Ken Black QA 5th Chapter13 Solution

Chapter 13
Nonparametric Statistics
Chapter 13
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This chapter presents several nonparametric statistics that can be used to analyze data
enabling you to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of nonparametric statistics.

Understand how to use the runs test to test for randomness.
Know when and how to use the Mann-Whitney U Test, the Wilcoxon matchedpairs signed rank test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Friedman test.
Learn when and how to measure correlation using Spearman's rank correlation
measurement.
CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 13 contains new six techniques for analysis. Only the first technique, the
runs test, is conceptually a different idea for the student to consider than anything
presented in the text to this point. The runs test is a mechanism for testing to determine if
a string of data are random. There is a runs test for small samples that uses Table A.12 in
the appendix and a test for large samples, which utilizes a z test.
The main portion of chapter 13 (middle part) contains nonparametric alternatives
to parametric tests presented earlier in the book. The Mann-Whitney U test is a
nonparametric alternative to the t test for independent means. The Wilcoxon matchedpairs signed ranks test is an alternative to the t test for matched-pairs. The KruskalWallis is a nonparametric alternative to the one-way analysis of variance test. The
Friedman test is a nonparametric alternative to the randomized block design presented in
chapter 11. Each of these four tests utilizes rank analysis.
The last part of the chapter is a section on Spearman's rank correlation. This
correlation coefficient can be presented as a nonparametric alternative to the Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficient of chapter 3. Spearman's rank correlation uses
either ranked data or data that is converted to ranks. The interpretation of Spearman's
rank correlation is similar to Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient.
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics
CHAPTER OUTLINE
13.1
Runs Test
Small-Sample Runs Test
Large-Sample Runs Test
13.2
Mann-Whitney U Test
Small-Sample Case
Large-Sample Case
13.3
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test

Small-Sample Case (n < 15)
Large-Sample Case (n > 15)
13.4
Kruskal-Wallis Test
13.5
Friedman Test
13.6
Spearman's Rank Correlation
KEY TERMS
Friedman Test
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Mann-Whitney U Test
Parametric Statistics
Runs Test
Spearmans Rank Correlation
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 13
13.1
Ho: The observations in the sample are randomly generated.

Ha: The observations in the sample are not randomly generated.
This is a small sample runs test since n1, n2 < 20
= .05, The lower tail critical value is 6 and the upper tail critical value is 16
n1 = 10 n2 = 10
R = 11
Since R = 11 is between the two critical values, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
The data are random.
13.2

= .05, /2 = .025, z.025= + 1.96

n1 = 26 n2 = 21 n = 47
R =
R =
2n1n2
2(26)( 21)
+1 =
+ 1 = 24.234
n1 + n2
26 + 21
2n1n2 ( 2n1n2 n1 n2 )
=
( n1 + n2 ) 2 ( n1 + n2 1)
2( 26)( 21)[ 2(26)( 21) 26 21]

= 3.351
(26 + 21) 2 (26 + 21 1)
R=9
z=
R R 9 24.234
=
= -4.55
R
3.351
Since the observed value of z = -4.55 < z.025 = -1.96, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis. The data are not randomly generated.
13.3
n1 = 8
n2 = 52
= .05
This is a two-tailed test and /2 = .025. The p-value from the printout is .
0264.
Since the p-value is the lowest value of alpha for which the null hypothesis can
be rejected, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis
(p-value = .0264 > .025). There is not enough evidence to reject that the data are
randomly generated.
13.4
The observed number of runs is 18. The mean or expected number of runs
is 14.333. The p-value for this test is .1452. Thus, the test is not significant
at alpha of .05 or .025 for a two-tailed test. The decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that the data are not
random. Therefore, we must conclude that the data a randomly generated.
13.5

Since n1, n2 > 20, use large sample runs test
= .05 Since this is a two-tailed test, /2 = .025, z.025 = + 1.96. If the

observed value of z is greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96, the decision is to reject
the null hypothesis.
R = 27 n1 = 40 n2 = 24
R =
R =
z=
2n1n2
2(40)( 24)
+1 =
+ 1 = 31
n1 + n2
64
2n1n2 (2n1n2 n1 n2 )
=
(n1 + n2 ) 2 (n1 + n2 1)
2(40)( 24)[ 2(40)( 24) 40 24 ]

= 3.716
(64) 2 (63)
R R 27 31
=
= -1.08
R
3.716
Since the observed z of -1.08 is greater than the critical lower tail z value
of -1.96, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The data are
randomly generated.
13.6

n1 = 5 n2 = 8 n = 13 = .05
Since this is a two-tailed test, /2 = .025
From Table A.11, the lower critical value is 3
From Table A.11, the upper critical value is 11
R=4
Since R = 4 > than the lower critical value of 3 and less than the upper critical
value of 11, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The data are
randomly generated.
13.7
Ho: Group 1 is identical to Group 2

Ha: Group 1 is not identical to Group 2
Use the small sample Mann-Whitney U test since both n1, n2 < 10, = .05.
Since this is a two-tailed test, /2 = .025. The p-value is obtained using Table
A.13.
Value
11
13
13
14
15
17
18
18
21
21
22
23
23
24
26
29
Rank
1
2.5
2.5
4
5
6
7.5
7.5
9.5
9.5
11
12.5
12.5
14
15
16
Group
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
n1 = 8
n2 = 8
W1 = 1 + 2.5 + 5 + 6 + 7.5 + 9.5 + 15 + 16 = 62.5
U = n1 n2 +
n1 (n1 + 1)
(8)(9)
W1 = (8)(8) +
62 .5 = 37.5
2
2
U ' = n1 n2 U = 64 37.5 = 26.5
We use the small U which is 26.5

From Table A.13, the p-value for U = 27 is .3227(2) = .6454
Since this p-value is greater than /2 = .025, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
13.8
Ho: Population 1 has values that are no greater than population 2

Ha: Population 1 has values that are greater than population 2
Value
203
208
209
211
214
216
217
218
219
222
223
224
227
229
230
230
231
236
240
241
248
255
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15.5
15.5
17
18
19
20
21
22
Group
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
256
283
23
24
1
1
n1 = 11
n2 = 13
W1 = 6 + 7 + 10 + 12 + 17 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 =
W1 = 181
=
=
n1 n2 (11)(13)
=
= 71.5
2
2
n1 n2 (n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
U = n1 n2 +
z=
(11)(13)( 25)
= 17.26
12
n1 (n1 + 1)
(11)(12)
W1 = (11)(13 +
181 = 28
2
2
28 71 .5
= -2.52
17 .26
= .01, z.01 = 2.33

Since z = 2.52 = 2.52 > z = 2.33, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
13.9
Contacts
6
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
Rank
1
2
3.5
3.5
5
6.5
6.5
8.5
8.5
11
11
11
13
Group
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
15
16
17
W1 = 39
U1 = n1 n2 +
14
15
16
2
2
2
n1 (n1 + 1)
(7)(8)
W1 = (7)(9) +
39 = 52
2
2
U 2 = n1 n2 U1 = (7)(9) 52 = 11
U = 11
From Table A.13, the p-value = .0156. Since this p-value is greater than = .01,
the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
13.10 Ho: Urban and rural spend the same

Ha: Urban and rural spend different amounts
Expenditure
1950
2050
2075
2110
2175
2200
2480
2490
2540
2585
2630
2655
2685
2710
2750
2770
2790
2800
2850
2850
2975
2995
2995
3100
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19.5
19.5
21
22.5
22.5
24
Group
U
R
R
U
U
U
U
R
U
R
U
U
R
U
U
R
R
R
U
U
R
R
R
R
n1 = 12
n2 = 12
W1 = 1 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 12 + 14 + 15 + 19.5 + 19.5 = 123
n1 n2 (12)(12)
=
= 72
2
2
n1 n2 (n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
U = n1 n2 +
z=
(12 )(12 )( 25)

= 17.32
12
n1 (n1 + 1)
(12 )(13)
W1 = (12 )(12) +
123 = 99
2
2
U 99 72
=
= 1.56
17 .32
= .05
/2 = .025
z.025 = +1.96
Since the observed z = 1.56 < z.025 = 1.96, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
13.11
10
Ho: Males do not earn more than females

Ha: Males do earn more than females
Earnings
$28,900
31,400
36,600
40,000
40,500
41,200
42,300
42,500
44,500
45,000
47,500
47,800
47,800
48,000
50,100
51,000
51,500
51,500
53,850
55,000
57,800
61,100
63,900
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12.5
12.5
14
15
16
17.5
17.5
19
20
21
22
23
n1 = 11
Gender
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
n2 = 12
W1 = 10 + 12.5 + 15 + 16 + 17.5 + 17.5 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 = 193.5
n1 n2 (11)(12)
=
= 66 and =
2
2
n1 n2 (n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
(11)(12 )( 24 )
=
12
16.25
U = n1 n2 +
z=
= .01,
n1 ( n1 + 1)
(11)(12 )
W1 = (11)(12 ) +
193 .5 = 4.5
2
2
4.5 66
= -3.78
16 .25
z.01 = 2.33
Since the observed z = 3.78 > z.01 = 2.33, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
11
13.12 H0: There is no difference in the price of a single-family home in Denver and
Hartford
Ha: There is a difference in the price of a single-family home in Denver and
Hartford
Price
132,405
134,127
134,157
134,514
135,062
135,238
135,940
136,333
136,419
136,981
137,016
137,359
137,741
137,867
138,057
139,114
139,638
140,031
140,102
140,479
141,408
141,730
141,861
142,012
142,136
143,947
143,968
144,500
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
City
D
H
D
H
D
H
D
H
H
D
D
H
H
H
D
H
D
H
D
D
D
D
D
H
H
H
H
H
n1 = 13
n2 = 15
W1 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 11 + 15 + 17 + 19 +
20 + 21 + 22 + 23 = 174
U = n1 n2 +
n1 ( n1 + 1)
(13)(14 )
W1 = (13)(15) +
174 = 112
2
2
n1 n2 (13)(15)
=
= 97.5
2
2
=
=
z=
12
n1 n2 (n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
(13)(15)( 29 )
= 21.708
12
112 97 .5
= 0.67
21 .708
For = .05 and a two-tailed test, /2 = .025 and

z.025 = + 1.96.
Since the observed z = 0.67 < z.025 = 1.96, the decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that there is
a price difference for single family homes in Denver and Hartford.
13.13 Ho: The population differences = 0

Ha: The population differences 0
1
212
234
219
199
194
206
234
225
220
218
234
212
219
196
178
213
2
179
184
213
167
189
200
212
221
223
217
208
215
187
198
189
201
d
33
50
6
32
5
6
22
4
-3
1
26
-3
32
-2
-11
12
n = 16
T- = 3.5 + 3.5 + 2 + 9 = 18
=
( n)( n +1) (16 )(17 )

=
= 68
4
4
Rank
15
16
7.5
13.5
6
7.5
11
5
- 3.5
1
12
-3.5
13.5
-2
-9
10
=
z=
13
n(n +1)( 2n +1)

16 (17 )( 33 )
=
= 19.34
24
24
T 18 68
=
= -2.59
19 .34
= .10
/2 = .05
z.05 = 1.645
Since the observed z = -2.59 < z.05 = -1.645, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
13.14 Ho: Md = 0
Ha: Md 0
Before
49
41
47
39
53
51
51
49
38
54
46
50
44
49
45
After
43
29
30
38
40
43
46
40
42
50
47
47
39
49
47
d
6
12
17
1
13
8
5
9
-4
4
-1
3
5
0
-2
Rank
+9
+12
+14
+ 1.5
+13
+10
+ 7.5
+11
- 5.5
+ 5.5
- 1.5
+4
+ 7.5
-3
n = 15 but after dropping the zero difference, n = 14
= .05, for two-tailed /2 = .025, and from Table A.14, T.025,14= 21

T+ = 9 + 12+ 14 + 1.5 + 13 + 10 + 7.5 + 11 + 5.5 + 4 + 7.5 = 95
T- = 5.5 + 1.5 + 3 = 10
T = min(T+,T-) = min(95, 10) = 10
Since the observed value of T = 10 < T.025, 14 = 21, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis. There is a significant difference in before and after.
14
13.15 Ho: The population differences > 0

Ha: The population differences < 0
Before
10,500
8,870
12,300
10,510
5,570
9,150
11,980
6,740
7,340
13,400
12,200
10,570
9,880
12,100
9,000
11,800
10,500
After
12,600
10,660
11,890
14,630
8,580
10,115
14,320
6,900
8,890
16,540
11,300
13,330
9,990
14,050
9,500
12,450
13,450
d
-2,100
-1,790
410
-4,120
-3,010
-965
-2,370
-160
-1,550
-3,140
900
-2,760
-110
-1,950
-500
-650
-2,950
Rank
-11
-9
3
-17
-15
-7
-12
-2
-8
-16
6
-13
-1
-10
-4
-5
-14
Since n = 17, use the large sample test

T+ = 3 + 6 = 9
T =9
=
=
z=
( n)( n +1) (17 )(18 )

=
= 76.5
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
17 (18 )( 35 )
=
= 21.12
24
24
= .05
9 76 .5
= -3.20
21 .12
z.05 = -1.645
hypothesis.
13.16 Ho:Md = 0
15
Ha:Md < 0
Manual
426
387
410
506
411
398
427
449
407
438
418
482
512
402
Scanner
473
446
421
510
465
409
414
459
502
439
456
499
517
437
d
-47
-59
-11
-4
-54
-11
13
-10
-95
-1
-38
-17
-5
-35
Rank
-11
-13
-5.5
-2
-12
-5.5
7
-4
-14
-1
-10
-8
-3
-9
n = 14
T+ = (+7)
T- = (11 + 13 + 5.5 + 3 + 12 + 5.5 + 4 + 14 + 1 + 10 + 8 + 3 + 9)= 98
T = min(T+,T-) = min(7, 98) = 7
from Table A.14 with = .05, n = 14, T.05,14 = 26
Since the observed T = 7 < T.05,14 = 26, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
The differences are significantly less than zero and the after scores are
significantly higher.
16
13.17 Ho: The population differences 0

1999
49
27
39
75
59
67
22
61
58
60
72
62
49
48
19
32
60
80
55
68
2006
54
38
38
80
53
68
43
67
73
55
58
57
63
49
39
34
66
90
57
58
d
-5
-11
1
-5
6
-1
-21
-6
-15
5
14
5
-14
-1
-20
-2
-6
-10
-2
10
Rank
-7.5
-15
2
-7.5
11
-2
-20
-11
-18
7.5
16.5
7.5
-16.5
-2
-19
-4.5
-11
-13.5
-4.5
13.5
n = 20
T+ = 2 + 11 + 7.5 + 16.5 + 7.5 + 13.5 = 58
T = 58
=
=
z=
( n)( n + 1) ( 20 )( 21)
=
= 105
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
=
24
20 (21)( 41)
= 26.79
24
T 58 105
=
= -1.75
26 .79
For = .10,
z.10 = -1.28
hypothesis.
17
13.18 Ho: The population differences < 0

Ha: The population differences > 0
April
2002
63.1
67.1
65.5
68.0
66.6
65.7
69.2
67.0
65.2
60.7
63.4
59.2
62.9
69.4
67.3
66.8
April
2006
57.1
66.4
61.8
65.3
63.5
66.4
64.9
65.2
65.1
62.2
60.3
57.4
58.2
65.3
67.2
64.1
d
5.7
0.7
3.7
2.7
3.1
-0.7
4.3
1.8
0.1
-1.5
3.1
1.8
4.7
4.1
0.1
2.7
Rank
16
3.5
12
8.5
10.5
-3.5
14
6.5
1.5
-5
10.5
6.5
15
13
1.5
8.5
n = 16
T- = 8.5
T = 8.5
=
=
z=
( n)( n +1) (16 )(17 )

=
= 68
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
16 (17 )( 33 )
=
= 19.339
24
24
8.5 68
= -3.08
19 .339
For = .05, z.05 = 1.645

Since the observed z =
hypothesis.
3.08
> z.05 = 1.645, the decision is to reject the null
18
13.19 Ho: The 5 populations are identical

Ha: At least one of the 5 populations is different
1
157
188
175
174
201
203
2
165
197
204
214
183
1
1
6
4
3
9
10.5
_
Tj 33.5
nj
2
2
7.5
12
14
5
_
40.5
6
Tj
3
219
257
243
231
217
203
5
2
=
j
BY RANKS
3
18
26
23.5
19
16.5
10.5
__
113.5
6
4
286
243
259
250
279
5__
197
215
235
217
240
233
213
4
29
23.5
27
25
28
5__
7.5
15
21
16.5
22
20
13_
115
__
132.5
5
(33 .5) 2 (40 .5) 2 (113 .5) 2 (132 .5)

(115 ) 2
+
+
+
+
= 8,062.67
6
5
6
5
7
n = 29
2
K =
Tj
12
12
3( n + 1) =
(8,062 .67 ) 3(30 ) = 21.21
n(n + 1)
nj
29 (30 )
= .01
null
.01,4
df = c - 1 = 5 - 1 = 4
= 13.2767
Since the observed K = 21.21 >

hypothesis.
.01,4
= 13.2767, the decision is to reject the
19

Group 1
19
21
29
22
37
42
Group 2
30
38
35
24
29
Group 4
39
32
41
44
30
27
33
Group 2
8.5
14
12
4
6.5
_
45
Group 3
15
10
16
18
8.5
5
11_
83.5
By Ranks
Group 1
1
2
6.5
3
13
17
__
Tj
42.5
nj
Tj
=
j
(42 .5) 2 (45 ) 2 (83 .5) 2

+
+
= 1,702.08
6
5
7
n = 18
2
K =
Tj
12
12
3(n +1) =
(1,702 .08 ) 3(19 ) = 2.72
n(n +1)
nj
18 (19 )
= .05,
.05,2
df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
= 5.9915
Since the observed K = 2.72 <

.05,2
= 5.9915, the decision is to fail to reject
20

Region 1
$1,200
450
110
800
375
200
Region 2
$225
950
100
350
275
Region 3
$ 675
500
1,100
310
660
Region 4
$1,075
1,050
750
180
330
680
425
By Ranks
Region 1
23
12
2
18
10
4
_
Tj
69
nj
Tj
Region 2
5
19
1
9
6
Region 3
15
13
22
7
14
_
40
_
71
Region 4
21
20
17
3
8
16
11
96
(69 ) 2 ( 40 ) 2 (71) 2 (96 ) 2

n = 6 + 5 + 5 + 7 = 3,438.27
j
n = 23
2
K =
Tj
12
12
3(n +1) =
(3,428 .27 ) 3(24 ) = 2.75
n(n +1)
nj
23 (24 )
= .05
.05,3
df = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3
= 7.8147

.05,3
21

Small Town
$21,800
22,500
21,750
22,200
21,600
City
$22,300
21,900
21,900
22,650
21,800
Suburb
$22,000
22,600
22,800
22,050
21,250
22,550
By Ranks
Small Town
4.5
12
3
10
2
__
Tj
31.5
nj
Tj
City
11
6.5
6.5
15
4.5
__
43.5
=
j
Suburb
8
14
16
9
1
13
61
(31 .5) 2 (43 .5) 2 (61) 2

+
+
= 1,197.07
5
5
6
n = 16
2
Tj
12
12
K =
3(n +1) =
(1,197 .07 ) 3(17 ) = 1.81
n(n +1)
nj
16 (17 )
= .05
.05,2
df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
= 5.9915

.05,2
22

Amusement Parks
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
Amusement Parks
2
5.5
5.5
2
11.5
5.5
2
Tj
nj
Tj
=
j
__
34
7
Lake Area
3
2
3
5
4
4
3
5
2
City
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
1
3
By Ranks
Lake Area
20.5
11.5
20.5
33
28.5
28.5
20.5
33
11.5
__
207.5
9
(34 ) 2 (207 .5) 2 (154 ) 2 (199 .5)

+
+
+
7
9
10
8
City
11.5
11.5
20.5
11.5
20.5
11.5
20.5
20.5
5.5
20.5
154.0
10
National Park
2
4
3
4
3
5
4
4
National Park
11.5
28.5
20.5
28.5
20.5
33
28.5
28.5
____
199.5
8
= 12,295.80
n = 34
2
Tj
12
12
K =
3( n +1) =
(12 ,295 .80 ) 3(35 ) = 18.99
n( n +1)
nj
34 (35 )
= .05
2.05,3 = 7.8147
df = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3
Since the observed K = 18.99 > 2.05,3 = 7.8147, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.
23

Day Shift
52
57
53
56
55
50
51
Day Shift
16.5
22
18
21
20
13
14.5
_
125
7
Tj
nj
Tj
=
j
Swing Shift
45
48
44
51
48
54
49
43
By Ranks
Swing Shift
7
9.5
6
14.5
9.5
19
11.5
5 _
82
8
Graveyard Shift
41
46
39
49
42
35
52
Graveyard Shift
3
8
2
11.5
4
1
16.5
___
46
7
(125 ) 2 (82 ) 2 (46 ) 2

+
+
= 3,374.93
7
8
7
n = 22
2
Tj
12
12
K =
3(n +1) =
(3,374 .93 ) 3(23 ) = 11.04
n( n +1)
nj
22 (23)
= .05
.05,2
df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
= 5.9915

null hypothesis.
.05,2
24
13.25 Ho: The treatment populations are equal

Ha: At least one of the treatment populations yields larger values than at least one
other treatment population.
Use the Friedman test with = .05
c = 5, b = 5, df = c - 1 = 4,
.05,4
= 9.4877
If the observed value of 2 > 9.4877, then the decision will be to reject the null
hypothesis.
Shown below are the data ranked by blocks:
1
1
1
2.5
3
4
4
3
1
2
2
3
4
4
4
3
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2.5
1
1
Rj
11.5
12
18
25
8.5
Rj2
132.25
144
324
625
72.25
1
2
3
4
5
Rj2 = 1,297.5
r 2 =
12
2
12
R j 3b(c +1) = (5)( 5)( 6) (1,297 .5) 3(5)( 6) = 13.8
bc (c +1)
Since the observed value of r2 = 13.8 > 4,.052 = 9.4877, the decision is to
reject the null hypothesis. At least one treatment population yields larger values
than at least one other treatment population.
25

c = 6, b = 9, df = c - 1 = 5,
.05,5
= 11.0705
hypothesis.
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
5
3
3
1
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
4
2
2
4
2
3
4
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
5
5
4
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
6
4
2
4
2
5
4
3
4
4
15
25
25
56
50
38
Rj2 225
625
625
3136
2500
1444
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Rj
Rj2 = 8,555.5
r 2 =
12
2
12
R j 3b(c +1) = (9)( 6)( 7) (8,555 ) 3(9)( 7) = 82.59
bc (c +1)
26

c = 4, b = 6, df = c - 1 = 3,
.01,3
= 11.3449
hypothesis.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
2
1
2
2
2
1
Rj
20
22
10
Rj2
64
400
484
100
Rj2 = 1,048
r 2 =
12
R j
bc (c +1)
3b(c +1) =
12
(1,048 ) 3(6)( 5) = 14.8
(6)( 4)( 5)
27

c = 3, b = 10, df = c - 1 = 2,
.05,2
= 5.9915
hypothesis.
Worker
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5-day
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4-day
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
3.5 day
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Rj
29
18
13
Rj2
841
324
169
Rj2 = 1,334
r 2 =
12
R j
bc (c +1)
3b(c +1) =
12
(1,334 ) 3(10 )( 4) = 13.4
(10 )( 3)( 4)
Since the observed value of r2 = 13.4 > 2.05,2 = 5.9915, the decision is to
13.29 c = 4 treatments
S=
2
r
28
b = 5 blocks
= 2.04 with a p-value of .564.
Since the p-value of .564 > = .10, .05, or .01, the decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis. There is no significant difference in treatments.
13.30 The experimental design is a random block design that has been analyzed using a
Friedman test. There are five treatment levels and seven blocks. Thus, the
degrees of freedom are four. The observed value of S = 13.71 is the equivalent of
r2. The p-value is .009 indicating that this test is significant at alpha .01. The
null hypothesis is rejected. That is, at least one population yields larger values
than at least one other population. An examination of estimated medians shows
that treatment 1 has the lowest value and treatment 3 has the highest value.
13.31
x
23
41
37
29
25
17
33
41
40
28
19
y
201
259
234
240
231
209
229
246
248
227
200
x Ranked
3
10.5
8
6
4
1
7
10.5
9
5
2
y Ranked
2
11
7
8
6
3
5
9
10
4
1
n = 11
rs = 1
6d 2
n(n 1)
2
=1
6( 23 .5)
= .893
11(120 )
d
d2
1
1
-.5
0.25
1
1
-2
4
-2
4
-2
4
2
4
1.5
2.25
-1
1
1
1
1
1
2
d = 23.5
13.32
x
4
5
8
11
10
7
3
1
2
9
6
y
6
8
7
10
9
5
2
3
1
11
4
d
-2
-3
1
1
1
2
1
-2
1
-2
2
29
d2
4
9
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
4
4
2
d = 34
n = 11
rs = 1
13.33
x
99
67
82
46
80
57
49
91
6d 2
n(n 1)
2
y
108
139
117
168
124
162
145
102
=1
6(34 )
= .845
11(120 )
x Ranked
8
4
6
1
5
3
2
7
y Ranked
2
5
3
8
4
7
6
1
n =8
rs = 1
6d 2
n( n 1)
2
=1
6(164 )
= -.95
8(63 )
d
d2
6
36
-1
1
3
9
-7
49
1
1
-4
16
-4
16
6
36
d2 = 164
13.34
x
92
96
91
89
91
88
84
81
83
y
x Ranked
9.3
8
9.0
9
8.5
6.5
8.0
5
8.3
6.5
8.4
4
8.1
3
7.9
1
7.2
2
n =9
rs = 1
13.35 Bank
Credit
Card
2.51
2.86
2.33
2.54
2.54
2.18
3.34
2.86
2.74
2.54
3.18
3.53
3.51
3.11
6d 2
n(n 1)
Home
Equity
Loan
2.07
1.95
1.66
1.77
1.51
1.47
1.75
1.73
1.48
1.51
1.25
1.44
1.38
1.30
y Ranked
9
8
7
3
5
6
4
2
1
=1
Bank
Cr. Cd.
Rank
12
6.5
13
10
10
14
3
6.5
8
10
4
1
2
5
d
d2
-1
1
1
1
-.5
.25
2
4
1.5
2.25
-2
4
-1
1
-1
1
1
1
2
d = 15.5
6(15 .5)
= .871
9(80 )
Home
Eq. Loan
Rank
d
1
11
2
4.5
6
7
3
7
7.5
2.5
10
4
4
-1
5
1.5
9
-1
7.5
2.5
14
-10
11
-10
12
-10
13
-8
d2
121
20.25
49
49
6.25
16
1
2.25
1
6.25
100
100
100
64
2
d = 636
n = 14
rs = 1
6d 2
n(n 2 1)
30
=1
6(636 )
14 (14 2 1)
= -.398
There is a very modest negative correlation between overdue payments for bank
credit cards and home equity loans.
13.36
Iron
Rank
12
11
3
2
4
10
9
8
7
1
6
5
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
rs = 1
6d 2
n( n 1)
13.37 No. Co.

on NYSE
1774
1885
2088
2361
2570
2675
2907
3047
3114
3025
2862
Steel
Rank
12
10
5
7
6
11
9
8
4
3
2
1
=1
d
0
1
-2
-5
-2
-1
0
0
3
-2
4
4
d2
0
1
4
25
4
1
0
0
9
4
16
16
d2 = 80
6(80 )
= 0.72
12 (144 1)
No. Eq. Is.

on AMEX
1063
1055
943
1005
981
936
896
893
862
769
765
Rank NYSE
Rank AMEX
11
1
10
2
9
5
8
3
7
4
6
6
4
7
2
8
1
9
3
10
5
11
2
d = 162
n = 11
rs = 1
6d 2
n(n 1)
2
31
=1
d2
100
64
16
25
9
0
9
36
64
49
36
d
10
8
4
5
3
0
-3
-6
-8
-7
-6
= 408
6( 408 )
= -0.855
11(11 2 1)
There is a strong negative correlation between the number of companies listed

on the NYSE and the number of equity issues on the American Stock Exchange.
32
13.38 = .05
H0: The observations in the sample are randomly generated
Ha: The observations in the sample are not randomly generated
n1 = 13, n2 = 21
R = 10
Since this is a two-tailed test, use /2 = .025. The critical value is: z.025 = + 1.96
R =
2n1n2
2(13)( 21)
+1 =
+ 1 = 17.06
n1 + n2
13 + 21
R =
z=
2n1n2 (2n1n2 n1 n2 )
=
(n1 + n2 ) 2 (n1 + n2 1)
2(13)( 21)[ 2(13)( 21) 13 21]

= 2.707
(13 + 21) 2 (13 + 21 1)
R R 10 17.06
=
= -2.61
R
2.707
Since the observed z = - 2.61 < z.025 = - 1.96, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis. The observations in the sample are not randomly generated.
13.39
Sample 1
573
532
544
565
540
548
536
523
Sample 2
547
566
551
538
557
560
557
547
= .01 Since n1 = 8, n2 = 8 < 10, use the small sample Mann-Whitney U test.
x
523
532
536
538
540
544
547
547
548
551
557
557
560
565
566
573
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7.5
7.5
9
10
11.5
11.5
13
14
15
16
33
Group
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
W1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 9 + 14 + 16 = 56
U1 = n1 n2 +
n1 (n1 + 1)
(8)(9)
W1 = (8)(8) +
56 = 44
2
2
U 2 = n1 n2 U1 = 8(8) - 44 = 20
Take the smaller value of U1, U2 = 20

From Table A.13, the p-value (1-tailed) is .1172, for 2-tailed, the p-value is .2344.
Since the p-value is > = .05, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
34
13.40 = .05, n = 9
H0: Md = 0
Ha: Md 0
Group 1
Group 2
Rank
5.6
1.3
4.7
3.8
2.4
5.5
5.1
4.6
3.7
6.4
1.5
4.6
4.3
2.1
6.0
5.2
4.5
4.5
-0.8
-0.2
0.1
-0.5
0.3
-0.5
-0.1
0.1
-0.8
-8.5
-4.0
2.0
-6.5
5.0
-6.5
-2.0
2.0
-8.5
Since n = 9, from Table A.14 (2-tailed test), T.025 = 6

T+ = 2 + 5 + 2 = 9
T- = 8.5 + 4 + 6.5 + 6.5 + 2 + 8.5 = 36
T = min(T+, T-) = 9
Since the observed value of T = 9 > T.025 = 6, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that there is a
difference between the two groups.
35
13.41 nj = 7, n = 28, c = 4, df = 3
Group 1
6
11
8
10
13
7
10
Group 2
4
13
6
8
12
9
8
Group 3
3
7
7
5
10
8
5
Group 4
1
4
5
6
9
6
7
By Ranks:
Tj
Group 1
9.5
25
17.5
23
27.5
13.5
23
139
Tj
Group 2
3.5
27.5
9.5
17.5
26
20.5
17.5
122
Group 3
2
13.5
13.5
6
23
17.5
6
81.5
Group 4
1
3.5
6
9.5
20.5
9.5
13.5
63.5
= 2760.14 + 2126.29 + 948.89 + 576.04 = 6411.36

j
Tj
12
12
K =
3(n + 1) =
(6411 .36 ) 3(29 ) = 7.75
n(n + 1)
nj
28 (29 )
The critical value of chi-square is:

Since K = 7.75 <
hypothesis.
3,.01
3,.01
= 11.3449.
= 11.3449, the decision is to fail to reject the null
36
13.42 = .05, b = 7, c = 4, df = 3
.05,3
= 7.8147
H0: The treatment populations are equal

Ha: At least one treatment population yields larger values than at least one other
treatment population
Blocks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Group 1
16
8
19
24
13
19
21
Group 2
14
6
17
26
10
11
16
Group 3
15
5
13
25
9
18
14
Group 4
17
9
9
21
11
13
15
By Ranks:
Blocks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Rj
Rj2
Group 1
3
3
4
2
4
4
4
24
Group 2
1
2
3
4
2
1
3
16
Group 3
2
1
2
3
1
3
1
13
Group 4
4
4
1
1
3
2
2
17
576
256
169
289
Rj2 = 567 + 256 + 169 + 289 = 1290

r 2 =
12
12
2
R j 3b(C +1) = (7)( 4)( 5) (1,290 ) 3(7)( 5) = 5.57
bC (C +1)
Since r2 = 5.57 < 2.05,3 = 7.8147, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis. The treatment population means are equal.
13.43
Ranks
1
101
129
133
147
156
179
183
190
2
87
89
84
79
70
64
67
71
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
7
8
6
5
3
1
2
4
d
d2
-6
36
-6
36
-3
9
-1
1
2
4
5
25
5
25
4
16
2
d = 152
n=8
rs = 1
6d 2
n( n 1)
2
=1
6(152 )
= -.81
8(63 )

1 Gal.
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.9
1.4
2.1
5 Gal.
2.9
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.7
10 Gal.
3.1
2.4
3.0
2.3
2.9
1.9
5 Gal.
17.5
14
15
11
9.5
8
16
91
10 Gal.
20
13
19
12
17.5
6.5
By Ranks
1 Gal.
1
3.5
5
2
6.5
3.5
9.5
Tj 31
nj 7
88
37
Tj
=
j
38
(31) 2 (91) 2 (88 ) 2

+
+
= 2,610.95
7
7
6
n = 20
2
K =
Tj
12
12
3( n +1) =
( 2,610 .95 ) 3(21) = 11.60
n(n +1)
nj
20 (21)
= .01
df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
= 9.2104
.01,2

hypothesis.
.01,2
= 9.2104, the decision is to reject the null
13.45 N = 40 n1 = 24 n2 = 16 = .05
Use the large sample runs test since both n1, n2 are not less than 20.
H0: The observations are randomly generated
Ha: The observations are not randomly generated
With a two-tailed test, /2 = .025, z.025 = + 1.96. If the observed z > .196
or < -1.96, the decision will be to reject the null hypothesis.
R = 19
R =
R =
z=
2n1n2
2( 24)(16)
+1 =
+ 1 = 20.2
n1 + n2
24 + 16
2n1n2 ( 2n1n2 n1 n2 )
=
(n1 + n2 ) 2 ( n1 + n2 1)
2( 24)(16)[ 2(24)(16) 24 16]

= 2.993
(40) 2 (39)
R R 19 20 .2
=
= -0.40
R
2.993
Since z = -0.40 > z.025 = -1.96, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
39
13.46 Use the Friedman test. Let = .05

Ha: The treatment populations are not equal
c = 3 and b = 7
Operator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Machine 1
231
233
229
232
235
234
236
Machine 2
229
232
233
235
228
237
233
Machine 3
234
231
230
231
232
231
230
Machine 1
2
1
2
3
2
3
Machine 2
1
3
3
1
3
2
Machine 3
1
2
1
2
1
1
By ranks:
Operator
1
3
4
5
6
7
Rj
Rj2
16
256
If the observed
df = c - 1 = 2
.05,2
15
225
11
121
= 5.99147.
> 5.99147, the decision will be to reject the null hypothesis.
Rj2 = 256 + 225 + 121 = 602

r 2 =
12
2
12
R j 3b(c +1) =
(602 ) 3(7)( 4) = 2
bc (c +1)
(7)( 3)( 4)
Since 2r = 2 <
hypothesis.
.05,2
= 5.99147, the decision is to fail to reject the null
40
13.47 Ho: EMS workers are not older

Ha: EMS workers are older
Age
21
23
24
25
27
27
27
28
28
28
29
30
30
30
32
33
33
36
36
37
39
41
Rank
1
2
3
4
6
6
6
9
9
9
11
13
13
13
15
16.5
16.5
18.5
18.5
20
21
22
n1 = 10
Group
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
n2 = 12
W1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 9 + 15 + 18.5 + 20 + 22 = 100.5
n1 n2 (10)(12)
=
= 60
2
2
n1 n2 (n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
U = n1 n2 +
z=
(10)(12 )( 23)
= 15.17
12
n1 (n1 + 1)
(10 )(11)
W1 = (10 )(12 ) +
100 .5 = 74.5
2
2
74 .5 60
= 0.96
15 .17
Since the observed z = 0.96 < z.05 =

the
with = .05, z.05 = -1.645
1.645
, the decision is to fail to reject
41
null hypothesis.
With
1180
874
1071
668
889
724
880
482
796
1207
968
1027
1158
670
849
559
449
992
1046
852
Without
1209
902
862
503
974
675
821
567
602
1097
962
1045
896
708
642
327
483
978
973
841
d
-29
-28
209
165
-85
49
59
-85
194
110
6
-18
262
-38
207
232
-34
14
73
11
Rank
-6
-5
18
15
-12.5
9
10
-12.5
16
14
1
-4
20
-8
17
19
-7
3
11
2
n = 20
T- = 6 + 5 + 12.5 + 12.5 + 4 + 8 + 7 = 55
T = 55
=
=
z=
( n)( n + 1) ( 20 )( 21)
=
= 105
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
=
24
20 (21)( 41)
= 26.79
24
T 55 105
=
= -1.87
26 .79
= .01, /2 = .005
z.005 = 2.575
Since the observed z = -1.87 > z.005 = -2.575, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
42
13.49 H0: There is no difference between March and June

Ha: There is a difference between March and June
GMAT
350
430
460
470
490
500
510
520
530
530
540
550
550
560
570
570
590
600
610
630
n1 = 10
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9.5
9.5
11
12.5
12.5
14
15.5
15.5
17
18
19
20
Month
J
M
J
J
M
M
M
J
M
J
M
M
J
M
M
J
J
M
J
J
n2 = 10
W1 = 1 + 3 + 4 + 8 + 9.5 + 12.5 + 15.5 + 17 + 19 + 20 = 109.5

U1 = n1 n2 +
n1 (n1 + 1)
(10 )(11)
W1 = (10 )(10 ) +
109 .5 = 45.5
2
2
U 2 = n1 n2 U1 = (10)(10) - 45.5 = 54.5
From Table A.13, the p-value for U = 45 is .3980 and for 44 is .3697. For a
two-tailed test, double the p-value to at least .739. Using = .10, the decision is
to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
43
13.50 Use the Friedman test. b = 6, c = 4, df = 3, = .05

Ha: At least one treatment population yields larger values than at least on other
treatment population
The critical value is:
Brand
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
176
156
203
183
147
190
.05,3
= 7.8147
Location
2
3
58
111
62
98
89
117
73
118
46
101
83
113
4
120
117
105
113
114
115
By ranks:
Location
Brand
A
B
C
D
E
F
Rj
Rj2
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
24
576
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
2
3
3
6
36
14
196
16
256
Rj2 = 1,064
r 2 =
12
2
12
R j 3b(c +1) =
(1,064 ) 3(6)( 5) = 16.4
bc (c +1)
(6)( 4)( 5)
Since r2 = 16.4 > 2.05,3 = 7.8147, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
At least one treatment population yields larger values than at least one other
treatment population. An examination of the data shows that location one
produced the highest sales for all brands and location two produced the lowest
sales of gum for all brands.
44

Box
185
109
92
105
60
45
25
58
161
108
89
123
34
68
59
78
No Box
170
112
90
87
51
49
11
40
165
82
94
139
21
55
60
52
d
15
-3
2
18
9
-4
14
18
-4
26
-5
-16
13
13
-1
26
Rank
11
-3
2
13.5
7
-4.5
10
13.5
-4.5
15.5
-6
-12
8.5
8.5
-1
15.5
n = 16
T- = 3 + 4.5 + 4.5 + 6 + 12 + 1 = 31
T = 31
=
=
z=
( n)( n +1) (16 )(17 )

=
= 68
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
16 (17 )( 33 )
=
24
24
= 19.34
T 31 68
=
= -1.91
19 .34
= .05, /2 = .025
z.025 = 1.96
Since the observed z = -1.91 > z.025 = -1.96, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
13.52
Cups
25
41
16
0
11
28
34
18
5
Stress
80
85
35
45
30
50
65
40
20
Ranked
Cups
6
9
4
1
3
7
8
5
2
Ranked
Stress
8
9
3
5
2
6
7
4
1
45
d
-2
0
1
-4
1
1
1
1
1
d2 =
d2
4
0
1
16
1
1
1
1
1
26
n=9
rs = 1
6d 2
n(n 1)
2
=1
6(26 )
= .783
9(80 )
13.53 n1 = 15, n2 = 15 Use the small sample Runs test
= .05, /.025
H0: The observations in the sample were randomly generated.
Ha: The observations in the sample were not randomly generated
From Table A.11, lower tail critical value = 10
From Table A.12, upper tail critical value = 22
R = 21
Since R = 21 between the two critical values, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis. The observations were randomly generated.
46

Before
430
485
520
360
440
500
425
470
515
430
450
495
540
After
465
475
535
410
425
505
450
480
520
430
460
500
530
d
-35
10
-15
-50
15
-5
-25
-10
-5
0
-10
-5
10
Rank
-11
5.5
- 8.5
-12
8.5
-2
-10
-5.5
-2
OMIT
-5.5
-2
5.5
n = 12
T+ = 5.5 + 8.5 + 5.5 = 19.5
T = 19.5
From Table A.14, using n = 12, the critical T for = .01, one-tailed, is 10.
Since T = 19.5 is not less than or equal to the critical T = 10, the decision is to fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
47
13.55 Ho: With ties have no higher scores

Ha: With ties have higher scores
Rating
16
17
19
19
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
28
n1 = 11
Rank
1
2
3.5
3.5
5
6.5
6.5
9
9
9
11.5
11.5
13
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
19
19
19
21
22
Group
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
n2 = 11
W1 = 6.5 + 9 + 9 + 11.5 + 15.5 + 15.5 + 15.5 + 19 + 19 + 21 + 22 = 163.5

n1 n2 (11)(11)
=
= 60.5
2
2
=
=
n1 n2 ( n1 + n2 + 1)
=
12
U = n1 n2 +
z=
(11)(11)( 23)
= 15.23
12
n1 (n1 + 1)
(11)(12 )
W1 = (11)(11) +
163 .5 = 23.5
2
2
23 .5 60 .5
= -2.43
15 .23
Since the observed z =

hypothesis.
2.43
For = .05, z.05 = 1.645
> z.05 = 1.645, the decision is to reject the null
48
13.56 Ho: Automatic no more productive

Ha: Automatic more productive
Sales
92
105
106
110
114
117
118
118
125
126
128
129
137
143
144
152
153
168
n1 = 9
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7.5
7.5
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Type of Dispenser
M
M
M
A
M
M
A
M
M
M
A
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
n2 = 9
W1 = 4 + 7.5 + 11 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 = 115.5
U1 = n1 n2 +
n1 ( n1 + 1)
(9)(10 )
W1 = (9)(9) +
115 .5 = 10.5
2
2
U 2 = n1 n2 U1 = 81 10.5 = 70.5
The smaller of the two is U1 = 10.5
= .01
From Table A.13, the p-value = .0039. The decision is to reject the null
hypothesis since the p-value is less than .01.
49

45
216
215
218
216
219
214
55
228
224
225
222
226
225
70
219
220
221
223
224
85
218
216
217
221
218
217
55
23
18.5
20.5
16
22
20.5
120.5
70
11.5
13
14.5
17
18.5
74.5
85
9
4
6.5
14.5
9
6.5
49.5
By Ranks:
Tj
45
4
2
9
4
11.5
1
31.5
nj
Tj
=
j
(31 .5) 2 (120 .5) 2 (74 .5) 2 ( 49 .5)

+
+
+
6
6
5
6
= 4,103.84
n = 23
2
Tj
12
12
K =
3(n +1) =
(4,103 .84 ) 3( 24 ) = 17.21
n(n +1)
nj
23( 24 )
= .01
.01,3
df = c - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3
= 11.3449

null hypothesis.
.01,3
50
13.58
Sales
150,000
210,000
285,000
301,000
335,000
390,000
400,000
425,000
440,000
Miles
1,500
2,100
3,200
2,400
2,200
2,500
3,300
3,100
3,600
Ranks
Sales
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
n=9
rs = 1
6d 2
n(n 1)
2
=1
6(26 )
= .783
9(80 )
Ranks
Miles
1
2
7
4
3
5
8
6
9
d
0
0
-4
0
2
1
-1
2
0
d2
0
0
16
0
4
1
1
4
0
d2 = 26
51

3-day
9
11
17
10
22
15
6
Quality
27
38
25
40
31
19
35
Mgmt. Inv.
16
21
18
28
29
20
31
By Ranks:
3-day
2
4
7
3
12
5
1
Tj
34
nj
Tj
7
2
Quality
14
20
13
21
17.5
9
19
113.5
Mgmt. Inv.
6
11
8
15
16
10
17.5
83.5
(34 ) 2 (113 .5) 2 (83 .5) 2

=
+
+
= 3,001.5
7
7
7
n = 21
2
K =
Tj
12
12
3( n +1) =
(3,001 .5) 3(22 ) = 11.96
n(n +1)
nj
21(22 )
= .10
.10,2
df = c - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
= 4.6052

null hypothesis.
.10,2
52

Husbands
27
22
28
19
28
29
18
21
25
18
20
24
23
25
22
16
23
30
Wives
35
29
30
20
27
31
22
19
29
28
21
22
33
38
34
31
36
31
d
-8
-7
-2
-1
1
-2
-4
2
-4
-10
-1
2
-10
-13
-12
-15
-13
-1
Rank
-12
-11
-6.5
-2.5
2.5
-6.5
-9.5
6.5
-9.5
-13.5
-2.5
6.5
-13.5
-16.5
-15
-18
-16.5
-2.5
n = 18
T+ = 2.5 + 6.5 + 6.5 = 15.5
T = 15.51
=
=
z=
( n)( n +1) (18 )(19 )

=
= 85.5
4
4
n(n +1)( 2n +1)
18 (19 )( 37 )
=
= 22.96
24
24
= .01
15 .5 85 .5
= -3.05
22 .96
z.01 = -2.33
hypothesis.
53
13.61 This problem uses a random block design, which is analyzed by the Friedman
nonparametric test. There are 4 treatments and 10 blocks. The value of the
observed r2 (shown as S) is 12.16 (adjusted for ties) and has an associated
p-value of .007 that is significant at = .01. At least one treatment population
yields larger values than at least one other treatment population. Examining the
treatment medians, treatment one has an estimated median of 20.125 and
treatment two has a treatment median of 25.875. These two are the farthest apart.
13.62 This is a Runs test for randomness. n1 = 21, n2 = 29. Because of the size of the
ns, this is a large sample Runs test. There are 28 runs, R = 28.
R = 25.36
z=
R = 3.34
28 25 .36
= 0.79
3.34
The p-value for this statistic is .4387 for a two-tailed test. The decision is to fail
to reject the null hypothesis at = .05.
are
54
13.63 A large sample Mann-Whitney U test is being computed. There are 16

observations in each group. The null hypothesis is that the two populations are
identical. The alternate hypothesis is that the two populations are not identical.
The value of W is 191.5. The p-value for the test is .0066. The test is significant
at = .01. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis. The two populations
not identical. An examination of medians shows that the median for group two
(46.5) is larger than the median for group one (37.0).
13.64 A Kruskal-Wallis test has been used to analyze the data. The null hypothesis is
that the four populations are identical; and the alternate hypothesis is that at least
one of the four populations is different. The H statistic (same as the K statistic) is
11.28 when adjusted for ties. The p-value for this H value is .010 which indicates
that there is a significant difference in the four groups at = .05 and marginally
so for = .01. An examination of the medians reveals that all group medians are
the same (35) except for group 2 that has a median of 25.50. It is likely that it is
group 2 that differs from the other groups.

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Chapter 13

Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of nonparametric statistics.

CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test

Spearman's Rank Correlation

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Ho: The observations in the sample are randomly generated.

Ho: The observations in the sample are randomly generated.

= .05, /2 = .025, z.025= + 1.96

2( 26)( 21)[ 2(26)( 21) 26 21]

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Ho: The observations in the sample are randomly generated.

= .05 Since this is a two-tailed test, /2 = .025, z.025 = + 1.96. If the

2(40)( 24)[ 2(40)( 24) 40 24 ]

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Ho: The observations in the sample are randomly generated.

Ho: Group 1 is identical to Group 2

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

U ' = n1 n2 U = 64 37.5 = 26.5

We use the small U which is 26.5

Ho: Population 1 has values that are no greater than population 2

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

= .01, z.01 = 2.33

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.10 Ho: Urban and rural spend the same

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

(12 )(12 )( 25)

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Ho: Males do not earn more than females

W1 = 10 + 12.5 + 15 + 16 + 17.5 + 17.5 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 = 193.5

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

For = .05 and a two-tailed test, /2 = .025 and

13.13 Ho: The population differences = 0

( n)( n +1) (16 )(17 )

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

n(n +1)( 2n +1)

n = 15 but after dropping the zero difference, n = 14

= .05, for two-tailed /2 = .025, and from Table A.14, T.025,14= 21

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.15 Ho: The population differences > 0

Since n = 17, use the large sample test

( n)( n +1) (17 )(18 )

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.17 Ho: The population differences 0

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.18 Ho: The population differences < 0

( n)( n +1) (16 )(17 )

For = .05, z.05 = 1.645

> z.05 = 1.645, the decision is to reject the null

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.19 Ho: The 5 populations are identical

(33 .5) 2 (40 .5) 2 (113 .5) 2 (132 .5)

Since the observed K = 21.21 >

= 13.2767, the decision is to reject the

Chapter 13: Nonparametric Statistics

13.20 Ho: The 3 populations are identical

(42 .5) 2 (45 ) 2 (83 .5) 2

Since the observed K = 2.72 <

= 5.9915, the decision is to fail to reject