respect to the particle size distribution. The disaggregation and deagglomeration of the particle assembly is one of the main mechanical effects caused by ultrasonication.The time ultrasonication is vital. The greater the time allowed for ultrasonication, the better are the results1. Dip Pen Nanolithography DPN: DPN technology is a patented process that enables the building of nanoscale structures and patterns by literally drawing molecules onto a substrate. Structures can be assembled onto microelectronic devices with feature sizes in the 10- 12nm size range using virtually any material. The ability to routinely build at this resolution combined with almost unlimited material and substrate flexibility allows users of DPN technology to manufacture ultra- high density nanoarray and nanosensor devices. A new AFM [Atomic Force Microscopy] -based soft- lithography technique which was recently discovered have found that an important requirement for creating stable nanostructures is that the transported molecules anchor themselves to the substrate via chemisorptions. When T-substituted alkanethiols are patterned on a gold substrate, a monolayer is formed in which the thiol head groups form relatively strong bonds to the gold and the alkane chains extend roughly perpendicular to surface. The thiol lattice formed is identical to that of a monolayer obtained via solution deposition of alkanethiols on gold. Creating nanostructures using DPN is a single step process which does not require the use of resists. ...One of the most important attributes of DPN is that because the same device is used to image and write a pattern, patterns of multiple molecular inks can be formed on the same substrate in very high alignment4 Electrospinning is an electrostatic induced self assembly process where in ultra fibers down to nanoscalesare produced .In the electospinning process ,a high voltage electrical field is generated between oppositely charged polymer fluid contained in glass syringe with a capillary tip and a metallic collection screen .Once the voltage reaches the critical value the
10 charge overcomes the surface tension of the suspended polymer with the cane formed on the capillary tip of syringe (spinneret or glass pipette),and a jet of ultra fine fibers is produced .As the charged polymer jets are spun the solvent quickly evaporates and the fibrils are accumulated on the surface of the collecting screen. This results in nonwoven mesh of nano to micron scale fibers. It has been shown that more than 20 polymers including polyethylene oxide, nylon ,polyimide ,DNA can be electrospuned5 A nanoscale fiber is called fibril. Varying the charge density, polymer solution concentration and duration of electospinning can control fiber diameter and mesh thickness. A schematic illustration and example of the composites formed by the process are shown in the figure ,it also explains the concept of CNT nano composites. Figure also shows the orientation of the CNT in a polymer matrix through the electrospinning process by flow and charge induced orientation as well as confinement of the CNT in the nano composite filament.
CNT POLYMER JET
CST IN POLYM ER SOLn
V
10-1000 nm
1-10 nm CNT
NANOCOMPOSIT E FIBRILS
CNT Property and packing
Fibril and yarn . packing
Broad Helix Angle
11 The nano fibril composite can also be subsequently deposited as a spun bounded nano fibril mat for further processing into composite or for use as a nonwowen mat. Or by proper manipulation ,the CNTNC filaments can be aligned as the flat composite filament twisted further to enhance handling or tailoring properties in higher order textile performs for structural composites .By twisting the nano composite fibrils ,off axis angular orientation may be introduced to the nano composite filament in order to tailor the composite filament modulus1 The shapeability and net shape capability of textiles performs greatly facilitates processing for polymer, metal ceramic and carbon matrix composites. . Vapour grown Carbon fiber (VGCF)-Reinforced polymer composites are of recent interest because of their unique combination of favorable thermal, electrical and mechanical properties.VGCF are prepared in similar manner to single wall carbon nano tubes& are readily available at relatively low cost. VGCFs are practical model nanofiber for a single walled carbon nanotubes, were combined with Acrylonitrile Butadiene - Styrene (ABS) copolymer to create a composite material for use with fused deposition modeling. Continuous filament feedback materials were extruded from Banbury mixed composites with maximum composition of 10 % wt of nanofiber .Issue of dispersion porosity and fiber alignment were studied. SEM images indicated that VGCFs were well dispersed & every distribution in matrix & no porosity exited in composite material following FDN processing .VGCFs were aligned both in the filament feedstock & in FDM traces suggested that nanofiber in general can be aligned through extrusion shear processing into the specimens. For a mechanical property comparison with unfilled ABS. The VGCF filled ABS swelled less than did the plain ABS at similar processing condition due to increased stiffness The tensile strength & the modulus of the VGCF.Filled ABS increased an average of 39% & 60%respectivelly over the unfilled ABS. Storage modulus measurements from dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that stiffness increased by 68%.The fracture behavior of the composite material indicates that the VGCFs act as restriction to chain nobility of polymer.
12 Hollow nanofiber (nanotubes)-Nanotubes has great potential application, such as in preparation of nanowire templates, nanoreactors etc. Preparation of hollow nanofiber from triblock copolymerThe solid state morphology of triblock co-polymer PS-b-PCEMA-PtBA which was synthesized by anionic polymerization with nanomolecular weight distribution was in a lamella structure from TEM micrographs. After being added with polystyrene with mass ratio of 1:0.4, the morphology showed a cylindrical structure ,with PS as continuous phase ,PCEMA and PtBA phases formed cylinder with PCEMA as outer layer. The PCEMA phase was crosslinnked.The t-Bu group in PtBA phase was cleavage by reacting with TM-SI and nanofiber changed to nanotubes finaly9. Flammability of Polyamide -6/clay hybrid nano composite from Tg curve suggested that PA-6 is slightly stabilized between 450-600c.PA-6/nano was processed via melt spinning to make multifilament yarn. Textile have been evaluated as knitted fabric and is shown that heat release rate of PA-6nano at 35 kw/mis reduced to 40%than PA-6.This result offers new promising rout for flame retardant textiles with permanent effect . Cheaper Way To Make Carbon Nanoscrolls One of the biggest obstacles in the use of nanotechnology is the cost of manufacture. Scientists working in labs come up with all sorts of interesting nanomaterials that have qualities superior to existing materials for many applications. These discoveries regularly receive glowing media reports. But too many such discoveries are going unused because of a lack of ways to make these nanomaterials cheaply in bulk. Nanotubes are a great example. They are considered to have enormous promise but in spite of the interest they have attracted no team has found a cheap way to make them. Carbon nanoscrolls are also pure carbon but the sheets are curled up, without the caps on the ends, potentially allowing access to significant additional surface area. While nanotubes are normally made at high temperatures, nanoscrolls can be produced at room temperature. Method involves scrolling sheets of graphite, which could give a much higher surface area. If the entire surface area is accessible on both sides of the carbon sheets unlike with carbon nanotubes, where only the outside surface is accessible then surface could adsorb
13 twice the amount of hydrogen that is an enormous increase, which results in improving on hydrogen storage for fuel (an alternative to fossil fuels). Nanoscrolls can be made by a relatively inexpensive and scalable process at low temperatures. Starting materials are just graphite and potassium metal. The idea is beautiful in its simplicity. Carbon surfaces are known to adsorb hydrogen. A difficulty with using hydrogen as a fuel source for cars, instead of gas, is obtaining a material capable of storing enough hydrogen to make the approach feasible. Carbon nanoscrolls could make pollutionfree, hydrogen-powered cars better than they would otherwise be. This research is a good start.. For this approach to work well, it is needful to get down to individual carbon layers, and this target is yet to achieve. On average, the nanoscrolls are 40 layers thick. The challenge is to reduce the nanoscrolls to individual layers. The research may lead to numerous applications. For electronic applications, nanotubes may work well. For applications where high surface area is important - such as hydrogen storage or energy storage in super-capacitors -- these nanoscrolls may be better. Other possible applications for nanoscrolls, include lightweight but strong materials for planes and cars, and improved graphite-based tennis rackets and golf clubs. The use of nanoscrolls for energy storage is especially interesting. Liquefying hydrogen requires considerable energy expenditure to cool it and also requires extremely well insulated tanks to hold it. But gaseous hydrogen takes up too much space. If nanoscrolls could be used either to store hydrogen densely at room temperature or to make a better kind of battery then they'd be very attractive6. Bio degradable nanofiber as many as 40 percent of open heart surgery patients experience abnormal cardiac rhythms after their operations. A nano structured membrane infused with an anti inflammation agents such as ibuprofen and apply directly to heart tissue, has reduced the problem in animal studies. Stars nanofiber membrane is mesh of polymers designed to prevent body tissue from sticking together as the heal. It also breaks down in the body over time like biodegradable APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
14 sutures. The anti-adhesion material is made by "electrospinning".In few milliseconds ,the electrical field aligns the polymer molecules in the jetstreams into the fibrous strands, pulling and stretching the jet 1000 times thinner than the micro sized nozzle opining , to about a 150nm diameter.Oddly,the nanoscale fibers dont follow the straight path downward from the jet stream to the target surface .In fact , they spiral downward at about 300 miles per hour, traveling more than a mile in the space of inches to form an unwoven mesh like a thin pile of well-distributed spaghetti. As the polymers make this strange, circuitous journey, the liquid solvent they were suspended in evaporates. The resulting material has an unusual, ephemeral feel, a tactile blend of paper, plastic and rubber. It isn't sticky, and is fairly strong and difficult to tear. The STAR team says it can produce its nanofiber material in bulk with its array of multiple jets. Now the group is working on expanding the flexibility of their process by altering the shapes of the jets, electrical fields and the composition of polymer solutions7. Carbon Nanotube Fiber Super capacitors Super capacitors based on CNTs are electrochemical energy storage devices that can ultimately deliver capacitances as high as 300 F/gm. Recent advances at UTD in the fabrication of CNT fibers have enabled us to incorporate them into a number of novel super capacitor configurations. The combination of superb energy storage, high electrical conductivity and spectacular mechanical properties of these fibers affords unprecedented application opportunities. In their simplest embodiment, two electrolyte-coated fibers are twisted together to produce a yarn that has been woven into a multifunctional electronic textile. Winding the devices around a form provides the basis for energy-storing structural composites8. Spinning Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers The use of carbon nanotubes for many NanoEnergetic applications depends upon their availability as fibers having exceptional properties. Carbon nanotubes are spun composite fibers at a hundred times the prior-art rate, and obtained fibers that pound-per-pound have twice the strength and stiffness and 70 times the toughness of strong steel wire. In addition
15 to other functionalities. These fibers are used for both electrical energy transmission and sensor devices in electronic textiles. The energy needed to rupture a fibre (its toughness) is five times higher for spider silk than for the same mass of steel wire, which has inspired efforts to produce spider silk commercially. Here we spin 100-metre-long carbon-nanotube composite fibres that are tougher than any natural or synthetic organic fibre described so far, and use these to make fibre super capacitors that are suitable for weaving into textiles. Bioabsorbable nanofiber membrane An electrospinning method was used to fabricate bioabsorbable amorphous poly(D,Llactic acid) (PDLA) and semi-crystalline poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber non-woven membranes for biomedical applications. The structure and morphology of electrospun membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction/small angle Xray scattering. SEM images showed that the fiber diameter and the nanostructure morphology depended on processing parameters such as solution viscosity (e.g. concentration and polymer molecular weight), applied electric field strength, solution feeding rate and ionic salt addition. The combination of different materials and processing parameters could be used to fabricate bead-free nanofiber non-woven membranes. Concentration and salt addition were found to have relatively larger effects on the fiber diameter than the other parameters. DSC and X-ray results indicated that the electrospun PLLA nanofibers were completely non-crystalline but had highly oriented chains and a lower glass transition temperature than the cast film. Nanofibrils from natural organic fibers as industrial material: The nanofibrils (dia-1-10nmorder) comprises natural fibres suspended in swelling media to a cone with thixotropic property & fibrillated between rotating twin disks while adding shear stress in the vertical direction of fiber long axes. The natural fibers are cell-OH fibres, fibrin fibers, chitin/chitosan fibers, collagen fibers, fibrin fibers & keratin fibers. The cellulose fibers from craft pulp were fibrillated to give nanofibrils.
16 Formation of nanofibrillar aggregates by water soluble & structural oligopeptide with alternating sequence, CPyr=Pyrenyl-2-carboxy L=L-Leucine, K=L-Lysine, Formed helical tape like aggregates in an aqueous solution at pH7. Addition of NaCl induced random coil to B. Structure transition to how excimer peak of pyrenyl groups, although no similar result was observed in corresponding non alternating random oligopeptide Pyr(LKLKKLLLKKLLKLKK)10.
Nano structured material /Nanocomposites

Textile structural composites are defined as a composite reinforced by textiles structures used in high tension application. The development of this new branch of material science and engineering has reminded the basic engineering properties of matter and the structural mechanics of textiles. In combination with metal, ceramic and polymer, textiles structures have found applications in sea transport, aerospace, land, sporting goods, civil structure and biomedical products .Textile composites found early applications in the 1950s in space re-entry vehicles. The demand for higher damage tolerance., led to the rediscovery of the units of textile composites in the 1980s.The polarization of liquid moulding process and demand for affordability in the 1990s added a new dimension to the interest in textile composites A body of knowledge is thus beginning to emerge, and has greatly facilited the acceptance of textile composites for structural application in the industry .One of the most significant outcome of the research in textile composites in the past decade is the identification of textile composites as the pathway to affordable advanced composites. As we enter the next millennium ,it is investigated that the continuous growth of composite materials will be energized by the need of multifunctional properties for the next generation of structural composites .It is investigated that there is continuous need to improve the reliability of composites through precise fiber placement and local reinforcement .As the interest in long term application broadens ,the need of joining technology (mechanical stitching and welding) is also anticipated .However the most exiting growth area is nanoscale materials and structures ,which are expected to have a far reaching impact on aerospace vehicle technology, electronic device and biomedical systems.
17 Nanomaterials by the NFS definition are, in the 3-dinensional space ,material that have atleast one dimension less than 100 nanometre.The broadening of the length scale of the composite constituents to the nanometer level ,as aided by the rapid growth of technology ,will greatly enhance the tailorability of properties for multifunctional composites and will create exciting opportunities and challenges for textile community. An area that will see near term benefit is the toughening of resin and the tailoring of fiber matrix inrtface with nanofibers.Of particular long term interest to structural compost to structural composites is the potential of carbon nanotubes(CNT)which has remarkable combination of modulus(1-5TPa),strength (180Gpa) and breaking elongation ( up to 30%) that is unmatched by any other conventional material. With 1 or 2 nm diameter and 1micron is length, the conversion of this CNT to well organized and processable material form will be key to the realization of the potential of CNT.Based on recent work ,the electrospinning process will be introduced as means to convert the CNT to the nano composite fibrils and form the basic building block for higher order linear planner and 3-D assemblies for structural composites Carbon nanotubes/ Polypropylene composites-By dispersing a tiny amount of carbon into the polypropylenea popular plastic used in automobiles, packaging, toys, furniture, housewares, textiles, and numerous other everyday itemsgreatly reduces the polymers flammability. Accounting for just 1 percent of the resultant materials weight, the nanotubes outperformed existing environmentally friendly flame retardants11 Carbon Nanotube/Biological Molecule Composites Designer proteins and polynucleotides are being constructed and their interactions with nanotubes and other nanostructures are being investigated for various applications including sensors and drugs. Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/silver nanocomposite fibers Bicomponent sheath-core fibers were prepared by a general melt-spinning method with polypropylene chips and silver nanoparticles. The melt-spun fibers were characterized by DSC, WAXS and SEM. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by an AATCC 100 test, a quantitative method. The results of the DSC thermo gram and the intensity pattern of X-ray
18 diffraction indicated that the crystallinity of polypropylene including silver nanoparticles was slightly decreased compared with that of pure polypropylene fibers. SEM micrographs showed that the average diameter of the silver nanoparticles was approximately 30 nm and some particles had aggregated. The fibers, which contained silver in the core part, did not show antibacterial effects. Fibers with added silver in the sheath part, however, exhibited excellent antibacterial effects12. Technological university of Munich uses silver treatments that the researcher say kills bacteria that cause eczema while not a cure it should reduce effects. Silver also features in a product from Deckers Outdoor, a footwear manufacturer.. In Deckers out door US silver based compound is being used in socks to stop bacteria, mould & mildew that cause smelly feet. Socks from silver coated fibres have proved successful in banishing bad odors. Unifi's new anti-microbial yarn, A.M.Y., is described, offering new levels of performance and longer life. Sports socks are also being tested which contain molecular-scale sponges that absorb the rancid hydrocarbons responsible for body odor and only release the offending substance when in contact with detergent in a washing machine. Dyeable Polypropylene via Clays in Polypropylene Nanocomposites Polypropylene is a important industrial fiber because of its higher strength, tenacity.A major advantage of polypropylene over nylon and polyester fiber is its relatively low price. However, traditional approaches to provide dyeability, such as copolymerization, polyblending, grafting, plasma treatment and specially designed dyes considerably increase the overall cost of fiber manufacturing and/or dyeing So far, none of these technologies can produce commercial dyeable polypropylene in fine denier textile fibers for clothing and upholstery, mainly because of higher cost, a decrease of fiber mechanical properties and/or poor dyeability. None of these disadvantages applies to nanoparticles which are affordable and readily available. Moreover, since nanoparticles can be dispersed into polymer melts like pigments, nano composite polypropylene can be spun using current polymerization and extrusion equipment. We are infusing nanoclays modified with quaternary ammonium salt into polypropylene to create dye sites for acid and disperse dyeing. Such polypropylene nanocomposites need to be stable at high temperatures (e.g. 200C) and under normal dyeing and performing conditions. Our specific objectives are to: Fundamentally investigate the formation of polypropylene Nanocomposites.
19 Polypropylene nanocomposites are compounded in a Brabender mixer using milled and ultrasonic Ted particles of montmorillonite clay1 together with a titanate-coupling agent. Characterization using X-Ray diffraction (XRD)showed that the clay particles were uniformly dispersed throughout the polypropylene matrix and intercalated2and/or exfoliated.3 Longer compounding time and/or higher rpm increased the interlayer spacing (d-spacing) of the clay platelets significantly and decreased the crystallite thickness of the clay (See Table). The titanate coupling agent and Brabender compounding greatly helped to achieve even dyeing of polypropylene nanocomposites at different depths of shades. 1 a layered hydrophilic silicate: (OH)4 Si8 Al4 O20 nH2O 2 parallel clay platelets swollen apart with polymer. 3 platelets so swollen that they are no longer parallel. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images showed intercalated multilayer crystallites but also single exfoliated silicate layers (see photos below).When the compounding conditions were less severe, exfoliation and intercalation of clay particles occurred simultaneously, but at longer times and higher rpm exfoliation occurred separately more consistently as fewer lumps were shown in the TEM images. Nanoparticles, such as nanoclays modified with quaternary ammonium salt are infused, into polypropylene fibers to create dye sites for lower cost dyeing in apparel fibers. Both XRD results and the TEM images gave a very clear picture of nano-scale dispersion of the clay particles in the polypropylene nanocomposites. By carefully controlling nanoparticle size and its dispersion in polypropylene, the two very most important parameters, we can achieve polypropylene nanocomposites that are evenly dyed at different shade depths. Color yields are dependent on the Amount of nanoclay while dyeing levelness depends upon the uniformity of nanoparticle distribution in the polypropylene matrix and on the homogenizing time. The quaternary ammonium salts in the polypropylene nanocomposites act as effective dye sites for acid dyes because they attract electric charges, while disperse dyeability is possible mainly because of the Vander Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions between disperse dyes and clay particles. Overall we conclude from visual, spectral and microscopic
20 evaluation of the dyeing, that nanoclay does create beneficial dye sites when dispersed in a polypropylene matrix13. Nylon-10,10-montmorillonite nanocomposite Nylon can be resolved in ,11,2 crystalline formes.The -form crystal of nylon -10,10 has two strong diffractions signals at 2=20 and 24in the wide angle X ray diffraction(WAXD)pattern. The crystalline form for Nylon -10,10 is observed above the brill transition temperature and has got a pseudo hexagonal symmetry ,for which WAXD pattern has only one strong reflection between 2=20 and 24 There is increasing interest in Nylon-6-montmorillonite nano composites due to their outstanding properties.Experimentle data shows that it has a high modulus, a high heat distortion temperature ,good water barrier properties and fireproof properties. It has been reported that montmorillonite induces the -crystalline form of nylon-6 in nylon-6 montmorillonite nano composite.WAXD and variable temperature WAXD spectroscopy are used to identify the -crystalline form of nylon -10, 10 in the nanocomposite.A new diffraction peak at 2=22was observed in WAXD pattern indicate that it was the characteristic peak of crystalline form of nylon -10,10.The amide VI band at 624 per cm was also observed in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of the nanocomposite, which is characteristic of crystalline form of nylon14 . Biodegradable aliphatic Polyester clay nanocomposite Novel biodegradable aliphatic polyester (APES)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared through melt intercalation method. Two kinds of organoclays, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A with different ammonium cations located in the silicate gallery, were chosen for the nanocomposites preparation. The dispersion of the silicate layers in the APES hybrids was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile properties and the biodegradability of the APES/organoclay nanocomposites were also studied. APES/Cloisite 30B hybrids showed higher degree of intercalation than APES/Cloisite 10A hybrids due to the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between APES and hydroxyl group in the gallery of Cloisite 30B silicate layers. This leads to higher tensile properties and lower biodegradability for APES/Cloisite 30B hybrids than for the ApES/Cloisite 10A hybrids7. UV protective clothing:
21 BASF use TiO2 nanoparticles (approx. 500nm diameters) for coating textile fibers. These materials absorb light and scatter much less than larger particles. The new product is use for sun protective clothing27. Flame retardant additives for Ar-based polymers & related polymer composition: Flame retardant additives for ar-based polymer of an aryl-containing silicone compound & diorganic polysiloxane compound Fire resistant polyurethane resin: The resin is used for hard & soft foam as an elastomer, paint & synthetic fibres. The new polyurethane has improved fire resistance mechanical strength & dimensional stability. It is free of halogens. The polyurethane has a repeating unit which contains bisphenol molecular structure with alkyl group at ortho position. Intumescent flame retardant- montmorilonite synergism in polypropelene- layered silicate nanocomposite Polypropelene/clay nanocomposites have been prepared starting from pristine montmorilonite (MMT) & reactive compatibilizer hexadecyltri methylammoniumbromide (CI6). The nanocomposite structure is evidenced by the X-ray diffraction & high resolution electronic microscopy. Intumescent Flame retardant has been added to polypropylene/clay hybrids. Their flammability behaviors have been evaluated using cone colorimetry. Synergy was observed between the nanocomposites & intumescent flame retardant. Introduction: Polypropylene is used in many fields such as automobile, furniture, electronic casings, interior decoration, and architectural material. However, due to its chemical constituent, the polymer is easily flammable & so flame retardancy becomes an important requirement for PP.Polymer-Layered silicate nanocomposite have come into picture because of its flame retardant properties i.e. significant decrease in the peak- heat release rate & mass loss rate (MLR) during combustion in conc. colorimetry. Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are efficient in polyolefin & widely used as environmental, halogen free additives. Preparation of PP based samples- Following products used: PD, Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (92% < 10m)-precursor of carbonization catalyst, peritaerythritol(PER) (92% < 10m), melamine phosphate average size 92% < 10m) & pristine montmorillonite (with cation exchange capacity of 97meq/100g) Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide C16 compactibiliser
22 Cone colotimetry is one of the effective bench-scale methods for studying flammability properties of materials. Heat release rate in particular peak HRR has been found to be most important parameter to evaluate fire safety.
HEAT RELEASERATE Kw/m
Pure PP
PP+MMT+C16+IFRs
sec)
Heat release graph shows that the remarkable effect was found for the nanocomposite. This TIME sec may have been because of the nanocomposite intimate contacts between polymer molecule & atom of inorganic crystalline layer was more extensive than micro composite & same time there was catalytic role played by layered silicate deriving from Hoff man reaction 14 of C16 & consequently decomposition of the amine silicate modifier left a strong acid catalytic site that may further favored the oxidative dehydrogenation cross linking-charring process. During combustion an ablative reassembling of silicate layer may occur on the surface on the burning nanocomposite creating a physical protective barrier on the surface of the material. The physical process of the layer resembling act as protective barrier in addition to the intumescent shield & can thus limit oxygen diffraction to the substrate. Because of nanocomposite can lead to formation of ceramic like material with homogenous surface which will protect the material through combustion & also mechanical reinforcement of charred layer which would lead to better accommodation of strains11. Nanocomposite Coatings Nanotech-based thin films and coatings are beginning to replace traditional epoxies and coatings. Moreover, large corporations and start-ups alike are finding thin films, nanoparticles and other nanocoatings to be more cost-effective than traditional coatings. With nano-enhanced coatings, far less product is needed to provide greater protection. Since nanocoatings are invisible and do not alter the surfaces they protect, they offer a potentially revolutionary impact on the manufacturing of lenses for microscopes, fabrication tools etc.
23 Wilson Double Core tennis balls have a nanocomposite coating that keeps it bouncing twice as long as an old-style ball. Tires are the next logical extension of this technology: it would make them lighter (better mileage) and last longer (better cost performance). Because Nanocomposites in tennis ball lock in air ,build better bounce.
100% Water repellant fabric By means of polymer chemistry applications, nanoparticles are permanently attached to cotton or synthetic fibers. The change occurs at the molecular level, and the particles can be configured to imbue the fabric with various attributes. Nanotechnology combines the performance characteristics associated with synthetics with the hand and feel of cotton, its application for everyday fabrics used in business and casual wear Nano-Care For Cotton Through Nano-Texs Nano-Care technology for cotton, nano-whiskers 1/1000 the size of a typical cotton fiber are attached to the individual fibers. The changes to the fibers are undetectable and do not affect the natural hand and breathability of the fabric. The whiskers cause liquids to roll off the fabric. Semi-solids such as ketchup or salad dressing sit on the surface, are easily lifted off and cause minimal staining, which Shouldberemovedwithlaundering 5. The attributes provided by Nano-Care have traditionally been added by the use of coatings, which affect the fabrics inherent qualities, or by other treatments that eventually wash or fade away. While Nano-Care provides the above attributes, it also allows moisture to pass through the fabric, which is quick-drying as well. Galey & Lord is the first cotton fabric manufacturer to be licensed by Nano-Tex to use NanoCare in its products. The first fabrics 8-ounce combed and carded 3x1 twills have recently been introduced, and the company has shown them to all of its major customers, which include some of the top names in sportswear The response has been excellent, according to Robert J. McCormack, president, Galey & Lord. In the coming months, consumers can expect to see pants and skirts made from the new fabrics in retail stores at a cost about $5 higher than those made from non-treated fabrics.
24 Nanopartical additives, some acting as nucleating agents, improve the toughness, strength and clarity of polyolefins and others find application as ultra fine flame-retardants in polyolefins 16. stain-repellent Eddie Bauer Nano-Care khakis, with surface fibers of 10 to 100 nanometers, uses a process that coats each fiber of fabric with "nano-whiskers." Developed by Nano-Tex, a Burlington Industries subsidiary. Dockers also makes khakis, a dress shirt and even a tie treated with what they call "Stain Defender", another example of the same nanoscale cloth treatment. This technique will have impact on Dry cleaners, detergent and stain-removal makers, carpet and furniture makers, window covering market7 Barrier Properties: The great potential of polymer- clay nanocomposite to reduce moisture absorption & decrease water & gas permeability. Only 2mass% montmorillonite loading reduces the permeability by more than 50% for pure polymer value for water vapour, oxygen or helium. Mechanical behavior: Being able to improve strength & stiffness with limited alteration of toughness in goal readily achievable with polymer clay nanocomposite. A concept of constrained polymer region related to ion bonding strength of clay & PA6 is introduced to account for the observed behavior. Property Tensile strength 23C (MPa) 120C Tensile modulus, GPa PA6 Clay Hybrid 97 32 1.9 0.6 PA6 69 27 1.1 0.2
Linear elastic & rubber elastic behavior: Although stiffening is quite noticeable in glassy regime of amorphous phase, the most spectacular effect is seen. As already evoked in the case of reinforcement by cell-OH whiskers in glassy regime. Elongation at breach is observed. Contrary in the Plastic & Rupture: Vicinity or below the glass, transition temperature. Key role of processing: It is proved that twin screw extrusion enables achieving a significant degree of dispersion of clay platelets provided residence time & degree of APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
25 shearing are optimized in conjunction with nature of the organic clay. Thermal stability of organic modifier is problem.
NANOSTRUCTURED GAS BARRIERs
Wilson Double Core tennis balls which was the official ball of Devis cup 2002 have a nanocomposite coating that keeps it bouncing twice as long as an old-style ball. Made by InMat LLC, this nanocomposite is a mix of butyl rubber, intermingled with nanoclay particles, giving the ball substantially longer shelf life. On the macro scale, an example of a composite material is concrete, which takes a binder cement and makes it stronger with APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
26 reinforcing gravel. Back at courtside, a "graphite" tennis racket is also made from composite materials, though the carbon graphite fibers that make it strong and light are much larger than the nanoparticles in Wilson's superball. InMat's Air D-Fense solution brings together butyl rubber polymers commonly used for air-tight applications such as sealing tires or balls with vermiculite, a natural clay that can slide off, or exfoliate, into single-molecule thin sheets. The method also keeps the proportion of clay particles to butyl rubber high so that as the material dries into a coating, the nanoclay cards fit into many slots in the rubber matrix to form a multilevel air barricade. The company has developed proprietary techniques that allow the clay particles to block air while preserving the butyl's rubbery flexibility. They do this 100 percent water-based, so no dangerous solvents are involved. Tires are the next logical extension of this technology: it would make them lighter (better mileage) and last longer (better cost performance). Because Nanocomposites in tennis balls lock in air, build better bounce17. Nanocomposites in radar reflecting flags Boaters always face danger of the failings of conventional radar reflectors in a foggy climate. With the arrival of space technology, specifically, "Star Wars" research, cloth can now is "metalized" and thus radar reflective. The RADAR FLAG is literally a flag sandwich. Two specially designed and constructed national flags hold between them the "Rip-Stop" nylon lining which is impregnated with nano particles of silver, then urethane coated for protection from the elements. When radar waves strike the flag from any direction, they are conducted through the maze of metal threads setting up a large electrical field which reflects the radar waves back to the transceiver. Because of the nano size the optical properties of silver particles are also enhanced. Exhaustive testing in the U.S. and Europe
27 has shown that the RADAR FLAG will consistently reflect radar wave four miles when flown only two feet off the water18.
Innovations in Textile processing, dyeing, soaping and printing techniques

Synthetic fibers using nanotech Fierce competition in the textile industry has compelled the spinners to focus their resources on developing new synthetic fibres with special features. Nanotechnology is being tapped, and the result is the debut of synthetic fibres that take performance to unusually high levels. For instance, Toray has developed an ultra thin nylon fibre than can be spun into textiles capable of absorbing moisture better than cotton. Kanebo has developed a polyester fibre having excellent moisture absorption as well as the durability. These two examples illustrate that when faced with the continual barrage of cheap imports, the synthetic fibre industry will increasingly use nanotechnology as a strategic weapon. The new Nylon fibre has nothing special; it looks like any other nylon fibre with a diameter of 60 microns. But that one fiber is in fact a bundle of more than 1.4 million fibres, each just dozens of nanometers in diameter. Water seeps through the spaces between these fibers, which is what makes the material so absorbent. The fibre is spun using conventional spinning equipment, but the starting material is a precision mixture controlled at the molecular level. The new nylon fibre is just as strong and supple and easy to process as regular nylon, but with two to three times the ability to absorb moisture. And to cap it all, the material has the feel of a natural fibre, which is something synthetic fibre makes have never achieved before. The company plans to begin a business with the new fibre in two or
28 three years, selling it for use in luxury apparel at a price that is more than 10 times that of the conventional nylon. Non-woven fabrics for medical applications are another possibility. Using nanotech to bestow absorbency on polyester, Kanebo has developed a synthetic fibre that normally absorbs almost no water. By coating each polyester fibre with a special film that is only a few nanometers thick, the company was able to boost the absorbency of polyester; it plans to market the fibre early next year for use in underwater and dress shirts. Nanocomposite composition for screen printing: a resistive component based on total composition, comprising A) 5-30wt% polymer resin B) 10-30wt% conductive particles selected from group consisting of carbon black, graphite, silver, copper, nickel C) 0.02520wt% nanoparticles & D) 60-80wt% organic solvent wherein the polymer resin conductive particles & carbon nanoparticles are dispersed in organic solvent. This composition was prepared by mixing polyamideimide 20%, carbon black50%, vapor grown carbon fiber 5% & N- Me pyrrolidone 70%. Nano pigment for low crystallization temperature Preparation & characterization of Brown nanometer pigment with spinal structure: Researchers prepared brown nm pigment from solution of Zn-chloride & FeCl3.6H2O precipitated in different conc. Of alcohol & water & crystallized at high temperature. A BDX-300 X-ray diffractiometer determined the crystal phase of samples. A computer using a Scherrer formula calculated the diameter of particles. A Jeol 100CX-11 transmission electron microscope determined the shape of particles. The resultant ZnFe2O4 pigment had smaller diameter than pigment derived from conventional precipitation method. Particle with smallest diameters had the lowest crystallizing temperature19. Cleaning products IBM was the first company to manipulate individual atom in the late 1980s & went on to create the nanotube-a light, strong carbon structure capable of conducting electricity with great efficiency. Nanoinvestor news estimates annual spending by governmental organization worldwide at over$ 2 trillion in 2002. The cleaning products industries have to face the fact that nanotechnology can influence their market & product in substantial way. Among the possibilities for material design that nanotechnology brings is the ability to add very specific function such as hydrophobic, oleophobicity, UV absorption or catalytic
29 functions by addition of special nanopartical to the material. As a result of a trend, the detergent industry must begin to look at the new requirements, new problems & new product that will be needed. Many of the cleaning products in the market are not suitable for cleaning coated surfaces, because they either do not wet the surface for properly are mechanically & chemically too aggressive or lead to reduce that functioning of coating. Nanogate is developing cleaning compound composition that during cleaning process, render the cleaned surface either water repellent or hydrophilic. Cleaners can also be used to coat previously uncoated surface with semipermanent hydrophilic or hydrophobic easy to clean effect that lasts the months. Certain nanostructure can enhance the cleaning action of conventional detergents significantly e.g. Soya-based fabric softeners & antimicrobial nanoemulsion. Research indicates some challenges with yellowing after high temperature drying due to oxidation. Soya soft- process is cost competitive. Biologists at MIT have engineered a nanomaterial that behaves like soap & could strip away grease more efficiently than conventional detergents. The material is created from fragments of proteins called peptides, which self assemble into different structures. In this case, the peptide formed nanotubes. Nanotubes made from protein building blocks behave like soap. Instead of using naturally occurring proteins, the researchers employed peptides synthesized from scratch- each with hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail. When placed in water, the peptides formed rings, which then stacked on top of each other to form nanotubes 30-40nm in diameter-about size of virus. This is the first protein based surfactant, which is claimed to be more gentle & less toxic material. Such protein structures could have other application as, for example, Vesicles for delivering drugs to the body & so affolds for building nanoscale electronics drugs devices. Researchers could tailor the peptides to bind to semi conducting nanocrystals. The peptide could direct the nanoparticles into a desired configuration say circuit & once removed would leave behind the final device20.
30
Nanofiltration
Melt blown nanofibre for non woven filtration application Polymer nanofibres have the potential to produce unique filtration products. The production of nanofibres from polymers has been an expensive and difficult process. NonWoven Technology has developed a thin-plate die system for the production of melt blown nanofibres. The system can provide orifices of 0.025 mm in diameter. The advantages of the system include high running pressure capability, immunity to unzippering, multiple polymer extrusion rows per die. The system is versatile, allowing the economic production of nanofibres. Nanofiltration Polyamides: Aromatic polyamides (PI) are of interest because of their various advantages, e.g. good mechanical properties excellent solvent resistance & thermal stabi9lity but disadvantages like difficulties in processing & excessively high glass transition temperature. The solubility can be enhanced by introducing polar groups (amide, ester, ether or other flexibilising group). Ion exchange PIs has been prepared by introducing a pyridine ring into a polymer backbone & by modifying with epichlorohyrin. Introducing additives to the casting solution can decrease the pore-size of asymmetric membranes. Integrally skinned asymmetric polyetherimide nanofiltration membranes by the phase inversion method & by introducing additives like diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (DGDE), acetic acid & 1, 4-dioxane in the casting solution. Soluble aromatic PIs were synthesized by a thermal step i.e. 2 step methods: APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES Membrane Performance of Heterogeneously Sulfonated Aromatic
31 N-methyl-2-pyrrotidone (NMP) reagent is dried by refluxing over calcium hydride. Bis [4-(3-aminophenoxy) phenyl sulfone (BAPS) pyromellitic dianhydride PMDA. Triethylphosphate (TEP), Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDE), dichloromethane (DCM), Poly (ethylene glycol) of varying molecular wt. PEG Polymer synthesis: Soluble PIs were synthesized by a thermal two step method. BAPS-m was dissolved in NMP at room temp. Stoichiometric amount of PMDA was added in three portions within 30 minutes & vigorously mixed for 6 hour to yield a homogeneous & viscous poly (amic acid) intermediate solution to reach constant viscosity. Poly(amic acid) films prepared by evaporating NMP at 80C for 12 hours were then thermally imidized in a dry oven. Imidization conditions-2hours at 180C, 2h-230C, 2-270C. The PIs were sulphonated with SO3. Complex is formed by dissolving 0.5 mol of SO3 in 0.25 mol of TEP. Morphology of Asymmetric Membranes: The morphology (cross section & top layer) of asymmetric membranes was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSMI025). The membranes were cryogenically fractured in liquid Nitrogen & then coated with gold. Performance is measured by measuring salt rejection rate. The membrane showed a straight forward finger like structure. By introducing DGDE in the casting solution, the cross section of membrane changed significantly, i.e. decrease in pore size. The preparation of asymmetric NF membrane: NF membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method with PIs & sulfonated PIs. DGDE was used to decrease pore size. A small amount of water can be detrimental for marking pores for nanofiltration. Therefore water in DGDE should be almost completely being removed21
32
Smart fabrics
This term can be misleading; their intelligence is one of responsiveness to a given set of conditions i.e. theyre reactive, for example to temperature; when you get hot they take heat from the body and store it to release back when you cool down. They keep the microclimate of the body stable. Developments in this area are already moving at a rapid pace. France Tlcom's glass fibre panel display technology means that clothes will be able to carry moving images, with specially developed software enabling them to be changed daily over the Internet. PCMS or Phase Change Materials are often referred to as smart Fibres, Outlast is the brand pioneering this technology which is currently used in outdoor sport/extreme weather environments. Products such as the Sensatex Smart Shirt and Vivo Metrics' Life Shirt are already helping researchers to develop future generations of heart failure devices with new diagnostic and therapeutic features The major areas of researches can be classified into 1) e-wear This is clothing designed to carry electronic devices. More recently we have commercial products developed by companies like Philips who working with Levis produced the 1st range of wearable electronics in their ICD+ range. ICD+ was still about portability rather than electronics being fully integrated; the wiring and connectors were washable but the components such as the phone and MP3 player had to be removed. This was however the first example of networked products integrated within a specially designed garment (the music mutes when the phone rings).
33 2) techno-textiles A generic term to encompass the widest possible range of developments within materials technology, this extends far beyond traditional fashion/ textiles industries into the automotive, aeronautical and beyond. Electronic textiles are fabrics that are wired to transfer information within a piece of clothing. Right now, you can buy jackets with disc players and controls sewn inbut designers envision e-wear that will heat or cool its wearer, monitor vital signs, and change color on command. Chipmaker Infineon Technologies is weaving its products into an entirely new fashion industry: high-tech textiles. The Munich-based company is working on new prototype wearable chips that it says can be sewn directly into clothing and other textiles. Infineon's Emerging Technologies Group has developed chips, sensors and packages that allow the processors to be woven into fabrics. Special materials woven into the fabric are used to connect the chips and sensors. Although the company did not announce plans to put these technologies into production, it said possible uses for the chips could be found in areas including entertainment, communications, health care and security. However, new markets such as wearable electronics show great promise for additional revenue outside of its current lines of business, the company said. The further evolution of this information society will make everyday electronic applications ever more invisible and natural. A wide range of companies are researching wearable electronics and so-called plastic chips, which could lead to flat screens that consumers can fold, intelligent labels, cheap solar cells and a plethora of other devices. An MP3 jacket Infineon has developed a prototype MP3 player that can be sewn directly into shirts or jackets. The player, consisting of a chip, a removable battery/data storage card and a flexible keyboard, includes an earpiece for listening to music. Similar wearable chips could create clothing used in medical applications to monitor patients' vital signs. These applications would use tiny chips, which convert a person's body
34 heat into electrical energy, to store information or transmit data wirelessly via a data built in antenna. Wearable motherboard, said researchers from the institute's School of Textiles and Engineering, made up of synthetic or metallic fibers they are woven or knitted into cotton or polyester to produce new type of electro textiles can be connected to chips & batteries to create circuits that may one day have many applications. The wearable motherboard provides a versatile framework for incorporating sensing, monitoring and information processing devices. It uses optical fibers that could detect bullet wounds, and special sensors and interconnects that could monitor the body vital signs of individuals, the researchers said. Used is car to upholstery, for instance, electro textiles & their circuits could sense a passenger weight & tell air bag to adjust accordingly. Fleecy version of the electronic cloth worm at the football game. The clothing we wear now doesnt contain any electronic element but every type of clothing will have electronic function in 10 years. People are developing radios only 23mm big that can incorporated into washable eletrotextiles. A recon is trade name of conductive fibre made by Dupont, is a metal clad form of Kevlar, the altrastrong polymer with 60% nanotubes known for its use in bullet resistant vest. Sometimes cladding is silver, chosen for solderability or nickel which generally exists corrosion. Aracon is one of the conducting fibres used in electronic T-shirts that keeps track of weavers vital signs. European government are spending more than $350million on nanotech R & D this year, up from $126million 5years ago. While this investment lag behind those of US & Japanese government22. E-clothes design issues Clothing is probably the only element that is "always there" and in complete harmony with an individual at least in a civilized society, the researchers said. Textiles provide the ultimate flexibility in system design due to the broad range of materials and manufacturing techniques that can be employed to create products, they said.
35 Since this research is likely to introduce revolutionary changes in the classic design style of today's electronic systems, there will be significant long-term impact on both the academic research community and on industrial players such as CAD vendors, intellectual property providers and potential e-textile manufacturers, the researchers said. Although production of e-textile-based products is limited today, growth is expected to increase in the near future, the researchers said. Thus, the design automation community should be ready to deliver tools and techniques for designing, testing and reconfiguring such products, they said. The need to consider fundamentally design issues in the context of e-textiles could have a major impact on the design automation community at large, they said. Driving this growth will be the expanding use of wearable computers in vertical markets, as the benefits of true hands-free computing and real-time access to information have an impact on profits, cost savings, and improved customer satisfaction. Solar cell: Solar cells are used to store the energy for wearable computers .These cells can transform solar energy into electrical energy. Fluorocarbon membrane for Fuel Cell:A high performance fluorocarbon polymer membrane with ion exchange capacity three times larger than the conventional ones has been developed by Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Since it can be promising for the electrolytic membrane in a solid polymer fuel cell, it is likely to find applications for power sources of small equipments such as portable telephones. The membrane was prepared through a process where styrene polymeric chains are introduced (graft polymerization) into a fluorocarbon polymer membrane by radiation chemical reactions followed by sulfonation of the styrene moieties to increase electric conductivity of the membrane. Because of its stability and resistance to the swelling in alcohol, it can be applicable in the solid polymer fuel cell with direct use of methanol. 100 micron thick membrane made by the above mentioned radiation-graft polymerization exhibited an ion exchange capacity that is three times as large as that of a conventional membrane. Solid polymer fuel cell produces electricity through a phenomenon, which is reverse of the electrolysis of water namely, by supplying hydrogen and oxygen to the anode APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES
36 cathode, respectively. Hydrogen ions generated at the anode move to the cathode side across the electrolytic film inserted between the electrodes. The development of higher performance electrolytic membranes has so far been lacking19 Quantum dots/nanocrystals: Idea is to use the quantum dots to produce colors that are beyond the scope of even most sophisticated forgers. Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites accont for 23% of the existing market of nanomaterials. The nanoprocess involves taking a single source precursor & decomposing this in tri-n-octyl phosphine (TOPO) to generate quantum dots of different sizes & their color. Cdse is the common form of dots, but dots of sulfides or selenides of gallium, indium or zinc are also developed. PRODUCTION OF QUANTOM DOTS
Precursor deposited Injection into TOPO
Driven by decomposition
Interaction with co-ordinating solvent
....... . .. .. . .. .. .. 1.rapid coated particles For CdTe (Cadmium telluride) Diameter 2.8 3.3 3.6 4 Colour Blue green Yellow green Orange red 2.growth of nuclei 3.growth terminates to nucleation
37 CDTe-cadmium telluride: Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots consisting of cadmium selenide (CDSe) or telluride (CDTe) are highly fluorescent & thus potentially useful in optical devices & solar cells & as biological labels. A capping liogand or matrix material is required to stabilize them but embedding the nanocrystal into polpyumer matrix is hard because of incompatibilities between the two materials. This problem is overcome by first capping the CDTe nanocrystals with the surfactant that makes the nanocrystals soluble in styrene. The subsequent polymerization step creates transparent & still fluorescent CDTe- polystyrene composite. Although nonpolymerisable surfactant produced composite that are opaque & have low photoluminescence ( due to phase separation of nanocrystals ), A mixture of methylmetahacrylate & styrene as solvent resulted in CDTepolymer composite with improved long term transparency as a new branch of its wearable computing research28. Nano crystals are ideal light harvester in photovoltaic device. They absorb longer than dye molecule, they have several advantage over organic dye molecule as fluorescence. They are increadiably bright and do not photodegrade.Nanocrystals of various metals have been shown to be 100 percent, 200 percent and even as much as 300 percent harder than the same materials in bulk form. Because wear resistance often is dictated by the hardness of a metal, parts made from nanocrystals might last significantly longer than conventional parts Metal nanocrystals might be incorporated into car bumpers, making the parts stronger, or into aluminum, making it more wear resistant.
38
Polymer nanocomposites
Polymer matrix nanocomposites are fairly new class of engineered material which offers a broad range of properties. They can be designed as polymer matrix systems in which the dispersed inorganic reinforcing phase has at least one of its dimensions in the nanometer range which is quite close to scale of elementary phenomena at molecular level. The resulting unique combination of large interfacial area & small interparticle distance strongly influence nanocomposite behavior. Polymerase semiconductors cut cost of electronic circuits Polymer memory: plastic path to better data storage. The most dramatic improvements in electronics industry could come from an entirely different material: Plastics Labs around the world are working on integrated circuits displays for handheld devices & even solar cells that relay on electrically conducting polymers-for cheap & flexible electronic components. Polymer nanoelectronics are potentially far less expensive to make than silicon devices. Instead of multibillion-dollar fabrication equipment that etches circuitry onto silicon water. Manufacturers could eventually use ink-jet printers to spray liquid polymer circuits onto surface. Polymer memory could potentially store far more data than other non-volatile alternatives.
39
POLYMER
+
IONS ELECTRODE
The cost of electronic device manufacture cans be reduced dramatically by using soluble semiconducting.Polymers in place of conventional silicon. Although these materials are not suitable for high-speed data handling, they will find application in a wide range of simple mass-produced circuits such as remotely-readable smart labels for luggage and packages, flexible displays for personal computers or dashboards, and electronic paper. The GROWTH PLASTRONIX project, concluded in December 2001, validated a semiindustrial scale process for the production of polythienylenevinylene (PTV) polymer. It went on to develop an industrial technology for polymeric integrated circuits on150-mm flexible foils, and demonstrated both a smart label and a 256 grey level active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD).It is low-cost all-polymer integrated circuits for low-end highvolume identification application. Thermoelectric generator silicon based chips are low cost, environmentally friendly devices that generate power from body heat. Thermo generators integrated into fabric with water resistant encapsulation feature small copper placed at the warm & cold end of thermocouple for connection to outside monitor devices, silver or gold plating to avoid skin irritation & discoloration & a butter capacitor for storing energy. Medical sensor that requires 100-300mwatts of power to measure temperature dampness or heart rates data transmission to remote monitoring devices & powering hearing aids. Microfluidics A major challenge for the development of novel biosensors is packaging the sensor for a specific application or experiment. The use of microfluidic systems in conjunction with
40 micro fabricated sensors promises advantages over traditional bench top biology, including small-volume analyte consumption and higher throughput. Using rapid prototyping processes in this lab and in the micro fabrication facility on campus, we develop micro fluidic systems in silicon, glass, cast polymers, and laser-cut plastics. These include parallel channel arrays that allow rapid typing of many analytes, small volume fluidic cells that incorporate electrical contacts, and micro capillaries for functionalizing micro fabricated biosensors. Power storage device A solid state power storage element that store 20 times more electricity than conventional capacitors has been jointly developed by Kansai Research Institute and Nippon Paint Company. The new elements are thinner than conventional products. It can be used in semiconductor wafers, making it possible to create smaller circuits. Power storage elements, such as capacitors and lithium ion batteries are necessary for activating electronic devices. The new element was produced by applying silicon resin to substrates heating it to temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 oC and inserting it between two pieces of sheet metal. After heating, thousands of 3 nm diameter holes about 90,000 per square micron open on the surface of resin and inside it. The holes then absorb oxygen from the air. Oxygen and the silicon resin react to form positive silicon ions and negative oxygen ions. When electricity is applied to the sheet metal, the upper sheet attracts oxygen ions and the lower sheet attracts silicon ions. The power storage capacity of the element increases as the number of ions grows. Conventional capacitors used as power storage elements measure at least 1-2 mm thick and store 0.1 watt of electricity per kilogram. The new elements use resin that is 0.4 micron thick and stores up to about 2 watts per kilogram. The elements are expected to find use in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones and other portable electronic devices. It plans to launch a new business focusing on the power storage element within a year24.
41
Nanotechnology for soldiers

MIT has set up the Pentagon-funded Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology to test ideas for 21st-century amour which is leading $80 million project for five years. The dream is to make uniform for future warrior that could neutralize chemical poision,treat wounds or hydrate soldiers in dessert by recycling body fluid The cloth will clean and repair by themselves ,change in shapes in response to temperature ,even change color like chameleon. Today soldiers luggage around 45 kg including communication equipment ,limiting both speed and performance .They would also be lighter. Possibilities include paper-weight chain mail, a "mirror-fabric" uniform that would be almost invisible and soft clothing that could become a rigid cast if soldiers injured a limb. Much of MIT's army research should eventually convert to new products for the furnishings market - as already seen with Kevlar and carbon fiber, both of which are used to create furniture and home wares and were initially tested for NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense. Molecular muscle:
42 STRENGTH : The main objective of nanotech research is to create combat uniform that has built in strength-the strength to lift heavy objects or to stiffen around a bleeding wound. The ribbon made up of electro active polymer that can move or change shape in response to an electrical signal. These polymers are 100 times stronger than human muscle as artificial muscle. The key is a series of molecules that operate like rods and hinges. Pivoting on hinges, the rod repals or attracts one another when charge is applied or removed. By attaching million of these hinges and rods end to end like segments of folding ruler, the research will able to create polymer that lengthen and shorten in response to electrical stimuli. A film produce of these polymers produces muscle like movement. To Giving this electro active polymer useful speed ,it is required to cut down materials electrical resistance .By incorporating carbon nano tubes resistance can be reduced because certain version of carbon nano tubes are excellent electrical conductors that could deliver charge throughout the material much more rapidly.
RODS HINGE
Polymer contract in uncharged state Polymer expands in charged state COMUNICATION : Other technologies will be needed to allow the suit to communicate with the outside word .MIT scientist are developing coated polymer treads that might be just the thing, enabling silent communication with remote commanders through the use of visible or infrared light. These treads are able to selectively reflect or absorb different wavelengths of light, because of their coating ,which incorporates numerous ultra thin layers of two transparent materials one organic other inorganic .The two materials slow light at different rates. In the
43 resulting riot of reflection within those layers, which can range from 100 to 1000 nm and can be precisely controlled. MIT researchers are building a photonic thread that could be made into textiles. One possible use of these treads: a portion of combat uniform that strongly reflects a specific signature of ambient infrared light .During the confusion of night time firefights for example, such an optical bar code could identify the soldier as friend to fellow troops equipped with night version goggles tuned to the right reflected light. Researchers are also coming up with the way of tuning these materials on the fly, so that the wavelength could be changed electrically and remotely in the case an enemy got his hands on un uniform. To make these optical fiber tunable, sort of stretching rack that could pull the fiber taut is created. The tension would thin the layers, changing the reflected wavelengths. A second approach takes advantage of the fact that one of the material in the layer arsenic triselenide shows light at different rate in the presence of the electrical field .Changing the field ,the whole reflection of the fiber can be changed. PROTECTION: Improved ballistic protection is mostly theoretical at this point ,but some very real tools against biological and chemical attacks are already in hand. One such technology is based on highly branched polymer molecule called dendrimers.By modifying the ends of dandified branches so that each of them sticks to dangerous molecule and renders its harmless, army researchers have created a protective substance with great absorptive power its weight. The problem with this technology to soldiers suit is that dendrimers dont easily stick to each other so difficult to form a stable material. To overcome this problem dendrimers with tail are developed. These tails are several time longer than dendrimers molecule and tend to entangle with one other keeping the molecule latched together without blocking the branches from doing their jobs. It cold allows the anchored dendrimers to make a tough protective film. Researchers are also working on technologies that could help to monitor soldiers help remotely. Using specially designed polymer as the detectors to sense concentration of nitric oxide, a chemical present in human breath .Nitric oxide spikes when body is under the stress. A nitric oxide measurement will not tell the full story, but the sensor is the first element that could be part of ways of assessing the physiological state of the soldiers.
44 Although it is just a prototype today mentioned device could eventually be incorporated into the fabric of soldier suit to detect other chemicals such as hydrocarbons and ketones that can be indicator of stress or disease or to detect biological or chemical agents. The use of nanotech materials reduce weight, thickness and increase durability compared to conventional materials. A uniform that change colors and blend with background is also tested. Exo-skeletons that increase length of feet for running and jumping power enhancement have been tested for military purposes. Next generation army suits will support the soldier with with extra lifting-power. Biowar protection suits use micro fluidics and bio-chips for detection and sampling of biochemical agents. Bullet-proof vests use nanomechanical shock-absorbing materials25.
The other side of Nanotechnology

Technology has always been a double-edged sword, and that is certainly true of nanotechnology. The same technology that promises to advance human health and wealth also has the potential for destructive applications. We can see that duality today in biotechnology. The same techniques that could save millions of lives from cancer and disease may also empower a bioterrorist to create a bioengineered pathogen. A lot of attention has been paid to the problem of self-replicating nanotechnology entities that could essentially form a nonbiological cancer that would threaten the planet. We can take now and in the future to ameliorate these dangers. Any broad attempt to relinquish nanotechnology will only push it underground, which would interfere with the benefits while actually making the dangers worse. As a test case, there exists today a new form of fully nonbiological self-replicating entity that didn't exist just a few decades ago: the computer virus. When this form of destructive intruder first appeared, strong concerns were voiced that as they became more sophisticated, software pathogens had the potential to destroy the computer network medium they live in. Yet the "immune system" that has evolved in response to this challenge has been largely effective. Although destructive self-replicating software entities do cause damage from time to time, the injury is but a small fraction of the benefit we
45 receive from the computers and communication links that harbor them. No one would suggest we do away with computers, local area networks, and the Internet because of software viruses. One might counter that computer viruses do not have the lethal potential of biological viruses or of destructive nanotechnology. This is not always the case: we rely on software to monitor patients in critical care units, to fly and land airplanes, to guide intelligent weapons in our current campaign in Iraq, and other "mission critical" tasks. The fact that computer viruses are not usually deadly to humans only means that more people are willing to create and release them. It also means that our response to the danger is that much less intense. Conversely, when it comes to self-replicating entities that are potentially lethal on a large scale, our response on all levels will be vastly more serious. Nanotechnology is such broad term, covering the study & application of any material with nanometer dimensions. There are genuine concerns about the technology-viz, in the way in which nanoparticles interact with human body & the environment. Unpublished studies by team of The Centre Biological & Environmental Nanotechnology at University of Texas show that the nanoparticles could easily be absorbed by earthworm, possibly allowing them to move up the food chain & reach humans. Micrometer sized dumps of nanoparticles for example, are relatively unreactive because their surface area is smaller than the individual nanoparticles & they are too large to enter the blood stream when breathed in. But individual nanoparticles can pass from lungs into the blood stream & are more reactive e.g. when rates are exposed to mist or nanometersized polytetraflouroethylene or Teflon particles experienced respiratory irritation. According to Chiu-Wing Lam, a senior toxicologist at NASAs Johnson space centre, Texas whose team studied the health effect of carbon nanotubes. The researchers found that mice inhaling micrometer-sized dump of tangled C-nanotubes had the same reaction as they would do in ordinary dust. But when they are exposed to individual C-nanofibre the mice developed lesions in their lungs & intestines. C-nanotubes are not innocuous; they should be handled only in industrial & hygiene environment. 60 C atom nanoparticles. . What researchers can do to address the public concerns about nanotechnology?
46 Scientist should engage the public honest debate about potential risks imposed by nanotechnology .In doing so ,they need to counter the hype currently being deployed in generous measure by both opponents and proponents of nanotechnology. The challenge is to convey the possibilities and risks of this new science without painting it as plague. More research into risks posed by Nanoparticles is warranted and finding should be shared with public. Researchers should start thinking about how to limit the peoples exposure to self replicating structures. Beyond self regulations, no specials rules exist for nanotechnology. Need of more research on safety issues needs to be done before legislation can be considered26.
Conclusion:
Far from being a dream, nanotechnology will materially impact many of our economies, largest markets during the next 10 years, and will be a common thread in many of the emerging businesses during this time. The far-flung dreams of nanotechnology include immortality, the end of poverty, and a pollution free world. Technology alone cannot address this, but significant impacts upon length and quality of life will be seen. Textile industry also has not escape from this buzz word. Different varieties of nano finishes, nano coating, and nanofibers are already available in industry. Around the word lot of researches are going on to develop functional specific textile the cloth that can detect symptom, adjust with it or protect the wearer against it but all of them cant be commercialized due to the cost of manufacture .The biggest difficulty involved in nanotechnology is the great length of time that is required in putting together the miniscule atoms and molecules, and which makes the process unsuited for mass production. .The solution to this problem can get only through conducting more research. The most exiting area of challenges and opportunities is especially development of carbon nano tube based super carbon fiber " for strength higher than spider silk, solar cells
47 to store energy for electro textiles,Quantom dots to create the shades which are not achievable by normal techniques. The area in which relatively less work is going on, on nanotechnology and have scope for its development is textile processing, dyeing and detergent industry. At the same time, research should be carried out on its self replicating properties to avoid its harmful effect on the society . Nanotechnology is able to fulfill all our ideas ,dreams and expectation for the clothes but it is not a fuzzy, futuristic technology ,existing only paper presentation in Science or Nature and far away from layman. All the efforts are helping to create smaller smarter and multifunctional product and the results are not far apart. So by the introduction of Nanotechnology, THE FUTUER HAS STARED FOR TEXTILE INDUSTRY
References:
1. Shroff J,Colorage,29,(Nov 2003) 2. http://www.zyvex.com 3. http://www.nanotech2k.3.bravepages.com 4. http://www.genomicglosseries.com 5. Laperre J,Textile Asia ,23,(Sept 2002) 6. http://www.sciencedaily.com 7. http://www .smalltimes.com 8. http://www.afrlhorizones.com 9. Shofner M, Lazano K, Rodnglueez, Maciaj F, Applied Polymer Sc 89:11,2875,(2002) 10 .William R, Chemistry letters 32, 152,(2003) 11. http://www.polymers.msel.nist.gov 12. http://www.smith-nephew.com 13. Fan Q, Ugbolue S, WillsonA,Dar Y,AATCC Review ,25,(Sep 2003) 14.Li Y,Zang G,Yan D,Polymer International 52:11,795,( 2003)
48 15.Tung Y,Wang S,Polymer International 52:8,1396,(2003) 16. http://www.cmst.csir.qu/nanotech/polymer.htm 17. http://www.wilsonsports.com 18. http://www.radarflag.com 19. http://www.titac.com 20. Bromoerg Z, Journal of Surfactant and Detergent 6:2, 182, (2003) 21. Kim C, Lee K, Tak T,Applied Polymers 89,2483,(2003) 22. http://www.news.com 23. Kenward M, Chemistry In Britain, 26,(July 2003) 24. Myfame L, Science, 1185, (2003) 25. David T,Technology Review ,46,(Oct 2002) 26. Cambell P, Nature ,237,(July 2003) 27. Roberts K, Educational Chemistry 40,31,(2003) 28,Larson P,,ZInpfel W,Willium R,Science 300,1434,( Sept 2003)

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APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

Deniar 0.006 to 0.06

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

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2002 604 350-400 750 100 70 40 40 270

Next big thing is really small Nano fibers

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

CNT POLYMER JET

CST IN POLYM ER SOLn

CNT Property and packing

Fibril and yarn . packing

Broad Helix Angle

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

Nano structured material /Nanocomposites

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

NANOSTRUCTURED GAS BARRIERs

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

Innovations in Textile processing, dyeing, soaping and printing techniques

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

Interaction with co-ordinating solvent

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

Nanotechnology for soldiers

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

The other side of Nanotechnology

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILES

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