Wertz 1 Katie Wertz Ms.

Evans AP European History 7 September 2011 CHAPTER 10- RENAISSANCE AND DISCOVERY -Late middle ages saw unprecedented chaos but also rebirth that spanned into the 17th century -Late middle ages time of creative fragmentation -Population expanding, monarchs and rulers were imposing new political order -Solutions to religious crisis not found until Reformation and counter-reformation -Italian city states managed to survive b/w 1300 and 1450 due to Italys strategic location b/w East and West and its lucrative trade with Eurasia -Wealthy merchants became patrons of arts, gov, and education to better enhance their reputation and power__ result__ cultural Renaissance - Fall of Constantinople to Turks in 1453__ Italys trading empire began to shrink -By 1490s__France invaded Italy and in 25 yrs__ Renaissance had peaked -15th century__ humanists had made a full recovery of classical knowledge. Set in motion educational reforms and cultural changes that spread to all of Europe -Humanists invented critical historical scholarship and learning further progressed with the invention of the movable printing press -began printing in vernacular -Patriotism began to flourish and voyages to the Americas and the Far East increased. Age of Exploration began. -Late 15th and 16th centuries were of unprecedented territorial expansion -International traffic in African slaves increased. And many were shipped to the Americas to replace dying natives. -newly centralized govs. Began using long range economic practices__ mercantilism.

Wertz 2 KEY TOPICS -POLITICS CULTURE AND ART OF ITALIAN REANAISSANCE -POLITICAL STRUGGLE AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN ITALY -POWERFUL NEW MONARCHIES OF MODERN EUROPE -THOUGHT AND CULTURE OF NORTHERN RENAISSANCE I. THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY -period in which people began to adapt a rational, objective, and statistical approach to reality and to rediscover the importance of the individual and their own artistic creativities -Burckhardt__ prototype of the modern world -time of transformation from medieval to modern -characterized by growing national consciousness, political centralization, urban economy based on commerce and capitalism, and ever-greater lay and secular control of thought and culture including religion -Most prominent points of Renaissance__ occur in Italy b/w 1375 and 1527 -Abrupt end in 1527 when Spanish imperial soldiers torched Rome A. ITALIAN CITY STATE 1. Italians became bankers of much of Europe due to ideal location b/w East and West 2. Growth of City States a. growth assisted by continuous warfare between guelf (propapal) and ghibelline(proimperial) 1. Continuously weakened on another which strengthened merchant oligarchies b. Italian city states, having no kings, were free to expand and were independent states c. 5 major city states- Dutchy of Milan, Republic of Florence, The Papal States, Kingdom of Naples, and Republic of Venice d. Competition so intense most developed into despotisms (rule by a despot or tyrant)

Wertz 3 1.Venice was a successful merchant oligarchy with a patrician senate 3. Social Class and Conflict a. 4 major social classes 1. Grandi- the old rich, nobles and merchants who traditionally ruled the city 2. Popolo Grosso- new rich, fat people, capitalists and bankers 3. Middle Burgher Ranks- guild masters, shop owners, and professionals 4. Popolo Minuto- lower economic class, little peopleamong these were paupers having no wealth at all. b. Poor unhappy 1. Ciompi Revolt- b/c of the fueding b/w old and new rich, anarchy from the black death, and collapse of 2 prominent banking houses -successful -lower class ruled for 4 years, real stability did not return until Cosimo de Medici took over in 1434 4. Despotism and Diplomacy a. Cosimo de Medici 1. puppet master who controlled the constitution and elections 2. Made the Signoria (council of Florence) extremely loyal to him b. Lorenzo de Medici (grandson) or Lorenzo the Magnificent 1. Despot 2. Hired Podesta (strongman hired to maintain law and order) -podestas were given executive military and judicial authority -dangerous job, but lucrative and podestas ofen were able to take power for themselves c. Diplomacy

Wertz 4 1. sent ambassadors to foreign embassies to negotiate treaties without war and act as spies B. HUMANISM 1. humanism was the scholarly study of Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church fathers for both its own sake and in the hope of rebirth of ancient norms and values. a. advocated studia humanitatis a liberal arts program of study embracing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy b. did not compare the writings and philosophies of others of their time but went directly to the original greek and roman works they discussed 2. Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio a.Petrach (1304-1374) -father of humanism -left legal career for letters and poetry -Letters to the Ancient Dead, Sonnets to Laura (in the vernacular) b. Dante (1265-1321) -more religious than Petrarch in his works -Vita Nuova, Divine Comedy (vernacular) c. Boccaccio (1313-1375) -student of Petrarch -Decameron bawdy tales told through several characters on a retreat from the plague. Stinging social commentary - Also collected an encyclopedia of greek and roman mythology 3. Educational Reforms and Goals a. Goal- to be wise, speak eloquently, know what is good, and practice virtue b. Castigliones Book of the courtier embodies highest ideals of Italian humanism

Wertz 5 4. The Florentine Academy and the Revival of Platonism a. After fall of Constantinople to the Turks, Greek scholars fled to Florence b. Under patronage of Cosimo de Medici c. Appeal of Platonism- flattering view of human nature d. Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man shows strong signs of Platonism 5. Critical Work on the Humanists: Lorenzo Valla a. humanists can unintentionally be too critical of tradition b. defended predestination theory c. 1406-1457 d. hero of later protestants 6. Civic Humanism a. civic humanism- examples of humanist leadership in political and cultural life b. Florence- humanists served as chancellors (ex. Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, Poggio Bracciolini) c. each used rhetorical skills to rally Florentines against aggression of Naples and Mialn d. some humanists became snobby and wrote only in latin but Machiavelli changed things by writing again in the vernacular C. RENAISSANCE ART 1.Leonardo Da Vinci ( a. true renaissance man, master of many skills - one of the greatest painters of all time, engineer, dissected corpses to study anatomy, ect. b. Mona Lisa 2. Raphael a. sensitive and kind, well known for his madonnas

Wertz 6 b. fresco The School of Athens portrays masters of western philosophy 3. Michelangelo a. melancholy genius b. 18 ft. David stood in Florence for many years c. Commissioned by 4 different popes, once was to pain the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel d. His work varies as he ages marking the change from the high renaissance to a style called mannerism which gave freer reign to the subjectivity of the artist D. SLAVERY IN THE RENAISSANCE 1.In high demand. Viewed as kind b/c otherwise the captives would have been killed. 2. Demand greatly increased after the black death depleted the work force. 3. Were of a variety of races and masters had complete dominion over their slaves 4. Slaves generally treated well and were often even integrated into the family. II. ITALYS POLITICAL DECLINE A. THE TREATY OF LODI 1. Italy always relied on internal cooperation against foreign invaders (mainly the Turks) made possible by the treaty of Lodi (1454-1455) 2. Milan and Naples aligned with Florence against Venice and the Papal States creating a balance of power a. Under threat of foreign invasion, all 5 united together 3. Peace ended 1494 when Naples supported by Florence and the Borgia Pope Alexander VI attacked Milan 4. Milan leader Ludovico invited the French in to reclaim their land in Naples not realizing hed also be attempting to regain Milan B. CHARLES VIIIS MARCH THROUGH ITALY 1. French King Louis XI resisted desire to invade Italy while keeping dynastic claims alive. 2. His successor however, Charles VIII invaded a. Conquered through the Papal states b. Piero de Medici tried to appease him by handing over Florentine territories and was exiled by his revolting people for doing so 3. Dominican preacher Savonarola convinced Florentines this was gods will

Wertz 7 a. Exectuted 1498 when Italian cities reunited 4. The march through Italy scared even non Italians and rulers like Ferdinand of Aragon began to strengthen themselves against the French C. POPE ALEXANDER VI AND THE BORGIA FAMILY 1.French went back to Italy under charles successor Louis xii assisted by pope Alexander vi 2. most corrupt pope in history -openly supported his children lucrezia and cesare Borgia -supported French and withdrew support from the league of Venice knowing they were too weak to support themselves. They split up the conquered land -worked to promote the political power of the Borgia family D. POPE JULIUS II 1. Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, strong opponent of the Borgias, succeeded Alexander VI as Pope Julius II 2. suppressed the borgias and took their newly conquered Italian lands for himself 3. warrior pope- brought the papacy to peak military prowess 4. eradicated the venetians from his newly acquired Romagna 5.forced the French to retreat from Italy as well 6. French invaded again and made a compromise with the pope that later helped keep them Catholic after the protestant reformation E. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI 1. witnessed the destruction of the invating French, Spanish, and german armies and became an advocate of Italian political unity and independence 2.idealized the nationalism and virtue of the Romans who protected their country 3. Said the people of Italy were self absorbed and selfish and only a great and powerful dictator could compel them to become a great country and dfend their homeland 4. wrote The Prince III. REVIVAL OF THE MONARCHY IN NORTHERN EUROPE A. after 1450- sovereign rulers began to emerge due to the emerging allegiance between the king and towns people (book keepers, tacticians, ect.) B. Taxes, wars, and laws became national rather than regional

Wertz 8 C. Administers appointed to help with the ruling of entire lands D. FRANCE 1.Charles VII(r. 1422-1461) was made great by his ministers who created a permanent, professional army who drove the English out of France. 2. Jacques Coer- helped develop a strong economy, diplomatic corps, and even a national postal system E.SPAIN 1.became strong in the late 15th century. 2. Catile and Aragon united by marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella -together they secured their borders and made peace in their realms. Formed a strong nation

F. ENGLAND 1. Internal Warfare prevalent after the 100 yrs war. 2. War of the Roses b/w lancasterians (Henry VI) and the Yorks 3. Henry Tudor Eventually took control as Henry VII, the first of the tudor dynasty

G. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1. Germany was hopelessly divided 2. the emporer and major German cities reached an agreement in 1356, the golden bull that establishe a 7 member electoral college that functioned as an administrative body 3. These reforms were very important but a poor substitute for true national unity

Wertz 9 IV. THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE A.THE PRINTING PRESS 1.since Charlemagne, literacy was encouraged but producing books was very time consuming and expensive 2. Johann Gutenbergs invention of the movable printing press in 1468 changed all that B.ERASMUS (1466-1536) 1.Proved many loyal catholics wanted reforms long before the reformation 2. the prince of the humanists 3.In the 16th century all of erasmus books were on the churchs forbidden list

C,HUMANISM AND REFORM 1. Germany a.Rudolf Agricola- father of German humanism b. donation of Constantine 2. England a.Italian learning came through merchants and visiting Italian prelates b. Thomas More- best known English humanist, close friend of Erasmus, Utopia 3. France a.French invasions of Italy made it possible for Italian learning to penetrate France b. Guillaume Bude and Jacques Lefevre dEtaples were leaders of French humanism 4. Spain a. In Spain, the renaissance helped the Catholic Church, not later protestant reforms b.Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros, confessor of queen Isabella, was the key figure here

Wertz 10 -he founded the university of Alcala V. VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY AND THE NEW EMPIRE IN THE WEST A. GOLD AND SPICES 1.Portugese prince Henry the Navigator financed exploration of African coast in search of valuables 2. Started a gold rush that quickly expanded to a search for spices in India 3. Bartholomeu Dias opened the portugese empire in the East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa 1498 B. THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE NEW WORLD 1.Columbus thought that cuba was japan based on the journeys of Marco polo in the 13th century 2. it was took until his 3rd voyage to realize this was not so 3. He marveled at how friendly the natives were and how easily they could be enslaved C. A CONQUERED WORLD 1.The Aztecs in Mexico a. Aztecs began a period of rapid conquest and expansion b. capital- Tenochtitlan(mexico city) was on a island c. conquered 1519 by Hernan Cortez. The Aztecs originally thought hewas a god. 2. The Incas in Peru a. 2nd great native civilization conquered by the Spanish b.controlled an empire that rivaled china in size c.conquered 1532 by Francisco Pizarro d. killed their leader Atahualpa and slaughtered and enslaved the people and wiped them out with European disease e. capital- Cuzco

Wertz 11 D. THE CHURCH IN SPANISH AMERICA 1. Priests often accompanied conquerors 2. Often deplored the terrible conditions with which the native people were treated 3. Notably- Bartolome las Casas- wrote and worked for the rights of native people E. THE ECONOMY OF EXPLOITATION 1.Forced labor for Native Americans and Africans 2. Mining a. conquistadors looking for gold and silver of other precious metals 3. Agriculture a. Haciendas- worked by slaves, produced foodstuffs for nearby mines and cities and leather goods for mining machinery 4. Labor Servitude a.encomienda- right to a certain number of Indians b.repartimiento- passing of the ecomienda led to this which entitled you to a certain number of days of adult male Indian labor F. THE IMPACT ON EUROPE 1.Increased skepticism of wisdom of the elders 2. Developing ideas about human rights and cruelty 3.Influx of Spices and work force 4.

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