APPENDIX

CURRENT ELECTRONIC COMMERCE RESEARCH

Learning Objectives

Contents
A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 Overview Study on the EC Research Taxonomies List of Academic Journals in the EC Research EC Research Taxonomy and Recent Articles Concluding Remarks

Upon completion of this online appendix, you will be able to: 1. Understand the taxonomy of Electronic Commerce (EC) research and access the articles about the EC research taxonomy study. 2. Understand the resources on recent EC research published in the 26 academic journals during the period between January 1999 and August 2005. 3. Understand the trend of EC research according to the organization of this textbook. 4. Know the online sources on the topics of interest.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

A.1 OVERVIEW
At the end of each chapter of the book Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective 2008, we have added research topics so that readers can use them as milestones for their own research. To complement those research topics, we provide a review of recent literature in this appendix, so this online appendix is a companion to the research topics in the printed book. The earlier 2004 version surveyed EC literature published between January 1999 and August 2003 in 27 academic journals relevant to EC. In this 2008 version, we used the same journals but extended the term to August 2005. Because one journal has ceased publication, this version is based on 26 journals. In addition, a small number of articles were selected from sources outside of these 26 journals. This longitudinal study provides us insight into what constitutes interesting recent research topics related to EC. The goal of this appendix is to classify trends in recent EC research and provide references on each topic. We by no means intend to comprehensively analyze and comment on the literature in this appendix because it is too huge for this approach. Nevertheless, readers can find the topics of research efficiently by reading the taxonomy of topics and the summary of the articles within each topic. We provide online links to the journal, so readers can access the abstracts and full text easily on the Web if they subscribe to the relevant online journals. Readers can search topics and authors effectively using their softwares Find function. To be compatible with Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective 2008, we classify the literature according to the organization of the book. However, we classified the articles within a chapter in bottomup fashion. This means that even if the book deals with a certain topic in depth, if there are no published articles on that topic, it is not handled here. On the contrary, even if a topic is not handled in the book, we handle it as a research topic if there are many related publications. In this manner, the book and this EC research appendix are complementary. Before we present our own classification, we first review the articles that handle the taxonomy of EC research. Then, we provide the list of journals that we have adopted and statistics on the annual number of articles published by journal and by chapter. Each chapter is composed of review articles sorted by topic and appended references. This appendix covers 17 text chapters and concludes with a discussion on key trends in EC research.

A.2 STUDY ON THE EC RESEARCH TAXONOMIES

To understand the taxonomy of EC research, let us review articles on the topic. We found three useful articles for this purpose (Urbaczwski et al. 2002, Ngai and Wat 2002, Kauffman and Walden 2001). According to Urbaczweski et al. (2002), EC research can be classified into four categories: organizational, economic, technical, and others. In this paper, 172 articles in a variety of academic journals are collected and classified according to this taxonomy. The detailed taxonomy adopted follows. 1. Organizational Research 1. EC Overviews 2. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)/Interorganizational System (IOS) 3. Electronic Markets (EM) Overview 4. Adoption EC Adoption EDI/IOS Adoption EC Implementation EDI/IOS Implementation 5. EC Diffusion and Use EDI/IOS Diffusion and Use EM Diffusion and Use 6. EC Strategy Prescriptions Marketing Prescriptions Management of Technology Prescriptions 2. Economic Research 1. Industry Structure, Asset Ownership, and Governance Electronic Markets Hypothesis Move-to-the-Middle Hypothesis Hybrid Forms of Ownership and Governance

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research 2. Adoption and Distribution of IOS Value Creating and Appropriating Surplus Value Buyer-Advocated Adoption Supplier Adoption 3. Electronic Market Intermediaries Market Makers Market Roles 4. Cost of Acquiring Information 3. Technical Research 1. Agents 2. Data Integration 3. Security 4. Transaction Settlement 5. Digital Retailing Technologies 4. Others 1. Social International Development Role of Government 2. Behvioral Consumer Behavior 3. Legal Ngai and Wat (2002) classified the literature on EC research into four categories: applications, technological issues, support and implementation, and others. For the topics in these categories, 275 articles published between 1993 and 1999 are collected, and this appendix analyzes their distributions. The taxonomy adopted in this research follows. 1. Applications 1. Interorganizational Systems 2. Electronic Payment Systems 3. Financial Services 4. Retailing 5. Online Publishing 6. Auctions 7. Intraorganizational EC 8. Education and Training 9. Marketing and Advertising 10. Other Applications 2. Technological Issues 1. Security 2. Technological Components 3. Network Technology and Infrastructure 4. Support Systems 5. Algorithm and Methodology 6. Other Technical Issues 3. Support and Implementation 1. Public Policy Taxation Legal Issues Privacy Fraud Trust 2. Corporate Strategy 3. Other Support and Implementation

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research 4. Others 1. General Introduction to EC 2. Foundational Concept of EC 3. Others Kauffman and Walden (2001) surveyed the research on EC from the perspective of economic analysis. They also suggested a direction of research for each category and associated the categories with the relevant information technology and economic theories. They classified the EC research as follows: 1. Technology Issues 1. Internet Access Pricing 2. Intelligent Agents in EC 3. Search Costs and Tools 4. Definition of EC Standards 2. Product Issues 1. Pricing of Digital Products 2. Characteristics of Internet Products 3. Bundling, Sharing, and Differentiation 4. Adoption and Network Externalities 3. Business Process 1. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 2. Government and the Location of Transactions 3. Valuation of EC Technology Investments 4. EC Business Models 4. Market Issues 1. Intermediation 2. Physical and Electronic Markets 3. Electronic Auctions 4. Network Externalities and Market Efficiency 5. Design of Electronic Markets 6. Trust 5. Macroeconomic Issues 1. Measurement of Digital Economy 2. Electronic Labor Markets 3. Electronic Money 4. Taxation and Regulation of EC 5. Economic Transformation 6. Electronic Government 7. International EC A few articles analyzed the trends in Information Systems (IS) research. Even though the studies on IS research trends did not focus on the direction of EC research, they provide insight into this field. Liang and Chen (2003) studied 3,841 articles published in eight major journals during the 19802001 period. They classified the research topics into five categories and analyzed the trend over time. The five categories are human, system, technology and analysis model, management, and research methodology and theory. They discovered that there were more human and fewer systemrelated publications as time passed. They also studied the frequency that theories were adopted in MIS research over time, and discovered that human-related theories, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Resource Reliant Theory, were popular and system-related theories, such as Media Richness and Task Technology Fit, were less popular. Of the 69 articles that used the TAM, more than half were published during the last five years of the period studied. The 10 theories studied in Liang and Chens research follow. These theories may be applicable to the theory research in EC as well, but it is not desirable to repeat the test of the same axiomatic theories without additional research themes. Transaction Cost Theory Diffusion Theory Network Externality Theory Media Richness Theory

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Technology Acceptance Model Resource Reliance Theory Social Exchange Theory Structuring Theory Task Technology Fit Social Cognitive Theory

A-5

Orlikowski and Iacono (2001) argued that the journal Information Systems Research has not deeply engaged its core subject of IT artifacts. Because this argument may also be applicable to the research on EC, it will be useful to consider the IT artifacts from the point of view of EC artifacts. The IT artifacts proposed are: 1. Tool View of Technology 1. Labor Substitution Tool 2. Productivity Tool 3. Information Processing Tool 4. Social Relations Tool 2. Proxy View of Technology 1. Perception 2. Diffusion 3. Capital 3. Ensemble View of Technology 1. Development Project 2. Production Network 3. Embedded System 4. Structure 4. Computational View of Technology 1. Algorithm 2. Model 5. Nominal View of Technology As we reviewed previously, there is no single taxonomy of EC research. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a framework using the EC books point of view.

REFERENCES
Kauffman, R. J., and E. A. Walden, Economics and Electronic Commerce: Survey and Directions for Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 5116. Liang, Ting Peng, and D. N. Chen, Evolution of Information Systems Research, Proceedings of Pacific Asian Conference on Information Systems, Adelaide, Australia, July 1013, 2003. Ngai, E. W. T., and F. K. T. Wat, A Literature Review and Classification of Electronic Commerce Research, Information and Management, Vol. 39 (2002), pp. 415429. Orlikowski, W. J., and C. S. Iacono, Research Commentary: Desperately Seeking the IT in IT ResearchA Call to Theorizing the IT Artifact, Information Systems Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( June 2001), pp. 121134. Urbaczewski, A., L. M. Jessup, and B. Wheeler, Electronic Commerce Research: A Taxonomy and Synthesis, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002), pp. 263305.

A.3 LIST OF ACADEMIC JOURNALS IN THE EC RESEARCH

Twenty-six academic journals were selected for the survey of EC research articles. The journals encompass ones with titles including Electronic Commerce or a similar term and MIS journals that cover EC articles. From these journals, we have picked 1,268 articles published during the term January 1999August 2005 that are relevant to the subjects in the book Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective 2008. The selected journals, in alphabetic order with the titles linked to their online sources, are the following: Communications of the ACM Decision Sciences Decision Support Systems Electronic Commerce Research

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Electronic Commerce Research and Applications Electronic Markets e-Service Journal European Journal of Information Systems Information and Management Information Resources Management Journal Information Systems Management Information Systems Research International Journal of Electronic Commerce International Journal of Information Management Internet Research Journal of Electronic Commerce Research Journal of Interactive Marketing Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce Journal of Internet Commerce Journal of Management Information Systems Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce Management Science MIS Quarterly Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce The Information Society World Wide Web Miscellaneous Publications

The journal Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce ceased publication, so the articles published earlier are included in the category Miscellaneous. Among the 1,268 articles, 27 articles fall into the category Miscellaneous because they were selected from other sources accidentally. We say it was accidental because we included these relevant materials in the earlier edition, which were already known to us, without conducting a full survey of the journals where they were published. These journals include Behavior & Information Technology, California Management Review, Expert Systems, IEEE Intelligent Systems, IEEE Wireless Communications, Industrial Marketing Management, Information Systems Journal, Information Technology and Management, International Journal of Information System, Journal of Computer Information Systems, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications, and McKinsey Quarterly. Exhibit A.1 shows the number of articles selected for use in this appendix.

A.4 EC RESEARCH TAXONOMY AND RECENT ARTICLES

In this section, the 1,268 selected articles in EC research are classified according to the organization of the textbook Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective 2008 so that readers can find the research issues and relevant literature while reading the book. The EC research is classified according to the first 17 chapters of the book, though the titles of the research topics in each chapter are named in the bottom-up fashion described previously. If there are too many articles in a topic, the topic is reclassified into more specific topics. The titles of the chapters and research subjects are summarized as follows:

PART I INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE AND E-MARKETPLACES

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
Impact of EC E-Business Models Diffusion of EC Comparative Regional Studies in EC

CHAPTER 2. E-MARKETPLACES: STRUCTURES, MECHANISMS, ECONOMICS, AND IMPACTS

Benefits and Performance of E-Marketplaces Role of Intermediaries and Channel Conflict

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

A-7

EXHIBIT A.1

Journal Titles and Number of Articles Selected

Year 2005 (through Aug.)
10 2 12 11 15 5 0 1 2 5 6 2 5 4 8 1 2 0 11 5

Journal
Communications of the ACM Decision Sciences Decision Support Systems Electronic Commerce Research Electronic Commerce Research and Applications Electronic Markets e-Service Journal European Journal of Information Systems Information and Management Information Resources Management Journal Information Systems Management Information Systems Research International Journal of Electronic Commerce International Journal of Information Management Internet Research Journal of Electronic Commerce Research Journal of Interactive Marketing Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce Journal of Internet Commerce Journal of Management Information Systems Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce Management Science MIS Quarterly Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce The Information Society World Wide Web Miscellaneous Publications Total Percent

1999
15 1 4 0 0 13 0 1 2 0 4 2 0 3 9 0 2 2 0 2

2000
9 1 7 0 0 18 0 0 5 2 8 1 7 2 17 7 1 2 0 4

2001
16 4 9 8 0 18 2 1 7 7 6 1 18 3 12 6 6 1 0 5

2002
22 0 7 11 8 14 6 2 5 0 3 10 19 4 12 12 2 4 6 4

2003
70 0 8 5 28 20 11 8 12 5 10 7 19 8 15 12 8 0 12 11

2004
34 0 13 17 22 21 3 4 25 5 7 12 15 19 14 16 14 0 21 13

Total
176 8 60 52 73 109 22 17 58 24 44 35 83 43 87 54 35 9 50 44

Percent
14% 1% 5% 4% 6% 9% 2% 1% 5% 2% 3% 3% 7% 3% 7% 4% 3% 1% 4% 3%

0 2 0 3 6 1 0 72 6%

7 1 4 1 0 1 0 105 8%

5 1 1 8 3 1 13 162 13%

8 3 1 0 3 4 11 181 14%

8 17 5 0 9 1 2 311 25%

5 16 4 0 2 2 1 305 24%

5 16 1 0 3 0 0 132 10%

38 56 16 12 26 10 27 1,268

3% 4% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% 100%

Note: Vertical columns add up to 101% due to rounding.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Industry Specific E-Marketplaces E-Catalog and Personalization Agent-Based Electronic Market Mechanisms

PART II B2C ECINTERNET CONSUMER RETAILING

CHAPTER 3. RETAILING IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Electronic Retailing Strategy Performance of Electronic Retailers Pricing Issues in Electronic Channels Channel Conflict and Its Resolution Online Services and Distribution of Digital Products Pricing of Online Services Software Agents to Aid Customers Purchase Decisions Cognition of Virtual Environment on the Internet Internet Banking Online Stock Trading

CHAPTER 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, MARKET RESEARCH, AND ADVERTISEMENT

Online Consumer Behavior Models Factors That Influence Online Customers Online Search Behaviors Metrics of Online Customer Satisfaction Effect of Brand in E-Commerce Online Product Category Building Trust in EC Impact of Trust on Online Customers Measure and Control of Trust in B2C E-Commerce Internet Market Research Impact of Online Advertising Online Advertising Methods

PART III BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS E-COMMERCE

CHAPTER 5. B2B E-COMMERCE: SELLING AND BUYING IN PRIVATE E-MARKETS
Status of B2B EC B2B Critical Success Factors B2B Alliance and Relationship Management Trust in B2B Partnering E-Procurement Agents in B2B EC Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) for B2B EC Web Services in EC

CHAPTER 6. B2B EXCHANGES, DIRECTORIES, AND OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES

B2B Marketplaces B2B Intermediaries Evaluation of B2B E-Marketplaces

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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CHAPTER 7. E-SUPPLY CHAINS, COLLABORATIVE COMMERCE, AND CORPORATE PORTALS

Overview of Supply Chain Management Performance of SCM Design and Technologies for SCM Information Sharing for SCM B2B Integration with ERP Collaborative Commerce Groupware in Collaborative Commerce Interorganizational Workflow Intranet and Corporate Portal

PART IV OTHER EC MODELS AND APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 8. INNOVATIVE EC SYSTEMS: FROM E-GOVERNMENT AND E-LEARNING AND CONSUMER-TO-CONSUMER COMMERCE
E-Government E-Democracy and Internet Voting E-Learning E-Learning Systems Knowledge Management in EC P2P Computing

CHAPTER 9. MOBILE COMPUTING AND COMMERCE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING

M-Commerce and Ubiquitous Computing Adoption of M-Commerce M-Commerce Applications and M-Payment M-Commerce Technologies Software and Software Agents for Ubiquitous Computing Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing

PART V EC SUPPORT SERVICES

CHAPTER 10. DYNAMIC TRADING: E-AUCTIONS, BARTERING, AND NEGOTIATIONS
E-Auction as Negotiation and Dynamic Pricing Design of Auction Mechanisms Software Agents for Auction Systems Performance of Auctions Application of Auctions Complex Auctions Bidder Behavior Security in E-Auctions

CHAPTER 11. E-COMMERCE SECURITY

Imperatives of EC Security and Methodologies EC Security Design Public Key Infrastructure and Digital Signatures Authentication and Digital Certificates Intrusion Detection and Firewalls Trust and Security

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

CHAPTER 12. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS

E-Payment Systems Micropayments Smart Card in E-Payments

CHAPTER 13. ORDER FULFILLMENT, eCRM, AND OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES

Order Fulfillment in EC Application Service Providers Content Management Search Engines and Portals Customer Relationship Management in EC Data Mining in CRM and Personalization Outsourcing EC Support Services

PART VI EC STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER 14. E-COMMERCE STRATEGY AND GLOBAL EC
Critical Success Factors of EC Strategies for EC Applications Assessment of EC and the Balanced Scorecard EC Technology Adoption Global EC National Study on EC Small and Medium Enterprises in EC

CHAPTER 15. ECONOMICS AND JUSTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Cost-Benefit Analysis for E-Business Effectiveness of IT Investment

CHAPTER 16. LAUNCHING A SUCCESSFUL ONLINE BUSINESS AND EC PROJECTS

Web Site Design Web Site Development Web Site Evaluation Factors and Methods Empirical Evaluation of Web Sites Users Attitudes About Web Sites

CHAPTER 17. LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND COMPLIANCE ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Fraud on the Internet Intellectual Property Rights E-Taxation Freedom of Speech Anonymity Issues in Privacy Programs for Privacy Protection Social and Legal Issues in EC Virtual Communities Virtual Community Applications Virtual Teams

Exhibit A.2 summarizes the number of articles published for each chapter. For each subject, the themes of relevant articles are summarized and their sources are introduced.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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EXHIBIT A.2

Number of Articles Selected for Each Chapter

Year 2005 (through Aug.)
5

Chapter
1 Overview of Electronic Commerce 2 E-Marketplaces: Structures, Mechanisms, Economics, and Impacts 3 Retailing in EC: Products and Services 4 Consumer Behavior: Market Research and Advertisement 5 B2B E-Commerce: Selling and Buying in Private E-Markets 6 B2B Exchanges, Directories, and Other Support Services 7 E-Supply Chains, Collaborative Commerce, and Corporate Portals 8 Innovative EC Systems: From E-Government and E-Learning to C2C 9 Mobile Computing and Commerce and Pervasive Computing 10 Dynamic Trading: E-Auctions, Bartering, and Negotiations 11 E-Commerce Security 12 Electronic Payment Systems 13 Order Fulfillment, eCRM, and Other Support Services 14 E-Commerce Strategy and Global EC 15 Economics and Justification of Electronic Commerce 16 Launching a Successful Online Business and EC Projects 17 Legal, Ethical, and Compliance Issues in EC Total Percent

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Total

Percent

14

48

4%

12

40

3%

5 5 3 0

24 5 9 2

18 21 11 1

13 17 15 10

29 44 44 2

26 40 29 1

5 9 12 0

120 141 123 16

9% 11% 10% 1%

10

12

16

15

19

11

91

7%

16

15

14

17

10

79

6%

20

24

11

70

6%

5 7 0 3 6 0

7 3 3 4 8 0

8 6 2 5 17 1

8 4 6 4 16 0

21 14 2 16 25 6

22 12 4 39 24 9

28 6 1 13 7 1

99 52 18 84 103 17

8% 4% 1% 7% 8% 1%

10

13

11

12

58

5%

14 69 5%

9 106 8%

8 152 12%

12 189 15%

29 315 25%

23 305 24%

14 132 10%

109 1,268

9% 100%

Note: Vertical columns add up to 99% due to rounding.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

CHAPTER 18. SOCIAL NETWORKS AND INDUSTRY DISRUPTORS IN THE WEB 2.0 ENVIRONMENT
This emerging new topic has very few publications at the moment. However, the number is increasing and several EC-related conferences include articles on the topic.

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

IMPACT OF EC
Bouwman (1999) contrasts commerce in the electronic environment with that in the physical environment, and Steinfield et al. (1999) discuss the potential synergy of EC for local merchants. Saanen et al. (1999) present a snapshot of ECs opportunities and threats, and Schmid (2001) reviews the state of the digital economy. In contrast, Coltman et al. (2002) argue that the claim that e-business is driving revolutionary business change is misleading and only partially correct and that the most likely path for the evolution of e-business is incremental. Zwass (2003) explores the aspects and opportunities of EC for organizational innovation. Hengst and Sol (2002) derive a framework to evaluate the impact of EC on interorganizational coordination and apply it to the container transport industry. Several articles study the impact of EC on various aspects of commerce: corporate communication ( Johnston 2001), business level strategies (Fruhling and Digman 2000), and replenishment in supply chains (Leonard et al. 2002). The innovation and impact of EC is studied from the points of view of four stakeholders: providers, e-commerce companies, customers, and complementors (Wu and Hisa 2004). Hackbarth and Kettinger (2004) suggest that firms adopt accelerated leapfrogging strategies when faced with more severe external competitive pressures. Zhuang and Lederer (2004) reconfirm the importance of CEO commitment and planning as more significant in featured sites such as publishing applications, catalog applications, interactivity, and interfaces than in transaction applications. Geoffrion and Krishnan (2003a) discuss the mutual impact of e-business and management science, and conclude that the digital economy is giving birth to new research questions in three main ways: by enabling and popularizing several types of technology-mediated interactions, by spawning large-scale digital data sources, and by creating recurring operation decisions that need to be automated. Geoffrion and Krishnan (2003b) also conclude that digital economy researchers make great use of economics and computer science/information technology and exploit the improving productivity advantages of empirical and methodological work in comparison with theoretical work.

E-BUSINESS MODELS
ODaniel (2001) defines and discusses a value-added model for EC with regard to organic, structural, functional, and commercial roles, and Essler and Whitaker (2001) reconsider EC business models in terms of interactivity. Gordijn and Akkermans (2001) design and evaluate e-business models. Chen and Ching (2002) propose a framework for transitioning to an e-business model. As a methodology for designing and deploying electronic enterprises, Rodrguez (2003) proposes a cyclical model consisting of three e-business development phases: conceptualization, simulation, and implementation. Koo et al. (2004) apply Porters model of competitive strategies (cost leadership, market differentiation, innovative differentiation, and market focus) to 123 Korean firms and find that online firms incline toward differentiation strategies, whereas click-and-mortar firms prefer market focus strategies.

DIFFUSION OF EC
Erasala and Benamati (2003) review the EC cycle of change, and Detlor (2001) studies the influence of information ecology on EC initiatives. Sexton et al. (2002) predict the scope of Internet and EC use. Akura and Altnkemer (2002) propose and simulate diffusion models for B2B, B2C, and P2P exchanges and e-speak. Gibbs et al. (2003) study the environment and policy factors shaping global EC diffusion for 10 countries. Forman et al. (2005) examine the sources of geographical variance in commercial Internet use by contrasting the global village theory and urban density theory with their proposed industry composition theory. They argue that the demand for the Internet is increasing with location size because of the concentration of information-intensive firms in urban areas.

COMPARATIVE REGIONAL STUDIES IN EC

Several articles conduct regional studies by comparing two countries or by studying a particular region and country in depth. Von Slyke et al. (2005) compare American and Indian consumers perceptions of e-commerce and find that the consumers perceive the relative advantage, ease of use, compatibility, and demonstrability of results of e-commerce differently.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research A number of studies focus on EC in China. Zhu and Wang (2005) study the diffusion, use, and effect of the Internet in China, and Chen et al. (2004) study E-MBA students perceptions of the extent to which Chinese businesses are ready for EC. Chen and Ning (2002) study the constraints on EC in China, Davison et al. (2005) propose the e-transformation of Western China, and Ma et al. (2003) study how adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet will affect Chinas tourism industry. A number of articles focus on various aspects of EC in the Asian and Pacific region including: the impact of broadband penetration on e-business implementation experience in Korea (Lee et al. 2003), the global and national factors affecting EC diffusion in Singapore (Wong 2003), empirical perspectives of e-commerce in Hong Kong (Gunasekaran and Ngai 2005), EC development in Malaysia (Le and Koh 2002), EC from an Islamic perspective (Zainul et al. 2004), corporate customer perspectives on the business value of Thai Internet banking (Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece 2004), and a review of e-readiness in the developing countries of the South Pacific (Purcell and Toland 2004). Rolfe et al. (2003) explore the use of the Internet by landholders in rural Australia, with an intention to understand the motivational factors associated with a marked increase in usage. The studies about Europe include explorations of the digital economy and management in Spain (guila et al. 2003), the situation and potential of B2C EC in Greece as of 2000 (Kardaras and Papathanassiou 2000), and the impact of Internet trading on the U.K. antiquarian and secondhand bookselling industry (Whewell and Souitaris 2001). Brousseau (2003) analyzes the impact of early adoption of Minitel and EDI in the 1980s in the deployment of the Internet in France. The other country and regional studies include examinations of Brazil in the age of EC (Tigre 2003), development of EC in Mexico (Palacios 2003), and the Internet-based telemedicine system in Nigeria (Adewale 2004).

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REFERENCES
Adewale, O. S., An Internet-Based Telemedicine System in Nigeria, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2004). guila, A. R. del, A. Padilla, C. Serarols, and J. M. Veciana, Digital Economy and Management in Spain, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Akura, M. T., and K. Altnkemer, Diffusion Models for B2B, B2C, and P2P Exchanges and E-Speak, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Bouwman, H., E-Commerce: Cyber-and Physical Environments, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Brousseau, E., E-Commerce in France: Did Early Adoption Prevent Its Development? The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Chen, J. Q., Y. Zhang, J. M. Pearson, and J. Chen, An Exploratory Study of E-MBA Students Perceptions on Chinese Businesses Readiness for E-Commerce, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Chen J. S., and R. K. H. Ching, A Proposed Framework for Transitioning to an E-Business Model, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002). Chen, S., and J. Ning, Constraints on E-Commerce in Less Developed Countries: The Case of China, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Coltman, T., T. M. Devinney, A. S Latukefu, and D. F. Midgley, Keeping E-Business in Perspective, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 8 (2002). Davison, R. M., D. R. Vogel, and R. W. Harris, The E-Transformation of Western China, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2005). Detlor, B., The Influence of Information Ecology on E-Commerce Initiatives, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Erasala, N., and J. Benamati, Understanding the Electronic Commerce Cycles of Change, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Essler, U., and R. Whitaker, Re-Thinking E-Commerce Business Modeling in Terms of Interactivity, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Forman, C., A. Goldfarb, and S. Greenstein, Geographic Location and the Diffusion of Internet Technology, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Fruhling, A. L., and L. A. Digman, The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Business-Level Strategies, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2000). Geoffrion, A. M., and R. Krishnan, E-Business and Management Science: Mutual Impacts (Part 1 of 2), Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 10 (2003a). Geoffrion, A. M., and R. Krishnan, E-Business and Management Science: Mutual Impacts (Part 2 of 2), Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003b). Gibbs, J., K. L. Kraemer, and J. Dedrick, Environment and Policy Factors Shaping Global E-Commerce Diffusion: A Cross-Country Comparison, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Gordijn, J., and H. Akkermans, Designing and Evaluating E-Business Models, IEEE, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2001). Gunasekaran, A., and E. W. T. Ngai, E-Commerce in Hong Kong: An Empirical Perspective and Analysis, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Hackbarth, G., and W. J. Kettinger, Strategic Aspirations for Net-Enabled Business, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2004). Hengst, M. D., and H. G. Sol, The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Interorganizational Coordination: A Framework from Theory Applied to the Container-Transport Industry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Johnston, K. M., Why E-Business Must Evolve Beyond Market Orientation: Applying Human Interaction Models to Computer-mediated Corporate Communications, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2004). Saanen, Y. A., A. Verbraeck, and H. G. Sol, Snapshot of E-Commerces Opportunities and Threats, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1999). Schmid, B. F., What Is New about the Digital Economy? Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Sexton, R. S., R. A. Johnson, and M. A. Hignite, Predicting Internet/E-Commerce Use, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 5 (2002). Steinfield, C., A. Mahler, and J. Bauer, Electronic Commerce and the Local Merchant, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Tigre, P. B., Brazil in the Age of Electronic Commerce, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). van Slyke, C., F. Blanger, and V. Sridhar, A Comparison of American and Indian Consumers Perceptions of Electronic Commerce, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2005). Whewell, J. A., and V. Souitaris, The Impact of Internet Trading on the UK Antiquarian and Second-Hand Bookselling Industry, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Wong, P. K., Global and National Factors Affecting E-Commerce Diffusion in Singapore, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Wu, J., and T. Hisa, Analysis of E-Commerce Innovation and Impact: A Hypercube Model, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Zainul, N., F. Osman, and S. H. Mazlan, E-Commerce from an Islamic Perspective, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Zhu, J. J. H., and E. Wang, Diffusion, Use, and Effect of the Internet in China, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2005). Zhuang, Y., and A. L. Lederer, The Impact of Top Management Commitment, Business Process Redesign, and IT Planning on the Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce Site, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2004). Zwass, V., Electronic Commerce and Organizational Innovation: Aspects and Opportunities, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2003).

Kardaras, D., and E. Papathanassiou, The Development of B2C E-Commerce in Greece: Current Situation and Future Potential, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Koo, C. M., C. E. Koh, and K. Nam, An Examination of Porters Competitive Strategies in Electronic Virtual Markets: A Comparison of Two Online Business Models, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004). Le, T. T., and A. C. Koh, A Managerial Perspective on Electronic Commerce Development in Malaysia, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Lee, H. J., R. M. OKeefe, and K. L. Yun, The Growth of Broadband and Electronic Commerce in South Korea: Contributing Factors, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Leonard, L. N. K., L. M. Jessup, and T. P. Cronan, A Study of the Value and Impact of Electronic Commerce: Electronic Versus Traditional Replenishment in Supply Chains, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Ma, J. X., D. Buhalis, and H. Song, ICTs and Internet Adoption in Chinas Tourism Industry, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 6 (2003). ODaniel, T., A Value-added Model for E-Commerce, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Palacios, J. J., The Development of E-Commerce in Mexico: A Business-Led Passing Boom or a Step Toward the Emergence of a Digital Economy? The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Purcell, F., and J. Toland, Electronic Commerce for the South Pacific: A Review of E-Readiness, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004). Rodrguez, W., E-Business Method: A Cyclical-Model for Internet Commerce Development, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Rolfe, J., S. Gregor, and D. Menzies, Reasons Why Farmers in Australia Adopt the Internet, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Rotchanakitumnuai, S., and M. Speece, Corporate Customer Perspectives on Business Value of Thai Internet Banking,

CHAPTER 2. E-MARKETPLACES: STRUCTURES, MECHANISMS, ECONOMICS, AND IMPACTS

BENEFITS AND PERFORMANCE OF E-MARKETPLACES
Ozer (2005) presents a conceptual model for the success of online businesses, and Kiang and Chi (2001) propose a framework for analyzing the potential benefits of Internet marketing. Premkumar (2003) analyzes e-marketplaces from multiple stakeholders perspectives, and DAmbra and Wilson (2004) describe the perceived performance of the World Wide Web from the perspective of uncertainty and task-technology fit. Chaudhury et al. (2001) use the activity theory to suggest a framework of enhancing the business value of a firms Web site, and Buyukozkan (2004) studies e-marketplace selection as a multiple criterion decisionmaking process that adopts a fuzzy analytic hierarchy approach. Segev et al. (1999) present an overview of the electronic market as a mechanism to support the procurement of nonproduction-related items, and Saeed and Leitch (2003) identify the controlling factors of sourcing risk in electronic marketplaces. Bhargava et al. (2000) present an economic model of an information intermediary that highlights the aggregation benefits through the intermediary, and Schmitz and Latzer (2002) argue that the B2C e-markets have the characteristics of high intensity of competition theoretically and empirically.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES AND CHANNEL CONFLICT

Bhargava and Choudhary (2004) analyze the economics of an information intermediary with aggregation benefits, and Oetzel (2004) studies the differential advantages of online brokerage. Gomber and Maurer (2004) present a market model named Xetra BEST based on an analysis of the changing role of market access intermediaries. Lee et al. (2003) discuss the dilemma of channel conflict and Gallaugher (2002) explores the phenomenon of undulation in distribution channels of EC. Jain et al. (1999) analyze the disintermediation hypothesis with empirical data, and Sen and King (2003) revisit the debate on intermediation with the definition adopted by supporters of disintermediation. Schlueter-Langdon and Shaw (2002) examine emergent patterns of integration in electronic channel systems.

INDUSTRY SPECIFIC E-MARKETPLACES

Buhalis (2004) demonstrates the strategic and tactical use of ICT in the airline industry, and Ptzl (2000) compares direct channels and selling via the Internet in the airline and fast-moving consumer goods industries. Venkatraman (2002) looks at the effect of expertise exploitation capability in electronic channels in the airline industry through a study of American Airlines and 117 travel agencies. Fodor and Werthner (2004) test the interoperability in the e-tourism marketplace using the Semantic Web approach and Web Services, and Lu and Lu (2004) propose development and evaluation approaches for online tourism services in China. Madlberger and Kotzab (2001) describe the Austrian experience of stationary retailing, and Josefsson (2005) analyzes patients online communities in Sweden.

E-CATALOG AND PERSONALIZATION

Glezer and Yadav (2001) propose a conceptual model of an intelligent catalog search system, whereas Joh and Lee (2003) build a buyers customized directory management system over sellers e-catalogs using the logic programming approach. Paik et al. (2002) dynamically restructure e-catalog communities based on user interaction patterns. In several articles, personalization is attempted for different areas: the personalized recommendation procedure (Kim et al. 2002), information access to e-catalogs (Yen and Kong 2002), B2B interaction (Ardissono et al. 2002), and comparison shopping (Yuan 2002). Raghu et al. (2001) analyze a model for dynamic profiling of consumers for customized offerings, and Schein et al. (2005) propose a framework named CROC that evaluates the recommender systems. Yen and Kong (2002) propose a personalized electronic catalog system to synthesize the customization of information content, organization, and display, and Schubert (2000) proposes a participatory product catalog to provide personalization strategies on the basis of customer profiles and to allow a collaborative mechanism for the buying process.

AGENT-BASED ELECTRONIC MARKET MECHANISMS

Deveaux et al. (2001) analyze an agent-based Internet market in the setting where noncooperative agents using behavioral rules negotiate the price of a given product in a bilateral and sequential manner. Kang and Han (2002) suggest a broker-based synchronous transaction algorithm that would guarantee a more fair and efficient transaction deal for both sellers and buyers. Ken and Rosemary (2002) propose an architecture to implement a continuous double auction modeled for the New York Stock Exchange specialist system. Wang et al. (2002) propose a framework of Internet marketplaces on the basis of mobile agents, and Mandry et al. (2000) characterize the opportunities of mobile agents, review the risks of mobile agents, and characterize the protection mechanisms. See also Chapter 9 for software agents for ubiquitous computing.

REFERENCES
Ardissono, L., A. Goy, G. Petrone, and M. Segnan, Personalization in Business-to-Customer Interaction, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 5 (2002). Bhargava, H. K., and V. Choudhary, Economics of an Information Intermediary with Aggregation Benefits, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2004). Bhargava, H. K., V. Choudhary, and R. Krishnan, Pricing and Product Design: Intermediary Strategies in an Electronic Market, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2000). Buhalis, D., eAirlines: Strategic and Tactical Use of ICTs in the Airline Industry, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 7 (2004). Buyukozkan, G.,Multi-Criteria Decision Making for E-Marketplace Selection, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2004). Chaudhury, A., D. N. Mallick, and H. R. Rao, Web Channels in ECommerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Deveaux, L., C. Paraschiv, and M. Latourrette, Bargaining on an Internet Agent-based Market: Behavioral vs. Optimizing Agents, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 4 (2001).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Ozer, M., Online Business: Tailoring Your Business Environment in Order to Compete, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 25, No. 2 (April 2005). Paik, H., B. Benatallah, and R. Hamadi, Dynamic Restructuring of E-Catalog Communities Based on User Interaction Patterns, World Wide Web, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2002). Ptzl, J., Issues in Direct Channel Distribution: A Comparison of Selling via the Internet in the Airline Business and the Fast-moving Consumer Goods Industry, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Premkumar, G. P., Perspectives of the E-Marketplace by Multiple Stakeholders, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Raghu, T. S., P. K. Kannan, H. R. Rao, and A. B. Whinston, Dynamic Profiling of Consumers for Customized Offerings over the Internet: A Model and Analysis, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2001). Saeed, K. A., and R. A. Leitch, Controlling Sourcing Risk in Electronic Marketplaces, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Schein, A. I., A. Popescul, L. H. Ungar, and D. M. Pennock, CROC: A New Evaluation Criterion for Recommender Systems, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005). Schlueter-Langdon, C., and M. J. Shaw, Emergent Patterns of Integration in Electronic Channel Systems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002). Schmitz, S. W., and M. Latzer, Competition in B2C E-Commerce: Analytical Issues and Empirical Evidence, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Schubert, P., The Participatory Electronic Product Catalog: Supporting Customer Collaboration in E-Commerce Applications, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Segev, A., J. Gebauer, and F. Farber, Internet-Based Electronic Markets, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1999). Sen, R., and R. C. King, Revisit the Debate on Intermediation, Disintermediation, and Reintermediation Due to E-Commerce, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Venkatraman, E. C., Beyond Sabre: An Empirical Test of Expertise Exploitation in Electronic Channels, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2002). Wang, Y., K. L. Tan, and J. Ren, A Study of Building Internet Marketplaces on the Basis of Mobile Agents for Parallel Processing, World Wide Web, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2002). Yen, B. P. C., and R. C. W. Kong, Personalization of Information Access for Electronic Catalogs on the Web, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002). Yuan, S. T., A Personalized and Integrative ComparisonShopping Engine and its Applications, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2002).

DAmbra, J., and C. S. Wilson, Explaining Perceived Performance of the World Wide Web: Uncertainty and the Task-Technology Fit Model, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Fodor, O., and H. Werthner, Harmonise: A Step toward an Interoperable E-Tourism Marketplace, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2004). Gallaugher, J. M., E-Commerce and the Undulating Distribution Channel, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 7 (2002). Glezer, C., and S. B. Yadav, A Conceptual Model of an Intelligent Catalog Search System, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Gomber, P., and K. Maurer, Xetra BESTIntegration of Market Access Intermediaries Requirements into Market Design, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). Jain, S. C., P. Vijay, and K. Vemuri, Distribution Channels in Electronic Markets, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Joh, Y. H., and J. K. Lee, Buyers Customized Directory Management over Sellers E-Catalog: Logic Programming Approach, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2003). Josefsson, U., Coping with Illness Online: The Case of Patients Online Communities, The Information Society, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2005). Kang, N., and S. Han, Agent-Based E-Marketplace System for More Fair and Efficient Transaction, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2002). Ken, G., and W. Rosemary, Intelligent Support for Sophisticated E-Commerce Services: An Agent-Based Auction Framework Modeled after the New York Stock Exchange, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2002). Kiang, M. Y., and R. T. Chi, A Framework for Analyzing the Potential Benefits of Internet Marketing, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Kim, J. K., Y. H. Cho, and W. J. Kim, A Personalized Recommendation Procedure for Internet Shopping Support, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 34 (2002). Lee, Y., Z. Lee, and K. R. T. Larsen, Coping with Internet Channel Conflict, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 7 (2003). Lu, J., and Z. Lu, Development, Distribution and Evaluation of Online Tourism Services in China, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004). Madlberger, M., and H. Kotzab, Adapting the Internet as Distribution Channel for Stationary Retailers: The Austrian Case, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Mandry, T., G. Pernul, and A. W. Rhm, Mobile Agents in Electronic Markets: Opportunities, Risks, Agent Protection, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000). Oetzel, J. M., Differentiation Advantages in the Online Brokerage Industry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004).

CHAPTER 3. RETAILING IN EC: PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

ELECTRONIC RETAILING STRATEGY
King et al. (2004) use the game theoretic approach to study the impact of EC on channel strategy in retailing, and Sautter et al. (2004) introduce the framework of e-Tail atmospherics. Sultan and Rohm (2004) investigate the evolution of Internet marketing strategies in a longitudinal exploratory study.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Otto and Chung (2000) introduce a framework that compares and contrasts the general advantages and disadvantages of EC with traditional retailing, and Ba et al. (2005) study the conditions under which people will stick to the traditional market and face-to-face transactions, and those that will lead to electronic transactions becoming the convention of the future. Strader and Ramaswami (2004) contrast investors perceptions of traditional and online channels, and Gupta et al. (2004) examine the relationship between purchase decisions and channel switching intentions. Ranganathan (2003) describes how to manage the transition to brick and click. Rao (1999) argues that traditional retailers have to critically consider the migration to digital domain and, conversely, that e-tailers have to learn from their counterparts in the physical world. Multichannel research in marketing is relevant to this issue, although many have not focused on the contrast of online and offline channels. Reinhardt and Levesque (2004) discuss new entrants decisions on virtual retailing versus the brick-and-mortar approach, and Kettinger and Hackbarth (2004) study the integration of EC networks into the sales processes of small firms. In the mobile commerce context, articles elaborate on the hybrid clicks-and-bricks business model (Prasarnphanich and Gillenson 2003) and the creation of synergy with a click-and-mortar approach (Saeed et al. 2003). Doherty and Ellis-Chadwick (2003) present an empirical analysis of the relationship between retailers targeting and EC strategies, and Nour and Fadlalla (2000) present a framework for Web marketing strategies. Vrechopoulos (2004) deals with the role of CRM in coping with the masscustomization challenges in e-tailing, and Sieber and Sabatier (2003) propose bundling strategies for the horizontal portal industry.

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PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC RETAILERS

Zhuang and Lederer (2003) use a survey to identify 27 instruments that measure the benefits of electronic retailing and classify them into five categories. Kwon et al. (2002) study the impact of Web site design factors on consumer rating of Web-based auction sites empirically. Schubert (2002) proposes the Extended Web Assessment Method to evaluate EC applications from the customers point of view, and Barnes and Vidgen (2001) use the WebQual method to evaluate Internet bookshops. Muylle and Basu (2004) study the extent to which companies in various industries support online sales, and Tamimi et al. (2003) survey the status of online retail using 55 sample online retailers. Dixon and Quinn (2004) survey the impact of EC on franchising, and Craig et al. (2003) examine the critical role that information access plays in shaping global markets. Teo and Tan (2002) study senior executives perceptions of B2C online marketing strategies in Singapore, and King and Liou (2004) propose a framework of Internet channel evaluation. Allred and Chakraborty (2004) identify the types of products that consumers are willing to buy online and analyze the success and failure of dot-com companies, and Seringhaus (2005) surveys the issue of online selling of luxury brands. Heikkila et al. (2000) analyze entrepreneurial opportunities created by the electronic grocery shop, and Seiber (2000) presents results from interviews conducted with three leading online grocery shops in Switzerland and surveys of 1,003 online customers. Mahfouz (2005) analyzes a success case of an apparel e-tailer, Lands End. OReilly and Finnegan (2005) argue that performance of interorganizational systems depends not only on the fit between information processing needs and capabilities but also on the value added and value demanded, governance and investment, and trust and security. This was tested with an e-marketplace of the cotton industry.

PRICING ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC CHANNELS

Riquelme (2001) presents an empirical review of customers price behavior on the Internet, and Le Blanc and Curasi (2002) compare the differential prices of electronics on the Internet with those of competing channels. Cao et al. (2003) study the relationship between e-tailing pricing and customer satisfaction. Jensen et al. (2003) study the effect of advertised reference prices on the Internet on consumers price perceptions and channel search intentions, and Kocas (2002) shows the evolution of prices in electronic markets under the diffusion of price comparison-shopping. Deck and Wilson (2002) explore the competitive impact of an electronic low-price matching policy in which firms can track customers search behavior on the Internet. Kauffman and Wang (2001) study the mechanism of new buyers arrival under a dynamic pricing market structure for the group-buying discount case, and Crowston and MacInnes (2001) analyze the effect of search agents on competition and price. Klein and Loebbecke (2003) review pricing strategies in the airlines case, and Tang and Lu (2001) empirically study pricing patterns in the online CD market. Cao and Gruca (2004) examine the influence of pre- and postpurchase service on prices in the online book market, and Suri et al. (2004) present results from an empirical investigation of price communications in online and print coupons.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Elmaghraby and Keskinocak (2003) review dynamic pricing in the presence of inventory consideration, and Biller et al. (2005) show that dynamic pricing in coordination with production and inventory decisions can increase profit in the automotive industry. Terwiesch and Lock (2004) raise the issue of pricing customized products. Leloup (2003) investigates the optimal pricing strategies of a selling agent that is randomly matched with several heterogeneous buying agents whose reservation prices are initially unknown, and Lee (2000) examines the effect of intelligent agents on pricing in EC.

CHANNEL CONFLICT AND ITS RESOLUTION

Tsay and Agrawal (2004) discuss developments in Internet-Based commerce and third-party logistics that have led many companies to consider engaging in direct sales, which in turn affects distribution strategy. They examine ways to change the manufacturer-reseller relationships such as in wholesale pricing, paying the reseller a commission for diverting customers toward the direct channel, or conceding the demand fulfillment function entirely to the reseller. These methods could be mutually beneficial in that they achieve a division of labor according to each channels competitive advantage. Conflicts that arise from the partnerships formed in order to facilitate the internationalization of retailer operations in the fashion sector are studied by Moore et al. (2004). A detailed study of the relationships of ten international fashion retailers found that these relationships face significant tensions with respect to strategy non-compliance, perceptual disagreements, and arguments concerning the demarcation of decision making responsibility. King et al. (2004) discuss Web-based channels as an integral part of the channel strategy of traditional off-line retailers. Using a game-theoretic approach to study the impact of Web-based e-commerce on retailers choices of distribution channel strategies, the authors uncover possible outcomes to the multichannel strategy that includes both Web-based channels and pre-existing off-line channels. Other possible outcomes are: all sellers continue to sell via traditional off-line channels; some sellers adopt a coordinated dual-channel strategy (i.e., both on-line and off-line) when faced with competition from Web-based entrants; off-line sellers continue to sell via off-line channels when faced with purely on-line competition. A multiplechannel distribution system in which a manufacturer sells its product through an independent retailer as well as through his wholly-owned channel is studied by Boyaci (2005). He investigates coordination mechanisms, and shows that most of the recognized contracts do not accomplish coordination. He finds the exception to this is an appropriately designed penalty contract that does coordinate the supply chain, but is hard to implement. Gilliland studies the facets of incentive rejection and incentive compatibility in channel conflict resolution. He suggests a four-step, theory-based process to help suppliers craft attractive incentive programs. The process involves identifying resellers performance needs, recognizing how each need suggests a different basis for incentive rejection, and designing an incentive package such that the incentives support specific reseller needs. Rangan shows how any member of a distribution channel can learn how to shape an effective, evolving, and mutually beneficial channel strategy. Three disciplines to deal with the complex distribution environment successfully include mapping the industry channel, building and editing ones own channel, and aligning and influencing ones channel value chain. Due to globalization, more U.S. companies are going international. Many use a direct exporting approach that relies on foreign channel members to distribute the product in the host country, over time, strategic alliances among distribution partners may form based on trust, commitment, and cooperation. Mehta et al. (2006) examines whether cultural differences do affect trust, commitment, and cooperation in international marketing channel alliances between U.S. exporters and their foreign distribution partners. They found that the greater the cultural differences between channel partners, the lower the levels of trust, commitment, and cooperation. Managerial implications are discussed, and study limitations are identified.

ONLINE SERVICES AND DISTRIBUTION OF DIGITAL PRODUCTS

Cho and Park (2002) classify the services and service products in EC into four categories: mass service, interactive service, supporting service, and professional services. Keen et al. (2000) present an empirical analysis of consumer preferences regarding alternative service delivery modes in e-service markets, and Rust and Lemon (2001) examine the importance of interactivity with consumers in e-services. Mittal and Sawhney (2001) document a field experiment that showed that both content-based and process-based learning are important in electronic information and product services. Pachet (2003) discusses the major challenges and promises of electronic music distribution, and Premkumar (2003) discusses various distribution strategies for digital music. Lam and Tan (2001)

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research describe the phenomenon of digital technology and change of the music industry because of the Internet, and Altinkemer and Bandyopadhyay (2000) and Zhu and MacQuarrie (2003) study the effect of bundling digitized music. Altinkemer and Guan (2003) analyze the protection strategies for online software distribution, and Cronin and Davenport (2001) suggest that pornography is achieving legitimacy in digital spaces. Anckar (2003) studies consumer intentions in electronic travel agencies in Finland, and rni (2003) analyzes consumer search behavior in electronic markets in the travel services section.

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PRICING OF ONLINE SERVICES

West (2000) examines the pricing and delivery strategies of online database vendors and addresses how each strategy specifically compensates for the property of information as a public good. Jain and Kannan (2002) examine various issues, models, and analysis of pricing information products on the online server. Strategies in forward and spot buying of information goods are proposed by Gundepudi et al. (2001), and Hess (1999) discusses the case of Bertelsmann Professional Information. Sundararajan (2004) analyzes optimal pricing of information goods given incomplete information, and Bhargava and Sundaresan (2003) demonstrate that quality-contingent pricing is a useful mechanism for mitigating the negative effects of quality uncertainty in information goods. Jagannathan et al. (2002) propose pricing algorithms for batched content delivery systems and simulate their performances, and Gallaugher et al. (2001) present an empirical exploration of the revenue stream for digital content providers.

SOFTWARE AGENTS TO AID CUSTOMERS PURCHASE DECISIONS

Pereira (2001) investigates the influence of search engines on consumer decision making in EC, and Rowley (2000) describes the search facilities offered by shopping bots. Redmond (2002) evaluates the potential impact of artificial shopping agents in EC markets, and Maes et al. (1999) discuss how software agent technologies can be used to automate several of the most time-consuming stages of the buying process. Iacobucci et al. (2000) characterize the nature of a recommendation agent, and Sproule and Archer (2000a) propose a buyer behavior framework for development of software agents in EC. Wang et al. (2004) present the PumaMart model, a novel model that facilitates parallel and autonomous online buying and selling by software agents, and Pedersen (2000) investigates the effect of using software agents for product and merchant brokering. Leloup (2003) investigates the optimal pricing strategies of a selling agent that is randomly matched with several buying agents, and Guan et al. (2004) propose a product-brokering agent that understands user preference toward a product category and can recommend a list of preferred products. Yang and Chung (2004) present an intelligent agent that monitors the posting of Web financial information providers and utilizes user profiles and user feedback to learn user preference, and Pham and Ye (2003) propose a self-restraining and self-stimulating control of agent interaction to meet deadlines. Mathieson et al. (1999) examine the motivations and constraints of Web-based consumer decision tools, and Sproule and Archer (2000b) apply a DSS approach to provide an agent search, choice, and interface support capabilities. Vahidov and Fazlollahi (2004) propose a framework for a pluralistic multiagent decision support system. Aberg and Shahmehri (2000) propose the concept of Web Assistant to provide human-computer collaborated service for EC, and Moon et al. (2000) suggest a next generation multimedia call center for Internet-based EC. Yoo and Kim (2000) research the effectiveness of link structure for convenient cybershopping, and Prasad (2003) reviews the literature on the application of artificial intelligence for e-commerce. See also the use of electronic catalogs and personalization reviewed in Chapter 2.

COGNITION OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE INTERNET

Li et al. (2001) use the protocol analysis to observe 13 different types of psychological activities and then classify them into five characteristics of virtual experience: active process, presence, involvement, enjoyment, and affordance. Klein (2003) presents two experiments showing that user control and media richness both contribute to creating a sense of telepresence. Gangopadhyay (2001) uses color- and texture-matching methods to apply content-based image retrieval techniques to various applications, and Fiore and Jin (2003) measure the effect of exposure to an image interactivity function from an apparel retailers Web site. Jahng et al. (2001) study the fit of the EC environment with certain product types.

A-20

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

INTERNET BANKING
Stamoulis (2000) examines the roles that banks play in Internet commerce activities. There are surveys of the utilization of Web-based technologies in the U.S. retail banking industry (Southard and Siau 2004) and in Western Europe (Bughin 2003). Byers and Lederer (2001) evaluate strategies of traditional branch, electronic, and mixed distribution choices, and Benaroch and Kauffman (2000) apply real option analysis in justifying electronic banking network expansion. Aladwani (2001) presents a field study on the perceptions of bank executives, IT managers, and potential customers with regard to the drives, development challenges, and expectations in online banking. Acharya and Kagan (2004) examine the factors that affect a community banks decision to develop an Internet-based application. Liao and Cheung (2002) present an empirical study of consumers attitudes toward Internet banking, and Liao et al. (1999) study the adoption intention of virtual banking from the perspectives of the theories of planned behavior and innovation diffusion. Several articles present Internet banking cases: in the United Kingdom ( Jayawardhena and Foley 2000), Danish retailing banking (Mols 2000), Malaysia (Guru 2000, Vijayan and Shanmugam 2003), Thai (Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece 2004), Jordan (Awamleh et al. 2003), and Saudi Arabia ( Jasimuddin 2001).

ONLINE STOCK TRADING

Levecq and Weber (2002) propose a taxonomy of design alternatives based on six major dimensions: market structure, type of orders, order execution priority rules, price discovery rules, time stamping, and transparency. Patel and Blinov (2002) present a specification of external interfaces of an electronic broker in the architecture for electronic brokerage systems. Peng and Shiang (2000) design a framework for applying intelligent agents to support electronic trading. Hong (2000) explores some aspects of using electronic brokerage and discusses the information processing costs in online stock trading for nave online investors. Strader and Inapudi (2004) present users perceptions of costs and benefits of using mobile versus online or PC-based channels for financial information and transactions. Balasubramanian et al. (2003) present results from an experiment that found that perceived trustworthiness is a significant antecedent to online investors satisfaction. Dandapani (2004) discusses success and failure in Web-based financial services in the United States, and Sahut (2003) presents the European online brokerage and compares French and American brokers. Barrett and Walsham (1999) present a conceptual scheme that was developed to explain the transformation of work and illustrated the London Insurance Market, and Gallaugher and Melville (2004) examine the impact of electronic foreign exchange on the market structure.

REFERENCES
Aberg, J., and N. Shahmehri, The Role of Human Web Assistants in E-Commerce: An Analysis and a Usability Study, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Acharya, R. N., and A. Kagan, Community Banks and Internet Commerce, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Aladwani, A. M., Online Banking: A Field Study of Drivers, Development Challenges, and Expectations, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2001). Allred, A. T., and G. Chakraborty, Can a Marketing Product Classification System Predict Dot.com Retail Success and Failure? Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Altinkemer, K., and S. Bandyopadhyay, Bundling and Distribution of Digitized Music over the Internet, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Altinkemer, K., and J. Guan, Analyzing Protection Strategies for Online Software Distribution, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2003). Anckar, B.,Consumer Intentions in Terms of Electronic Travel Distribution: Implications for Future Market Structures, e-Services Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Awamleh, R., J. Evansm, and A. Mahate, Internet Banking in Emergency Markets: The Case of JordonA Note, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Ba, S., J. Stallaert, A. B. Whinston, and H. Zhang, Choice of Transaction Channels: The Effects of Product Characteristics on Market Evolution, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 4 (2005). Balasubramanian, S., P. Konana, and N. M. Menon, Customer Satisfaction in Virtual Environments: A Study of Online Investing, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 7 (2003). Barnes, S. J., and R. Vidgen, An Evaluation of CyberBookshops: The WebQual Method, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2001). Barrett, M., and G. Walsham, Electronic Trading and Work Transformation in the London Insurance Market, Information Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1999). Benaroch, M., and R. J. Kauffman, Justifying Electronic Banking Network Expansion Using Real Options Analysis, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2000). Bhargava, H. K., and S. Sundaresan, Contingency Pricing for Information Goods and Services Under Industrywide Performance Standard, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Biller, S., L. M. A. Chan, D. Simchi-Levi, and J. Swann, Dynamic Pricing and the Direct-to-Customer Model in the Automotive Industry, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Boyaci, T., Competitive Stocking and Coordination in a Multiple-Channel Distribution System. IIE Transactions, March 2005, pp. 407427. Bughin, J., The Diffusion of Internet Banking in Western Europe, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Byers, R. E., and P. J. Lederer, Retail Bank Services Strategy: A Model of Traditional, Electronic, and Mixed Distribution Choices, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2001). Cao, Y., and T. S. Gruca, The Influence of Pre- and PostPurchase Service on Prices in the Online Book Market, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004). Cao, Y., T. S. Gruca, and B. R. Klemz, Internet Pricing, Price Satisfaction, and Customer Satisfaction, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003). Cho, S. E., and K. T. Park, Empirical Taxonomy of Services and Service Products in Electronic Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 34 (2002). Craig, C. S., S. P. Douglas, and T. Flaherty, The Internet and International Consumer Markets, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Cronin, B., and E. Davenport, E-Rogenous Zones: Positioning Pornography in the Digital Economy, The Information Society, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2001). Crowston, K., and L. MacInnes, The Effects of Marketenabling Internet Agents on Competition and Prices, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2001). Dandapani, K., Success and Failure in Web-based Financial Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2004). Deck, C. A., and B. J. Wilson, The Effectiveness of Low Price Matching in Mitigating the Competitive Pressure of Low Friction Electronic Markets, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2002). Dixon, H., and B. Quinn, Franchising and the Internet: An Exploratory Study of Franchisor Web Sites, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Doherty, N. F., and F. E. Ellis-Chadwick, The Relationship between Retailers Targeting and E-Commerce Strategies: An Empirical Analysis, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Elmaghraby, W., and P. Keskinocak, Dynamic Pricing in the Presence of Inventory Considerations: Research Overview, Current Practices, and Future Directions, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 10 (2003). Fiore, A. M., and H. J. Jin, Influence of Image Interactivity on Approach Responses towards an Online Retailer, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Gallaugher, J., and N. Melville, Electronic Frontiers in Foreign Exchange Trading, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 8 (2004). Gallaugher, J. M., P. Auger, and A. BarNir, Revenue Streams and Digital Content Providers: An Empirical Investigation, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 7 (2001). Gangopadhyay, A., An Image-based System for Electronic Retailing, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2001). Gilliland, D. I. Designing Channel Incentives to Overcome Reseller Rejection. Industrial Marketing Management www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00198501, February 2004, pp. 8795. Guan, S., P. C. Tan, and T. K. Chan, Intelligent Product Brokering for E-Commerce: An Incremental Approach to Unaccounted Attribute Detection, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004).

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Gundepudi, P., N. Rudi, and A. Seidmann, Forward versus Spot Buying of Information Goods, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2001). Gupta, A., B. Su, and Z. Walter, An Empirical Study of Consumer Switching from Traditional to Electronic Channels: A Purchase-Decision Process Perspective, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2004). Guru, B. K., Electronic Banking in Malaysia: A Note on Evolution of Services and Consumer Reactions, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2000). Heikkila, J., J. Kallio, T. Saarinen, Entrepreneurial Opportunities Created by Electronic Grocery Shopping, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Hess, T., Realization of Internet Services in a Media Company? The Case of Bertelsmann Professional Information, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1999). Hong, S. J., Information-Processing Costs in Online Stock Trading, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Iacobucci, D., P. Arabie, and A. Bodapati, Recommendation Agents on the Internet, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2000). Jagannathan, S., J. Nayak, K. Almeroth, and M. Hofmann, On Pricing Algorithms for Batched Content Delivery Systems, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2002). Jahng, J., H. Jain, and K. Ramamurthy, The Impact of Electronic Commerce Environment on User Behavior: The Case of a Complex Product, e-Service Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2001). Jain, S., and P. K. Kannan, Pricing of Information Products on Online Servers: Issues, Models, and Analysis, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9 (2002). Jasimuddin, S. M., Saudi Arabian Banks on the Web, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2001). Jayawardhena, C., and P. Foley, Changes in the Banking SectorThe Case of Internet Banking in the UK, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Jensen, T., J. Kees, S. Burton, et al., Advertised Reference Prices in an Internet Environment: Effects on Consumer Price Perceptions and Channel Search Intentions, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2003). Kauffman, R. J., and B. Wang, New Buyers Arrival under Dynamic Pricing Market Microstructure: The Case of Group-buying Discounts on the Internet, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2001). Keen, C., K. de Ruyter, M. Wetzels, and R. Feinberg, An Empirical Analysis of Consumer Preferences Regarding Alternative Service Delivery Modes in Emerging Electronic Service Markets, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2000). Kettinger, W. J., and G. Hackbarth, Integration of Electronic Commerce Networks into the Sales Processes of Small Firms, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2004). King, R. C., R. Sen, and M. Xia, Impact of Web-Based E-Commerce on Channel Strategy in Retailing, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2004). King, S. F., and J. Liou, A Framework for Internet Channel Evaluation, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 6 (2004). King, R. C., R. Sen, and M. Xia. Impact of Web-based e-Commerce on Channel Strategy in Retailing. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Spring 2004. Klein, L. R., Creating Virtual Product Experiences: The Role of Telepresence, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2003).

A-22

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research rni, A., Consumer Search in Electronic Markets: An Experimental Analysis of Travel Services, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2003). OReilly, P., and P. Finnegan, Performance in Electronic Marketplaces: Theory in Practice, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Otto, J. R., and Q. B. Chung, A Framework for Cyber-Enhanced Retailing: Integrating E-Commerce Retailing with Brick-andMortar Retailing, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Pachet, F., Content Management for Electronic Music Distribution, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2003). Patel, A., and M. Blinov, An External Broker Interface Based on Existing Trading Protocols, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2002). Pedersen, P. E., Behavioral Effects of Using Software Agents for Product and Merchant Brokering: An Experimental Study of Consumer Decision-Making, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2000). Peng, T., and J. Shiang, A Framework for Applying Intelligent Agents to Support Electronic Trading, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2000). Pereira, R. E., Influence of Query-based Decision Aids on Consumer Decision Making in Electronic Commerce, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2001). Pham, H., and Y. Ye, An Agent-Based Business Automated System with Self-Adjusting Visibility for Reliability, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Prasad, B., Intelligent Techniques for E-Commerce, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2003). Prasarnphanich, P., and M. L. Gillenson, The Hybrid Clicks and Bricks Business Model, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Premkumar, G. P., Alternate Distribution Strategies for Digital Music, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Rangan, V. K. Transforming Your Go-to-Market Strategy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2006. Ranganathan, C., V. Goode, and A. Ramaprasad, Managing the Transition to Bricks and Clicks, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Rao, B., Developing an Effective E-Tailing Strategy, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Redmond, W. H., The Potential Impact of Artificial Shopping Agents in E-Commerce Markets, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2002). Reinhardt, G., and M. Lvesque, A New Entrants Decision on Virtual versus Bricks-and-Mortar Retailing, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2004). Riquelme, H., An Empirical Review of Price Behaviour on the Internet, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Rotchanakitumnuai, S., and M. Speece, Corporate Customer Perspectives on Business Value of Thai Internet Banking, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2004). Rowley, J., Product Searching with Shopping Bots, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Rust, R. T., and K. N. Lemon, E-Service and the Consumer, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2001). Saeed, K. A., V. Grover, and Y. Hwang, Creating Synergy with a Clicks and Mortar Approach, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Sahut, J., Online Brokerage in Europe: Actors & Strategies, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003).

Klein, S., and C. Loebbecke, Emerging Pricing Strategies on the Web: Lessons from the Airline Industry, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Kocas, C., Evolution of Prices in Electronic Markets under Diffusion of Price-Comparison Shopping, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2002). Kwon, O. B., C. R. Kim, and E. J. Lee, Impact of Web Site Design Factors on Consumer Rating of Web Based Auction Site, Behavior & Information Technology, Vol. 21, No. 6 (2002). Lam, C. K. M., and B. C. Y. Tan, The Internet Is Changing the Music Industry, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Le Blanc, L. A., and C. F. Curasi, Differential Pricing for Electronics on the Internet and Competing Channels, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Lee, J. K., Intelligent Agents and Pricing in Electronic Commerce, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2000). Leloup, B., Pricing with Local Interactions on Agent-Based Electronic Marketplaces, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Levecq, H., and B. W. Weber, Electronic Trading Systems: Strategic Implications of Market Design Choices, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Li, H., T. Daugherty, and F. Biocca, Characteristics of Virtual Experience in Electronic Commerce: A Protocol Analysis, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2001). Liao, S., Y. P. Shao, H. Wang, and A. Chen, The Adoption of Virtual Banking: An Empirical Study, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1999). Liao, Z., and M. T. Cheung, Internet-Based E-Banking and Consumer Attitudes: An Empirical Study, Information and Management, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2002). Maes, P., R. H. Guttman, and A. G. Moukas, Agents That Buy and Sell, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1999). Mahfouz, A. Y., An Apparel E-Tailers Success Story: Bridging the Gap between Physical and Virtual Shopping, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Mathieson, K., M. Bhargava, and M. Tanniru, Web-Based Consumer Decision Tools: Motivations and Constraints, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1999). Mehta, R., T. Larsen, B. Rosenbloom, and J. Ganitsky. The Impact of Cultural Differences in U.S. Business-to-Business Export Marketing Channel Strategic Alliances. Industrial Marketing Management www.sciencedirect.com/science/ journal/00198501, February 2006. Mittal, V., and M. S. Sawhney, Learning and Using Electronic Information Products and Services: A Field Study, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2001). Mols, N. P., The Internet and Services Marketingthe Case of Danish Retail Banking, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Moon, B. K., J. K. Lee, and K. J. Lee, A Next Generation Multimedia Call Center for Internet Commerce: IMC, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Moore, C. M., G. Birtwistle, and S. Burt. Channel power, conflict and conflict resolution in international fashion retailing. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38, No. 7, 2004, pp. 749769. Muylle, S., and A. Basu, Online Support for Commerce Processes and Survivability of Web Retailers, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2004). Nour, M. A., and A. Fadlalla, A Framework for Web Marketing Strategies, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2000).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Sautter, P., M. R. Hyman, and V. Lukosius, E-Tail Atmospherics: A Critique of the Literature and Model Extension, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004). Schubert, P., Extended Web Assessment Method (EWAM): Evaluation of Electronic Commerce Applications from the Customers Viewpoint, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Seringhaus, F. H. R., Selling Luxury Brands Online, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Sieber, P., Consumers in Swiss Online Grocery Shops, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Sieber, S., and J. V. Sabatier, Market Bundling Strategies in the Horizontal Portal Industry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2003). Southard, P. B., and K. Siau, A Survey of Online E-Banking Retail Initiatives, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Sproule, S., and N. Archer, A Buyer Behaviour Framework for the Development and Design of Software Agents in E-Commerce, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 5 (2000a). Sproule, S., and N. Archer, Knowledgeable Agents for Search and Choice Support in E-Commerce: A Decision Support Systems Approach, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 4 (2000b). Stamoulis, D. S., How Banks Fit in an Internet Commerce Business Activities Model, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2000). Strader, T. J., and A. Inapudi, User Perceptions of Mobile and Online Channels for Purchasing Financial Products, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Strader, T. J., and S. N. Ramaswami, Investor Perceptions of Traditional and Online Channels, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2004). Sultan, F., and A. J. Rohm, The Evolving Role of the Internet in Marketing Strategy: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2004). Sundararajan, A., Nonlinear Pricing of Information Goods, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 12 (2004). Suri, R., S. Swaminathan, and K. B. Monroe, Price Communications in Online and Print Coupons: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004).

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Tamimi, N., M. Rajan, and R. Sebastianelli, The State of Online Retailing, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Tang, F., and D. Lu, Pricing Patterns in the Online CD Market: An Empirical Study, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Teo, T. S. H., and J. S. Tan, Senior Executives Perceptions of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Online Marketing Strategies: The Case of Singapore, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Terwiesch, C., and C. H. Loch, Collaborative Prototyping and the Pricing of Custom-Designed Products, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 2 (2004). Tsay, A. A., and N. Agrawal, Channel Conflict and Coordination in the E-Commerce Age. Production and Operations Management Journal, Spring 2004. Vahidov, R., and B. Fazlollahi, Pluralistic Multi-Agent Decision Support System: A Framework and an Empirical Test, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 7 (2004). Vijayan, P., and B. Shanmugam, Service Quality Evaluation of Internet Banking in Malaysia, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Vrechopoulos, A. P., Mass Customisation Challenges in Internet Retailing through Information Management, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Wang, Y., K. Tan, and J. Ren, PumaMart: A Parallel and Autonomous Agents Based Internet Marketplace, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). West, L. A., Jr., Private Markets for Public Goods: Pricing Strategies of Online Database Vendors, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2000). Yang, C. C., and A. Chung, Intelligent Infomediary for Web Financial Information, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2004). Yoo, B., and J. W. Kim, Experiment on the Effectiveness of Link Structure for Convenient Cybershopping, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Zhu, K., and B. MacQuarrie, The Economics of Digital Bundling: The Impact of Digitization and Bundling on the Music Industry, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Zhuang, Y., and A. L. Lederer, An Instrument for Measuring the Business Benefits of E-Commerce Retailing, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2003).

CHAPTER 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, MARKET RESEARCH, AND ADVERTISEMENT

ONLINE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR MODELS
Ramaswami et al. (2000) investigate determinants of online channel use for purchasing financial products, and Zhang and von Dran (2001) study the user expectations and ranking of quality factors. Bhattacherjee (2001) presents a field study of the key drivers of consumers intentions to continue using B2C, and Stafford and Stafford (2001) study motivations for using the commercial Web sites with respect to process and content gratification. Levin et al. (2003) survey product category dependent consumer preference for online shopping features and their influence on multichannel retail alliances, and Lee (2002) and Ahuja et al. (2003) survey and test the behavioral factors of online purchasers. Liao and Cheung (2001) study consumer attitudes toward Internet shopping, and Jenamani et al. (2003) propose a data mining model that considers e-customers activities as a discrete-time, semi-Markov process and explains their behavior.

A-24

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Moe and Fader (2004a) study dynamic conversion behavior of visit and purchase at EC sites, and Huang (2003) demonstrates the impact of information load and emotion on the virtual exploratory and shopping decision. Luo and Seyedian (2003) present an empirical test that shows that customers perceived contextual marketing and customer-oriented strategies are associated with site satisfaction and loyalty. Zhou et al. (2004) compare two knowledge discovery approaches (decision tree and neuro-fuzzy systems) to predict customers attitudes toward Internet retailers relative to traditional retailers. Heldal et al. (2004) propose a model that measures relationships between customers and corporate Web sites. Ahn et al. (2004) explore the online and offline features of Internet shopping malls and their relationship with the acceptance behavior of customers. Xia and Monroe (2004) and Schindler et al. (2005) study customers perceptions of shipping charges with and without partitioning. Goss and Gupta (2003) study the economic effect of women on the Internet. Salam et al. (2003) study consumer-perceived risk in EC transaction, and Lim (2003) studies consumers perceived risk sources and consequences in B2C. Cho (2004) conducts a path analysis to identify the factors that influence consumers likelihood to abort online transactions. Hansen et al. (2004) present an empirical test of the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior in which they found that the theory of planned behavior provides the best fit with online grocery buying intention. Vatanasombut et al. (2004) studies the ways to retain banks online customers, and Khalifa and Limayem (2003) explore the desires and expectations that drive customers satisfaction with Internetbased services. Liu and Wei (2003) discuss the role of product differences in consumers EC adoption behavior. Vahidov and Ji (2005) advocate a diversity-driven approach to generate alternatives for infrequently purchased products. Regional studies on online shopping behavior were conducted for the following populations: rural residents (Broekemier and Burkink 2004), New Zealand consumers (Shergill and Chen 2004), students in the United States and Ireland (Comegys and Brennan 2003), and online behavior in 26 countries (Mahmood et al. 2004).

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ONLINE CUSTOMERS

Heijden et al. (2003) present an empirical analysis of factors that influence consumers intentions to purchase online, and Chau et al. (2002) study the impact of cultural differences on online consumer behavior. Koufaris (2002) applies technology acceptance and flow theories to interpret consumer behavior, and Chen et al. (2002) apply technology acceptance and innovation diffusion theories. Koivumki (2001) studies the relationship between the shopping experience and consumers purchasing behavior in the computer-mediated shopping environment, and Koufaris et al. (2001) examine the impact of consumer experience and intention to return and unplanned purchases online. Hong et al. (2004) study the effects of flash on information search performance and perceptions, and Jiang and Benbasat (2005) study the effects of visual and functional control of products on perceived diagnosticity and flow in eShopping. The impact of gender differences is studied in perceptions of Internet shopping by von Slyke et al. (2002), in shopping behavior by Schimmel (2003), and in online privacy concerns and resultant behaviors by Sheehan (1999). Two articles look at factors that affect Web perception among young groups: Lepkowska-White et al. (2004) explore Web design, vendor, and product/services, and Zhang and Nguyen (2004) study determining factors that make consumers pay for online services. Biswas and Biswas (2004) examine the effects of retailer reputation, perceived advertisement expenses, and warranties on consumer risk perception across online and offline stores. Jayawardhena (2004) studies the influence of personal values on e-shopping attitudes and behavior.

ONLINE SEARCH BEHAVIORS

Kulviwat et al. (2004) assess determinants of online information search, and Saxena et al. (2004) study the flow concept to understand consumer navigation behavior in the online environment. Johnson et al. (2004) and Jiang (2003) examine online search behavior across competing EC sites. Ylikoski (2005) studies the sequence analysis of consumer online searches, and Jansen et al. (2005) study job seeking and recruiting behaviors. Moe and Fader (2004b) present an individual level model for evolving visiting behavior based on the Internet clickstream data. Detlor et al. (2003) study prepurchase online information seeking, and Klein and Ford (2003) study consumers prepurchase searches for information using an empirical analysis for the case of automobiles. Constantinides (2004) studies the influence of Web experience on online consumers behavior, and Nysveen and Pedersen (2004) discuss the fact that general Internet experience moderates the effects of interactive application. Hennig-Thurau et al. (2004) argue that consumers desire for social interaction, desire for economic incentive, and potential to enhance their own self-worth lead to electronic word-of-mouth behavior, and Hennig-Thurau and Walsh (2003) argue that consumers read electronic word-of-mouth articulations mainly to save decision-making time and make better buying decisions.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Weinberg (2000) investigates the effect of waiting time, and Rose and Straub (2001) investigate the effect of download time on consumer attitudes toward an e-tailer. Ryan and Valverde (2003) review the literature on waiting online and propose a future research agenda. Ryan and Valverde (2005) present an empirical study of the conceptualization of waiting on the Internet from the e-consumers perspective.

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METRICS OF ONLINE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

Devaraj et al. (2002) measure online customer satisfaction through three frameworksTechnology Acceptance Model, Transaction Cost Analysis, and Service Quality. Kim and Lim (2001) study consumers perceived importance and satisfaction with Internet shopping. One study measures Web customer satisfaction based on expectation and disconfirmation (McKinney et al. 2002), while another study looks at expectation and desire (Khalifa and Liu 2002). Heijden and Verhagen (2004) propose a conceptual foundation and empirical measurement of online store images, and Luarn and Lin (2003) present findings that trust, customer satisfaction, perceived value, and commitment are key constructs that determine the loyalty of consumers. Devaraj et al. (2002) find that online customer satisfaction about decision making process support is mediated by cost saving and time saving, and Wu and Padgett (2004) present a direct comparative framework that contrasts with the traditional expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm. In the investment domain, Balasubramanian (2003) found that perceived trustworthiness is a significant antecedent, and perceived environment and perceived operational competence impact the formation of trust. Lightner (2004) proposes a list of 50 functional requirements that represent facets for customer service in a B2C site.

EFFECT OF BRAND IN E-COMMERCE

Chu et al. (2005) study the role of online retailer brand and informediary reputation on consumer purchase intention, and Marshall and Na (2003) present an experiment on the role of brand strength in the relationship between the medium of communication and perceived credibility of the message. Mller and Chandon (2003) explore the impact of visiting a brand Web site on brand personality (youthfulness/modernity and sincerity/confidence). Murphy et al. (2003) study how the worlds top brands use domain names to extend their brands online, proving that Internet messages of strong brands have similar credibility as print media. Raney et al. (2003) study the effect of including entertaining and interactive contents on automotive Web sites and brands.

ONLINE PRODUCT CATEGORY

There are a number of studies on the effect of product types, shopping orientations, and attitudes on intention to shop (Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000, Vijayasarathy 2003, Vijayasarathy 2002). Lowengart and Tractinsky (2001) present a model of differential effects of product category on shoppers selection of online stores. Phau and Poon (2000) investigate factors influencing the types of products and services purchased over the Internet.

BUILDING TRUST IN EC
Janda and Fair (2004) explore consumers concerns related to the Internet, and Kim and Benbasat (2003) organize trust-related issues into four categories: personal information, product quality and price, customer service, and store presence. Salam et al. (2005) and Corbitt et al. (2003) discuss the importance of consumer trust in EC, and Cynthia et al. (2002) and Castelfranchi and Tan (2002) examine the role of trust in EC. Jones et al. (2000) discuss trust requirements in e-business, and Vaidyanathan and Devaraj (2003) discuss five risk factors in e-business including the use of new services, new business models, new processes, new technology, and new fulfillment processes. McKnight and Chervany (2001) analyze the typology of trust, and Schoder and Haenlein (2004) present an empirical test showing that institutional trust is more important than other trust constructs like calculative and relational trust in the online world. Birkhofer et al. (2000) distinguish the transaction-based conceptual approach from the trust-based approach in EC. Kleist (2004) studies the transaction cost model of electronic trust in terms of transaction return, incentive for network security, and optimal risk in digital economy, and Uslaner (2004) discusses the influence of basic trust in offline society on the online trust. In Vijayasarathys (2004) augmented Technology Acceptance Model, compatibility and security turned out to be a significant factor in predicting the consumers intentions to use online shopping. Privacy was not a significant factor. Kim et al. (2004) present exploratory-descriptive research on the extent of assurance services in Web sites that provide information goods and services, and Noteberg et al. (2003) assess electronic channel assurance on purchasing likelihood and risk perception. Biswas and Biswas (2004) argue that certain signalsretailer reputations, perceived advertising expenses, and warrantiesare perceived as a stronger risk reducer in online shopping than in-store conditions. Wang et al. (2004) examine the nature of consumer trust using the concept of cue-based trust.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

IMPACT OF TRUST ON ONLINE CUSTOMERS

Luarn and Lin (2003) study the influence of trust on customer loyalty along with the antecedents of customer satisfaction and perceived value, and Thatcher and George (2004) study it along with commitment and social involvement. Suh and Han (2003) discuss the impact of consumer trust on acceptance of EC, and two articles discuss the role of trust in relationship building (Papadopoulou et al. 2001, Bryant and Colledge 2002). Roy et al. (2001) study the impact of interface usability on trust in Web retailers, and Pavlou (2003) and Gefen et al. (2003) look at consumer acceptance of EC in regard to trust and risk from the perspective of the Technology Acceptance Model. Lee and Turban (2001) describe four antecedents of consumer trust, and Yoon (2002) proposes the antecedents and consequences of trust in online purchase decisions. Lee et al. (2004) study the impact of third-party assurance seals in customer purchase intention.

MEASURE AND CONTROL OF TRUST IN B2C E-COMMERCE

McKnight et al. (2002) develop and validate trust measures for EC. Hoffman et al. (1999) describe ways of building online consumer trust, and Gefen and Straub (2002) discuss managing user trust in B2C e-services. Luo and Najdawi (2004) present a review of five trust-building measures deployed by health Web sites. Pennington et al. (2003) demonstrate that the vendor guarantee as a trust mechanism has a direct influence on system trust. Two articles examine the role of third-party seals in building trust online (Cook and Luo 2003 and McKnight et al. 2004). Tang et al. (2003) study how insurance is adopted to create trust on the Internet. Patton and Jsang (2004) review technologies for trust in EC, and Ojasalo and Puhakainen (2004) suggest a formal model for systems managing trust in computerized transactions via a network. Gallivan (2001) uses an open source software case study to argue for striking a balance between trust and control in a virtual organization. In the software agent context, Tang et al. (2003) discuss their findings that the clients ability to control an autonomous system plays a significant role for trust building. Koufaris and Hampton-Sosa (2004) propose a model that explains how new customers develop initial trust in an online company, and Einwiller (2003) surveys the role of reputation in engendering trust. Pavlou and Gefen (2004) integrate sociological and economical theories about institution-based trust in building effective online marketplaces. For trust in B2B partnering, see Chapter 5; for trust and security, see Chapter 11.

INTERNET MARKET RESEARCH

Miller and Dickson (2001) review technologies and methods of online research, and Tingling et al. (2003) summarize the existing practices of Internet research and suggest extensions. Strader and Hendrickson (1999) adopt consumer opportunity, ability, and motivation as a framework of electronic market research. Evans and Mathur (2005) discuss the value of online survey research and its weaknesses.

IMPACT OF ONLINE ADVERTISING

Saeed et al. (2002) investigate the impact of Web site value and advertising on firm performance in EC, and Rupp and Smith (2003) discuss challenges for electronic advertising. Ling and Lawler (2001) discuss Internet advertising with game theory and the consumer welfare point of view, and Ngai (2003) attempts to use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach for the selection of Web sites for online advertisement. Schlosser et al. (1999) survey Internet users attitudes toward Internet advertising, and Sukpanich and Chen (1999) measure consumers attitudes to Web advertising. Goldsmith and Lafferty (2002) empirically test consumer responses to Web sites and their influence on advertising effectiveness, and Korgaonkar and Wolin (2002) explore the relationship patterns of Web usage, advertising, and shopping. Yoon (2001) studies what makes the Internet a choice of advertising medium, and Drze and Hussherr (2003) claim that brand awareness and repetition are important to improve the click-through rate. Calisir (2003) examines how Web advertising is perceived to be very far from most of the other eight traditional media to young consumers. Lee et al. (2003) estimate the value of Internet information by using the hedonic price model. Wolin and Korgaonkar (2003) present a survey on gender differences in Web advertising, with the results indicating that males exhibit more positive beliefs and attitudes toward Web advertising than females. Lace (2004) reports the experiences of U.K. advertisers.

ONLINE ADVERTISING METHODS

Chiagouris and Mohr (2004) evaluate the effectiveness of Internet advertising tools. Shae et al. (2001) design an architecture that implements the transactional multimedia banner as Web access point, and Bhatnagar and Papatla (2001) examine the issue of identifying locations for targeted advertising on the

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Internet. Lee and Deighton (2001) measure the effectiveness of banner advertising and propose an optimal placement method. Kim et al. (2001) apply decision tree induction techniques to personalize the Internet advertisement, and Karuga et al. (2001) present an algorithm for customizing online advertisements. Gopal et al. (2001) propose a business model of effective e-mail advertisement. Chiou and Cheng (2003) study the effect of messages on a discussion forum on the consumers brand evaluation and attitude toward the Web site owner. Harrison and Andrusiewicz (2004) introduce digital signage networks, which customize advertising messages for particular demographics in different locations using dynamically configurable multimedia, as a newly emerging form of electronic advertising technology.

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Goss, E., and U. Gupta, Women and the Internet: Is There an Economic Payoff? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Hansen, T., J. M. Jensen, and H. S. Solgaard, Predicting Online Grocery Buying Intention: A Comparison of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 6 (2004). Harrison, J. V., and A. Andrusiewicz, A Virtual Marketplace for Advertising Narrowcast over Digital Signage Networks, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Heijden, H., and T. Verhagen, Online Store Image: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Measurement, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Heijden, H., T. Verhagen, and M. Creemers, Understanding Online Purchase Intentions: Contributions from Technology and Trust Perspectives, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2003). Heldal, F., E. Sjvold, and A. F. Heldal, Success on the InternetOptimizing Relationships Through the Corporate Site, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2004). Hennig-Thurau, T., and G. Walsh, Electronic Word-of-Mouth: Motives for and Consequences of Reading Customer Articulations on the Internet, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003). Hennig-Thurau, T., K. P. Gwinner, G. Walsh, and D. D. Gremler, Electronic Word-of-Mouth via Consumer-Opinion Platforms: What Motivates Consumers to Articulate Themselves on the Internet, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2004). Hoffman, D. L., T. P. Novak and M. Peralta, Building Consumer Trust Online, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1999). Hong, W., J. Y. L. Thong, and K. Y. Tam, Does Animation Attract Online Users Attention? The Effects of Flash on Information Search Performance and Perceptions, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2004). Huang, M. H., Modeling Virtual Exploratory and Shopping Dynamics: An Environmental Psychology Approach, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 1 (2003). Janda, S., and L. L. Fair, Exploring Consumer Concerns Related to the Internet, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Jansen, B. J., K. J. Jansen, and A. Spink, Using the Web to Look for Work: Implications for Online Job Seeking and Recruiting, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Jayawardhena, C., Personal Values Influence on E-Shopping Attitude and Behaviour, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2004). Jenamani, M., P. K. J. Mohapatra, and S. Ghose, A Stochastic Model of E-Customer Behavior, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Jiang, P., Understanding Customers Intention to Seek for a Better Deal in Electronic Marketplace: The Role of Tolerance for Sacrifice Gap, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Jiang, Z., and I. Benbasat, Virtual Product Experience: Effects of Visual and Functional Control of Products on Perceived Diagnosticity and Flow in Electronic Shopping, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2005). Johnson, E. J., W. W. Moe, P. S. Fader, S. Bellman, and G. L. Lohse, On the Depth and Dynamics of Online Search Behavior, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2004).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Lee, S., and J. Deighton, Banner Advertising: Measuring Effectiveness and Optimizing Placement, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2001). Lee, S. M., J. Choi, and S. Lee, The Impact of a Third-Party Assurance Seal in Customer Purchasing Intention, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Lepkowska-White, E., C. Page, and M. Youndt, Web Perception and Young Consumers: An Empirical Investigation of Factors Influencing Perceptions of Online Companies, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Levin, A. M., I. P. Levin, and C. E. Heath, Product Category Dependent Consumer Preferences for Online and Offline Shopping Features and Their Influence on Multi-Channel Retail Alliances, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003). Liao, Z., and M. T. Cheung, Internet-Based E-Shopping and Consumer Attitudes: An Empirical Study, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 5 (2001). Lightner, N. J., Evaluating E-Commerce Functionality with a Focus on Customer Service, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Lim, N., Consumers Perceived Risk: Sources Versus Consequences, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Ling, M. C., and K. Lawler, Internet Advertising, Game Theory and Consumer Welfare, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 12 (2001). Liu, X., and K. K. Wei, An Empirical Study of Product Differences in Consumers E-Commerce Adoption Behavior, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Lowengart, O., and N. Tractinsky, Differential Effects of Product Category on Shoppers Selection of Web-Based Stores: A Probabilistic Modeling Approach, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Luarn, P., and H. Lin, A Customer Loyalty Model for E-Service Context, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2003). Luo, W., and M. Najdawi, Trust-Building Measures: A Review of Consumer Health Portals, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2004). Luo, X., and M. Seyedian, Contextual Marketing and CustomerOrientation Strategy for E-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003). Mahmood, M. A., K. Bagchi, and T. C. Ford, Online Shopping Behavior: Cross-Country Empirical Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004). Marshall, R., and W. Na, An Experimental Study of the Role of Brand Strength in the Relationship Between the Medium of Communication and Perceived Credibility of the Message, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2003). McKinney, V., K. H. Yoon, and F. Zahedi, The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). McKnight, D. H., and N. L. Chervany, What Trust Means in E-Commerce Customer Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Conceptual Typology, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2001). McKnight, D. H., C. J. Kacmar, and V. Choudhury, Shifting Factors and the Ineffectiveness of Third Party Assurance Seals: A Two-Stage Model of Initial Trust in a Web Business, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). McKnight, D. H., V. Choudhury, and C. Kacmar, Developing and Validating Trust Measures for E-Commerce: An

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Integrative Typology, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). Miller, T. W., and P. R. Dickson, Online Market Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2001). Moe, W. W., and P. S. Fader, Capturing Evolving Visit Behavior in Clickstream Data, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2004a). Moe, W. W., and P. S. Fader, Dynamic Conversion Behavior at E-Commerce Sites, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2004b). Mller, B., and J. Chandon, The Impact of Visiting a Brand Web Site on Brand Personality, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Murphy, J., L. Raffa, and R. Mizerski, The Use of Domain Names in E-Branding by the Worlds Top Brands, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Ngai, E. W. T., Selection of Web Sites for Online Advertising Using the AHP, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 4 (2003). Noteberg, A., E. Christiaanse, and P. Wallage, Consumer Trust in Electronic Channels: The Impact of Electronic Commerce Assurance on Consumers Purchasing Likelihood and Risk Perceptions, e-Services Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Nysveen, H., and P. E. Pedersen, An Exploratory Study of Customers Perception of Company Web Sites Offering Various Interactive Applications: Moderating Effects of Customers Internet Experience, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 1 (2004). Ojasalo, J., and P. Puhakainen, Managing Trust in Electronic Commerce Transactions, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2004). Papadopoulou, P., A. Andreou, P. Kanellis, and D. Martakos, Trust and Relationship Building in Electronic Commerce, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Patton, M. A., and A. Jsang, Technologies for Trust in Electronic Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Pavlou, P. A., Consumer Acceptance of Electronic Commerce: Integrating Trust and Risk with the Technology Acceptance Model, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2003). Pavlou, P. A., and D. Gefen, Building Effective Online Marketplaces with Institution-Based Trust, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2004). Pennington, R., H. D. Wilcox, and V. Grover, The Role of System Trust in Business-to-Consumer Transactions, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Phau, I., and S. M. Poon, Factors Influencing the Types of Products and Services Purchased over the Internet, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Ramaswami, S. N., T. J. Strader, and K. Brett, Determinants of Online Channel Use for Purchasing Financial Products, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000). Raney, A. A., L. M. Arpan, K. Pashupati, and D. A. Brill, At the Movies, on the Web: An Investigation of the Effects of Entertaining and Interactive Web Content on Site and Brand Evaluations, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2003). Rose, G. M., and D. W. Straub, The Effect of Download Time on Consumer Attitude Toward the E-Service Retailer, e-Service Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2001). Roy, M. C., O. Dewit, and B. A. Aubert, The Impact of Interface Usability on Trust in Web Retailers, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2001).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Shopper Loyalty, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Tingling, P., M. Parent, and M. Wade, Extending the Capabilities of Internet-based Research: Lessons from the Field, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Uslaner, E. M., Trust Online, Trust Offline, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2004). Vahidov, R., and F. Ji, A Diversity-Based Method for Infrequent Purchase Decision Support in E-Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Vaidyanathan, G., and S. Devaraj, A Five-Factor Framework for Analyzing Online Risks in E-Businesses, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Vatanasombut, B., A. C. Stylianou, and M. Igbaria, How to Retain Online Customers, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2004). Vijayasarathy, L. R., Predicting Consumer Intentions to Use Online Shopping: The Case for an Augmented Technology Acceptance Model, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 6 (2004). Vijayasarathy, L. R., Product Characteristics and Internet Shopping Intentions, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 5 (2002). Vijayasarathy, L. R., Shopping Orientations, Product Types and Internet Shopping Intentions, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Vijayasarathy, L. R., and J. M. Jones, Intentions to Shop Using Internet Catalogues: Exploring the Effects of Product Types, Shopping Orientations, and Attitudes Towards Computers, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). von Slyke, C. V., C. L. Comunale, and F. Belanger, Gender Differences in Perceptions of Web-Based Shopping, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 8 (2002). Wang, S., S. E. Beatty, and W. Foxx, Signaling the Trustworthiness of Small Online Retailers, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2004). Weinberg, B. D., Dont Keep Your Internet Customers Waiting Too Long at the (Virtual) Front Door, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2000). Wolin, L. D., and P. Korgaonkar, Web Advertising: Gender Differences in Beliefs, Attitudes and Behavior, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 5 (2003). Wu, J., and D. Padgett, A Direct Comparative Framework of Customer Satisfaction: An Application to Internet Search Engines, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2004). Xia, L., and K. Monroe, Price Partitioning on the Internet, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004). Ylikoski, T., A Sequence Analysis of Consumers Online Searches, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Yoon, S. J., What Makes the Internet a Choice of Advertising Medium? Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Yoon, S. J., The Antecedents and Consequences of Trust in Online-Purchase Decisions, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2002). Zhang, P., and G. M. von Dran, User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2001). Zhang, Y., and D. Nguyen, What Makes Consumers Willing to Pay for Online Services? Discovering Consumer Opinions and Determinant Factors on Charged Online Services, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2004). Zhou, L., W. K. Chang, and D. Zhang, Discovering Rules for Predicting Customers Attitude Toward Internet Retailers, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2004).

Rupp, W. T., and A. D. Smith, Challenges Associated with WebBased Strategies: Implications for Electronic Advertising, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Ryan, G., and M. Valverde, Waiting for Service on the Internet: Defining the Phenomenon and Identifying the Situations, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Ryan, G., and M. Valverde, Waiting Online: A Review and Research Agenda, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Saeed, K. A., Y. J. Hwang, and V. Grover, Investigating the Impact of Web Site Value and Advertising on Firm Performance in Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Salam, A. F., L. Iyer, P. Palvia, and R. Singh, Trust in E-Commerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 2 (2005). Salam, A. F., H. R. Rao, and C. C. Pegels, Consumer-perceived Risk in E-Commerce Transactions, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Saxena, A., A. Khurana, D. P. Kothari, and S. K. Jain, Development of a Flow Process Scale to Measure Flow Among Web Users, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2004). Schimmel, K., Gender Differences and E-Commerce Behavior and Perceptions, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Schindler, R. M., M. Morrin, and N. N. Bechwati, Shipping Charges and Shipping-Charge Skepticism: Implications for Direct Marketers Pricing Formats, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2005). Schlosser, A. E., S. Shavitt, and A. Kanfer, Survey of Internet Users Attitudes Toward Internet Advertising, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1999). Schoder, D., and M. Haenlein, The Relative Importance of Different Trust Constructs for Sellers in the Online World, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Shae, Z., X. Wang, and J. von Kaenel, Transactional Multimedia Banner as Web Access Point, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 12 (2001). Sheehan, K. B., An Investigation of Gender Differences in Online Privacy Concerns and Resultant Behaviors, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1999). Shergill, G. S., and Z. Chen, Shopping on the Internet: Online Purchase Behavior of New Zealand Consumers, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Stafford, T. F., and M. R. Stafford, Identifying Motivations for the Use of Commercial Web Sites, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2001). Strader, T. J., and A. R. Hendrickson, Consumer Opportunity, Ability and Motivation as a Framework for Electronic Market Research, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Suh, B. M., and I. G. Han, The Impact of Customer Trust and Perception of Security Control on the Acceptance of Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2003). Sukpanich, N., and L. Chen, Measuring Consumers Attitudes to Web Advertising, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Tang, F., M. G. Thom, L. T. Wang, J. C. Tan, W. Y. Chow, and X. Tang, Using Insurance to Create Trust on the Internet, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Tang, T. Y., P. Winoto, and X. Niu, I-TRUST: Investigating Trust Between Users and Agents in a Multi-Agent Portfolio Management System, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Thatcher, J. B., and J. F. George, Commitment, Trust, and Social Involvement: An Exploratory Study of Antecedents to Web

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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CHAPTER 5. B2B E-COMMERCE: SELLING AND BUYING IN PRIVATE E-MARKETS

STATUS OF B2B EC
Senn (2000) and Lee (2002) review the potential benefits of B2B EC, and Fosdick and Reber (2005) survey the benchmark for B2B use for EC. Shevchenko and Shevchenko (2005) propose the development of an e-Hub for B2B, and Kerrigan et al. (2001) argue the limitations of B2B EC with the term B2Basic. Soliman (2003) surveys the major issues in adopting B2B EC from the CIOs perspective, and Deeter-Schmelz and Kennedy (2002) explore the degree to which the purchasing professionals perceptions influence the Internet as an industrial communication tool. Vickery et al. (2004) examine the direct and indirect effects of media richness in B2B, and Al-Naeem (2004) discusses the systematic approaches for designing B2B applications. Sashi and OLeary (2002) examine the role of Internet auctions in the expansion of the B2B market.

B2B CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS

Laseter and Bodily (2004) present a conceptual framework for B2B e-marketplace success, and Rask and Kragh (2004) contrast buyers and sellers to study motives for e-marketplace participation. Dasgupta et al. (2005) examine dynamic pricing for time-limited goods in the supplier-driven e-marketplace, and Zhu (2004) analyzes the information transparency of B2B e-Marketplace using a game-theoretic approach. Kaefer and Bendoly (2004) investigate the impact of organizational constraints (technological compatibility and operational capacity) on the success of the B2B EC effort, and Lee et al. (2003) survey the role of B2B EC for interfirm collaboration. Hope (2001) proposes critical success factors in the development of B2B EC through a case study, and Eid et al. (2002) classify 21 critical success factors into five categories: marketing strategy, Web site, global, internal-related, and external-related factors. Mintert et al. (2003) propose a Web-based solution to improve efficiency in B2B information transfer in the beef sector, and Driedonks et al. (2005) perform an economic and social analysis of the B2B electronic marketplace using the case of the Australian beef industry. Acharya and Kagan (2004) examine commercial B2B Web site attributes within the perishable sector, and Reimers (2003) proposes a scenario of sustainable B2B EC in the Chinese context.

B2B ALLIANCE AND RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Wang et al. (2005) explore the impact of Internet-based e-marketplaces on buyer-supplier relationships, and Granot and Sosi (2005) propose the conditions for the formation of alliances in Internet-based supply c exchange. Ratnasingam (2000) studies the influence of power on trading partner trust in EC, and Ratnasingam and Phan (2003) describe the importance of trading partner trust in B2B EC with a case. Tang et al. (2001) propose a conceptual model for interactive buyer-seller relationships in EC, and Archer and Yuan (2000) discuss managing B2B relationships throughout the electronic procurement life cycle. Jap and Mohr (2002) describe the leverage of Internet technology in B2B relationships, and Friman et al. (2002) analyze the international B2B relationship based on the commitment-trust theory perspective. Kuechler et al. (2001) propose a workflow interoperability model called the monitorednested-model to optimize EC transactions. Koch (2002) proposes an alliance process in the B2B EC marketplace, and Lenz et al. (2002) examine the impact of strategic partnerships on the competitiveness of the B2B e-marketplace for Europe. Palmer and Markus (2000) survey the performance impacts of quick response and strategic alignment in specialty retailing, and White (1999) surveys the implementation of JIT manufacturing in small and large U.S. manufacturers. Valluri and Croson (2005) adopt an agent learning model for the supplier selection models, and Azoulay-Schwartz et al. (2004) discuss choosing a supplier in an environment of incomplete information. Yuan and Lin (2004) present a novel coalition formation approach called Credit Based Group Negotiation. Srivastava and Mohapatra (2003) propose a platform for multiuser negotiation named PLAMUN, and Molina-Jimenez et al. (2004) discuss the run-time monitoring and enforcement of electronic contracts. Levina and Ross (2003) explore the value in information technology outsourcing from the vendors perspective, and Brereton (2004) discusses the software customer-supplier relationship.

TRUST IN B2B PARTNERING

Welty and Becerra-Fernandez (2001) describe ways to manage trust and commitment in collaborative supply chain relationships, and Angeles and Nath (2003) reconsider the relationship attributes in customer-supplier dyads for electronic supply chain partnerships. Paul and McDaniel (2004) examine the effect of interpersonal trust on the virtual collaborative relationship.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Tan and Thoen (2000) argue that agents understanding of a control mechanism is essential for international B2B EC, and Ratnasingam (2004) examines the facilitating conditions in developing trust for successful e-marketplace participation. Brown et al. (2004) propose using the interpersonal circumplex model as theoretical framework for understanding the role of personal traits in collaboration in virtual contexts. Allen and Wilson (2003) discuss vertical trust and mistrust during information strategy formation, and Ratnasingam (2005) examines the trust in B2B EC using a case between Cisco and Compaq. Tang et al. (2003) investigate trust between users and software agents in the context of an investment portfolio management system.

E-PROCUREMENT
Yen and Ng (2003) discuss the impact of EC on procurement, and Kishore et al. (2004) present an empirical study of the determinants of sourcing EC projects during the technology growth and maturity stage. Kheng and Al-Hawamdeh (2002) explore the impact of adopting e-procurement systems for companies in Singapore, and Scacchi (2001) conducts a case study on redesigning the procurement process for research grant management at the U.S. Office of Naval Research. Subramaniam and Shaw (2002) propose a framework for quantifying and measuring the value and impact of Web-based procurement, and Rajkumer (2001) discusses business and technical issues of e-procurement. Mukhopadhyay (2002) studies the strategic and operational benefits of electronic integration in the B2B procurement process. Lim and Lee (2003) design an architecture suitable for buyer-carts, and Pani and Agrahari (2005) use the case of an Indian steel manufacturer to illustrate managing an e-procurement solution portfolio. Chen and Meixell (2003) design an architecture of Web services-enabled procurement in the extended enterprise. Baron et al. (2000) analyze Web-based e-catalog systems in B2B procurement, and Bussiek (1999) examines the Internet-based supply chain as a new form of procurement using standard business software. Kauffman and Mohtadi (2004) study proprietary and open systems adoption in e-procurement from the risk augmented transaction cost perspective, and Muffatto and Payaro (2004) examine case studies of integrating Web-based procurement and fulfillment.

AGENTS IN B2B EC
Two articles propose an agent-based approach to B2B EC (Blake and Gini 2002) and an agent-based system for merchandise management of B2B EC (Park and Park 2003). Kurbel and Loutchko (2005) propose a model for multilateral negotiations on an agent-based job marketplace, and Guan et al. (2004) propose a factory-based approach to EC agent fabrication. Pontelli and Son (2003) discuss designing intelligent agents to boost universal accessibility of EC services, and Sinteck and Decker (2003) discuss using TRIPLE for business agents on the Semantic Web. Pham and Ye (2003) propose a self-restraining and self-stimulating control of agent interactions to meet the deadlines and to prevent agents from overloading system resources. Padovan et al. (2002) develop a prototype for an agent-based secure electronic marketplace, including reputation-tracking capability, and Karageorgos et al. (2002) introduce the Role-Algebraic Multiagent System Design approach for B2B EC development. Cavalieri et al. (2003) design a multiagent model for coordinated distribution chain planning and experiment with its performance, and Dietrich et al. (2003) propose the architecture of rule-based agents for Semantic Web. Valluri and Croson (2005) study the performance of agents in supplier selection models, and Grosof and Poon (2004) represent an agent contract using Semantic Web rules, ontologies, and process descriptions. Maamar et al. (2004) present a three-level specification approach for an environment of software agents and Web Services, and Wagner et al. (2003) design agents that enable dynamic distributed supply chain management. Pham and Ye (2003) propose an agent-based model called HAM for business automation in large, distributed, and real-time systems, and Bitting and Ghorbani (2004) propose a theoretical model for the protection of EC agents from defamation. Onieva et al. (2004) propose agent-mediated nonrepudiation protocols.

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) FOR B2B EC

Nakayama (2003) compares the performance of EDI on trading behavior and partner knowledge with that of other channel communications, and Reimers (2001) describes the experience of standardizing the e-business platform using XML-based EDI. Kaefer and Bendoly (2000) develop a model and practical tool for managers to adopt EDI, and Chau and Hui (2001) present an empirical investigation of determinants of small business EDI adoption. Rebecca and Ravinder (2000) present an empirical study of the EDI trading partner selection criteria in customer-supplier relationships.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Barrett (1999) studies challenges of EDI adoption for electronic trading using the London Insurance Market case, and Damsgaard and Lyytinen (2001) study the role of an intermediating institution in the diffusion of EDI for the grocery sectors in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong. Chan and Swatman (2000) study the experience of transforming from EDI to EC with the BHP Steel case, and Ratnasingam (2001) uses the case of Ford Motor Company and PBR Limited in Australia to study the role of interorganizational trust in EDI adoption. Witte et al. (2003) review integration of EDI and the Internet in retail supply chains, and Aalst and Kumar (2003) design the eXchangable Routing Language (XRL) as an XML-based schema definition to support interorganizational workflow. Liang et al. (2004) investigate the EDI experience in a Beijing hospital, and Sanchez and Perez (2005) propose a research model about the EDI and the moderator effect on the interorganizational cooperation in the supply chain.

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WEB SERVICES IN EC
Ferris and Farrell (2003) review the benefits of Web Services, and Lim and Wen (2003) analyze implementation difficulties. Kreger (2003) discusses the state of product support and standards, and Miller (2003) and Williams (2003) debate the choice of Web Services platform between .NET and J2EE. Stal (2002) views Web Services as an evolution of component-based computing. Hndling and Weske (2003) describe the foundation and composition of Web Services with the Service Oriented Architecture, and Fensel and Bussler (2002) propose a Web Service Modeling Framework (WSMF) to provide the appropriate conceptual model for developing and describing Web Services and their composition. Huang and Chung (2003) propose a service composition framework that can support a Web-Servicesbased approach for the development of a variety of business integration solutions. Stafford (2003) and Hoffman (2003) describe the emergence of e-services, and Rust and Kannan (2003) view e-service as a new paradigm for business in the electronic environment. Bolton (2003) discusses marketing challenges of e-services. Zhang et al. (2003) propose an XML-based advanced UDDI search mechanism for B2B Integration, and Zeng et al. (2003) describe flexible composition of enterprise Web Services. Papazoglou (2003) introduces a multilevel transaction model that provides the necessary independence for the participating resource managers, and Shi and Zhou (2003) propose a message queuing markup language for enterprise integration. Maamar et al. (2004) present a three-level specification approach for an environment of software agents and Web Services, and Chen and Meixell (2003) present an architectural design for Web-Servicesenabled procurement. Van den Heuvel and Maamar (2003) propose a framework of contract-based support as intelligent Web Services composition. Casati et al. (2003) analyze business-oriented management of Web Services, and Curbera et al. (2003) describe a Web services framework that can lead toward service-oriented computing. Singh et al. (2003) present Web Services for knowledge management in the e-marketplace, and Murtaza and Shah (2004) develop an efficient supply chain link using Web Services. Li and Horrocks (2004) investigate the semantic and Web Services technology to support service advertisement and discovery in EC, and Yage et al. (2005) present a metadata-based access control model for Web Services. Little (2003) describes how OASIS proposed a Business Transaction Protocol that meets the requirement for long-running collaborative business applications, and Beneventano et al. (2004) uses Web services as a framework of semantic mapping among product classification schemas. Chen et al. (2003) discuss the impact of Web Services on EC research and practices, and Joshi et al. (2004) measure the practitioners attitude toward Web Services. Kim et al. (2003) compare B2B e-service solutions, and Lim et al. (2004) compare interfacing with Amazon Web Services using Java and .NET. Pautasso and Alonso (2004) introduce a toolkit, JOpera, for efficient visual composition of Web Services.

REFERENCES
Aalst, W. M. P., van der, and A. Kumar, XML-based Schema Definition for Support of Interorganizational Workflow, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2003). Acharya, R. N., and A. Kagan, Commercial B2B Web Site Attributes Within the Perishable Sector, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Allen, D., and Wilson, T. D., Vertical Trust/Mistrust During Information Strategy Formation, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2003). Al-Naeem, T., F. A. Rabhi, B. Benatallah and P. K. Ray, Systematic Approaches for Designing B2B Applications, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2004). Angeles R., and R. Nath, Electronic Supply Chain Partnerships: Reconsidering Relationship Attributes in Customer-Supplier Dyads, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2003). Archer, N., and Y. Yuan, Managing Business-to-Business Relationships Throughout the E-Commerce Procurement Life Cycle, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 5 (2000). Azoulay-Schwartz, R., S. Kraus, and J. Wilkenfeld, Exploitation Versus Exploration: Choosing a Supplier in an Environment

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Deeter-Schmelz, D. R., and K. N. Kennedy, An Exploratory Study of the Internet as an Industrial Communication Tool: Examining Buyers Perception, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2002). Dietrich, J., A. Kozlenkov, M. Schroeder, and G. Wagner, RuleBased Agents for the Semantic Web, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Driedonks, C., S. Gregor, A. Wassenaar, and E. van Heck, Economic and Social Analysis of the Adoption of B2B Electronic Marketplaces: A Case Study in the Australian Beef Industry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2005). Eid, R., M. Trueman, and A. M. Ahmed, A Cross-Industry Review of B2B Critical Success Factors, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Fensel, D., and C. Bussler, The Web Service Modeling Framework WSMF, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2002). Ferris, C., and J. Farrell, What Are Web Services? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Fosdick, S., and B. H. Reber, A Benchmark for B2B Use of ECommerce, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Friman, M., T. Garling, B. Millet, et al., An Analysis of International Business to Business Relationship Based on the Commitment Trust Theory, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2002). Granot, D., and G. Sosie, Formation of Alliances in Internet-Based Supply Exchanges, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2005). Grosof, B. N., and T. C. Poon, SweetDeal: Representing Agent Contracts with Exceptions Using Semantic Web Rules, Ontologies, and Process Descriptions, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2004). Guan, S., F. Zhu, and M. Maung, A Factory-Based Approach to Support E-Commerce Agent Fabrication, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Hoffman, K. D., Marketing MIS E-Service, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Hope, B. G., Critical Success Factors in the Development of Business to Business Electronic Commerce, Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2001). Huang, Y., and J. Y. Chung, A Web Services-Based Framework for Business Integration Solutions Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Hndling, J., and M. Weske, Web Services: Foundation and Composition, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Jap, S., and J. J. Mohr, Leveraging Internet Technologies in B2B Relationships, California Management Review, Vol. 44, No. 4 (2002). Joshi, P., H. Singh, and A. D. Phippen, Web Services: Measuring Practitioner Attitude, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 5 (2004). Kaefer, F., and E. Bendoly, Measuring the Impact of Organizational Constraints on the Success of Business-toBusiness E-Commerce Efforts: A Transactional Focus, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Kaefer, F., and E. Bendoly, The Adoption of Electronic Data Interchange: A Model and Practical Tool for Managers, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2000). Karageorgos, A., S. Thomson, and N. Mehandjiev, Agent-Based System Design for B2B Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2002). Kauffman, R. J., and H. Mohtadi, Proprietary and Open Systems Adoption in E-Procurement: A Risk-Augmented

of Incomplete Information, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2004). Baron, J. P., M. J. Shaw, and A. D. Bailey Jr., Web-based ECatalog Systems in B2B Procurement, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 5 (2000). Barrett, M. I., Challenges of EDI Adoption for Electronic Trading in the London Insurance Market, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1999). Beneventano, D., F. Guerra, S. Magnani, and M. Vincini, A Web Service Based Framework for the Semantic Mapping Amongst Product Classification Schemas, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2004). Bitting, E., and A. Ghorbani, Protecting E-Commerce Agents from Defamation, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Blake, M. B., and M. Gini, Agent-based Approach to B2B Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2002). Bolton, R. N., Marketing Challenges of E-Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Brereton, P., The Software Customer/Supplier Relationship, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 2 (2004). Brown, H. G., M. S. Poole, and T. L. Rodgers, Interpersonal Traits, Complementarity, and Trust in Virtual Collaboration, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 4 (2004). Bussiek, T., The Internet-Based Supply ChainNew Forms of Procurement Utilizing Standard Business Software, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1999). Casati, F., E. Shan, U. Dayal, and M. Shan, Business-Oriented Management of Web Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 10 (2003). Cavalieri, S., V. Cesarotti, and V. Introna, A Multiagent Model for Coordinated Distribution Chain Planning, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Chan, C., and P. M. C. Swatman, From EDI to Internet Commerce: the BHP Steel Experience, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Chau, P. Y. K., and K. L. Hui, Determinants of Small Business EDI Adoption: Empirical Investigation, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Chen, M., A. N. K. Chen, and B. B. M. Shao, The Implications and Impacts of Web Services to Electronic Commerce Research and Practices, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2003). Chen, M., and M. J. Meixell, Web Services Enabled Procurement in the Extended Enterprise: An Architectural Design and Implementation, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2003). Curbera, F., R. Khalaf, N. Mukhi, S. Tai, and S. Weerawarana, The Next Step in Web Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 10 (2003). Damsgaard, J., and K. Lyytinen, The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong, The Information Society, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2001). Dasgupta, P., L. E. Moser, and P. M. Melliar-Smith, Dynamic Pricing for Time-Limited Goods in a Supplier-Driven Electronic Marketplace, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Transaction Cost Perspective, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004). Kerrigan, R. N., E. V. Roegner, and D. D. Swinford, B2B Basics, McKinsey Quarterly, No. 1 (2001). Kheng, C. B., and S. Al-Hawamdeh, The Adoption of Electronic Procurement in Singapore, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Kim, D. J., M. Agrawal, B. Jayaraman, and H. R. Rao, A Comparison of B2B E-Service Solutions, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Kishore, R., M. Agrawal, and H. R. Rao, Determinants of Sourcing During Technology Growth and Maturity: An Empirical Study of E-Commerce Sourcing, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Koch, H., Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce Marketplaces: The Alliance Process, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Kreger, H., Fulfilling the Web Services Promise, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Kuechler, W., V. K. Vaishnavi, and D. Kuechler, Supporting Optimization of Business-to-Business E-Commerce Relationships, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2001). Kurbel, K., and I. Loutchko, A Model for Multi-Lateral Negotiations on an Agent-Based Job Marketplace, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Laseter, T. M., and S. E. Bodily, Strategic Indicators of B2B E-Marketplace Financial Performance, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Lee, J. K., Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce, Encyclopedia of Information Systems (2002). Lee, S. C., B. Y. Pak, and H. G. Lee, Business Value of B2B Electronic Commerce: The Critical Role of Inter-Firm Collaboration, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Lenz, M., H. Zimmermann, and M. Heitmann, Strategic Partnerships and Competitiveness of Business-to-Business EMarketplaces: Preliminary Evidence from Europe, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Levina, N., and J. W. Ross, From the Vendors Perspective: Exploring the Value Proposition in Information Technology Outsourcing, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2003). Li, L., and I. Horrocks, A Software Framework for Matchmaking Based on Semantic Web Technology, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2004). Liang, H., Y. Xue, T. A. Byrd, and R. K. Rainer, Jr., Electronic Data Interchange Usage in Chinas Healthcare Organizations: The Case of Beijings Hospitals, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 6 (2004). Lim, B., and H. J. Wen, Web Services: An Analysis of the Technology, Its Benefits, and Implementation Difficulties, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Lim, B., S. R. Ajjarapu, and K. Thummala, Interfacing with Amazon Web Services Using Java and .NET: A Comparative Study, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Lim, G. G., and J. K. Lee, Buyer-Carts for B2B EC: The B-Cart Approach, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Little, M., Transactions and Web Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 10 (2003). Maamar, Z., Q. Z. Sheng, B. Benatallah, and G. Al-Khatib, A Three-Level Specification Approach for an Environment of Software Agents and Web Services, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004).

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Miller, G., The Web Services Debate.NET vs. J2EE, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Mintert, J., D. Andresen, and T. Schroeder, Improving Efficiency in Business-to-Business Information Transfers: A Web-Based Solution in the Beef Sector, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 5 (2003). Molina-Jimenez, C., S. Shrivastava, E. Solaiman, and J. Warne, Run-Time Monitoring and Enforcement of Electronic Contracts, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Muffatto, M., and A. Payaro, Integration of Web-based Procurement and Fulfillment: A Comparison of Case Studies, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2004). Mukhopadhyay, T., Strategic and Operational Benefits of Electronic Integration in B2B Procurement Processes, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 10 (2002). Murtaza, M. B., and J. R. Shah, Developing Efficient Supply Chain Links Using Web Services, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Nakayama, M., An Assessment of EDI Use and Other Channel Communications on Trading Behavior and Trading Partner Knowledge, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 6 (2003). Onieva, J. A., J. Zhou, J. Lopez, and M. Carbonell, AgentMediated Non-Repudiation Protocols, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Padovan, B., S. Sackmann, T. Eymann, and I. Pippow, A Prototype for an Agent-Based Secure Electronic Marketplace Including Reputation-Tracking Mechanisms, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Palmer, J. W., and M. L. Markus, The Performance Impacts of Quick Response and Strategic Alignment in Specialty Retailing, Information Systems Research, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2000). Pani, A. K., and A. Agrahari, Managing E-Procurement Solution Portfolio: Case Study of an Indian Steel Manufacturer, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Papazoglou, M. P., Web Service and Business Transactions, World Wide Web, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2003). Park, J. H., and S. C. Park, Agent-Based Merchandise Management in B2B Electronic Commerce, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 35, No. 3 (2003). Paul, D. L., and R. R. McDaniel, Jr., A Field Study of the Effect of Interpersonal Trust on Virtual Collaborative Relationship Performance, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2004). Pautasso, C., and G. Alonso, JOpera: A Toolkit for Efficient Visual Composition of Web Services, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2004). Pham, H., and Y. Ye, An Agent-Based Business Automated System with Self-Adjusting Visibility for Reliability, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Pontelli, E., and T. C. Son, Designing Intelligent Agents to Support Universal Accessibility of E-Commerce Services, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Rajkumer, T. M., E-Procurement: Business and Technical Issues, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2001). Rask, M., and H. Kragh, Motives for E-Marketplace Participation: Differences and Similarities Between Buyers and Suppliers, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Subramaniam, C., and M. J. Shaw, A Study of the Value and Impact of B2B E-Commerce: The Case of Web-Based Procurement, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Tan, Y., and W. Thoen, A Logical Model of Trust in Electronic Commerce, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Tang, J. E., D. Y. Shee, and Tzung-I Tang, A Conceptual Model for Interactive Buyer and Supplier Relationship in Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2001). Tang, T. Y., P. Winoto, and X. Niu, I-TRUST: Investigating Trust Between Users and Agents in a Multi-Agent Portfolio Management System, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Valluri, A., and D. C. Croson, Agent Learning in Supplier Selection Models, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2005). van den Heuvel, W., and Z. Maamar, Intelligent Web Services Moving Toward a Framework to Compose, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 10 (2003). Vickery, S. K., C. Droge, T. P. Stank, T. J. Goldsby, and R. E. Markland, The Performance Implications of Media Richness in a Business-to-Business Service Environment: Direct Versus Indirect Effects, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 8 (2004). Wagner, T., V. Guralnik, and J. Phelps, TMS Agents: Enabling Dynamic Distributed Supply Chain Management, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Wang, S., W. Zheng, and N. Archer, The Impact of Internet-Based Electronic Marketplaces on Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Welty, B., and I. Becerra-Fernandez, Managing Trust and Commitment in Collaborative Supply Chain Relationships, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2001). White, R. E., JIT Manufacturing: A Survey of Implementations in Small and Large U.S. Manufacturers, Management Science, Vol. 45, No. 1 (1999). Williams, J., The Web Services DebateJ2EE vs. .NET, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Witte, C. L., M. Grnhagen, and R. L. Clarke, The Integration of EDI and the Internet, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 4 (2003). Yage, M. I., A. Maa, and J. Lopez, A Metadata-Based Access Control Model for Web Services, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Yen, B. P., and E. O. S. Ng, The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Procurement, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Yuan, S. T., and Y. H. Lin, Credit Based Group Negotiation for Aggregate Sell/Buy in E-Markets, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Zeng, L., B. Benatallah, H. Lei, Flexible Composition of Enterprise Web Services, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Zhang, L., T. Chao, H. Chang, and J. Chung, XML-Based Advanced UDDI Search Mechanism for B2B Integration, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 12 (2003). Zhu, K., Information Transparency of Business-to-Business Electronic Markets: A Game-Theoretic Analysis, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 5 (2004).

Ratnasingam, P., The Influence of Power on Trading Partner Trust in Electronic Commerce, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Ratnasingam, P., Interorganizational Trust in EDI Adoption: The Case of Ford Motor Company and PBR Limited in Australia, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Ratnasingam, P., The Role of Facilitating Conditions in Developing Trust for Successful Electronic Marketplace Participation, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Ratnasingam, P., Trust in Interorganizational Exchanges: A Case Study in Business to Business Electronic Commerce, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2005). Ratnasingam P., and D. D. Phan, Trading Partner Trust in B2B E-Commerce: A Case Study, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Rebecca, R., and S. Ravinder, An Empirical Study of EDI Trading Partner Selection Criteria in Customer-Supplier Relationships, Information and Management, Vol. 37, No. 5 (2000). Reimers, K., Developing Sustainable B2B E-Commerce Scenarios in the Chinese Context: A Research Proposal, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Reimers, K., Standardizing the New E-Business Platform: Learning from the EDI Experience, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Rust, R. T., and P. K. Kannan, E-Service: A New Paradigm for Business in the Electronic Environment, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Sanchez, A. M., and M. P. Perez, EDI and the Moderator Effect of Interorganizational Cooperation in the Supply Chain, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Sashi, C. M., and B. OLeary, The Role of Internet Auctions in the Expansion of B2B Market, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2002). Scacchi, W., Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-Based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Information Technology and Management, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2001). Senn, J. A., B2B E-Commerce, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2000). Shevchenko, A. A., and O. O. Shevchenko, B2B E-Hubs in Emerging Landscape of Knowledge Based Economy, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Shi, Min-Hua, and Q. Zhou, Message Queuing Markup Language for Enterprise Integration, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 6, No. 12 (2003). Singh, R., L. Iyer, and A. F. Salam, Web Service for Knowledge Management in E-Marketplaces, e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2003). Sintek, M., and S. Decker, Using TRIPLE for Business Agents on the Semantic Web, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Soliman, K. S., Internet Based B2B Electronic Commerce: A CIOs Perspective, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Srivastava, V., and P. K. J. Mohapatra, PLAMUN: A Platform for Multi-User Negotiation, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2003). Stafford, T. F., E-Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Stal, M., Web Services: Beyond Component-Based Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 10 (2002).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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CHAPTER 6. B2B EXCHANGES, DIRECTORIES, AND OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES

B2B MARKETPLACES
Tumolo (2001) describes various types of B2B exchanges and their costs and benefits, and Holzmuller and Schuchter (2002) predict the future of B2B marketplaces in Germany using the Delphi study. Dai and Kauffman (2002) develop an extended framework for studying business models of B2B electronic markets in terms of their roles and functions, and Tomak and Xia (2002) theorize about the evolution of B2B marketplaces to discern the conditions in which B2B outperforms P2P. Thuoung (2002) discusses the pathways to leadership for B2B electronic marketplaces, and Ranganathan (2003) discusses the factors for evaluating the B2B exchanges. Raisinghani and Hanebeck (2002) cover the adoption of mobile commerce in the B2B e-marketplace. Zhu (2002) describes the issue of why information transparency in e-marketplaces hinders the adoption of B2B exchange. Di Noia et al. (2004) analyze the methods of matchmaking in the e-marketplace, and Levi et al. (2003) address the underlying factors that affect which transactions B2B exchanges are likely to support.

B2B INTERMEDIARY
Chircu and Kauffman (2000) propose reintermediation strategies in B2B EC, and Janssen and Sol (2000) present a business engineering methodology that supports the identification and evaluation of various alternative value chain configurations. Yoo et al. (2002) discuss charging policies at neutral B2B intermediaries in economic terms.

EVALUATION OF B2B eMARKETPLACES

Stockdale and Standing (2002) propose a framework for the selection of e-marketplaces using the content analysis approach, and Leong et al. (2002) evaluate B2B Web sites using readability formulas. Dou and Chou (2002) investigate the structure and components of B2B digital markets and empirically study their success factors. Bennet (2002) studies the effect on purchasing managers of invoking the feelings of curiosity within a browser.

REFERENCES
Bennet, R., Use Curiosity Arousing Web Sites for Business to Business Internet Marketing, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Chircu, A. M., and R. J. Kauffman, Reintermediation Strategies in Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2000). Dai, Q., and R. J. Kauffman, Business Models for Internet Based B2B Electronic Market, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Di Noia, T., E. Di Sciascio, F. M. Donini, and M. Mongiello, A System for Principled Matchmaking in an Electronic Marketplace, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2004). Dou, W., and D. C. Chou, A Structural Analysis of Business to Business Digital Markets, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2002). Holzmuller, H. H., and J. Schuchter, Delphi Study About the Future of B2B Marketplaces in Germany, Electronic Commerce Research And Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002). Janssen, M., and H. G. Sol, Evaluating the Role of Intermediaries in the Electronic Value Chain, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 5 (2000). Leong, E. K. F., M. T. Ewing, and L. F. Pitt, E-Comprehension Evaluating B2B Web Sites Using Readability Formulae, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2002). Levi, M., P. R. Kleindorfer, and D. J. Wu, Codifiability, Relationship-Specific Information Technology Investment, and Optimal Contracting, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Raisinghani, M. S., and H. L. Hanebeck, Rethinking B2B E-Marketplaces and Mobile Commerce: From Information to Execution, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Ranganathan, C., Evaluating the Options for Business-toBusiness E-Exchange, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Stockdale, R., and C. Standing, A Framework for the Selection of Electronic Marketplaces: A Content Analysis Approach, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Thuoung, T. L., Pathways to Leadership for Business-toBusiness Electronic Marketplaces, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Tomak, K., and M. Xia, Evolution of B2B Marketplace, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Tumolo, M., B2B Exchanges, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2001). Yoo, B. J., V. Choudhary, and T. Mukhopadhyay, A Model of Neutral B2B Intermediaries, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2002). Zhu, K. Information Transparency in Electronic Marketplaces: Why Data Transparency May Hinder the Adoption of B2B Exchanges, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

CHAPTER 7. E-SUPPLY CHAINS, COLLABORATIVE COMMERCE, AND CORPORATE PORTALS

OVERVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Leonard and Cronan (2002) contrast the value and impact of electronic replenishment with traditional replenishment in supply chains. Vakharia (2002) highlights the strategic and tactical issues for analyzing supply chains in an e-business setting and describes future research opportunities. Nambisan (2000) examines EC applications appropriate for each SCM model and the business and organizational implications of those applications, and McLaren et al. (2002) discuss the expected costs and benefits of supply chain collaboration. Subramani (2004) explains the suppliers benefits of using IT in supply chain from the perspective of supplier-exploitation and exploration, and Rahman (2003) describes revolutionizing Internet-based supply chain management. Krishnan et al. (2004) discuss coordinating contracts for decentralized supply chains with retailer promotional efforts, and Bish et al. (2005) show that the flexible capacity can be very effective to hedge against forecast error in a make-to-order environment. Pant et al. (2003) set forward a framework that captures various approaches to supply chain implementation for different supply chain requirements, and Swaminathan and Tayur (2003) discuss the importance of visibility, supplier relationships, distribution and pricing, customization, and real-time decision technologies raised with e-business. Folinas et al. (2004) examine the e-volution of supply chain cases and best practices. Graves and Tomlin (2003) measure process flexibility in supply chains, finding that increasing flexibility results in greater protection from the supply chain inefficiencies. Robinson (2005) investigates the impact of e-replenishment strategy on make-to-order supply chain performance.

PERFORMANCE OF SCM
Ranganathan et al. (2004) examine the key drivers of SCM and assimilation and diffusion of Web technology in SCM, and Ho et al. (2005) adopt a structural approach to measure the uncertainty in supply chains. Wang et al. (2004) evaluate supply chain integration from the levels of IT adoption, business networks, and strategic position, and Byrd and Davidson (2003) study the IT impact on supply chains and its effect on firm performance. Sakaguchi et al. (2004) evaluate an integrated supply chain model for small and medium-sized firms, and Narayanan et al. (2005) study agency costs in supply chains with demand uncertainty and price competition. Kulp et al. (2004) analyze manufacturer benefits from information integration with retail customers.

DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR SCM

Kumar (2001) describes the evolution of technology for supporting supply chain management, and Krishman (2001) discusses technology in the Indian retail supply chain. Premkumar (2000) reviews supply chain management from the interorganizational information processing point of view, and Elorz and Inchusta (1999) review information technology for interorganizational systems in a case study. Zeng (2001) discusses managing flexibility for interorganizational EC, and Agrawal et al. (2002) propose Web-based capacity allocation strategies for customers with heterogeneous preferences. Yung et al. (2000) attempt to apply multiagent technology to supply chain management, and Wagner et al. (2003) define a discrete distributed dynamic supply chain management problem and specify how agents equipped with new coordination mechanisms automate and manage supply chains. Gosain et al. (2004) study the role of information infrastructure in managing the tension between competing goals of offering flexibility and partnering flexibility, and Savaskan et al. (2004) address closedloop supply chain models with product remanufacturing. Huber et al. (2004) discuss the effect of purchasing consortia and electronic markets. Paik and Park (2005) propose software component architecture for the information infrastructure that supports innovative product design in a supply chain, and Cachon (2004) contrasts allocation of inventory risk in a supply chain with push, pull, and advance-purchase discount contracts. Murtaza and Shah (2004) propose adopting Web Services for the efficient supply chain link. Wagner et al. (2003) develop an agent named TEAM to enable dynamic supply chain management, and Sadeh et al. (2003) propose the agent MASCOT to support the e-supply chain decisions. Van der Zee and van der Vorst (2005) propose a modeling framework for supply chain simulation for improved decision making, and Ruhi and Turel (2005) study the role of mobile technologies in supply chains from the perspectives of visibility, velocity, and versatility. Cai (2005) explores the issue of social interaction analysis methodology for improving e-collaboration over the Internet.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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INFORMATION SHARING FOR SCM

Raghunathan (1999) discusses the supply chain implications of interorganizational collaborative forecasting and replenishment, and Li (2002) examines the incentives for firms to share information vertically in a two-level supply chain. Cachon (2001) analyzes how to contract the sharing of demand forecasts to assure supply, and Jukic et al. (2002) propose a new data model to share the information for e-partnership. Gerber et al. (2003) present the approach of an agent-based information and trading network with integrated services for logistics for dynamic production in sales of timber. Corbett et al. (2004) study designing supply contracts based on the issues of contract types and information asymmetry, and Huang and Gangopadhyay (2004) measure the impact of information sharing by simulating supply chain management.

B2B INTEGRATION WITH ERP

Truman (2000) compares two integration conceptsintegration between EDI and internal systems, and the integration among the internal systems, and Lee et al. (2003) compare two approachesinternalization and externalizationfor enterprise integration with ERP and enterprise application integration (EAI). Hasselbring (2000) proposes a business architecture layer for information system integration. Siau and Messersmith (2002) present enabling technologies for EC and ERP integration, and Sutherland and van den Heuvel (2002) provide service-oriented integration for enterprise application integration. Tillquist (2002) proposes strategic connectivity in extended enterprise networks using dependency network diagrams, and Frihlich (2002) presents an empirical study of barriers and performance of e-integration in the supply chain.

COLLABORATIVE COMMERCE
Nicol et al. (1999) review how the Internet helps in building collaborative multimedia applications, and Sherer and Adams (2001) review the role of intermediaries in e-collaboration. Kim (2001) presents a model of inter- and intraorganizational coordination in EC deployments, and Volkoff et al. (1999) study the challenges of IT implementation for supporting collaborative interorganizational systems. Lee et al. (2004) propose a time-bounded framework for negotiation and decision making for a virtual manufacturing enterprise. Hengst and Sol (2002) study the impact of EC on interorganizational coordination in the container transport industry, and Raghunathan and Yeh (2001) analyze the impact of a continuous replenishment program on a manufacturer and its retailers. Clarck et al. (2001) propose a hierarchical model of supply chain integration for information sharing and operational interdependence in the U.S. grocery channel, and Maybury (2001) reviews a collaborative virtual environment for analysis and decision support. DeFranco-Tommarello and Deek (2004) examine collaborative problem solving and groupware for software development, and Mishra and Raghunathan (2004) contrast retailer-managed inventory with vendor-managed inventory. Malhotra et al. (2005) examine the variety of supply chain partnership configurations, using absorptive capacity configurations in supply chains to build a conceptual framework for partner-enabled market knowledge creation.

GROUPWARE IN COLLABORATIVE COMMERCE

There are few groupware studies that have specifically focused on the application of supply chains. However, the groupware environment can be used to examine coordination in supply chain management. Fjermestad and Hiltz (2000) present 54 cases and field studies on Group Support Systems from 79 published articles, and Downing and Clark (1999) evaluate the expected and realized usage of groupware at 22 consulting firms. Huang et al. (2003) present an empirical investigation of the effect of supporting virtual team building with a GSS, and Reinig and Shin (2002) examine the dynamic effects of group support systems on group meetings. Dennis and Wixom (2002) present findings from an experimental evaluation of the effects of five moderatorstask, tool, type of group, size of group, and facilitation. Trauth and Jessup (2000) study whether interpretive techniques can enhance the understanding of computer-mediated discussions, and Gopal and Prasad (2000) investigate why the GDSS study results are inconsistent. Blanning and Reinig (2002) apply GSS to the multiperiod scenario development to the future of Hong Kong.

INTERORGANIZATIONAL WORKFLOW
Kumar and Zhao (2002) describe the need for workflow support for EC applications, and Santos et al. (2003) assess the value of interorganizational systems in terms of supporting business transactions. Mentzas et al. (2001) evaluate the alternative approaches of modeling business processes with workflow systems. Aalst (2002) presents the inheritance of interorganizational workflows to enable B2B EC, and Zhuge (2003) adopts a component-based approach to develop workflow systems. Aalst (2000) proposes

A-40

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research loosely coupled interorganizational workflow to model the workflows crossing organizational boundaries. Tan and Harker (1999) compare designing workflow coordination in centralized mechanisms with market-based mechanisms. Kumar (1999) studies dynamic work distributions that balance quality and performance and dynamic routing and operational controls in workflow management systems. Liu and Shen (2003) use an order preserving process-view approach to model workflow for virtual processes, and Su et al. (2003) propose dynamic inter-enterprise workflow management in a constraint-based e-service infrastructure. Sanchez and Perez (2005) study EDI and the moderator effects of interorganizational cooperation in supply chains, and Ahadi (2004) examines the organizational factors that affect the implementation of business processes reengineering. Kobayashi et al. (2003) argue for business process integration as a solution to implement the supply chain management systems, and Attaran (2004) examines the relationship between IT and business process reengineering.

INTRANET AND CORPORATE PORTAL

Alt and Fleisch (2000) analyze characteristics of business networking systems and discuss lessons learned, and Leung (2001) identifies 32 quality metrics for intranet applications. Dias (2001) reviews literature on corporate portals, and Bidgoli (1999) proposes an integration model for successful introduction of intranet to an organization. Paquette and Moffat (2005) review the use of corporate portals for supply chain collaboration.

REFERENCES
Aalst, W. Van Der, Inheritance of Interorganizational Workflows to Enable Business-to-Business E-Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2002). Aalst, W. Van Der, Loosely Coupled Interorganizational Workflows: Modeling and Analyzing Workflows Crossing Organizational Boundaries, Information and Management, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2000). Agrawal, V., G. L., and S. Seshadri, Web Based Capacity Allocation Strategies for Customers with Heterogeneous Preferences, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2002). Ahadi, H. R., An Examination of the Role of Organizational Enablers in Business Process Reengineering and the Impact of Information Technology, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2004). Alt, R., and E. Fleisch, Business Networking Systems: Characteristics and Lessons Learned, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000). Attaran, M., Exploring the Relationship Between Information Technology and Business Process Reengineering, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Bidgoli, H., An Integrated Model for Introducing Intranets, Information Systems Management, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1999). Bish, E. K., A. Muriel, and S. Biller, Managing Flexible Capacity in a Make-to-Order Environment, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 2 (2005). Blanning, R. W., and B. A. Reinig, Multiperiod Scenario Development Using Group Support Systems: An Application to the Future of Hong Kong, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Byrd, T. A., and N. W. Davidson, Examining Possible Antecedents of IT Impact on the Supply Chain and Its Effect on Firm Performance, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 2 (2003). Cachon, G. P., The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push, Pull, and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 2 (2004). Cachon, G. P., Contracting to Assure Supply: How to Share Demand Forecasts in a Supply Chain, Management Science, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2001). Cai, J., A Social Interaction Analysis Methodology for Improving E-Collaboration over the Internet, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Clarck, T. H., D. C. Croson, and W. T. Schiano, A Hierarchical Model of Supply Chain Integration: Information Sharing and Operational Interdependence in the U.S. Grocery Channel, Information Technology and Management, Vol. 2 (2001). Corbett, C. J., D. Zhou, and C. S. Tang, Designing Supply Contracts: Contract Type and Information Asymmetry, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2004). DeFranco-Tommarello, J., and F. P. Deek, Collaborative Problem Solving and Groupware for Software Development, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004). Dennis, A. R, and B. H. Wixom, Investigating the Moderators of the Group Support Systems Use with Meta-Analysis, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2002). Dias, C., Corporate Portals: A Literature Review of a New Concept in Information Management, International Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 4 (2001). Downing, C. E., and A. S. Clark, Groupware on Practice, Information Systems Management, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1999). Elorz, K. S., and P. S. Inchusta, Information Technology for Interorganizational System: Some Evidence with Case Study, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1999). Fjermestad, J., and S. R. Hiltz, Group Support Systems: A Descriptive Evaluation of Case and Field Studies, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2000). Folinas, D., V. Manthou, M. Sigala, and M. Vlachopoulou, E-volution of a Supply Chain: Cases and Best Practices, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Frihlich, M. T., E-Integration in the Supply Chain: Barriers and Performance, Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2002). Gerber, A. C. Russ, and M. Klusch, Supply Web Co-Ordination by an Agent-Based Trading Network with Integrated Logistics Services, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Gopal, A., and P. Prasad, Understanding GDSS in Symbolic Context: Shifting the Focus from Technology to Interaction, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2000). Gosain, S., A. Malhotra, and O. A. el Sawy, Coordinating for Flexibility in e-Business Supply Chains, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Graves, S. C., and B. T. Tomlin, Process Flexibility in Supply Chains, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 7 (2003). Hasselbring, W., Information System Integration, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 6 (2000). Hengst, M. D., and H. G. Sol, The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Interorganizational Coordination: A Framework from Theory Applied to the Container-Transport Industry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Ho, C. F., Y. P. Chi, and Y. M. Tai, A Structural Approach to Measuring Uncertainty in Supply Chains, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2005). Huang, W. W., K. Wei, R. T. Watson, and B. C. Y. Tan, Supporting Virtual Team-Building with a GSS: An Empirical Investigation, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2003). Huang, Z., and A. Gangopadhyay, A Simulation Study of Supply Chain Management to Measure the Impact of Information Sharing, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2004). Huber, B., E. Sweeney, and A. Smyth, Purchasing Consortia and Electronic MarketsA Procurement Direction in Integrated Supply Chain Management, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Jukic, B., N. Jukic, and M. Parameswaran, Data Models for Information Sharing in E-Partnerships: Analysis, Improvements, and Relevance, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Kim, H. W., Modeling Inter- and Intraorganizational Coordination in Electronic Commerce Deployments, Information Technology and Management, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2001). Kobayashi, T., M. Tamaki, and N. Komoda, Business Process Integration as a Solution to the Implementation of Supply Chain Management Systems, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 8 (2003). Krishman, R., Technology in the Indian Retail Supply Chain, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2001). Krishnan, H., R. Kapuscinski, and D. A. Butz, Coordinating Contracts for Decentralized Supply Chains with Retailer Promotional Effort, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 1 (2004). Kulp, S. C., H. L. Lee, and E. Ofek, Manufacturer Benefits from Information Integration with Retail Customers, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2004). Kumar, A., Dynamic Routing and Operational Controls in Workflow Management Systems, Management Science, Vol. 45, No. 2 (1999). Kumar, A., and J. L. Zhao, Workflow Support for Electronic Commerce Applications, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 3 (2002). Kumar, K., Technology for Supporting Supply Chain Management, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2001). Lee, K. J., Y. S. Chang, H. R. Choi, H. S. Kim, Y. J. Park, and B. J. Park, A Time-Bound Framework for Negotiation and Decision Making of Virtual Manufacturing Enterprise, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004).

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Lee, J. Y., K. Siau, and S. G. Hong, Enterprise Integration with ERP and EAI, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2003). Leonard, L. N. K., and T. P. Cronan, A Study of the Value and Impact of Electronic Commerce: Electronic Versus Traditional Replenishment in Supply Chains, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Leung, H. K. N., Quality Metrics for Intranet Applications, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 3 (2001). Li, L., Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with Horizontal Competition, Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9 (2002). Liu, D., and M. Shen, Workflow Modeling for Virtual Processes: An Order-Preserving Process-View Approach, Information Systems, Vol. 28, No. 6 (2003). Malhotra, A., S. Gosain, and O. A. E. Sawy, Absorptive Capacity Configurations in Supply Chains: Gearing for PartnerEnabled Market Knowledge Creation, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2005). Maybury, M., Collaborative Virtual Environments for Analysis and Decision Support, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 12 (2001). McLaren, T., M. Head, and Y. Yuan, Supply Chain Collaboration Alternatives: Understanding the Expected Costs and Benefits, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Mentzas, G., C. Halaris, and S. Kavadias, Modeling Business Processes with Workflow Systems: An Evaluation of Alternative Approaches, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2001). Mishra, B. K., and S. Raghunathan, Retailer- vs. VendorManaged Inventory and Brand Competition, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2004). Murtaza, M. B., and J. R. Shah, Developing Efficient Supply Chain Links Using Web Services, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Nambisan, S., EC and Supply Chain Management: Towards Cross-Industry Supply Chains, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Narayanan, V. G., A. Raman, and J. Singh, Agency Costs in a Supply Chain with Demand Uncertainty and Price Competition, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 1 (2005). Nicol, J. R., Y. S. Gutfreund, J. Paschetto, et al., How the Internet Helps Build Collaborative Multimedia Applications, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1999). Paik, I., and W. Park, Software Component Architecture for an Information Infrastructure to Support Innovative Product Design in a Supply Chain, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Pant, S., R. Sethi, and M. Bhandari, Making Sense of the E-Supply Chain Landscape: An Implementation Framework, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2003). Paquette, S., and L. Moffat, Corporate Portals for Supply Chain Collaboration, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Premkumar, G. P., Interorganization Systems and Supply Chain Management, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2000). Raghunathan, S., Interorganizational Collaborative Forecasting and Replenishment Systems and Supply Chain Implications, Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4 (1999). Raghunathan, S., and A. B. Yeh, Beyond EDI: Impact of Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) Between a

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Subramani, M., How Do Suppliers Benefit from Information Technology Use in Supply Chain Relationships? MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2004). Sutherland, J., and W. J. Van Den Heuvel, Enterprise Application Integration and Complex Adaptive Systems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 4, No. 10 (2002). Swaminathan, J. M., and S. R. Tayur, Models for Supply Chains in E-Business, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 10 (2003). Tan, J. C., and P. T. Harker, Designing Workflow Coordination: Centralized versus Market-Based Mechanisms, Information Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1999). Tillquist, J., Strategic Connectivity in Extended Enterprise Networks, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Trauth, E. M., and L. M. Jessup, Understanding ComputerMediated Discussions: Positivists and Interpretive Analysis of Group Support System Use, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2000). Truman, G. E., Integration in Electronic Exchange Environments, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2000). Vakharia, A. J., E-Business and Supply Chain Management, Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2002). van der Zee, D. J., and J. G. A. J. van der Vorst, A Modeling Framework for Supply Chain Simulation: Opportunities for Improved Decision Making, Decision Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2005). Volkoff, O., Y. E. Chan, and E. F. P. Newson, Leading the Development and Implementation of Collaborative Interorganizational Systems, Information and Management, Vol. 35, No. 2 (1999). Wagner, T., V. Guralnik, and J. Phelps, TMS Agents: Enabling Dynamic Distributed Supply Chain Management, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Wang, Y. C. W., C. Chang, and M. S. H. Heng, The Levels of Information Technology Adoption, Business Network, and a Strategic Position Model for Evaluating Supply Chain Integration, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2004). Yung, S. K., C. C. Yang, A. S. M. Lau, and J. Yen, Applying Multi Agent Technology to Supply Chain Management, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 4 (2000). Zeng, D., Managing Flexibility for Interorganizational Electronic Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 12 (2001). Zhuge, H., Component-Based Workflow Systems Development, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 35, No. 4 (2003).

Manufacturer and Its Retailers, Information Systems Research, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2001). Rahman, Z., Internet-Based Supply Chain Management: Using the Internet to Revolutionize Your Business, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 6 (2003). Ranganathan, C., J. S. Dhaliwal, and T. S. H. Teo, Assimilation and Diffusion of Web Technologies in Supply-Chain Management: An Examination of Key Drivers and Performance Impacts, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004). Reinig, B. A., and B. S. Shin, The Dynamic Effects of Group Support Systems on Group Meetings, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2002). Robinson, E. P., Jr., F. Sahin, and L. Gao, The Impact of EReplenishment Strategy on Make-to-Order Supply Chain Performance, Decision Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2005). Ruhi, U., and O. Turel, Driving Visibility, Velocity, and Versatility: The Role of Mobile Technologies in Supply Chain Management, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Sadeh, N. M., D. W. Hildum, and D. Kjenstad, Agent-Based ESupply Chain Decision Support, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Sakaguchi, T., S. G. Nicovich, and C. C. Dibrell, Empirical Evaluation of an Integrated Supply Chain Model for Small and Medium Sized Firms, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2004). Sanchez, A. M., and M. P. Perez, EDI and the Moderator Effect of Interorganizational Cooperation in the Supply Chain, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Santos, E., F. Zhang, and P. B. Luh, Intrarorganizational Logistics Management Through Multi-Agent Systems, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 34 (2003). Savaskan, R. C., S. Bhattacharya, and L. N. V. Wassenhove, Closed-Loop Supply Chain Models with Product Remanufacturing, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 2 (2004). Sherer, S. A., and B. Adams, Collaborative Commerce: The Role of Intermediaries in E-Collaboration, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2001). Siau, K., and J. Messersmith, Enabling Technologies for E-Commerce and ERP Integration, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2002). Su, S. Y. W., J. Meng, R. Krithivasan, et al., Dynamic Interenterprise Workflow Management in a Constraint-Based E-Service Infrastructure, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 12 (2003).

CHAPTER 8. INNOVATIVE EC SYSTEMS: FROM E-GOVERNMENT AND E-LEARNING TO CONSUMER-TO-CONSUMER COMMERCE

E-GOVERNMENT
Marchionini et al. (2003) classify the application of IT to government services into three categories: access of information, transaction service, and citizen participation. Chen (2002) reviews technologies and practices of digital government, and Warkentin et al. (2002) discuss how building trust encourages citizen adoption of e-government. Vriens and Achterbergh (2004) discuss issues in planning local e-government, and Reddick (2004) examines empirical models of e-government growth. Steyaert (2004) measures the performance

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research of e-government services, and Montagna (2005) presents a framework for the assessment and analysis of e-government proposal. Kaliontzoglou et al. (2005) propose secure e-government platform architecture for small and mediumsized public organizations, and Becker (2005) analyzes the usability of e-government for older adults. Beynon-Davies (2005) describes construction of e-government using the case of the UK Inland Revenue, and Ke and Wei (2004) describe successful e-government in Singapore. Roy (2005) examines the impact of e-governance on international relations. E-government cases are studied in a number of different contexts: Singapore governments e-procurement system (Devadoss et al. 2002), the European Union (Strejcek and Theil 2002), the European perspective toward online one-stop government (Wimmer 2002), and electronic service delivery in Hong Kong (Poon and Huang 2002).

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E-DEMOCRACY AND INTERNET VOTING

Clift (2000) and Grnlund (2002) discuss Internet democracy, and Astrom (2001) discusses whether e-democracy should be quick, strong, or thin. Hoffman and Cranor (2001) discuss Internet voting for public officials; Phillips and von Spakovsky (2001) gauge the risk of Internet elections; and Mohen and Glidden (2001) report a case for Internet voting. Grove (2004) analyzes the electronic voting system, and Jefferson et al. (2004) look at Internet voting security. Jones (2004) describes the computations required to audit elections, and Anttiroiko (2003) articulates the role of technology in developing strong e-democracy.

E-LEARNING
Evans and Haase (2001) study the potential target markets for online business education, and articles analyze the future of the e-learning community (Bruckman 2002) and the consequence of e-learning (Emurian 2001). Zhang et al. (2004) and Erickson and Siau (2003) demonstrate that Internet and multimedia technologies are reshaping the way knowledge is delivered. DeSanctis et al. (2001) present research on the global learning community with managers from 26 countries, and Piccoli and Ives (2001) assess the effectiveness of a Web-based virtual learning environment in basic IT skills training. Folkers (2005) examines the challenges to higher education by the emergence of online education, and Schell (2004) explores how universities marginalize the value of developing and delivering online courses. Lin and Lin (2001) propose a conceptual model for virtual organizational learning, and Bhatt and Zaveri (2002) examine the learning strategies employed by organizations and DSSs, using the framework to demonstrate how a DSS can enhance organizational learning. Lang and Zhao (2000) present the role of EC in the transformation of distance education, and Haythornthwaite (2001) explores the social network structures in a computer-supported distance learning class. Coppola et al. (2001) study the changed role of the virtual professor in an asynchronous learning network, and Karuppan (2001) examines the relationship between the learning style and use in Webbased teaching materials. Stoel and Lee (2003) analyze the effect of experience on student acceptance of Web-based courseware, and Kim and Schniederjans (2004) discuss the role of personality in Web-based distance education courses.

E-LEARNING SYSTEMS
In two articles, the World Wide Web (Parikh and Verma 2002) and Web-based pull technology and push technology (Tian 2001) are applied to fully operational system that supports education. Bargeron et al. (2001) apply asynchronous collaboration around multimedia to on-demand education, and Palau et al. (1999) develop a teachers evaluation tool. Schell and Burns (2002) present a repository of e-learning objectives for higher education, and Joia (2002) demonstrates a virtual environment that enabled an e-commerce class in a Brazilian school. Loebbecke and Powell (1999) assess the opportunities and risks of electronic publishing. Sivakumar and Robertson (2004) develop an integrated Web engine for online Internetworking education at Dalhousie University in Canada, and Ong et al. (2004) examine the factors affecting engineers acceptance of asynchronous e-learning systems in high-tech companies. Zhang and Zhou (2003) study the effect of interactive multimedia in e-learning, and Lehner et al. (2003) outline the wireless e-learning and communication environment at the University of Regensburg.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN EC
King et al. (2002) review the most important issues in knowledge management, and Burn (2000) extends knowledge management strategies for virtual organizations. Lee and Choi (2003) present an empirical study of knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance with an integrative view, and Majchrzak et al. (2000) discuss a virtual team that uses a collaborative tool for interorganizational knowledge sharing.

A-44

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Grtter and Steurer (2000) discuss how knowledge management supported an online community of health-care professionals, and Pan et al. (2001) examine how intranet-based learning enhanced knowledge sharing for online learning centers. Zhao and Resh (2001) examine transformation of knowledge processes via Internet publishing, and Taher (2003) describes information seeking and knowledge work on the Web. Chua (2004) develops a knowledge management system architecture that seeks to bridge the gap between consultants and technologists, and Wang and Ariguzo (2004) illustrate an information schema for knowledge management with a student advising system. Subramani and Rajagopalan (2003) study knowledge sharing and influence in online social networks via viral marketing. Singh et al. (2003) adopt Web Services for knowledge management in e-marketplaces, and Yoon et al. (2005) adopt agent technology for company knowledge management.

P2P COMPUTING
Lethin (2003) analyzes technical and social components of P2P computing, and Schoder and Fischbach (2003) describe the prospects for P2P. Kwok et al. (2002) discuss the risks and opportunities in P2P technology business and service models, and Loo and Choi (2002) devise a P2P distributed selection algorithm for the Internet. Bhattacharjee et al. (2005) present an empirical analysis of the contribution of P2P sharing in improving the estimation of a product life cycle, and Asvanund et al. (2004) do the same for network externalities in P2P music sharing networks. Schmidt and Parashar (2004) present a design of a P2P approach to Web Service discovery with an experimental evaluation, and Arora et al. (2005) propose a framework CasPaCE as the P2P commercial digital contents exchange. Bailes and Templeton (2004) describe the issue of managing P2P security, and Loo (2003) discusses the future of P2P computing. Tan et al. (2005) design a P2P environment specifically for the application of a genetic algorithm.

REFERENCES
Anttiroiko, A., Building Strong E-Democracy: The Role of Technology in Developing Democracy for the Information Age, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Arora, G., M. Hanneghan, and M. Merabti, P2P Commercial Digital Content Exchange, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Astrom, J., Should Democracy Online Be Quick, Strong, or Thin? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Asvanund, A., K. Clay, R. Krishnan, and M. D. Smith, An Empirical Analysis of Network Externalities in Peer-to-Peer Music-Sharing Networks, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2004). Bailes, J. E., and G. F. Templeton, Managing P2P Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 9 (2004). Bargeron, D., J. Grudin, A. Gupta, Asynchronous Collaboration Around Multimedia Applied to On-Demand Education, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2001). Becker, S. A., E-Government Usability for Older Adults, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 2 (2005). Beynon-Davies, P., Constructing Electronic Government: The Case of the UK Inland Revenue, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2005). Bhatt, G. D., and J. Zaveri, The Enabling Role of Decision Support Systems in Organizational Learning, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 3 (2002). Bhattacharjee, S., R. Gopal, K. Lertwachara, and J. R. Marsden, Using P2P Sharing Activity to Improve Business Decision Making: Proof of Concept for Estimating Product LifeCycle, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Bruckman, A., The Future of E-Learning Communities, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 4 (2002). Burn, J. M., Knowledge Management Strategies for Virtual Organizations, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2000). Chen, H., Digital Government: Technologies and Practices, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2002). Chua, A., Knowledge Management System Architecture: A Bridge Between KM Consultants and Technologists, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Clift, S., An Internet of Democracy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 11 (2000). Coppola, N. W., S. R. Hiltz, and N. G. Rotter, Becoming a Virtual Professor: Pedagogical Roles and Asynchronous Learning Networks, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2001). DeSanctis, G., M. Wright, and L. Jiang, Building a Global Learning Community, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 12 (2001). Devadoss, P. R., S. L. Pan, and J. C. Huang, Structurational Analysis of E-Government Initiatives: A Case Study of SCO, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2002). Emurian, H. H., The Consequences of E-Learning, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2001). Erickson, J., and K. Siau, E-Ducation, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Evans J. R., and I. M. Haase, Online Business Education in the Twenty-First Century: An Analysis of Potential Target Markets, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Folkers, D. A., Competing in the Marketspace: Incorporating Online Education into Higher EducationAn Organizational Perspective, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2005).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Grnlund, A., Emerging Infrastructures for E-Democracy: In Search of Strong Inscriptions, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2002). Grove, J., ACM Statement on Voting Systems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Grtter, R., and J. Steurer, Supporting Knowledge Management in an Online Community of Healthcare Professionalsthe Evimed Project, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Haythornthwaite, C., Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-supported Distance Learning Class, The Information Society, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2001). Hoffman, L. J., and L. Cranor, Internet Voting for Public Officials, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Jefferson, D., A. D. Rubin, B. Simons, and D. Wagner, Analyzing Internet Voting Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Joia, L. A., Analyzing a Web-Based E-Commerce Learning Community: A Case Study in Brazil, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Jones, D. W., Auditing Elections, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Kaliontzoglou, A., P. Sklavos, T. Karantjias, and D. Polemi, A Secure E-Government Platform Architecture for Small to Medium Sized Public Organizations, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Karuppan, C. M., Web-based Teaching Materials: A Users Profile, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2001). Ke, W., and K. K. Wei, Successful E-Government in Singapore, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2004). Kim, E. B., and M. J. Schniederjans, The Role of Personality in Web-based Distance Education Courses, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2004). King, W. R., P. V. Marks Jr., and S. Mccoy, The Most Important Issues in Knowledge Management, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 9 (2002). Kwok, S. H., K. R. Lang, and K. Y. Tam, Peer-To-Peer Technology Business and Service Models: Risks and Opportunities, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Lang, K. R., and J. L. Zhao, The Role of Electronic Commerce in the Transformation of Distance Education, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Lee, H. S., and B. G. Choi, Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes, and Organizational Performance: An Integrative View and Empirical Examination, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Lehner, F., H. Nosekabel, and H. Lehmann, Wireless E-Learning and Communication Environment: WELCOME at the University of Regensburg, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Lethin, R., Technical and Social Components of Peer-To-Peer Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2003). Lin, F., and S. Lin, A Conceptual Model for Virtual Organizational Learning, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Loebbecke, C., and P. Powell, Electronic Publishing: Assessing Opportunities and Risks, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1999). Loo, A., and Y. K. Choi, A Peer-To-Peer Distributed Selection Algorithm for the Internet, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Loo, A. W., The Future of Peer-to-Peer Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003).

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Majchrzak, A., R. E. Rice, and N. King, Computer-Mediated Interorganizational Knowledge-Sharing: Insights from a Virtual Team Innovating Using a Collaborative Tool, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2000). Marchionini, G., H. Samet, and L. Brandt, Digital Government, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 1 (2003). Mohen, J., and J. Glidden, The Case for Internet Voting, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Montagna, J. M., A Framework for the Assessment and Analysis of Electronic Government Proposals, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Ong, C. S., J. Y. Lai, and Y. S. Wang, Factors Affecting Engineers Acceptance of Asynchronous E-Learning Systems in High-Tech Companies, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 6 (2004). Palau, C. E., J. C. Guerri, and M. Esteve, Instructional Uses of the WWW: An Evaluation Tool, World Wide Web, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1999). Pan, S. L., M. Hsieh, and H. Chen, Knowledge Sharing Through Intranet-Based Learning: A Case Study of an Online Learning Center, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Parikh, M., and S. Verma, Utilizing Internet Technologies to Support Learning: An Empirical Analysis, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2002). Phillips, D. M., and H. A. von Spakovsky, Gauging the Risks of Internet Elections, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001). Piccoli, G., and R. A. B. Ives, Web-based Virtual Learning Environments: A Research Framework and a Preliminary Assessment of Effectiveness in Basic IT Skills Training, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 4 (2001). Poon, S., and X. Huang, Success at E-Governing: A Case Study of ESDlife in Hong Kong, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Reddick, C. G., Empirical Models of E-Government Growth in Local Governments, e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Roy, J., E-Governance and International Relations: A Consideration of Newly Emerging Capacities in a MultiLevel World, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2005). Schell, G. P., Universities Marginalize Online Courses, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2004). Schell, G. P., and M. Burns, Merlot: A Repository of E-Learning Objects for Higher Education, e-Service Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2002). Schmidt, C., and M. Parashar, A Peer-to-Peer Approach to Web Service Discovery, World Wide Web, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2004). Schoder, D., and K. Fischbach, Peer-To-Peer Prospects, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2003). Singh, R., L. Iyer, and A. F. Salam, Web Service for Knowledge Management in E-Marketplaces, e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2003). Sivakumar, S. C., and W. Robertson, Developing an Integrated Web Engine for Online Internetworking Education: A Case Study, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2004). Steyaert, J. C., Measuring the Performance of Electronic Government Services, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2004). Stoel, L., and K. H. Lee, Modeling the Effect of Experience on Student Acceptance of Web-Based Courseware, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 5 (2003).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Warkentin, M., D. Gefen, P. A. Pavlou, and G. M. Rose, Encouraging Citizen Adoption of E-Government by Building Trust, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Wimmer, M., A European Perspective Towards Online OneStop Government: The eGOV Project, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002). Yoon, V., B. Broome, R. Singh, and T. Guimaraes, Using Agent Technology for Company Knowledge Management, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2005). Zhang, D., and L. Zhou, Enhancing E-Learning with Interactive Multimedia, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2003). Zhang, D., J. L. Zhao, L. Zhou, and J. F. Nunamaker, Jr., Can E-Learning Replace Classroom Learning? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2004). Zhao, J. L., and V. H. Resh, Internet Publishing and Transformation of Knowledge Processes, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 12 (2001).

Strejcek, G., and M. Theil, Technology Push, Legislation Pull? E-Government in the European Union, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2002). Subramani, M. R., and B. Rajagopalan, Knowledge-Sharing and Influence in Online Social Networks via Viral Marketing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Taher, M., Web Work: Information Seeking and Knowledge Work on the World Wide Web, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2003). Tan, K. C., M. L. Wang, and W. Peng, A P2P Genetic Algorithm Environment for the Internet, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2005). Tian, S., The World Wide Web: A Vehicle to Develop Interactive Learning and Teaching Applications, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Vriens, D., and J. Achterbergh, Planning Local E-Government, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004). Wang, S., and G. Ariguzo, Knowledge Management Through the Development of Information Schema, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2004).

CHAPTER 9. MOBILE COMPUTING AND COMMERCE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Although there are some minor differences in the definitions of mobile Internet, pervasive computing, and ubiquitous computing, these terms can be regarded as synonymous here.

M-COMMERCE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Several articles review the introduction of new technologies: wireless Web (Vetter 2001), mobile network (Varshney et al. 2000, Alanko et al. 1999), and wireless network security (Rubin 2003). Barnes (2002a) analyzes the m-commerce value chain and envisions its future development, and Lyytinen and Yoo (2002) discuss issues and challenges in ubiquitous computing. Chae et al. (2002) study a theoretical model for information quality of mobile Internet services and support it with empirical validation, and Coursaris and Hassanein (2002) describe m-commerce from the consumer-centric perspective. Bell and Gemmell (2002) propose a Home Media Network as a single IP network within the home that connects externally to the Internet, telephone, and cable TV network. Frolick and Chen (2004) assess the opportunities presented by m-commerce, and Stafford and Gillenson (2003) and Chae and Kim (2003) contrast m-commerce with classical e-commerce. Allen (2003) discusses the sociotechnical perspective of mobile applications evolution. Jarvenpaa et al. (2003) survey the value of m-commerce, and Kavassalis et al. (2003) discuss mobile marketing. Roussos et al. (2003) explain how mobile identity management is used to identify, acquire, access, and pay for services, and Tarasewich (2003) discusses the issue of designing mobile commerce applications.

ADOPTION OF M-COMMERCE
Kleijnen et al. (2004) explain consumer adoption of wireless services, and Pagani (2004) studies the determinants of adoption of third-generation mobile multimedia services. Sarker and Wells (2003) survey mobile handheld device use and adoption. Cheong and Park (2005) examine mobile Internet acceptance in Korea, and Okazaki (2005) interviews MNC senior executives to determine their attitudes on mobile advertising. Nicopolitidis et al. (2004) assess the economics of wireless networks, and Pitknen et al. (2003) present the legal challenges of the mobile Internet. Strader and Inapudi (2004) study user perceptions of mobile and online channels for purchasing financial products, and Ruhi and Turel (2005) examine the role of mobile technologies in supply chain management. Scharl et al. (2005) look at diffusion and success factors of mobile marketing, and Sun (2003) elicits the information requirement in m-commerce. Zhang and Prybutok (2005) present the differences in the mobile communication markets of China, the United States, and Europe.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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M-COMMERCE APPLICATIONS AND M-PAYMENT

Malladi and Agrawal (2002) review the current and future applications of mobile and wireless networks. Maclnnes et al. (2002) use the case of e-games to study business models for mobile content, and Baldi and Thaung (2002) and Jonason and Eliasson (2001) use the example of i-mode in Japan to look at entertainment. Herzberg (2003) describes payments and banking with mobile personal devices, and Ogawara et al. (2002) examine the experience in Japan to conclude that m-commerce is viewed as the future vehicle of e-payment. Kreyer et al. (2003) propose the scope and characteristics of mobile payment procedures. Liao and Cheung (2003) discuss challenges to Internet e-banking, and Brown et al. (2003) identify the adoption factors of cell phone banking in South Africa. Mallat et al. (2004) review mobile banking services and m-commerce payments. Misra and Wickamasinghe (2004) discuss the security of mobile transactions, and McGinity (2004) examines technical issues in implementing wireless public safety networks. Yuan and Detlor (2005) discuss intelligent mobile crisis response systems.

M-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
Chan et al. (2002) study the usability of m-commerce across three platforms: WAP-enabled mobile phone, Palm OS-based wireless PDA, and pocket PCs running Windows CE operating systems. Raisinghani (2001) reviews Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) applications as a transitional technology of m-commerce, and Wen and Gyires (2002) examine the impact of WAP on m-commerce security. Barnes (2002b) takes a strategic perspective in reviewing the provision of services via the WAP, and Bertele et al. (2002) empirically study performance of the B2C WAP application in Italy. Hung et al. (2003) present the critical factors associated with the adoption of WAP services in mobile commerce in Taiwan. Imielinski and Navas (1999) review GPS-based geographical addressing, routing, and resource discovery, and Tewari et al. (2003) propose personalized location-based brokering using an agent-based intermediary architecture. Chanson and Cheung (2001) propose the design and implementation of PKI-based infrastructure for m-commerce. Lee and Benbasat (2003) propose seven interface design elements of m-commerce, and Barnes (2003) examines the state of art of the location-based services. Rao and Minakakis (2003) discuss the evolution of mobile location-based services, and Venkatesh et al. (2003) elaborate on the usability of m-commerce. Maamar et al. (2004) propose an environment called E-CWE that helps the design and development of m-commerce, and Juul and Jorgensen (2003) analyze the security hole in WAP. Barnes and Huff (2003) explain Japans wireless Internet experience with the iMode platform.

SOFTWARE AND SOFTWARE AGENTS FOR UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Banavar and Bernstein (2002) characterize the software infrastructure and design challenges for ubiquitous computing application, and Pancake (2001) envisions the ubiquitous beauty of user-aware software. Maamar (2002) presents an m-commerce environment that is designed to perform using software agents, and Guan et al. (2002) introduce an intelligent product-brokering agent for m-commerce applications that considers user preference. Kwon and Sadeh (2004) apply case-based reasoning and multiagent intelligent systems to contextaware comparative shopping, and Maamar and Mansoor (2003) discuss the design of a software mobile service-oriented environment.

SOCIAL ISSUES IN UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Grudin (2002) examines group dynamics in the world of ubiquitous computing, and Jessup and Robey (2002) discuss the relevant social issues in the ubiquitous computing environment. Fano and Gershman (2002) redefine the future of business services for customer interaction for the age of ubiquitous computing, and Lee et al. (2002) compare the cross-cultural difference on the value structure of mobile Internet usage in Korea and Japan. McGinity (2004) discusses the proponents of RFID and dynamics, and Shin and Lee (2005) demonstrate ubiquitous computing-driven business models with a case of SK Telecoms financial services.

REFERENCES
Alanko, T., M. Kojo, M. Liljeberg, and K. Raatikainen, Mobile Access to the Internet: A Mediator-Based Solution, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1999). Allen, J. P., The Evolution of New Mobile Applications: A Sociotechnical Perspective, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Baldi, S., and H. P. Thaung, The Entertaining Way to M-Commerce: Japans Approach to the Mobile Internet A Model for Europe? Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Banavar, G., and A. Bernstein, Software Infrastructure and Design Challenges for Ubiquitous Computing Applications, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Jonason, A., and G. Eliasson, Mobile Internet Revenues: An Empirical Study of the I-Mode Portal, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Juul, N. C., and N. Jrgensen, The Security Hole in WAP: An Analysis of the Network and Business Rationales Underlying a Failure, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2003). Kavassalis, P., N. Spyropoulou, D. Drossos, E. Mitrokostas, G. Gikas, and A. Hatzistamatiou, Mobile Permission Marketing: Framing the Market Inquiry, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Kleijnen, M., K. de Ruyter, and M. Wetzels, Consumer Adoption of Wireless Services: Discovering the Rules, While Playing the Game, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2004). Kreyer, N., K. Pousttchi, and K. Turowski, Mobile Payment Procedures: Scope and Characteristics, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Kwon, O. B., and N. Sadeh, Applying Case-Based Reasoning and Multi-Agent Intelligent System to Context-Aware Comparative Shopping, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2004). Lee, Y. E., and I. Benbasat, Interface Design for Mobile Commerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Lee, Y. S., J. W. Kim, I. S. Lee, and H. Kim, A Cross-Cultural Study on the Value Structure of Mobile Internet Usage: Comparison between Korea and Japan, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002). Liao, Z., and M. T. Cheung, Challenges to Internet E-Banking, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Lyytinen, K., and Y. Yoo, Issues and Challenges in Ubiquitous Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002). Maamar, Z., An M-Commerce Environment Based on Software Agents, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Maamar, Z., and W. Mansoor, Design and Development of a Software Agent-Based and Mobile Service-oriented Environment, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Maamar, Z., H. Yahyaoui, and W. Mansoor, Design and Development of an M-Commerce Environment: The E-CWE Project, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Maclnnes, I., J. Moneta, J. Caraballo, and D. Sarni, Business Models for Mobile Content: The Case of M-Games, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2002). Malladi, R., and D. P. Agrawal, Current and Future Applications of Mobile and Wireless Networks, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 10 (2002). Mallat, N., M. Rossi, and V. K. Tuunainen, Mobile Banking Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2004). McGinity, M., RFID: Is This Game of Tag Fair Play? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2004). McGinity, M., Weaving a Wireless Safety Net, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 9 (2004). Misra, S. K., and N. Wickamasinghe, Security of a Mobile Transaction: A Trust Model, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2004). Nicopolitidis, P., G. Papadimitriou, M. S. Obaidat, and A. S. Pomportsis, The Economics of Wireless Networks, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2004).

Barnes, S. J., Location-Based Services: The State of the Art, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Barnes, S. J., The Mobile Commerce Value Chain: Analysis and Future Developments, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2002a). Barnes, S. J., Provision of Services via the Wireless Application Protocol: A Strategic Perspective, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002b). Barnes, S. J., and S. L. Huff, Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 11 (2003). Bell, G., and J. Gemmell, A Call for the Home Media Network, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 7 (2002). Bertele, U., A. Rangone, and F. Renga, Mobile Internet: An Empirical Study of B2C WAP Applications in Italy, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Brown, I., Z. Cajee, D. Davies, and S. Stroebel, Cell Phone Banking: Predictors of Adoption in South AfricaAn Exploratory Study, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 5 (2003). Chae, M., and J. Kim, Whats So Different About the Mobile Internet? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Chae, M. H., J. W. Kim, H. Y. Kim, and R. Ryu, Information Quality for Mobile Internet Services: A Theoretical Model with Empirical Validation, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Chan, S. S., X. Fang, and J. Nrzezinski, Usability for Mobile Commerce Across Multiple Form Factors, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2002). Chanson, S. T., and T. W. Cheung, Design and Implementation of a PKI-based End-to-End Secure Infrastructure for Mobile E-Commerce, World Wide Web, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2001). Cheong, J. H., and M. Park, Mobile Internet Acceptance in Korea, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Coursaris, C., and K. Hassanein, Understanding M-Commerce: A Consumer-Centric Model, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2002). Fano, A., and A. Gershman, The Future of Business Services in the Age of Ubiquitous Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002). Frolick, M. N., and L. Chen, Assessing M-Commerce Opportunities, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004). Grudin, J., Group Dynamics and Ubiquitous Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002). Guan, S., C. S. Ngoo, and F. Zhu, Handy Broker: An Intelligent Product-Brokering Agent for M-Commerce Applications with User Preference Tracking, Electronic Commerce Researchand Applications, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2002). Herzberg, A., Payments and Banking with Mobile Personal Devices, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 5 (2003). Hung, S. Y., C. Y. Ku, and C. M. Chang, Critical Factors of WAP Services Adoption: An Empirical Study, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Imielinski, T., and J. C. Navas, GPS-Based Geographic Addressing, Routing, and Resource Discovery, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1999). Jarvenpaa, S. L., K. R. Lang, Y. Takeda, and V. K. Tuunainen, Mobile Commerce at Crossroads, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Jessup L. M., and D. Robey, The Relevance of Social Issues in Ubiquitous Computing Environments, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 12 (2002).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Ogawara S., J. C. H. Chen, and P. P. Chong, Mobile Commerce: The Future Vehicle of E-Payment in Japan? Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2002). Okazaki, S., Mobile Advertising Adoption by Multinationals: Senior Executives Initial Responses, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2005). Pagani, M., Determinants of Adoption of Third Generation Mobile Multimedia Services, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2004). Pancake, C., The Ubiquitous Beauty of User-Aware Software, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 3 (2001). Pitknen, O., M. Mntyl, M. Vlimki, and J. Kemppinen, Assessing Legal Challenges on the Mobile Internet, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Raisinghani, M. S., WAP: Transitional Technology for MCommerce, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2001). Rao, B., and L. Minakakis, Evolution of Mobile Location-Based Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003. Roussos, G., D. Peterson, and U. Patel, Mobile Identity Management: An Enacted View, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Rubin, A. D., Wireless Networking Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 5 (2003). Ruhi, U., and O. Turel, Driving Visibility, Velocity and Versatility: The Role of Mobile Technologies in Supply Chain Management, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Sarker, S., and J. D. Wells, Understanding Mobile Handheld Device Use and Adoption, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Scharl, A., A. Dickinger, and J. Murphy, Diffusion and Success Factors of Mobile Marketing, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005).

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Shin, B., and H. G. Lee, Ubiquitous Computing-Driven Business Models: A Case of SK Telecoms Financial Services, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Stafford, T. F., and M. L. Gillenson, Mobile Commerce: What It Is and What It Could Be, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Strader, T. J., and A. Inapudi, User Perceptions of Mobile and Online Channels for Purchasing Financial Products, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2004). Sun, J., Information Requirement Elicitation in Mobile Commerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Tarasewich, P., Designing Mobile Commerce Applications, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Tewari, G., J. Youll, and P. Maes, Personalized Location-Based Brokering Using an Agent-Based Intermediary Architecture, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2003). Varshney, U., R. Vetter, and F. Renga, Emerging Mobile and Wireless Networks, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 6 (2000). Venkatesh, V., V. Ramesh, and A. P. Massey, Understanding Usability in Mobile Commerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Vetter, R., The Wireless Web, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 3 (2001). Wen, H. J., and T. Gyires, The Impact of Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) on M-Commerce Security, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2002). Yuan, Y., and B. Detlor, Intelligent Mobile Crisis Response Systems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 2 (2005). Zhang, X., and V. R. Prybutok, How the Mobile Communication Markets Differ in China, the U.S., and Europe, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 3 (2005).

CHAPTER 10. DYNAMIC TRADING: E-AUCTIONS, BARTERING, AND NEGOTIATIONS

E-AUCTION AS NEGOTIATION AND DYNAMIC PRICING
Teich et al. (2001) explain that electronic auctions are designed as combining aspects of negotiations and auctions, and Strobel (2000) discusses how the Internet auction is regarded as the negotiation paradigm of electronic markets. Benyoucef et al. (2001) review the concepts and architectures of negotiation and how combinations of them are attempted in EC. Pinker et al. (2003) analyze current business and research issues in managing online auctions. Kersten and Noronha (1999) describe the design, implementation, and use of Web-based negotiation support, and Halstead and Becherer (2003) study the effect of Internet auction sellers size. Leloup and Deveaux (2001) propose a theory of dynamic pricing on the Internet and simulate its performance. Porter and Shoham (2005), derive equilibrium strategies when bidders are aware of the possibility of cheating, and Ivanova-Stenzel and Salmon (2004) present an experiment on the effect of entry fees in electronic auctions.

DESIGN OF AUCTION MECHANISMS

Cliff (2003) explores the evolutionary design of online auction market mechanisms, and Li et al. (2004) design a mechanism for coalition formation and cost sharing in group buying markets. Lin and Chou (2004) propose a mediation protocol for a bilateral multi-issue negotiation, and Bapna (2003) discusses designing the online auction mechanism to prevent snipers. Carare and Rothkopf (2005) propose a slow Dutch auction model. Chen et al. (2005) introduce efficient auction mechanisms for supply chain procurement, and Fan et al. (2003) outline a decentralized mechanism design for supply chain organizations using an auction market. Cai and Wurman (2005) model sequential, multiunit, sealed bid auctions as a sequential game with imperfect

A-50

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research and incomplete information, and Babaioff and Walsh (2005) design an auction mechanism that is incentivecompatible, budget-balanced, yet highly efficient for supply chain formation. Bapna (2002) studies the optimal design of the online auction channel with analytical, empirical, and computational insights. Fontoura et al. (2005) propose a flexible architecture of decentralized P2P auction, and Ho (2004) constructs a topology model based only on operational data without any expert knowledge of the specific auction market. Strobel (2001) demonstrates the importance of designing roles and protocols of electronic negotiations to better organize the negotiation. Terwiesch et al. (2005) present a formal model of online haggling for a name-your-own-price retailer and buyers, and Tallroth (2004) proposes continuous trading in thin private value markets through a multiple-quote double auction.

SOFTWARE AGENTS FOR AUCTION SYSTEMS

Gregg and Walczak (2003) review the existing agent technologies with regard to their effect on online auctions. Liu et al. (2000) discuss the case where a real-time multiauction is supported by a software agent, and Chkaiban and Sonderby (2000) propose the auction agent transfer protocol. Sandholm (1999) describes automated negotiation that is supported by software agents, and Lin and Chang (2001) propose a multiagent framework for automated online bargaining. Lee et al. (2000) propose a time-bound negotiation framework for EC agents, and Joshi et al. (2004) present a design for an event-trigger rule-based auction system called Intellibid. Kehagias et al. (2005) design pricing mechanisms for autonomous agents whose bids are based on bid-forecasting, and Stone and Greenwald (2005) summarize the bidding algorithms developed for the online trading agent competition held in July 2000 in Boston. Dumas et al. (2005) develop probabilistic automated bidding in multiple auctions, and Roberts and Koumpis (2005) use ontologies to support the Situation Room Analysis as an auction engine for corporate information and knowledge exchange. Vulkan and Preist (2003) present a design for automated double auction trading in agent-based markets for communication bandwidth, and Engelbrecht-Wiggans and Kahn (2005) argue for low revenue equilibriums in simultaneous ascending auctions. Gerber et al. (2003) discuss supply Web coordination by an agent-based trading network with integrated logistic services, which is called CASA.

PERFORMANCE OF AUCTIONS
Katok and Roth (2004) use experiments to compare Dutch auctions of homogeneous goods with increasing returns, and Easley and Tenorio (2004) evaluate the performance of jump bidding strategies in Internet auctions. Heyman et al. (2004) develop experiments on the effect of opponents and quasi-endowment on product valuations in auctions, and Mllenberg (2004) studies the attitude, motives, and behaviors of Internet auction customers through empirical means. Baker (2002) proposes a framework for estimating the benefits of using auctions in revenue management, and Rafaeli and Noy (2002) simulate and experiment on the effect of social facilitation by online auction. Standifird (2002) studies the importance of reputation type by comparing the closing price of three online auction sites: CNET, eBay, and Amazon.com. Bapna et al. (2004) present empirical results analyzing the impact of user heterogeneity on electronic auction market design.

APPLICATION OF AUCTIONS
Wang et al. (2002) study the online auction sites in Taiwan in terms of products, auction rules, and trading types, and Zimmerman et al. (1999) propose a Web-based platform for experimental investigation of an electric power auction. For the management of grid and network computing architecture, Bhargava and Sundaresan (2004) propose a contingent bid auction to manage availability, commitment, and pricing, and Afche and Mendelson (2004) devise a general structure that augments pricing and priority auction in the queuing system. Hann and Terwiesch (2003) measure the frictional costs of online transactions for the case of the name-your-own-price channel, and Spann et al. (2004) also measure willingness-to-pay. Bruce et al. (2004) investigate seller rating, price, and default in online auctions theoretically and empirically, and Blecker et al. (2004) discuss auction-based variety formation and steering for mass customization. Tucker and Massad (2004) examine the effect of Buy-It-Now pricing in online auctions, and Kauffman and Wood (2005) examine the effect of reserve price shilling on final bid prices in online auctions based on 10,260 eBay auctions. Townsend and Bennett (2003) describe living and bidding in an auction economy, and Jeong et al. (2003) suggest a framework of intelligent cyber logistics using reverse auctions.

COMPLEX AUCTIONS
Bichler (2000) analyzes the performance of multiattribute auctions in an experimental setting, and Bapna et al. (2001) compare the performance of Vickreys second-price auction with the performance of traditional English-auction mechanisms for a multi-item online auction setting. Gnlk et al.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research (2005) identify the Branch-and-Price algorithm and new test problems for combinatorial auctions like the spectrum auction. Sandholm (2000) presents a winner determination method designed for combinatorial auctions, and Pekec and Rothkopf (2003) discuss the design of combinatorial auctions from the perspective of computa tional complexity of winner determination and cooperation among competitors. Ono et al. (2003) propose an algorithm to reduce the computational complexity of winner determination for a combinatorial ascending auction where the bidding agents could place a bid for a combination of items at an arbitrary time via the Internet. Kelly (2000) proposes a combinatorial auction procedure with multiple winners, named PAUSE, for the assignment of universal service, and Sandholm et al. (2005) propose a fast optimal algorithm for winner determination of combinatorial auction, named CABOB, and compares it with the CPLEX algorithm. Teich et al. (1999b) design an algorithm for a multi-unit auction for Web implementation and Kothari et al. (2005) present an approximately efficient and approximately strategy-proof auction mechanism for a single-good multiunit allocation problem. Iwasaki et al. (2005) present a robust open ascending-price multiunit auction protocol for use against fictitious name bids, and Hkmies et al. (2003) compare the traditional English clock auction with the Web-based auction in a multiple unit environment. Teich et al. (1999a) develop simple multiple-issue algorithms and heuristics for the electronic auction. Kwasnica et al. (2005) present a design for multiobjective auctions and evaluate its performance using experimental means, and Mishra et al. (2005) evaluate the performance of two multiobjective auctions (sequential and simultaneous). Parkes and Kalagnanam (2005) design models for iterative multiattribute procurement auctions. Beil and Wein (2003) construct an inverse-optimization-based auction mechanism to support a multiattribute RFQ process. Bansal and Garg (2005) propose simultaneous independent online auctions with discrete bid increments, and Kwon et al. (2005) propose iterative combinatorial auctions with bidder-determined combinations. Wurman et al. (2004) analyze price trajectories in combinatorial auctions with proxy bidding, and Yokoo et al. (2005) propose a robust double auction protocol against fictitious name bids.

A-51

BIDDER BEHAVIOR
Stafford and Stern (2002) study consumer bidding behavior on Internet auction sites and the reasons why consumers use auction sites like eBay, and Standifird et al. (2004) evaluate the impact of eBays Buy-It-Now function on bidder behavior. Hayne et al. (2003) empirically analyze the behavior of the bidder who wins the auction on eBay, and Ward and Clark (2002) present a particular study based on an eBay Pokmon card market case. Womseok (2002) compares the winners curse in two types of electronic auctions: C2C and B2C. Carr (2003) discusses how the costly bid evaluation is regarded as a factor in an unsuccessful bid, and Snir and Hitt (2003) present and analyze a theoretical model of costly bidding in online markets for software development services. Reeves et al. (2005) explore bidding strategies for market-based scheduling with the case of separate, simultaneous markets for individual time slots, and Bapna et al. (2003) demonstrate a simulation platform to replicate online Yankee auctions and analyze auctioneers and bidders strategies. Burmester et al. (2004) apply the notion of uncoercibility, which was introduced in e-voting systems to deal with the coercion of voters, to e-bidding games, and Kitts and Leblanc (2004) use pay-per-click auctions to sell positions in a search engine, with a trading agent designed to create a look-ahead plan of its desired bids. Ding et al. (2005) use an experiment to study and analyze emotional bidders behavior in a Priceline-like reverse auction. Vishwanath (2004) empirically explores the use of heuristics and information cues by bidders in online auctions, and Deltas and Engelbrecht-Wiggans (2005) present an equilibrium explanation for the persistence of nave bidding. Dholakia (2005) analyzes the usefulness of bidders reputation ratings to sellers in online auctions, and Kittsteiner and Moldovanu (2005) analyze the priority auctions and queue disciplines that depend on processing time. Elmaghraby (2003) highlights the importance of ordering in sequential auctions, and Cliff (2003) uses a genetic algorithm to find optimal parameter values for trading agents that operate in virtual online auctions.

SECURITY IN E-AUCTIONS
Liao and Hwang (2001) propose a fair and privacy-preserved protocol for sealed-bid auctions, and Wang et al. (2001) propose a designing mechanism for e-commerce security with an example from sealed-bid auctions. Ba et al. (2003) present a cryptographic protocol with a semitrusted auctioneer that satisfies various requirements of fairness and privacy.

A-52

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

REFERENCES
Afche, P., and H. Mendelson, Pricing and Priority Auctions in Queueing Systems with a Generalized Delay Cost Structure, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 7 (2004). Ba, S., A. B. Whinston, and H. Zhang, Building Trust in Online Auction Markets Through an Economic Incentive Mechanisms, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 35, No. 3 (2003). Babaioff, M., and W. E. Walsh, Incentive-Compatible, BudgetBalanced, Yet Highly Efficient Auctions for Supply Chain Formation, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 1 (2005). Baker, T., A Framework for Estimating Benefits of Using Auctions in Revenue Management, Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2002). Bansal, V., and R. Garg, Simultaneous Independent Online Auctions with Discrete Bid Increments, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005). Bapna, R., Optimal Design of the Online Auction Channel: Analytical, Empirical, and Computational Insights, Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4 (2002). Bapna, R., When Snipers Become Predators: Can Mechanism Design Save Online Auctions? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Bapna, R., P. Goes, and A. Gupta, Comparative Analysis in Multi-item Online Auctions: Evidence from the Laboratory, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2001). Bapna, R., P. Goes, and A. Gupta, Replicating Online Yankee Auctions to Analyze Auctioneers and Bidders Strategies, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2003). Bapna, R., P. Goes, A. Gupta, and Y. Jin, User Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Electronic Auction Market Design: An Empirical Exploration, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2004). Beil, D. R., and L. M. Wein, An Inverse-Optimization-Based Auction Mechanism to Support a Multiattribute RFQ Process, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Benyoucef, M., H. Alj, M. Vezeau, and R. K. Keller, Combined Negotiations in E-Commerce: Concepts and Architecture, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2001). Bhargava, H. K., and S. Sundaresan, Computing as Utility: Managing Availability, Commitment, and Pricing Through Contingent Bid Auctions, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004). Bichler, M., An Experimental Analysis of Multi-Attribute Auctions, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 29, No. 3 (2000). Blecker, T., N. Abdelkafi, G. Kreutler, and B. Kaluza, AuctionBased Variety Formation and Steering for Mass Customization, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). Bruce, N., E. Haruvy, and R. Rao, Seller Rating, Price, and Default in Online Auctions, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004). Burmester, M., E. Magkos, and V. Chrissikopoulos, Uncoercible E-Bidding Games, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Cai, G., and P. R. Wurman, Monte Carlo Approximation in Incomplete Information, Sequential Auction Games, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2005). Carare, O., and M. Rothkopf, Slow Dutch Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Carr, S. M., Note on Online Auctions with Costly Bid Evaluation, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Chen, R. R., R. O. Roundy, R. Q. Zhang, and G. Janakiraman, Efficient Auction Mechanisms for Supply Chain Procurement, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Chkaiban, G., and M. Sonderby, AATP: Auction Agent Transfer Protocol, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Cliff, D., Explorations in Evolutionary Design of Online Auction Market Mechanisms, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Deltas, G., and R. Engelbrecht-Wiggans, Naive Bidding, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Dholakia, U. M., The Usefulness of Bidders Reputation Ratings to Sellers in Online Auctions, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2005). Ding, M., J. Eliashberg, J. Huber, and R. Saini, Emotional BiddersAn Analytical and Experimental Examination of Consumers Behavior in a Priceline-Like Reverse Auction, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Dumas, M., L. Aldred, G. Governatori, and A. H. M. ter Hofstede, Probabilistic Automated Bidding in Multiple Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005). Easley, R. F., and R. Tenorio, Jump Bidding Strategies in Internet Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 10 (2004). Elmaghraby, W., The Importance of Ordering in Sequential Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 5 (2003). Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R., and C. M. Kahn, Low-revenue Equilibria in Simultaneous Ascending-bid Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Fan, M., J. Stallaert, and A. B. Whinston, Decentralized Mechanism Design for Supply Chain Organizations Using an Auction Market, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2003). Fontoura, M., M. Ionescu, and N. Minsky, Decentralized Peerto-Peer Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005). Gerber, A., C. Russ, and M. Klusch, Supply Web Co-Ordination by an Agent-Based Trading Network with Integrated Logistics Services, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Gregg, D. G., and S. Walczak, E-Commerce Auction Agents and Online-Auction Dynamics, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Gnlk, O., L. Ladnyi, and S. de Vries, A Branch-and-Price Algorithm and New Test Problems for Spectrum Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Hkmies, M., J. E. Teich, H. Wallenius, and J. Wallenius, An Experimental Comparison of a Traditional English Clock Auction and a Web-Based Auction in a Multiple Unit Environment, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Halstead, D., and R. C. Becherer, Internet Auction Sellers: Does Size Really Matter? Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2003). Hann, I. H., and C. Terwiesch, Measuring the Frictional Costs of Online Transactions: The Case of a Name-YourOwn-Price Channel, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Hayne, S. C., C. A. P. Smith, and L. R. Vijayasarathy, Who Wins on eBay: An Analysis of Bidders and Their Bid Behaviours, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Heyman, J. E., Y. Orhun, and D. Ariely, Auction Fever: The Effect of Opponents and Quasi-Endowment on Product Valuations, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004). Ho, J. K., Topological Analysis of Online Auction Markets, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Ivanova-Stenzel, R., and T. C. Salmon, Entry Fees and Endogenous Entry in Electronic Auctions, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). Iwasaki, A., M. Yokoo, and K. Terada, A Robust Open Ascending-Price Multi-Unit Auction Protocol Against FalseName Bids, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 1 (2005). Jeong, W. S., S. G. Han, and G. S. Jo, Intelligent Cyber Logistics Using Reverse Auction in Electronic Commerce, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Joshi, N., K. Thakore, and S. Y. W. Su, IntelliBid: An EventTrigger-Rule-Based Auction System over the Internet, World Wide Web, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2004). Katok, E., and A. E. Roth, Auctions of Homogeneous Goods with Increasing Returns: Experimental Comparison of Alternative Dutch Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 8 (2004). Kauffman, R. J., and C. A. Wood, The Effects of Shilling on Final Bid Prices in Online Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Kehagias, D. D., A. L. Symeonidis, and P. A. Mitkas, Designing Pricing Mechanisms for Autonomous Agents Based on BidForecasting, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Kelly, F., A Combinatorial Auction with Multiple Winners for Universal Service, Management Science, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2000). Kersten, G. E., and S. J. Noronha, WWW-Based Negotiation Support: Design, Implementation, and Use, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1999). Kitts, B., and B. Leblanc, Optimal Bidding on Keyword Auctions, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). Kittsteiner, T., and B. Moldovanu, Priority Auctions and Queue Disciplines That Depend on Processing Time, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 2 (2005). Kothari, A., D. C. Parkes, and S. Suri, ApproximatelyStrategyproof and Tractable Multiunit Auctions, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 1 (2005). Kwasnica, A. M., J. O. Ledyard, D. Porter, and C. DeMartini, A New and Improved Design for Multiobject Iterative Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Kwon, R. H., G. Anandalingam, and L. H. Ungar, Iterative Combinatorial Auctions with Bidder-Determined Combinations, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Lee, K. J., Y. S. Jang, and J. K. Lee, Time Bound Negotiation Framework for Electronic Commerce Agents, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2000). Leloup, B., and L. Deveaux, Dynamic Pricing on the Internet: Theory and Simulations, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2001). Li, C., S. Chawla, U. Rajan, and K. Sycara, Mechanism Design for Coalition Formation and Cost Sharing in Group-Buying Markets, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Liao, G., and J. J. Hwang, A Fair and Privacy-Preserved Protocol for Sealed-Bid Auctions, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Lin, F., and K. Y. Chang, A Multiagent Framework for Automated Online Bargaining, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2001). Lin, R. J., and S-C. T. Chou, Mediating a Bilateral Multi-Issue Negotiation, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Liu, H., S. Wang, and F. Teng, Real-Time Multi-Auctions and the Agent-Support, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 4 (2000).

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Mishra, D., S. S. Reddy, and D. Veeramani, Performance Evaluation of Multi-Object Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005). Mllenberg, A., Internet Auctions in Marketing: The Consumer Perspective, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Ono, C., S. Nishiyama, and H. Horiuchi, Reducing Complexity in Winner Determination for Ascending Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Parkes, D. C., and J. Kalagnanam, Models for Iterative Multiattribute Procurement Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Pekec, A., and M. H. Rothkopf, Combinatorial Auction Design, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Pinker, E. J., A. Seidmann, and Y. Vakrat, Managing Online Auctions: Current Business and Research Issues, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Porter, R., and Y. Shoham, On Cheating in Sealed-Bid Auctions, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 1 (2005). Rafaeli, S., and A. Noy, Online Auctions, Messaging, Communication and Social Facilitation: A Simulation and Experimental Evidence, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2002). Reeves, D. M., M. P. Wellman, J. K. MacKie-Mason, and A. Osepayshvili, Exploring Bidding Strategies for Market-Based Scheduling, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 1 (2005). Roberts, B., and A. Koumpis, Use of Ontologies to Support the Situation Room Metaphor as an Auction Engine for Corporate Information and Knowledge Exchange, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Sandholm, T., Approaches to Winner Determination in Combinatorial Auctions, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 28, No. 12 (2000). Sandholm, T., Automated Negotiation, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 3 (1999). Sandholm, T., S. Suri, A. Gilpin, and D. Levine, CABOB: A Fast Optimal Algorithm for Winner Determination in Combinatorial Auctions, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Snir, E. M., and L. M. Hitt, Costly Bidding in Online Markets for IT Services, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 11 (2003). Spann, M., B. Skiera, and B. Schfers, Measuring Individual Frictional Costs and Willingness-to-Pay via Name-YourOwn-Price Mechanisms, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2004). Stafford, M. R., and B. Stern, Consumer Bidding Behavior on Internet Auction Sites, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2002). Standifird, S. S., Online Auctions and the Importance of Reputation Type, Electronic Markets, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2002). Standifird, S. S., M. R. Roelofs, and Y. Durham, The Impact of eBays Buy-It-Now Function on Bidder Behavior, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2004). Stone, P., and A. Greenwald, The First International Trading Agent Competition: Autonomous Bidding Agents, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005). Strobel, M., Design of Roles and Protocols for Electronic Negotiations, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2001). Strobel, M., On Auctions as the Negotiation Paradigm of Electronic Markets, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Vulkan, N., and C. Preist, Automated Trading in Agent-Based Markets for Communication Bandwidth, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2003). Wang, K.,T. G. Eric, and C.Tai, A Study of Online Auction Sites in Taiwan: Product, Auction Rule, and Trading Type, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2002). Wang, W., Z. Hidvegi, and A. B. Whinston, Designing Mechanisms for E-Commerce Security: An Example from Sealed-bid Auctions, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2001). Ward, S. G., and J. M. Clark, Bidding Behavior in Online Auctions: An Examination of the eBay Pokmon Card Market, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Womseok, O., C2C Versus B2C: A Comparison of the Winners Curse in Two Types of Electronic Auctions, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 4 (2002). Wurman, P. R., J. Zhong, and G. Cai, Computing Price Trajectories in Combinatorial Auctions with Proxy Bidding, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Yokoo, M., Y. Sakurai, and S. Matsubara, Robust Double Auction Protocol Against False-Name Bids, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 2 (2005). Zimmerman, R. D., R. J. Thomas, D. Gan, and C. Murillo-Sanchez, A Web-Based Platform for Experimental Investigation of Electronic Power Auctions, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 24, No. 34 (1999).

Tallroth, E., Continuous Trading in Thin Private Value Markets: The Multiple-Quote Double Auction, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004). Teich, J., H. Wallenius, and J. Wallenius, Multiple-Issue Auction and Market Algorithms for the World Wide Web, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1999a). Teich, J., H. Wallenius, J. Wallenius, and A. Zaitsev, A Multiple Unit Auction Algorithm: Some Theory and a Web Implementation, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1999b). Teich, J., H. Wallenius, J. Wallenius, and A. Zaitsev, Designing Electronic Auctions: An Internet-Based Hybrid Procedure Combining Aspects of Negotiations and Auctions, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2001). Terwiesch, C., S. Savin, and I. H. Hann, Online Haggling at a Name-Your-Own-Price Retailer: Theory and Application, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Townsend, A. M., and J. T. Bennett, Viewpoint: Living and Bidding in an Auction Economy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Tucker, J. M., and V. J. Massad, Effect of Buyer and Seller Experience on Buy-It-Now Pricing, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Vishwanath, A., An Empirical Investigation into the Use of Heuristics and Information Cues by Bidders in Online Auctions, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004).

CHAPTER 11. E-COMMERCE SECURITY

IMPERATIVES OF EC SECURITY AND METHODOLOGIES
Cavusoglu et al. (2004) study the effect of Internet security breach announcements on market value using the case of capital markets and propose a model for evaluating investment in IT security. Nugent and Raisinghani (2002) discuss important issues and drivers of IT and telecommunication security imperatives, and Furnell and Karweni (1999) survey security implications of EC to consumers and businesses. Whitman (2003) discusses a methodology of information security, and Kankanhalli et al. (2003) study information systems security effectiveness from an integrative perspective. Kotulic and Clark (2004) propose a conceptual model of security risk management, and Whitman (2004) identifies the threats to information security and ranks the current threats such as virus, worms, hackers, and employee abuse and misuse. Kim and Leem (2005) describe the risks and safeguards of the Internet-based instant messenger, and Stubblefield et al. (2005) discuss the Web security requirements and present a solution for managing performance impact. Khalfan (2004) studies information security in IS/IT outsourcing using a case study of two sectors, and Keller et al. (2005) describe the information security threat and practices in small businesses. Jung et al. (2001) study security threats to the Internet across four industries in Korea, and Evans and Furnell (2000) investigate Internet-based security incidents and the potential for false alarms. Loew et al. (1999) present the security aspects of enterprise-wide network architecture, and Grazioli and Jarvenpaa (2003) investigate the deceptive tactics available on the Internet and factors that make them likely to be adopted by either businesses or consumers.

EC SECURITY DESIGN
Hsieh and Tseng (2004) present perceptual digital watermarking for image authentication in e-commerce, and Rhrig and Knorr (2004) introduce a method named POSeM for security analysis of e-business processes. Onieva et al. (2004) propose agent-mediated nonrepudiation protocols, and Koch and Mslein (2005) argue for the need for global identity management in e-commerce and collaboration. Perrig et al. (2004) review the state of the art of security in wireless sensor networks and suggest a future direction of research, and Pietro and Mancini (2003) discuss security and privacy issues of handheld and wearable wireless devices. Guan and Yang (2004) propose a scheme named Secure Agent Data Integrity Shield for the security of mobile agents.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Chin (1999) describes methods for establishing confidence design for security, and Yau et al. (2003) illustrate a secure infrastructure for e-course delivery. Mercuri (2003) applies the cost-benefit analysis to the assessment of computer-related risks. Blundo et al. (2005) present a protocol of secure e-coupons, and Bailes and Templeton (2004) discuss security policy for P2P.

A-55

PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE AND DIGITAL SIGNATURES

Fernandes (2001) presents an overview of the concept of using public key infrastructure (PKI) for risk management and digital signatures, and Backhouse et al. (2003) discuss four schemes for PKI interoperability. Basden et al. (2001) apply a knowledge-based system for modeling trust in the certificate authority of PKI infrastructure. Kuechler and Grupe (2003) review digital signatures from a business view, and Hassler and Biely (1999) describe the digital signature project STIZZA in Austria. Fan and Chen (2001) present an efficient blind signature scheme for hiding information, and Juang et al. (2002) propose privacy and anonymity protection with blind threshold signatures. Oppliger (2004) presents certified mail as the next challenge for secure messaging.

AUTHENTICATION AND DIGITAL CERTIFICATES

Basu and Muylle (2003) review authentication in e-commerce, and Shiralkar and Vijayaraman (2003) review the trend of applying digital signatures in e-business. Chang et al. (2002) propose using public key infrastructure for an open authentication model that supports EC in distributed computing, and Tan et al. (2002) propose using a shared-secret scheme for group access control of confidential files in EC management. Zviran and Haga (1999) study characteristics of real-life passwords and their usage through empirical means, and Cho et al. (2000) discover the pattern of Web-based keystroke dynamics using neural networks for identity verification. Hu (2003) presents trusted agent-mediated EC transaction services that are designed via digital certificate management. To enable innovative document management, Gupta et al. (2004) propose a modified electronic signature process using partial document ownership, soft signatures, and hard signatures.

INTRUSION DETECTION AND FIREWALLS

Goan (1999) surveys the field of intrusion detection systems and describes an approach, and Durst et al. (1999) test and evaluate computer intrusion detection systems. Cavusoglu et al. (2005) assess the value of intrusion detection systems in IT security architecture, and Essmayr et al. (2004) present a security mechanism using role-based access control. Zhu et al. (2001) compare data mining methods for network intrusion detection. Maier (2000) describes methods of ensuring extranet security and performance, and Frolick (2003) explores a new Webmasters guide to firewalls and security.

TRUST AND SECURITY

Klang (2001) elaborates on trust in international trade, and Ruppel et al. (2003) examines the role of trust and security in different types of EC relationships. Suh and Han (2003) survey the impact of customer trust and perception of security control on the acceptance of EC by Internet bank users.

REFERENCES
Backhouse, J., C. Hsu, and A. McDonnell, Toward Public-Key Infrastructure Interoperability, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Bailes, J. E., and G. F. Templeton, Managing P2P Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 9 (2004). Basden, A., E. Bell, and D.W. Chadwick, Knowledge Issues Raised in Modeling Trust in a Public Key Infrastructure, Expert Systems, Vol. 18, No. 5 (2001). Basu, A., and S. Muylle, Authentication in E-Commerce, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Blundo, C., S. Cimato, and A. De Bonis, Secure E-Coupons, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005). Cavusoglu, H., B. Mishra, and S. Raghunathan, A Model for Evaluating IT Security Investments, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2004). Cavusoglu, H., B. Mishra, and S. Raghunathan, The Value of Intrusion Detection Systems in Information Technology Security Architecture, Information Systems Research, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2005). Chang, K. A., B. R. Lee, and T. Y. Kim, Open Authentication Model Supporting Electronic Commerce in Distributed Computing, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Chin, S. K., High-Confidence Design for Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 7 (1999). Cho, S., C. Han, D. H. Han, and H. I. Kim, Web-Based Keystroke Dynamics Identity Verification Using Neural Network, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Durst, R., T. Champion, B. Witten, Testing and Evaluating Computer Intrusion Detection Systems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 7 (1999).

A-56

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Klang, M., Who Do You Trust? Beyond Encryption, Secure E-Business, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2001). Koch, M., and K. M. Mslein, Identities Management for E-Commerce and Collaboration Applications, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2005). Kotulic, A. G., and J. G. Clark, Why There Arent More Information Security Research Studies, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Kuechler, W., and F. H. Grupe, Digital Signatures: A Business View, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Loew, R., I. Stengel, U. Bleimann, and A. McDonald, Security Aspects of an Enterprise-Wide Network Architecture, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1999). Maier, P. Q., Ensuring Extranet Security and Performance, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2000). Mercuri, R. T., Analyzing Security Costs, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003). Nugent, J. H., and M. S. Raisinghani, The Information Technology and Telecommunications Security Imperative: Important Issues and Drivers, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2002). Onieva, J. A., J. Zhou, J. Lopez, and M. Carbonell, Agent-Mediated Non-Repudiation Protocols, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Oppliger, R., Certified Mail: The Next Challenge for Secure Messaging, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 8 (2004). Perrig, A., J. Stankovic, and D. Wagner, Security in Wireless Sensor Networks, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2004). Pietro, R. D., and L. V. Mancini, Security and Privacy Issues of Handheld and Wearable Wireless Devices, Communication of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Rhrig, S., and K. Knorr, Security Analysis of Electronic Business Processes, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Ruppel, C., L. Underwood-Queen, S. Harrington, E-Commerce: The Roles of Trust, Security, and Type of E-Commerce Involvement, e-Service Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Shiralkar, P., and B. S. Vijayaraman, Digital Signature: Application Development Trends in E-Business, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003). Stubblefield, A., A. D. Rubin, and D. S. Wallach, Managing the Performance Impact of Web Security, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005). Suh, B., and I. Han, The Impact of Customer Trust and Perception of Security Control on the Acceptance of Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2003). Tan, E. C., P. C. Leong, and L. T. Sio, Group-Access Control of Confidential Files in E-Commerce Management Using Shared-Secret Scheme, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Whitman, M. E., Enemy at the Gate: Threats to Information Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 8 (2003). Whitman, M. E., In Defense of the Realm: Understanding the Threats to Information Security, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Yau, J., L. Hui, B. Cheung, and S. M. Yiu, ECX: A Secure Infrastructure for E-Course Delivery, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003).

Essmayr, W., S. Probst, and E. Weippl, Role-Based Access Controls: Status, Dissemination, and Prospects for Generic Security Mechanisms, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Evans, M. P., and S. M. Furnell, Internet-Based Security Incidents and the Potential for False Alarms, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Fan, C., and W. Chen, An Efficient Blind Signature Scheme for Information Hiding, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2001). Fernandes, A. D., Risking Trust in a Public Key Infrastructure: Old Techniques of Managing Risk Applied to New Technology, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2001). Frolick, M. N., A New Webmasters Guide to Firewalls and Security, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Furnell, S. M., and T. Karweni, Security Implications of Electronic Commerce: A Survey of Consumers and Businesses, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 5 (1999). Goan, T., A Cop on the Beat: Collecting and Appraising Intrusive Evidence, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 7 (1999). Grazioli, S. and S. L. Jarvenpaa, Consumer and Business Deception on the Internet: Content Analysis of Documentary Evidence, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2003). Guan, S., and Y. Yang, Secure Agent Data Integrity Shield, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Gupta, A., Y. A. Tung, and J. R. Marsden, Digital Signature: Use and Modification to Achieve Success in Next Generational E-Business Processes, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Hassler, V., and H. Biely, Digital Signature Management, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1999). Hsieh, M., and D. Tseng, Perceptual Digital Watermarking for Image Authentication in Electronic Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Hu, Y., Trusted Agent-Mediated E-Commerce Transaction Services via Digital Certificate Management, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 34 (2003). Juang, W., C. Lei, and H. Liaw, Privacy and Anonymity Protection with Blind Threshold Signatures, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Jung, B., I. Han, and S. Lee, Security Threats to Internet: A Korean Multi-Industry Investigation, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 8 (2001). Kankanhalli, A., H. Teo, B. Tan, An Integrative Study of Information Systems Security Effectiveness, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 2 (2003). Keller, S., A. Powell, B. Horstmann, C. Predmore, and M. Crawford, Information Security Threats and Practices in Small Businesses, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2005). Khalfan, A. M., Information Security Considerations in IS/IT Outsourcing Projects: A Descriptive Case Study of Two Sectors, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Kim, S., and C. S. Leem, Security of the Internet-Based Instant Messenger: Risks and Safeguards, Internet Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Zhu, D., G. Premkumar, X. Zhang, and C. H. Chu, Data Mining for Network Intrusion Detection: A Comparison of Alternative Methods, Decision Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 4 (2001).

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Zviran, M., and W. J. Haga, Password Security: An Empirical Study, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 4 (1999).

CHAPTER 12. ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS

E-PAYMENT SYSTEMS
Ureche and Plamondon (2000) survey the state of the art of the digital payment systems for Internet commerce, and Peha and Khamitov (2004) design a kind of electronic coin, PayCash, to offer strong security and privacy protection. Chau and Poon (2003) describe how the transportation card Octopus in Hong Kong has evolved into a successful e-cash payment system. Khiaonarong (2000) reviews the development of e-payment systems in Thailand. Rennhard et al. (2004) suggest a secure pseudonymous e-payment scheme in place of the use of credit cards to protect privacy, and Juang (2005) proposes a practical anonymous off-line multiauthority payment scheme. Jin et al. (2002) present research on WAP clients to demonstrate an architecture that supports SET payment protocol, and Zhu (2002) examines security control in interbank fund transfers. For mobile payment systems, see Chapter 9.

MICROPAYMENTS
Papaefstathiou and Manifavas (2004) identify the cost factors of micropayment transactions and propose ways to minimize them, and Baddeley (2004) outlines the economic implications of micropayment systems. Westland (2002) surveys preferences of merchants and customers on cash, near cash, and e-cash, and Stalder (2002) notes the failures and successes in the development of electronic cash. Wang et al. (2002) propose a new micropayment system using a general payword chain.

SMART CARD IN E-PAYMENTS

Shelfer and Procaccino (2002) review the evolution of smart cards, and Truman et al. (2003) present an empirical study on the acceptance of smart card technology. Turban and Brahm (2000) discuss smartcard-based payment systems in the transportation industry, and Chan et al. (2001) apply the Web-enabled framework for smart card application to health services. Hove (2001) reports on a disappointing New York City experience.

REFERENCES
Baddeley, M., Using E-Cash in the New Economy: An Economic Analysis of Micropayment Systems, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2004). Chan, A., J. Cao, H. Chan, and G. Young, A Web-Enabled Framework for Smart Card Application in Health Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 9 (2001). Chau, P. Y. K., and S. Poon, Octopus: An E-Cash Payment System Success Story, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Hove, L. V., The New York City Smart Card Trial in Perspective: A Research Note, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2001). Jin, L., S. Ren, L. Feng, and G. Z. Hua, Research on WAP Clients: Supports Set Payment Protocol, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2002). Juang, W., A Practical Anonymous Off-Line Multi-Authority Payment Scheme, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Khiaonarong, T., Electronic Payment Systems Development in Thailand, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2000). Papaefstathiou, I., and C. Manifavas, Evaluation of Micropayment Transaction Costs, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2004). Peha, J. M., and I. M. Khamitov, PayCash: A Secure Efficient Internet Payment System, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Rennhard, M., S. Rafaeli, L. Mathy, B. Plattner, and D. Hutchison, Towards Pseudonymous E-Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Shelfer, K. M., and J. D. Procaccino, Smart Card Evolution, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 7 (2002). Stalder, F., Failures and Successes: Notes on the Development of Electronic Cash, The Information Society, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2002).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Wang, C., C. Chang, and C. Lin, A New Micro-Payment System Using General Payword Chain, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Westland, J. C., Preference Ordering Cash, Near Cash, and Electronic Cash, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Zhu, D., Security Control in Inter-Bank Fund Transfer, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2002).

Truman, G. E., K. Sandoeb, and T. Rifkin, An Empirical Study of Smart Card Technology, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 6 (2003). Turban, E., and J. Brahm, Smart Card-Based Electronic Card Payment Systems in the Transportation Industry, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Ureche, O., and R. Plamondon, Digital Payment Systems for Internet Commerce: The State of the Art, World Wide Web, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2000).

CHAPTER 13. ORDER FULFILLMENT, eCRM, AND OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES

ORDER FULFILLMENT FOR EC
Choi, et al. (2004) present a design for an agent that can select the optimal order set in the e-marketplace, and Tang et al. (2004) discuss a framework and methodologies about dispute handling in e-commerce transactions.

APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS

Although ASPs are not a unique issue in EC, many EC systems are implemented using an outside ASP platform. Therefore, the literature on ASPs can be useful for EC implementation. Dewire (2000) describes the benefit of an ASP, and Susarla et al. (2003) analyze satisfaction with ASP services through an empirical analysis. To evaluate the role of application service, Currie and Seltsikas (2001) explore the supply side of IT outsourcing, and Chiou (2004) surveys the antecedents of consumer loyalty toward Internet service providers. Desai and Currie (2005) propose a conceptual framework for mapping the ASP e-business model, and Walsh (2003) analyzes the technology, economies, and strategies of ASP. Smith and Kumar (2004) study a theory of ASP adoption from the clients perspective, and Jayatilaka et al. (2003) study determinants of ASP choice from an integrated perspective. Magin et al. (2003) study the impact of brand personality on customer loyalty in Internet service providers.

CONTENT MANAGEMENT
Gallaugher et al. (2001) investigate revenue streams of digital content providers using empirical analysis, and Evans et al. (1999) present strategies for content migration on the Web. Koppius et al. (2004) uses empirical analysis to study the importance of online product representation for e-markets, and Proctor et al. (2003) discuss the content preparation and management for e-commerce Web sites. Manvi and Venkataram (2005) simulate the benefit of intelligent product information presentation in e-commerce, and Mohanty and Bhasker (2005) use a fuzzy approach to classify products in the Internet business. Vyasamoorthy (2004) uses integrative document and content management as strategies for exploiting enterprise knowledge, and Frank and Gardoni (2005) propose information content management with shared ontologies. Lee et al. (2004a) discuss an interactive visual interface for online product catalogs.

SEARCH ENGINES AND PORTALS

Shang and Li (2002) evaluate the precision of search engines, and Rowley (2000) discusses how shopping bots support product searching. Tung et al. (2003) present the results of an empirical investigation into Web navigation tools that rely on hypertext. Pontelli and Son (2003) design an intelligent agent to improve the accessibility of e-commerce applications and Web sites for visually impaired individuals with the agent-assisted navigation of the complex HTML documents. Kuo et al. (2004) investigate effortaccuracy tradeoff and the impact of self-efficacy on Web searching behavior. Raisinghani (2005) describes the future of search engine technology, and Chung and Tan (2004) explore the antecedents of perceived playfulness on the general information searching Web sites. Campbell et al. (2005) examine the impact of reduced search costs on prices of commodity products in e-marketplaces. Sproule and Archer (2000) propose using a decision support approach for knowledge agents for search and choice support in EC, and Pitkow et al. (2002) propose the notion of contextually computing for the personalized search.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Menczer (2003) proposes complementing search engines with Web mining agents, and Yang et al. (2000) build an intelligent Internet-searching agent using the hybrid simulated annealing technique. Fan et al. (2005) use genetic programming to discover the ranking functions in effective Web searches, and Turetken and Sharda (2004) develop a Fisheye-based information search processing aid for managing information overload in the Web environment. Chan and Chong (2004) devise an unsupervised clustering model to classify a nontextual Web document, and Guan and Wong (2003) describe how Nstar adopted a novel model of sample-based mining to retrieve information from the Web. Du et al. (2005) apply mobile search agents for the brokering service in the e-marketplace, and Guan and Yang (2004) propose a mobile agent data integrity protection scheme. Dewan et al. (2004) analyze the evidence that Web portals are concentrated, and Telang et al. (2004) offer a comparative study of the market structure for Internet search engines. Benbya et al. (2004) use the corporate portal as a tool for knowledge management synchronization, and Telang and Mukhopadhyay (2005) investigate the drivers of Web portal use: frequency of use, length of visits, and repeat use. Smith (2004) discusses the necessity of interoperability in portals, and Chae and Lee (2005) describe a case of transforming an online portal site into a playground of Netizen, using the case of NHN in Korea.

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CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN EC

Bygstad (2003) discusses the implementation puzzle of CRM systems in knowledge-based organizations, and Negash et al. (2003) investigate quality and effectiveness in Web-based customer support systems. Schoder and Madeja (2004) use 469 cases to empirically prove the impact of CRM on e-commerce, and Ross (2005) discusses eCRM as a major component of supply chain management. Du Plessis and Boon (2004) use a South African case study to discuss the importance of knowledge management in e-business and CRM, and Romano and Fjermestad (2001) investigate the status and maturity of eCRM through an exhaustive literature review of 369 articles. Schoder and Madeja (2004) present an empirical analysis on whether CRM is a critical success factor in EC, especially for B2C and small companies. Chen and Hitt (2002) study the determinants of customer retention in EC for the online brokerage industry, Nemzow (1999) discusses EC stickiness for customer retention, and Wiegran and Koth (1999) discuss customer retention in online retail. Pfeifer and Farris (2004) develop CRM methods for determining the percentage increase in expected customer lifetime value due to increased retention, and Vatanasombut et al. (2004) survey the factors that influence customer retention for a banks online services.

DATA MINING IN CRM AND PERSONALIZATION

Padmanabhan and Tuzhilin (2003) discuss the use of optimization for data mining in CRM, and Kim and Street (2004) propose an artificial neural network guided by a genetic algorithm for data mining for the purpose of targeting customers. Lin et al. (2004) use multiple agents to develop an incremental revision mechanism of recommendation rules for information services and empirically show that it achieved better satisfaction. Koh et al. (2001) present a case study of managing customer relationships through e-business decision support applications in hospital-physician collaboration, and Holland and Baker (2001) explore an e-business marketing model that capitalizes on customer participation and the likely consequence of site brand loyalty. Jukic et al. (2002) suggest database design strategy for CRM implementation. Zeng et al. (2004) propose similarity measures and instance selection for collaborative filtering, and Schilke et al. (2004) propose an approach to allow multidimensional personalization for location and interest-based recommendations. Srikumar and Bhasker (2004) demonstrate that the Internet can use the customers past profile to support product selection and offer product variants as recommendations, and Kumar et al. (2004) examine user interface features that influence overall ease of use and personalization.

OUTSOURCING EC SUPPORT SERVICES

Because outsourcing EC system development and maintenance can be regarded as part of IT outsourcing, this review describes the research on IT outsourcing. Willcocks et al. (2004) discuss a framework for evaluating knowledge potential under different sourcing arrangements, and Kishore et al. (2003) describe the importance of managing relationships in IT sourcing. Snir and Hitt (2004) conduct vendor screening in IT contracting using a pilot project, and Park and Kim (2005) examine the impact of IS sourcing type on service quality and maintenance efforts. Aubert et al. (2004) empirically test a transaction cost model of IT outsourcing based on 335 firms, and Levina and Ross (2003) explore the value of IT outsourcing from the vendors perspective. Lander et al. (2004) study the trust-building mechanism in outsourced IS development projects with a case study on ERP implementation in manufacturing, and Koh et al. (2004) study IT outsourcing success from a psychological contract perspective.

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Ho et al. (2003) explore the persistence of managerial expectations in an IT outsourcing context where the traditional relationship between supervisor and subordinate changes to one of client-manager and contractor, and Choudhury and Sabherwal (2003) examine the evolution of portfolios of controls over the duration of outsourced information system development projects. Lee et al. (2004b) compare IT sourcing strategies and test whether the configurational approach is superior to universalistic and contingency perspectives in explaining outsourcing success, and Khalfan (2004) studies information security considerations in IS/IT outsourcing projects based on a case study of two sectors. Outsourcing policies are studied for many contexts: the reasons for IS outsourcing in the largest Spanish firms (Gonzalez et al. 2005); risk management practices in IS outsourcing by the commercial banks in Nigeria (Adeleye et al. 2004). Lorence and Spink (2004) survey the outsourcing status of health-care information systems for 16,000 health-care information managers in the United States and find that six factors influence a managers decision: improved patient care, cost saving, regulations, competition, trained staff availability, and space considerations. Tas and Sunder (2004) describe financial service business process outsourcing, emphasizing the importance of training to ensure that service agents are capable and motivated. Offshore outsourcing is another challenging issue. A SWOT analysis is applied to offshore outsourcing to India (Nair and Prasad 2004); offshore outsourcing of software development is evaluated at a country level in the Ukraine (Zatolyuk and Allgood 2004); cross-cultural issues for successful implementation of global software outsourcing are discussed (Krishna et al. 2004); and key issues for global IT sourcing are identified at the country level and individual level (Rao 2004).

REFERENCES
Adeleye, B. C., F. Annansingh, and M. B. Nunes, Risk Management Practices in IS Outsourcing: An Investigation into Commercial Banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2004). Aubert, B. A., S. Rivard, and M. Patry, A Transaction Cost Model of IT Outsourcing, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 7 (2004). Benbya, H., G. Passiante, and N. A. Belbaly, Corporate Portal: A Tool for Knowledge Management Synchronization, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2004). Bygstad, B., The Implementation Puzzle of CRM Systems in Knowledge-Based Organizations, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2003). Campbell, C., G. Ray, and W. A. Muhanna, Search and Collusion in Electronic Markets, Management Science, Vol. 51, No. 3 (2005). Chae, M. V., and B. Lee, Transforming an Online Portal Site into a Playground for Netizen, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005). Chan, S. W. K., and M. W. C. Chong, Unsupervised Clustering for Nontextual Web Document Classification, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2004). Chen, P., and L. M. Hitt, Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Businesses: A Study of the Online Brokerage Industry, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). Chiou, J., The Antecedents of Consumers Loyalty Toward Internet Service Providers, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 6 (2004). Choi, H. R., H. S. Kim, B. J. Park, Y. J. Park, and A. B. Whinston, An Agent for Selecting Optimal Order Set in EC Marketplace, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 36, No. 4 (2004). Choudhury, V., and R. Sabherwal, Portfolios of Control in Outsourced Software Development Projects, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2003). Chung, J., and F. B. Tan, Antecedents of Perceived Playfulness: An Exploratory Study on User Acceptance of General Information-Searching Web sites, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 7 (2004). Currie, W. L., and P. Seltsikas, Exploring the Supply-Side of IT Outsourcing: Evaluating the Emerging Role of Application Service Providers, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2001). Desai, B., and W. Currie, Towards the ASP E-Business Model: A Conceptual Framework for Mapping ASP Specific Value Propositions, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Dewan, R. M., M. L. Freimer, A. Seidmann, and J. Zhang, Web Portals: Evidence and Analysis of Media Concentration, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004). Dewire, D. T., Application Service Providers, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2000). Du, T. C., E. Y. Li, and E. Wei, Mobile Agents for a Brokering Service in the Electronic Marketplace, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2005). du Plessis, M., and J. A. Boon, Knowledge Management in eBusiness and Customer Relationship Management: South African Case Study Findings, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Evans, M. P., A. D. Phippen, and G. Mueller, Strategies for Content Migration on the World Wide Web, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1999). Fan, W., M. D. Gordon, and P. Pathak, Genetic ProgrammingBased Discovery of Ranking Functions for Effective Web Search, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 4 (2005). Frank, C., and M. Gardoni, Information Content Management with Shared OntologiesAt Corporate Research Centre of EADS, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2005). Gallaugher, J. M., P. Auger, and A. Barnir, Revenue Streams and Digital Content Providers: An Empirical Investigation, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 7 (2001). Gonzalez, R., J. Gasco, and J. Llopis, Information Systems Outsourcing Reasons in the Largest Spanish Firms,

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 25, No. 2 (2005). Guan, S., and Y. Yang, Secure Agent Data Integrity Shield, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Guan, T., and K. F. Wong, Nstar: An Interactive Tool for Local Web Search, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 2 (2003). Ho, V. T., S. Ang, and D. Straub, When Subordinates Become IT Contractors: Persistent Managerial Expectations in IT Outsourcing, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2003). Holland, J., and S. M. Baker, Customer Participation in Creating Site Brand Loyalty, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2001). Jayatilaka, B., A. Schwarz, and R. Hirschheim, Determinants of ASP Choice: An Integrated Perspective, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2003). Jukic, N., B. Jukic, L. A. Meamber, and G. Nezlek, Implementing Polyinstantiation as a Strategy for Electronic Commerce Customer Relationship Management, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Khalfan, A. M., Information Security Considerations in IS/IT Outsourcing Projects: A Descriptive Case Study of Two Sectors, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2004). Kim, Y. S., and W. N. Street, An Intelligent System for Customer Targeting: A Data Mining Approach, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2004). Kishore, R., H. R. Rao, K. Nam, S. Rajagopalan, and A. Chaudhury, A Relationship Perspective on IT Outsourcing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Koh, C., S. Ang, and D. W. Straub, IT Outsourcing Success: A Psychological Contract Perspective, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2004). Koh, R., F. Piontek, T. Ellington, and T. V. Osdol, Managing Customer Relationships Through E-Business Decision Support Applications: A Case of Hospital-Physician Collaboration, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2001). Koppius, O. R., E. van Heck, and M. J. J. Wolters, The Importance of Product Representation Online: Empirical Results and Implications for Electronic Markets, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 2 (2004). Krishna, S., S. Sahay, and G. Walsham, Managing Cross-Cultural Issues in Global Software Outsourcing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2004). Kumar, R. L., M. A. Smith, and S. Bannerjee, User Interface Features Influencing Overall Ease of Use and Personalization, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2004). Kuo, F. Y., T. H. Chu, M. H. Hsu, and H. S. Hsieh, An Investigation of Effort-Accuracy Trade-off and the Impact of Self-efficacy on Web Searching Behaviors, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2004). Lander, M. C., R. L. Purvis, G. E. McCray, and W. Leigh, Trust-Building Mechanisms Utilized in Outsourced IS Development Projects: A Case Study, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2004). Lee, J., H. S. Lee, and P. Wang, An Interactive Visual Interface for Online Product Catalogs, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2004a). Lee, J., S. M. Miranda, and Y. Kim, IT Outsourcing Strategies: Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Explanations of Success, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2004b).

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Levina, N., and J. W. Ross, From the Vendors Perspective: Exploring the Value Proposition in Information Technology Outsourcing, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2003). Lin, F. R., S. L. Huang, and N. S. Chen, Incremental Revision of Recommendation Rules for Information Services, e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Lorence, D. P., and A. Spink, Healthcare Information Systems Outsourcing, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2004). Magin, S., R. Algesheimer, F. Huber, and A. Herrmann, The Impact of Brand Personality and Customer Satisfaction on Customers Loyalty: Theoretical Approach and Findings of a Casual Analytical Study in the Sector of Internet Service Providers, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Manvi, S. S., and P. Venkataram, An Intelligent ProductInformation Presentation in E-Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2005). Menczer, F., Complementing Search Engines with Online Web Mining Agents, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2003). Mohanty, B. K., and B. Bhasker, Product Classification in the Internet BusinessA Fuzzy Approach, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 4 (2005). Nair, K. G. K., and P. N. Prasad, Offshore Outsourcing: A SWOT Analysis of a State in India, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Negash, S., T. Ryan, and M. Igbaria, Quality and Effectiveness in Web-Based Customer Support Systems, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 8 (2003). Nemzow, M., Ecommerce Stickiness for Customer Retention, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1999). Padmanabhan, B., and A. Tuzhilin, On the Use of Optimization for Data Mining: Theoretical Interactions and eCRM Opportunities, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 10 (2003). Park, J., and J. S. Kim, The Impact of IS Sourcing Type on Service Quality and Maintenance Efforts, Information and Management, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2005). Pfeifer, P. E., and P. W. Farris, The Elasticity of Customer Value to Retention: The Duration of a Customer Relationship, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2004). Pitkow, J., H. Schutze, T. Cass, and R. Cooley, Personalized Search, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 9 (2002). Pontelli, E., and T. C. Son, Designing Intelligent Agents to Support Universal Accessibility of E-Commerce Services, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003). Proctor, R. W., K. L. Vu, L. J. Najjar, M. W. Vaughan, and G. Salvendy, Content Preparation and Management for E-Commerce Web Sites, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Raisinghani, M. S., Search Engine Technology: A Closer Look at Its Future, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2005). Rao, M. T., Key Issues for Global IT Sourcing: Country and Individual Factors, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Romano, N. C., Jr., and J. Fjermestad, Electronic Commerce Customer Relationship Management: An Assessment of Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2001). Ross, D. F., E-CRM from a Supply Chain Management Perspective, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2005).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Telang, R., and T. Mukhopadhyay, Drivers of Web Portal Use, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005). Telang, R., U. Rajan, and T. Mukhopadhyay, The Market Structure for Internet Search Engines, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004). Tung, L. L., R. Debreceny, Y. G. Chan, et al., Interaction with Hypertext: An Experimental Investigation of Navigation Tools, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Turetken, O., and R. Sharda, Development of a Fisheye-Based Information Search Processing Aid (FISPA) for Managing Information Overload in the Web Environment, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2004). Vatanasombut, B., A. C. Stylianou, and M. Igbaria, How to Retain Online Customers, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2004). Vyasamoorthy, P., Integrative Document and Content Management: Strategies for Exploiting Enterprise Knowledge, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2004). Walsh, K. R., Analyzing the Application ASP Concept: Technologies, Economies, and Strategies, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 8 (2003). Wiegran, G., and H. Koth, Customer Retention in Online Retail, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1999). Willcocks, L., J. Hindle, D. Feeny, and M. Lacity, IT and Business Process Outsourcing: The Knowledge Potential, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Yang, C. C., J. Yen, and H. Chen, Intelligent Internet Searching Agent Based on Hybrid Simulated Annealing, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 28, No. 3 (2000). Zatolyuk, S., and B. Allgood, Evaluating a Country for Offshore Outsourcing: Software Development Providers in the Ukraine, Information Systems Management, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Zeng, C., C. X. Xing, L. Z. Zhou, and X. H. Zheng, Similarity Measure and Instance Selection for Collaborative Filtering, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 4 (2004).

Rowley, J., Product Searching with Shopping Bots, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2000). Schilke, S. W., U. Bleimann, S. M. Furnell, and A. D. Phippen, Multi-Dimensional-Personalisation for Location and Interestbased Recommendation, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 5 (2004). Schoder, D., and N. Madeja, Is Customer Relationship Management a Success Factor in Electronic Commerce? Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004). Shang, Y., and L. Li, Precision Evaluation of Search Engines, World Wide Web, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2002). Smith, M. A., Portals: Toward an Application Framework for Interoperability, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 10 (2004). Smith, M. A., and R. L. Kumar, A Theory of Application Service Provider (ASP) Use from a Client Perspective, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 8 (2004). Snir, E. M., and L. M. Hitt, Vendor Screening in Information Technology Contracting with a Pilot Project, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Sproule, S., and N. Archer, Knowledge Agents for Search and Choice Support in E-Commerce: A Decision Support Approach, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 4 (2000). Srikumar, K., and B. Bhasker, Personalized Product Selection in Internet Business, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 6 (2004). Susarla, A., A. Barua, and A. B. Whinston, Understanding the Service Component of Application Service Provision: An Empirical Analysis of Satisfaction with ASP Services, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2003). Tang, J., A. W. Fu, and J. Veijalainen, Supporting Dispute Handling in E-Commerce Transactions, a Framework and Related Methodologies, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2004). Tas, J., and S. Sunder, Financial Services Business Process Outsourcing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2004).

CHAPTER 14. E-COMMERCE STRATEGY AND GLOBAL EC

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF EC
DeLone and McLean (2004) measure e-commerce success based on the DeLone and McLean Information System success model, and Jennex et al. (2004) examine e-commerce infrastructure success factors for small companies in developing economies. Chang et al. (2004) reexamine measurement models of success for Internet commerce, and Sung and Gibson (2005) study critical success factors in e-commerce with Korean firms. Larsen (2003) uses the Variable Analysis approach to develop a taxonomy of antecedents of information systems success. Hope (2001) identifies the critical success factors in the development of B2B EC, and Eid et al. (2002) review critical success in B2B between industries. Martinsons (2002) identifies the driving success factors of EC based on experiences in the U.S. and German e-marketplaces, and Raisinghani (2001) proposes an e-business roadmap for success. Molla and Licker (2001) and Vijayaraman and Bhatia (2002) propose frameworks for EC success, and Torkzadeh and Dhillon (2002) measure factors that influence the success of Internet businesses. Evans (2001) describes the guidelines for critical success factors and potential problems of e-business, and Gibson et al. (2003) examine the lessons from well-known successes and failures. Dandapani (2004) reviews successes and failures in Web-based financial services, and Rovenpor (2003) reviews the reason for the e-commerce shakeout. Nyshadham and Raghavan (2001) report on the failure of

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research e-markets in the air cargo industry, Gebauer and Ginsburg (2003) examine success factors in the U.S. wine industry, and Martinsons (2002) reports successful cases in China. Phan (2003) studies an e-business case related to the development of competitive advantages.

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STRATEGIES FOR EC APPLICATIONS

Daniel and Wilson (2003) describe the role of eight dynamic capabilities in e-business transformation, and Piris et al. (2004) identify strategic motivators and expected benefits from e-commerce in traditional organizations. Ash and Burn (2003) assess the benefits of e-business transformation through effective enterprise management, and Fichman and Cronin (2003) study business and technology adoption requirements in information-rich commerce. Shin (2001) uses McCarthys four Ps marketing mix model and Porters five forces model of competitive strategy to develop strategies for competitive advantage in EC, and Gallaugher (1999) discusses challenges to the e-commerce strategies. Saban (2001) regards strategic preparedness as a critical requirement to maximize the benefit of EC investments, and Changa et al. (2003) study the perspective of executives on the relationship between EC and corporate strategy. Fruhling and Digman (2000) describe the impact of EC on business-level strategies, and Hackbarth and Kettinger (2000) suggest the SWOT analysis to executives as an aid to building e-business strategies. Boyd and Bilegan (2003) trace the history of revenue management in the airline industry in an effort to illustrate a successful e-commerce model of dynamic and automated sales, and Blount et al. (2005) study the impact of human resource management on e-commerce using the cases of two retail banks in Australia. Alexander et al. (2003) examine the transition of a rural-based travel agency to e-commerce, and Tan and Pan (2003) study how the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore managed e-transformation in the public sector. Huang and Chou (2004) identify factors for the Web mining adoption of B2C firms based on 68 B2C firms from Taiwanese SMEs. Rao (1999) proposes an effective e-tailing strategy, and Nour and Fadlalla (2000) propose a framework for Web marketing strategies. Lederer et al. (2001) survey the strategic advantage of using the Web for firms that conduct Internet shopping mall businesses. Phan (2001) presents a case study of business management strategies for B2B, and Pinker et al. (2002) debate the myths in the strategies for transitioning old economy firms to e-business.

ASSESSMENT OF EC AND THE BALANCED SCORECARD

Giaglis et al. (1999) assess the impact of EC on business performance, and Rangone and Balocco (2000) propose the performance measurement system for planning and controlling a B2C EC strategy. Zhu and Kraemer (2002) assess the value of EC to firm performance in the manufacturing sector, and Kim and Lee (2002) propose the six metrics for architectural quality of an Internet business. Lee (2001) proposes an analytical framework for evaluating EC business models and strategies. Hasan and Tibbits (2000) and Martinsons et al. (1999) use the balanced scorecard (BSC) as a foundation for the strategic management of information systems. Van der Zee and de Jong (1999) and Solano et al. (2003) argue that system quality can be integrated into the BSC, and Kim et al. (2003) evaluate CRM using the BSC scheme. Park et al. (2005) expand the BSC to incorporate the effect of supply chain management.

EC TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
Fichman (2004) analyzes IT platform adoption with the Real Option perspective, and Konana and Balasubramanian (2005) use a social, economic, and psychological model to study the adoption and usage of electronic markets in the case of online investors. Hwang et al. (2004) study critical factors influencing the adoption of data warehouse technology for the banking industry in Taiwan, and Garca-Murillo (2004) studies the adoption of e-commerce in Mexico. Yao (2004) studies e-commerce adoption by insurance companies in New Zealand. Beattya et al. (2001) survey factors influencing corporate Web site adoption, and Devaraj et al. (2002) study the antecedents of B2C channel satisfaction and preference through three established frameworks: Technology Acceptance Model, Transaction Cost Analysis, and Service Quality. Addison (2003) studies EC project development risks using a Delphi survey. Tarafdar and Vaidya (2002) analyze internal and external facilitators and inhibitors of using IT for e-business for the financial industry in India, and Chan and Mills (2002) analyze them for online stock trading in New Zealand. Hu et al. (2002) explore the adoption of telemedicine technology by health care organizations, and Majchrzak et al. (2000) present a case study on the adaptation of computer-supported interorganizational virtual teams.

GLOBAL EC
Akmanligil and Palvia (2004) discuss strategies for global information system development, and Guo and Sun (2004) contrast global e-markets with global traditional markets. Bing et al. (2000) examine the challenges

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research facing global EC, and Gibbs et al. (2003) compare the environmental and policy factors shaping global EC diffusion using cases from 10 countries. Pavlou and Chai (2002) apply the theory of planned behavior to empirically investigate what drives EC across cultures. Kshetri (2001) analyzes determinants of the locus of global EC, and Farhoomand et al. (2000) study barriers to global EC by comparing Hong Kong and Finland. Hornby et al. (2002) study perceptions of export barriers and cultural issues for SME e-commerce. Okazaki (2004) uses a Japanese MNCs case to demonstrate how multinational corporations localize their Web sites.

NATIONAL STUDY ON EC
Tan and Ouyang (2004) examine diffusion and the impacts of the Internet and e-commerce in China. Xu et al. (2004) compare Internet adoption by companies in the United States and China, and Daley (2003) explores the perceptions toward e-commerce in China. Wei and Feinberg (2004) attempt to forecast Internet penetration in China and study its effect on e-commerce, and Gibbs and Kraemer (2004) investigate the determinants of the scope of e-commerce use in a cross-country analysis. A number of articles address issues in the local context: adaptation of e-commerce in Brazil (Tigre and Dedrick 2004); e-business adoption of an SME in a Swedish Network (Ihlstrom and Nilsson 2003); e-business adoption by European firms (Zhu et al. 2003); adoption of e-commerce in Pakistan for small and medium enterprises (Seyal et al. 2004); and Internet appreciation by Nigerian business organizations (Osuagwu 2003). Fisher and Harindranath (2004) present regulation as a barrier to EC in Europe by using the case of the European fund management industry. Zhu and Kraemer (2005) study postadoption variations in usage and value of e-business by organizations based on cross-country evidence from the retail industry, and Hawk (2004) compares the status of B2C e-commerce in Russia, India, and Latin America.

SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN EC

Jennex et al. (2004) investigate e-commerce infrastructure success factors for small companies in developing economies, and Brown and Lockett (2004) investigate the potential of critical applications in e-business for SMEs. Poona and Swatman (1999) and Stansfield and Grant (2003) explore the issues on small business Internet commerce, and Chen et al. (2003) study a case of a small traditional retailer. Jutla et al. (2002) propose six categories of e-business readiness for SMEs based on examples in multiple countries, and Tagliavini et al. (2001) propose an evaluation model for EC activities in SMEs. Ba et al. (2001) propose a blueprint for a survival strategy for small digital businesses in electronic markets, and Berranger et al. (2001) present a field study of the characteristics of change agents in microbusinesses in Internet diffusion. Raymond and Blili (2001) develop an organizational learning model and validate it as the foundation of SMEs EC, and Brown and Lockett (2001) propose engaging SMEs in EC via intermediaries within e-clusters. Levy and Powell (2003) discuss a contingent mode in exploring the SME Internet adoption, and Goode (2002) examines management attitudes toward the Web in Australian small businesses. Lewisa and Cockrill (2002) use cases in Wales to study the impact of EC on small retail firms, and Taylor et al. (2004) examine skills required in developing e-commerce for SME with U.K. cases. Yeung et al. (2003) survey e-commerce adoption in small and medium enterprises in Hong Kong, and DeVito and Stephens (2005) show a successful international e-commerce SME experience using the case of Mid-America Parts Company. Ihlstrom and Nilsson (2003) use a Swedish industry to study the prerequisites and attitudes of SMEs, and Beck et al. (2005) examine diffusion and the efficient use of e-commerce among SMEs in three sectorsmanufacturing, retail/wholesales, and banking/insurancein Denmark, France, Germany, and the United States. Gribbins and King (2004) study electronic retailing strategies with the case of SMEs in the gifts and collectibles industry, and Buhalis and Deimezi (2003) provide examples of e-commerce developments in Greek SMEs.

REFERENCES
Addison, T., E-Commerce Project Development Risks: Evidence from a Delphi Survey, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2003). Akmanligil, M., and P. C. Palvia, Strategies for Global Information Systems Development, Information and Management, Vol. 42, No. 1 (2004). Alexander, C., J. M. Pearson, and L. Crosby, The Transition to E-Commerce: A Case Study of a Rural-Based Travel Agency, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Ash, C. G., and J. M. Burn, Assessing the Benefits from E-Business Transformation Through Effective Enterprise Management, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2003). Ba, S., A. B. Whinston, and H. Zhang, Small Digital Business in Electronic Markets: A Blueprint for Survival, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Beattya, R. C., J. P. Shimb, and M. C. Jones, Factors Influencing Corporate Web Site Adoption: A Time-Based Assessment, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 6 (2001).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Beck, R., R. T. Wigand, and W. Knig, The Diffusion and Efficient Use of Electronic Commerce Among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: An International Three-industry Survey, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Berranger, P., D. Tucker, and L. Jones, Internet Diffusion in Creative Micro-Businesses: Identifying Change Agent Characteristics as Critical Success Factors, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2001). Bing, P., A. Mir, and J. Khamalah, The Challenges Facing Global E-Commerce, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2000). Blount, Y., T. Castleman, and P. M. C. Swatman, E-Commerce, Human Resource Strategies, and Competitive Advantage: Two Australian Banking Case Studies, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2005). Boyd, E. A., and I. C. Bilegan, Revenue Management and E-Commerce, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 10 (2003). Brown, D. H., and N. J. Lockett, Engaging SMEs in E-Commerce: The Role of Intermediaries Within eClusters, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001). Brown, D. H., and N. Lockett, Potential of Critical E-Applications for Engaging SMEs in E-Business: A Provider Perspective, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2004). Buhalis, D., and O. Deimezi, Information Technology Penetration and E-Commerce Developments in Greece, with a Focus on Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Chan, P. Y., and A. M. Mills, Motivators and Inhibitors of E-Commerce Technology Adoption: Online Stock Trading by Small Brokerage Firms in New Zealand, Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2002). Chang, J. C., G. Torkzadeh, and G. Dhillon, Re-Examining the Measurement Models of Success for Internet Commerce, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Changa, K., J. Jackson, and V. Grover, E-Commerce and Corporate Strategy: An Executive Perspective, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 7 (2003). Chen, L., S. Haney, A. Pandzik, Small Business Internet Commerce: A Case Study, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2003). Daley, J. M., An Exploratory Study of Perceptions Towards E-Commerce in China (PRC), Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Dandapani, K., Success and Failure in Web-Based Financial Services, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 5 (2004). Daniel, E. M., and H. N. Wilson, The Role of Dynamic Capabilities in E-Business Transformation, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2003). DeLone, W. H., and E. R. McLean, Measuring E-Commerce Success: Applying the DeLone & McLean Information Systems Success Model, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004). Devaraj, S., M. Fan, and R. Kohli, Antecedents of B2C Channel Satisfaction and Preference: Validating E-Commerce Metrics, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). DeVito, R., and J. A. Stephens, Mid-America Parts Company: An E-Commerce Case Study of a Successful International Small-Medium-Sized Enterprise SME, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2005).

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Eid, R., M. Trueman, and A. M. Ahmed, A Cross-Industry Review of B2B Critical Success Factors, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Evans, C., An E-Strategy for Online E-Business, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2001). Farhoomand, A. F., V. K. Tuunainen, and L. W. Yee, Barriers to Global Electronic Commerce: A Cross-Country Study of Hong Kong and Finland, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Fichman, R. G., Real Options and IT Platform Adoption: Implications for Theory and Practice, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2004). Fichman, R. G., and M. J. Cronin, Information-Rich Commerce at a Crossroads: Business and Technology Adoption Requirements, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Fisher, J., and G. Harindranath, Regulation as a Barrier to Electronic Commerce in Europe: The Case of the European Fund Management Industry, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2004). Fruhling, A. L., and L. A. Digman, The Impact of Electronic Commerce on Business-Level Strategies, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2000). Gallaugher, J., Challenging the New Conventional Wisdom of Net Commerce Strategies, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 7 (1999). Garca-Murillo, M., Institutions and the Adoption of Electronic Commerce in Mexico, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004). Gebauer, J., and M. Ginsburg, The U.S. Wine Industry and the Internet: An Analysis of Success Factors for Online Business Models, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Giaglis, G. M., R. J. Paul, and G. I. Doukidis, Assessing the Impact of Electronic Commerce on Business Performance, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Gibbs, J. L., and K. L. Kraemer, A Cross-Country Investigation of the Determinants of Scope of E-Commerce Use: An Institutional Approach, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2004). Gibbs, J., K. L. Kraemer, and J. Dedrick, Environment and Policy Factors Shaping Global E-Commerce Diffusion: A Cross-Country Comparison, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003). Gibson, M. L., Z. Lin, and J. R. Burns, E-Business Experiences of Practitioners and Consultants, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Goode, S., Management Attitudes Toward the World Wide Web in Australian Small Business, Information Systems Management, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2002). Gribbins, M. L., and R. C. King, Electronic Retailing Strategies: A Case Study of Small Businesses in the Gifts and Collectibles Industry, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2004). Guo, J. Z., and C. Z. Sun, Global Electronic Markets and Global Traditional Markets, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Hackbarth, G., and W. J. Kettinger, Building an E-Business Strategy, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2000). Hasan, H., and H. Tibbits, Strategic Management of Electronic Commerce: An Adaptation of the Balanced Scorecard, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 5 (2000).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Martinsons, M. G., Electronic Commerce in China: Emerging Success Stories, Information and Management, Vol. 39, No. 7 (2002). Martinsons, M. G., R. Davison, and D. Tse, The Balanced Scorecard: A Foundation for the Strategic Management of Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1999). Molla, A., and P. S. Licker, E-Commerce Systems Success: An Attempt to Extend and Respecify the Delone and Maclean Model of IS Success, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Nour, M. A., and A. Fadlalla, A Framework for Web Marketing Strategies, Information Systems Management, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2000). Nyshadham, E. A., and S. Raghavan, The Failure of Electronic Markets in the Air Cargo Industry: A Core Theory Explanation, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Okazaki, S., Do Multinationals Standardise or Localise? The Cross-cultural Dimensionality of Product-based Web Sites, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Osuagwu, L., Internet Appreciation in Nigerian Business Organizations, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Park, J. H., J. K. Lee, and J. S. Yoo, A Framework for Designing the Balanced Supply Chain Scorecard, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2005). Pavlou, P. A., and L. Chai, What Drives Electronic Commerce Across Cultures? A Cross-Cultural Empirical Investigation of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002). Phan, D. D., E-Business Development for Competitive Advantages: A Case Study, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 6 (2003). Phan, D. D., E-Business Management Strategies: A Businessto-Business Case Study, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 4 (2001). Pinker, E. J., A. Seidmann, and R. C. Foster, Strategies for Transitioning Old Economy Firms to E-Business, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 5 (2002). Piris, L., G. Fitzgerald, and A. Serrano, Strategic Motivators and Expected Benefits from E-Commerce in Traditional Organisations, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 6 (2004). Poona, S., and P. M. Swatman, An Exploratory Study of Small Business Internet Commerce Issues, Information and Management, Vol. 35, No. 1 (1999). Raisinghani, M. S., E-Business Roadmap for Success, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2001). Rangone, A., and R. Balocco, A Performance Measurement System for Planning and Controlling a BtoC E-Commerce Strategy, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Rao, B., Developing an Effective E-Tailing Strategy, Electronic Markets, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1999). Raymond, L., and S. Blili, Organizational Learning as a Foundation of Electronic Commerce in the Network Organization, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2001). Rovenpor, J., Explaining the E-Commerce Shakeout: Why Did So Many Internet-Based Businesses Fail? e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2003). Saban, K. A, Strategic Preparedness: A Critical Requirement to Maximize E-Commerce Investments, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2001).

Hawk, S., A Comparison of B2C E-Commerce in Developing Countries, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004). Hope, B. G., Critical Success Factors in the Development of Business to Business Electronic Commerce, Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications (2001). Hornby, G., P. Goulding, and S. Poon, Perceptions of Export Barriers and Cultural Issues: The Same E-Commerce Experience, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002). Hu, P. J., P. Y. Chau, and O. R. Sheng, Adoption of Telemedicine Technology by Health Care Organizations: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, Vol. 12, No. 3 (2002). Huang, E., and T. Chou, Factors for Web Mining Adoption of B2C Firms: Taiwan Experience, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Hwang, H., C. Ku, D. C. Yen, and C. Cheng, Critical Factors Influencing the Adoption of Data Warehouse Technology: A Study of the Banking Industry in Taiwan, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 1 (2004). Ihlstrom, C., and M. Nilsson, E-Business Adoption by SMEs Prerequisites and Attitudes of SMEs in a Swedish Network, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Jennex, M. E., D. Amoroso, and O. Adelakun, E-Commerce Infrastructure Success Factors for Small Companies in Developing Economies, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2004). Jutla, D., P. Bodorik, and J. Dhaliwal, Supporting the E-Business Readiness of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Approaches and Metrics, Internet Research, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2002). Kim, J., and J. Lee, Business as Buildings: Metrics for the Architectural Quality of Internet Businesses, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). Kim, J., E. Suh, and H. Hwang, A Model for Evaluating the Effectiveness of CRM Using the Balanced Scorecard, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2003). Konana, P., and S. Balasubramanian, The Social-EconomicPsychological Model of Technology Adoption and Usage: An Application to Online Investing, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2005). Kshetri, N. B., Determinants of the Locus of Global E-Commerce, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Larsen, K. R. T., A Taxonomy of Antecedents of Information Systems Success: Variable Analysis Studies, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Lederer, A. L., D. A. Mirchandani, and K. Sims, The Search for Strategic Advantage from the World Wide Web, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2001). Lee, C. S., An Analytical Framework for Evaluating E-Commerce Business Models and Strategies, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Levy, M., and P. Powell, Exploring SME Internet Adoption: Towards a Contingent Model, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Lewisa, R., and A. Cockrill, Going Global? Remaining Local: The Impact of E-Commerce on Small Retail Firms in Wales, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 22, No. 3 (2002). Majchrzak, A., R. E. Rice, and A. Malhotra, Technology Adaptation: The Case of a Computer-Supported Interorganizational Virtual Team, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2000).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Seyal, A. H., M. M. Awais, S. Shamail, and A. Abbas, Determinants of Electronic Commerce in Pakistan: Preliminary Evidence from Small and Medium Enterprises, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Shin, N., Strategies for Competitive Advantage in Electronic Commerce, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Solano, J., M. P. De Ovalles, and T. Rojas, Integration of Systemic Quality and the Balanced Scorecard, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Stansfield, M., and K. Grant, An Investigation into Issues Influencing the Use of the Internet and Electronic Commerce Among SmallMedium Sized Enterprises, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2003). Sung, T. K., and D. V. Gibson, Critical Success Factors in Electronic Commerce: Korean Experiences, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Tagliavini, M., A. Ravarini, and A. Antonelli, An Evaluation Model for Electronic Commerce Activities Within SMEs, Information Technology and Management, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Tan, C. W., and S. L. Pan, Managing E-Transformation in the Public Sector: An E-Government Study of the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS), European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2003). Tan, Z. X. A., and W. Ouyang, Diffusion and Impacts of the Internet and E-Commerce in China, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Tarafdar, M., and S. D. Vaidya, Evolution of the Use of IT for E-Business at Century Financial Services: An Analysis of Internal and External Facilitators and Inhibitors, Journal of Information Technology Cases and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2002). Taylor, M. J., J. Mcwilliam, D. England, and J. Akomode, Skills Required in Developing Electronic Commerce for Small and Medium Enterprises: Case Based Generalization Approach, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004).

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Tigre, P. B., and J. Dedrick, E-Commerce in Brazil: Local Adaptation of a Global Technology, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Torkzadeh, G., and G. Dhillon, Measuring Factors That Influence the Success of Internet Commerce, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002). van der Zee, J. T. M, and B. De Jong, Alignment Is Not Enough: Integrating Business and Information Technology Management with the Balanced Business Scorecard, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1999). Vijayaraman, B. S., and G. Bhatia, A Framework for Determining Success Factors of an E-Commerce Initiative, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2002). Wei, J., and M. Feinberg, Forecasting Internet Penetration in China: The Effect on E-Commerce, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2004). Xu, S., K. Zhu, and J. Gibbs, Global Technology, Local Adoption: A Cross-Country Investigation of Internet Adoption by Companies in the United States and China, Electronic Markets, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Yao, J. T., E-Commerce Adoption of Insurance Companies in New Zealand, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004). Yeung, J. H. Y., J. P. Shim, and A. Y. K. Lai, Current Progress of E-Commerce Adoption: Small and Medium Enterprises in Hong Kong, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Zhu, K., and K. L. Kraemer, E-Commerce Metrics for NetEnhanced Organizations: Assessing the Value of E-Commerce to Firm Performance in the Manufacturing Sector,Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3 (2002). Zhu, K., and K. L. Kraemer, Post-Adoption Variations in Usage and Value of E-Business by Organizations: Cross-Country Evidence from the Retail Industry, Information Systems Research, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2005). Zhu, K., K. Kraemer, and S. Xu, Electronic Business Adoption by European Firms: A Cross-Country Assessment of the Facilitators and Inhibitors, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2003).

CHAPTER 15. ECONOMICS AND JUSTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

In 2001, Kauffman and Walden (2001) surveyed the research on EC from the perspective of economic analysis. This appendix lists a vast number of their references. They suggested the direction of research for each category and associate each category with the necessary information technology and relevant economic theories. They classified the EC research as follows (and mentioned previously). 1. Technology Issues 1. Internet Access Pricing 2. Intelligent Agents in EC 3. Search Costs and Tools 4. Definition of EC Standards 2. Product Issues 1. Pricing of Digital Products 2. Characteristics of Internet Products

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research 3. Bundling, Sharing, and Differentiation 4. Adoption and Network Externalities 3. Business Process 1. Electronic Data Interchange 2. Government and the Location of Transactions 3. Valuation of EC Technology Investments 4. EC Business Models 4. Market Issues 1. Intermediation 2. Physical and Electronic Markets 3. Electronic Auctions 4. Network Externalities and Market Efficiency 5. Design of Electronic Markets 6. Trust 5. Macroeconomic Issues 1. Measurement of Digital Economy 2. Electronic Labor Markets 3. Electronic Money 4. Taxation and Regulation of EC 5. Economic Transformation 6. Electronic Government 7. International EC

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR E-BUSINESS

There are few studies conducted under the title of cost-benefit metrics of e-commerce because the scope of e-commerce is partitioned into various specialties. For instance, Chapter 3 describes the references on performance in electronic retailing, and Chapter 7 describes the performance of SCM. So it is recommended that the reader refer to each topic of e-commerce to identify its performance metrics. Liu et al. (2003) propose a cost-benefit evaluation server for decision support in e-business, and Zhu et al. (2004) analyze value creation by IT investment in e-business environment using the case of the financial services industry. Dehning et al. (2004) reexamine the value relevance of e-commerce initiatives, and Bhargava and Choudhary (2004) analyze the economics of an information intermediary with aggregation benefits. Chellappa and Shivendu (2003) analyze the economic implications of variable technology standards for movie piracy in a global context.

EFFECTIVENESS OF IT INVESTMENT
Since there is insufficient literature directly on the effectiveness of e-commerce, this chapter reviews the literature published between September 2003 and August 2005 that relates more generally to the effectiveness of IT. The methods cited may be used for performance measurement of e-commerce investments. Kumar (2004) proposes a framework for assessing the business value of IT infrastructure, and Ravichandran et al. (2005) study the effect of information system resources and capabilities on firm performance based on 129 firms in the United States. Straub et al. (2004) explore the impact of the digital supply network on business performance, and Quan et al. (2003) study the effect of IT investment on firms performances in duopoly situations. For the justification of IT investment, Clemons and Gu (2003) discuss the importance of balancing the need for timely action and certainty before action, and Au and Kauffman (2003) examine rational expectations in IT adoption and investment. Thatcher and Pingry (2004b) analyze theoretical evidence of the business value of an IT investment with a duopoly model, and Thatcher and Pingry (2004a) use an economic model to formalize the complex relationships between IT investment, intermediary performance measures, and economic performance. Kohli and Devaraj (2003) examine the structural variables that affect IT payoff through a metaanalysis of 66 firm-level studies from 1990 to 2000, and Kearns (2004) presents results from two case studies on the evaluation of IT investment undertaken with a multiobjective, multicriteria approach. Williams and Mitchell (2004) study the impact of information infrastructure on market entry by the eight large U.S. telecommunication companies from 1984 to 1998.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research

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REFERENCES
Au, Y. A., and R. J. Kauffman, What Do You Know? Rational Expectations in Information Technology Adoption and Investment, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Bhargava, H. K., and V. Choudhary, Economics of an Information Intermediary with Aggregation Benefits, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2004). Chellappa, R. K., and S. Shivendu, Economic Implications of Variable Technology Standards for Movie Piracy in a Global Context, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Clemons, E. K., and B. Gu, Justifying Contingent Information Technology Investments: Balancing the Need for Speed of Action with Certainty Before Action, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Dehning, B., V. J., Richardson, A. Urbaczewski, and J. D. Wells, Reexamining the Value Relevance of E-Commerce Initiatives, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004). Kauffman, R. J. and E. A. Walden, Economics and Electronic Commerce: Survey and Directions for Research, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 5, No. 4 (2001). Kearns, G. S., A Multi-Objective, Multi-Criteria Approach for Evaluating IT Investments: Results from Two Case Studies, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2004). Kohli, R., and S. Devaraj, Measuring Information Technology Payoff: A Meta-Analysis of Structural Variables in Firm-Level Empirical Research, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2003). Kumar, R. L., A Framework for Assessing the Business Value of Information Technology Infrastructures, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004). Liu, Y., F. Yu, S. Y. W. Su, and H. Lam, A Cost-Benefit Evaluation Server for Decision Support in E-Business, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2003). Quan, J., Q. Hu, and P. J. Hart, Information Technology Investments and Firms PerformanceA Duopoly Perspective, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Ravichandran, T., and C. Lertwongsatien, Effect of Information Systems Resources and Capabilities on Firm Performance: A Resource-Based Perspective, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 4 (2005). Straub, D., A. Rai, and R. Klein, Measuring Firm Performance at the Network Level: A Nomology of the Business Impact of Digital Supply Networks, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004). Thatcher, M. E., and D. E. Pingry, An Economic Model of Product Quality and IT Value, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2004a). Thatcher, M. E., and D. E. Pingry, Understanding the Business Value of Information Technology Investments: Theoretical Evidence from Alternative Market and Cost Structures, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2004b). Williams, C., and W. Mitchell, Focusing Firm Evolution: The Impact of Information Infrastructure on Market Entry by U.S. Telecommunications Companies, 19841998, Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 11 (2004). Zhu, K., K. L. Kraemer, and J. Dedrick, Information Technology Payoff in E-Business Environments: An International Perspective on Value Creation of E-Business in the Financial Services Industry, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2004).

CHAPTER 16. LAUNCHING A SUCCESSFUL ONLINE BUSINESS AND EC PROJECTS

WEB SITE DESIGN
Muylle et al. (2004) address the concern for Web site design by means of the conceptualization and empirical validation of a Web site user satisfaction construct, and Huizingh (2000) studies the concept and design of Web sites through empirical analysis. Several articles present empirical studies regarding the design of Web sites: Zhang et al. (2002) examine the important design features in different Web site domains, and Robbins and Stylianou (2003) look at global corporations. Fang and Salvendy (2003) propose customercentered rules for the design of e-commerce Web sites, and Albert et al. (2004) develop a model named GIST for the design and management content and interactivity of customer-centric Web sites. Jenamani et al. (2002) study benchmarks for Web site design, and Wan (2000) proposes opportunities to enhance a commercial Web site. Taylor et al. (2003) adopt the database design technique of normalization to achieve customer-focused Web site design, and Schrefl et al. (2003) propose selfmaintaining Web pages. Liu et al. (2000) evaluate design quality for Fortune 1000 companies, and Bennett (2002) studies the use of curiosity-arousing Web sites for B2B Internet marketing. Lee and Benbasat (2003) study the effects of Web interface features on responses such as attention and memory, and Winter et al. (2003) suggest that Web sites should be considered electronic storefronts that create impressions of their sponsoring firms. Nysveen and Pedersen (2004) look at the moderating effects of a customers Internet experience on the customers perception of company Web sites, and Seilheimer (2004) contrasts the productive development of

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Web sites intended for international use with those intended for local use. Fink and Laupase (2000) compare the perception of Web site design characteristics between Malaysia and Australia.

WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT

Raymond (2001) studies the determinants of Web site implementation in a small business, and Cunliffe (2000) examines models for small-scale Web site design. Kowtha and Choon (2001) study determinants of Web site development for EC in Singapore. Stell and Paden (2002) study the issues in creating retail Web sites for different consumer shopping orientations, and Rogers and Rajkumar (1999) examine such issues in creating Web sites for the visually impaired. Ranganathan and Ganapathy (2002) present an empirical analysis based on 214 online shoppers of the effect of four key dimensions of B2C Web sitesinformation content, design, security, and privacy.

WEB SITE EVALUATION FACTORS AND METHODS

Kim et al. (2003) define six categories of Web site evaluation criteriabusiness function, corporate credibility, content reliability, Web site attractiveness, systematic structure, and navigationand show that there are significant differences in the design of Web sites across different industry groups. Liu and Arnett (2000) evaluate Web site success for EC based on four factorsinformation and service quality, system use, playfulness, and system design quality. Palmer (2002) reports three studies that develop and validate Web site usability, design, and performance metrics, finding that Web site success is significantly associated with Web site download delay, navigation, content, interactivity, and responsiveness. Aladwani and Palvia (2002) develop and validate 25 instruments for four dimensions of Web qualityspecific content, content quality, appearance, and technical adequacy. Bruner and Kumar (2002) compare the similarity of three attitude-toward-the-Web-site scales. Phippen et al. (2004) propose a Web analytic method to measure Web usage more effectively, and van der Merwe and Bekker (2003) put forth a framework and methodology for evaluating e-commerce Web sites. Murtaza and Greer (2003) present a framework for valuing Web site personalization, and Kavassalis et al. (2004) discuss the factors that make a Web site popular. Kuo et al. (2004) investigate the trade-off of effort and accuracy on Web search behavior. Gonzlez and Palacios (2004) adopt a quantitative evaluation method for the evaluation of Spanish firms Web sites, and Yeung and Lu (2004) study functional characteristics of commercial Web sites in Hong Kong longitudinally. Kim and Stoel (2004) examine the dimensional hierarchy of the quality of apparel Web sites using the WebQual scale, and Lee (2003) proposes a model for monitoring public sector Web site strategies. Schubert (2002) presents a tool named Extended Web Assessment Method (EWAM) that was created to evaluate EC applications from the customers viewpoint. Aladwani (2002) presents two tools that were developed for measuring the ease and usefulness of a transactional Web site. Barnes and Vidgen (2001) apply the WebQual method to evaluate online bookshops.

EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF WEB SITES

Azzone et al. (2001) investigate key determinants leading a firm to develop a specific configuration for its Web site and to change it over time through an empirical analysis, then analyze the effect of country, industry, and market related factors. Simeon (1999) presents the attracting, informing, positioning, and delivering (AIPD) strategy to evaluate Web sites and applies it to Japanese and American online banks. Johnson and Misic (1999) conduct a case study to show how benchmarking can be used to evaluate a Web site. Saeed et al. (2002) study the impact of Web site value and advertising on firm performance in the EC context, and Robbins and Stylianou (2001) study the effect of cultural difference in adopting Web sites to give insight for the deployment of global Web sites. Young and Benamati (2000) study the difference in large U.S. firms Web sites, and Jones and Kayworth (2002) examine performance of Web sites. Alpar et al. (2001) present findings that special interest content generates more Web site traffic than general interest content.

USERS ATTITUDE ABOUT WEB SITES

Teo and Pian (2004) introduce and examine a model of Web adoption, and Raymond et al. (1999) explore how human interaction flow varies by Web site to unravel the secret of a good commercial Web site and its implications for business. Stafford and Stafford (2001) identify motivation for using commercial Web sites, and Robbins and Stylianou (2001) analyze consumers preferences about commercial Web sites attributes. Subramony (2002) uses the means-ends approach to study the reasons why users choose particular Web sites over others. Zhang and Dran (2001) study the relationship between the user expectations and rankings of quality factors in different Web site domains, and ODaniel and Wai (2000) present an empirical analysis of domain name and site hosting preferences.

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Perkowitz and Etzioni (2000) study the effect of adaptive Web sites, and Manber et al. (2000) observe the experience with personalization on Yahoo! Hillier (2003) draws on evidence from the anthropological, worldview, and systems design literature to show how culture and context play a significant role in the way individuals perceive and approach their interaction with a multilingual e-commerce Web site. Hu et al. (2004) present an empirical study to verify the relationship between audience impressions and visual styles of B2C Web pages.

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REFERENCES
Aladwani, A. M., The Development of Two Tools for Measuring the Easiness and Usefulness of Transactional Web Sites, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2002). Aladwani, A. M., and P. C. Palvia, Developing and Validating an Instrument for Measuring User-Perceived Web Quality, Information and Management, Vol. 39, No. 6 (2002). Albert, T. C., P. B. Goes, and A. Gupta, GIST: A Model for Design and Management of Content and Interactivity of Customer-Centric Web Sites, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2004). Alpar, P., M. Porembski, and S. Pickerodt, Measuring the Efficiency of Web Site Traffic Generation, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2001). Azzone, G., R. Bianchi, and G. Noci, Corporate Web Sites: The Drivers of Their Different Configurations, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2001). Barnes, S. J., and R. Vidgen, An Evaluation of Cyber-Bookshops: The Webqual Method, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2001). Bennett, R., Use of Curiosity-Arousing Web Sites for Businessto-Business Internet Marketing, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Bruner, G. C., II, and A. Kumar, Similarity Analysis of Three Attitudes Toward the Web Site Scales, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2002). Cunliffe, D., Developing Usable Web SitesA Review and Model, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Fang, X., and G. Salvendy, Customer-Centered Rules for Design of E-Commerce Web Sites, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Fink, D., and R. Laupase, Perceptions of Web Site Design Characteristics: A Malaysian/Australian Comparison, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Gonzlez, F. J. M., and T. M. B. Palacios, Quantitative Evaluation of Commercial Web Sites: An Empirical Study of Spanish Firms, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2004). Hillier, M., The Role of Cultural Context in Multilingual Web Site Usability, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Hu, J., K. Shima, R. Oehlmann, J. Zhao, Y. Takemura, and K. Matsumoto, An Empirical Study of Audience Impressions of B2C Web Pages in Japan, China and the UK, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Huizingh, E. K. R. E., The Content and Design of Web Sites: An Empirical Study, Information and Management, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2000). Jenamani, M., P. K. J. Mohapatra, and S. Ghose, Benchmarking for Design Evaluation of Corporate Web Sites: A Study, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002). Johnson, K. L., and M. M. Misic, Benchmarking: A Tool for Web Site Evaluation and Improvement, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 5 (1999). Jones, M. C., and T. C. Kayworth, An Exploratory Assessment of Web Site Performance: The Role of Expertise and Site Objectives, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002). Kavassalis, P., S. Lelis, M. Rafea, and S. Haridi, What Makes a Web Site Popular? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 2 (2004). Kim, S. E., T. Shaw, and H. Schneider, Web Site Design Benchmarking Within Industry Groups, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Kim, S., and L. Stoel, Dimensional Hierarchy of Retail Web Site Quality, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Kowtha, N. R., and T. W. I. Choon, Determinants of Web Site Development: A Study of Electronic Commerce in Singapore, Information and Management, Vol. 39, No. 3 (2001). Kuo, F., T. Chu, M. Hsu, and H. Hsieh, An Investigation of Effort-Accuracy Trade-off and the Impact of Self-Efficacy on Web Searching Behaviors, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 3 (2004). Lee, J. K., A Model for Monitoring Public Sector Web Site Strategy, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Lee, W., and I. Benbasat, Designing an Electronic Commerce Interface: Attention and Product Memory as Elicited by Web Design, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Liu, C., and K. P. Arnett, Exploring the Factors Associated with Web Site Success in the Context of Electronic Commerce, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2000). Liu, C., K. P. Arnett, and C. Litecky, Design Quality of Web Sites for Electronic Commerce: Fortune 1000 Webmasters Evaluations, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2000). Manber, U., A. Patel, and J. Robison, Experience with Personalization on Yahoo! Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 8 (2000). Murtaza, M. B., and T. Greer, A Framework for Valuing Web Site Personalization, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Muylle, S., R. Moenaert, and M. Despontin, The Conceptualization and Empirical Validation of Web Site User Satisfaction, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 5 (2004). Nysveen, H., and P. E. Pedersen, An Exploratory Study of Customers Perception of Company Web Sites Offering Various Interactive Applications: Moderating Effects of Customers Internet Experience, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 37, No. 1 (2004). ODaniel, T., and C. K. Wai, Domain Name and Site Hosting Preferences: Empirical Evidence, Internet Research, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Palmer, J. W., Web Site Usability, Design, and Performance Metrics, Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2002). Perkowitz, M., and O. Etzioni, Adaptive Web Sites, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 8 (2000).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Stafford, T. F., and M. R. Stafford, Identifying Motivations for the Use of Commercial Web Sites, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2001). Stell, R., and N. Paden, Creating Retail Web Sites for Different Consumer Shopping Orientations, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002). Subramony, D. P., Why Users Choose Particular Web Sites over Others: Introducing a Means-End Approach to HumanComputer Interaction, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 3 (2002). Taylor, M. J., S. Wade, and D. England, Informing IT System Web Site Design Through Normalisation, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 5 (2003). Teo, T. S. H., and Y. Pian, A Model for Web Adoption, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2004). van der Merwe, R., and J. Bekker, A Framework and Methodology for Evaluating E-Commerce Web Sites, Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 5 (2003). Wan, H. A., Opportunities to Enhance a Commercial Website, Information and Management, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2000). Winter, S. J., C. Saunders, and P. Hart, Electronic Window Dressing: Impression Management with Web Sites, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2003). Yeung, W. L., and M. Lu, Functional Characteristics of Commercial Web Sites: A Longitudinal Study in Hong Kong, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 4 (2004). Young, D., and J. Benamati, Differences in Public Web Sites: The Current State of Large U.S. Firms, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2000). Zhang, P., and G. M. Von Dran, User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2001). Zhang, P., G. M. Von Dran, P. Blake, and V. Pipithsuksunt, Important Design Features in Different Web Site Domains: An Empirical Study of User Perceptions,e-Service Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2002).

Phippen, A., L. Sheppard, and S. Furnell, A Practical Evaluation of Web Analytics, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Ranganathan, C., and S. Ganapathy, Key Dimensions of Businessto-Consumer Web Sites, Information and Management, Vol. 39, No. 6 (2002). Raymond, D. N., V. Niekerk, J. Berthon, and T. Davies, Going with the Flow: Web Sites and Customer Involvement, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1999). Raymond, L., Determinants of Web Site Implementation in Small Businesses, Internet Research, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2001). Robbins, S. S., and A. C. Stylianou, Global Corporate Web Sites: An Empirical Investigation of Content and Design, Information and Management, Vol. 40, No. 3 (2003). Robbins, S. S., and A. C. Stylianou, A Study of Cultural Differences in Global Corporate Web Sites, Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2001). Rogers, M., and T. M. Rajkumar, Developing Electronic Commerce Web Sites for the Visually Impaired, Information Systems Management, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1999). Saeed, K. A., Y. Hwang, and V. Grover, Investigating the Impact of Web Site Value and Advertising on Firm Performance in Electronic Commerce, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Schrefl, M., M. Bernauer, E. Kapsammer, B. Prll, W. Retschitzegger, and T. Thalhammer, Self-Maintaining Web Pages, Information Systems, Vol. 28, No. 8 (2003). Schubert, P., Extended Web Assessment Method (EWAM): Evaluation of Electronic Commerce Applications from the Customers Viewpoint, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2002). Seilheimer, S. D., Productive Development of World Wide Web Sites Intended for International Use, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 5 (2004). Simeon, R., Evaluating Domestic and International Web-Site Strategies, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1999).

CHAPTER 17. LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND COMPLIANCE ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

FRAUD ON THE INTERNET
Baker (1999) examines the issue of fraud on the Internet and discusses three areas of significant potential for misleading and fraudulent practices, and Oates (2001) discusses the needs and challenges that can only be accomplished with the cooperation of private, public, and international sectors. DelVecchio et al. (2002) explore consumers perceptions of online credit card theft, and Alfuraih et al. (2002) propose trusted e-mail to prevent credit card fraud in multimedia products. Smith (2005) discusses the necessity of accountability in an EDI system to prevent employee fraud.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Gillespie (2004) discusses the implication of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act on commerce, and Grosso (2002) explains the reasons why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act has failed. Kwok et al. (2004) address intellectual property protection for e-commerce applications, and Stamp (2003) presents a specific digital rights management system designed for digital document protection. Mykytyn and Mykytyn (2005) address the importance of law for intellectual rights, jurisdiction, and defamation, and Kwok et al. (2003) investigate copyright protection schemes for online media distribution e-services. Grosso (2000) analyzes the promise and problems of the No Electronic Theft Act and reviews risks in digital rights management. Mulligan (2003) discusses the phenomenon that the rules programmed into

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research electronics and computers undermine the fair use exceptions in U.S. copyright law. Kopp and Suter (2001) describe the consumer, public policy, and managerial issues associated with fan sites and hate sites and their use of trademarked and copyrighted materials on the World Wide Web. Chen and Png (2003) analyze information goods pricing and copyright enforcement from the welfare perspective, and Lee and Booth (2004) develop a prototype for digital rights management in e-commerce. Hess (2003) discusses the methods used to combat online software piracy, and Kankanhalli and Hau (2002) and Kwok (2003) propose the watermarking of electronic text documents to prevent illegal copying and redistribution. Easley et al. (2003) discuss MP3 open standards and the music industrys response to Internet piracy, and Shin et al. (2004) assess global software piracy. Chellappa and Shivendu (2003) discuss economic implications of variable technology standards for movie piracy in a global context, and Sundararajan (2004) analyzes the optimal choice of pricing schedules and technological deterrence levels in a market of digital piracy. Altinkemer and Guan (2003) analyze protection strategies for online software distribution, and Kwok et al. (2003) integrate digital rights management into the Internet Open Trading Protocol. Chen and Png (2003) propose how the government should set fines for copying while a monopoly publisher sets price, and Sine et al. (2003) study the influence of institutional prestige on the licensing of university inventions.

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E-TAXATION
Chou (1999) examines the pros and cons of taxing electronic commerce and analyzes the main issues on EC taxation, and Shughart (2000) studies the issue from the perspective of public choice. Lukas (2000) examines the effect of EC on the tax system of the state and local governments in the United States. Vijayasarathy (2002) studies the opinions on Internet taxation, privacy, and security. Lee and Hwangbo (2000) propose the Consumer Delivered Sales Tax approach. Ward and Sipior (2004) elaborate on the perspective of taxing e-commerce in the United States, and Jin (2003) reviews the debate over taxing e-commerce transactions.

FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Samuelson (2003) describes the trial court decision that trade secret lawsuits are categorically immune from the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and free speech scrutiny, and Hailperin (1999) outlines the debate between the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) promoters and American Civil Liberties Union from the free speech point of view. Panko and Beh (2002) identify the legal basis for monitoring pornography and sexual harassment.

ANONYMITY
Marx (1999) suggests seven types of identity knowledge and 13 procedural questions to guide the development and assessment of Internet policy regarding anonymity, and Froomkin (1999) discusses the legal issues of anonymity and pseudonymity. Kling et al. (1999) deliberate the policy on assessing anonymous communication on the Internet, and Teich et al. (1999) describe the results and recommendations of the American Association of the Advancement of Science on anonymous communication policies for the Internet. To bridge the conflicting concern about privacy and desire to anonymous access to network, Claessens et al. (2003) propose a solution for revocable anonymous access to the Internet. Wayner (1999) summarizes technical solutions for producing anonymous communication on the Internet, and Reiter and Rubin (1999) develop the system Crowds, which enables anonymous Web transactions. Gabber et al. (1999) present a software, Lucent Personalized Web Assistant, designed to generate secure, consistent, and pseudonymous aliases for Web users.

ISSUES IN PRIVACY
Milne and Culnan (2004) study strategies for reducing online privacy risks based on a survey of 2,468 Internet users, and Malhotra et al. (2004) propose the construct, the scale, and a causal model to help explain the Internet users information privacy concerns. Berendt et al. (2005) survey stated preferences and actual behavior concerning privacy, finding that online users easily forget their privacy concerns. Berry (2004) argues for the concept of privacy, and Brown and Muchira (2004) investigate the relationship between Internet privacy concerns and online purchase behavior. Lawler (2003) examines the effect of privacy on customer loyalty, and Gauzente (2004) discusses the potential room for improvement in Web merchants privacy policies. Liu et al. (2005) present experimental results relating to the relationship between privacy, trust, and behavioral intention to make an online transaction, and Peslak (2005) reviews the Internet privacy policies of Fortune 50 companies. Several articles identify key issues in Internet privacy (Clarke 1999, Dhillon and Moores 2001) and data privacy protection (Grupe et al. 2002). Turner and Dasgupta (2003) address users concerns, technology, and implications of privacy on the Web for business organizations and individuals. Phelps et al. (2001)

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research investigate antecedents and consequences of consumer privacy concerns using empirical analysis, and Hoffman et al. (1999) argue that concerns over privacy of information primarily engender trust. Sheehan (2002) examines a typology of Internet users and their online privacy concerns, and Earp and Baumer (2003) describe consumers behavior on the Web to protect their privacy in an environment that does not ensure sufficient legal protection. Cohen (2003) discusses the debate over the necessity of balancing privacy and digital rights management, and Volokh (2000) discusses the conflict between personalization and privacy. Reagle and Cranor (1999) develop a platform for privacy preferences in the Privacy Preference Project. Pietro and Mancini (2003) discuss the security and privacy issues of handheld and wearable wireless devices, and Rennhard et al. (2004) present a novel component that enables secure pseudonymous e-commerce. Bellman et al. (2004) survey international differences in information privacy concerns for 38 countries. Kaufman et al. (2005) describe the Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P), which was introduced by the WWW Consortium to allow sites to express policies in machine-readable form and to expose these policies to site visitors, and they propose the Social Contract Core. Lahlou et al. (2005) describe privacy and trust issues according to the European Privacy Design Guideline for the Invisible Computers. Moores and Dhillon (2003) test the performance of privacy seals in e-commerce, and Moores (2005) studies the effect of privacy seals in e-commerce such as TRUSTe, CPA WebTrust, and BBBOnline.

PROGRAMS FOR PRIVACY PROTECTION

Benassi (1999) discusses the development of the privacy seal program TRUSTe, which activates government regulations when users claim privacy concerns. Luo (2002) studies trust production and privacy concerns on the Internet using the framework of relationship marketing and social exchange theory, and Thatcher and Clemons (2000) study the management of costs of informational privacy for the individual health insurance market. Phelps and Bunker (2001) describe the legal environment and outlook for direct marketers use of public records, and Carroll (2002) discusses whether bankrupt Internet companies can sell consumer database information. Milne and Culnan (2002) explain that the Federal Trade Commission performed a series of surveys on whether organizations must post online privacy disclosures according to the U.S. definition of fair information practices. Evfimievski et al. (2004) present a framework for mining association rules that preserve the privacy of individual transactions, and Zwick and Dholakia (2001) contrast the European and American approaches to privacy in e-markets.

SOCIAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN EC

Papazafeiropoulou and Pouloudi (2001) describe social issues in EC with the implications for policy makers, and Fisher and Harindranath (2004) present the barrier effect of regulation on the propagation of e-commerce using the case of the European fund management industry. Barzilai-Nahon and Barzilai (2005) examine the impact of religious fundamentalism on the use of Internet for ultraOrthodox Jewish communities in Israel, and Gay et al. (2005) propose a modeling paradigm on the environmental impacts of the digital economy. Sipior and Ward (2002) describe a strategic response to a broad spectrum of Internet abuse as the responsibility of a chief privacy officer (CPO). Brungs and Jamieson (2005) analyze the legal issues that impact computer forensics from the perspective of Australia, and Sipior et al. (2005) discuss the ethical and legal concerns over spyware. Pitknen et al. (2003) assess legal challenges for the mobile Internet, and Sipior et al. (2004) describe the CAN-SPAM Act to deal with spam. Jackson et al. (2004) argue that greater Internet use has no effect on psychological well-being and social involvement. Junglas and Watson (2004) analyze the effect of national culture on the structure and functionality of corporate Web sites by comparing such sites in the United States and Germany. The journal Information Society presented a special issue on the digital divide (Vol. 19, No. 4, 2003), which included such topics as rural areas (Nicholas 2003) and developing countries (Warschauer 2003).

VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES
Koh and Kim (2003) propose and empirically validate a conceptual framework on the sense of virtual community on the Web, and Hall and Graham (2004) present an experiment on the motivating factors of collaborating to generate knowledge in an online community. Kavanaugh et al. (2005) discuss weak ties in networked communities, and Geng et al. (2004) develop an evolutionary model to explore the issue of trust within a virtual community from a dynamic process perspective. Bughin and Zeisser (2001) discuss the marketing potential of a virtual community, and Bughin and Hagel (2000) discuss the operational performance and business models of virtual communities. Wang and Fesenmaier (2003) assess how motivation contributes to an online community empirically using the online travel community. Schubert and Ginsburg (2000) address the role of personalization in a

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research virtual community, and Castelfranchi and Tan (2002) look at trust and deception in a virtual community. Leimeister et al. (2005) study the factors that support trust in health-care communities.

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VIRTUAL COMMUNITY APPLICATIONS

Wachter et al. (2000) advance virtual communities in support of education, and Kardaras et al. (2003) discuss the potential of virtual communities for the insurance industry in the United Kingdom and Greece. Yap (2002) argues that the social construction of a virtual community culture enables the growth of EC. Wang and Chen (2004) present an automated tool designed for managing interactions in virtual communities using the social network analysis approach.

VIRTUAL TEAMS
Paul et al. (2004) study the impact of heterogeneity and the collaborative conflict management style on the performance of synchronous global virtual teams, and Pauleen (2003) proposes an inductively derived model of leader-initiated relationships in building virtual team members. Piccoli and Ives (2003) present the results of a longitudinal study of virtual teams and explore the role of behavior control on trust decline, and Jarvenpaa et al. (2004) explore theories of trust in global virtual teams. Halaris et al. (2003) describe an integrating system that supports the virtual consortia in the construction sector.

REFERENCES
Alfuraih, S. I., N. T. Sui, and M. Dennis, Using Trusted Email to Prevent Credit Card Frauds in Multimedia Products, World Wide Web, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2002). Altinkemer, K., and J. Guan, Analyzing Protection Strategies for Online Software Distribution, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2003). Baker, C. R., An Analysis of Fraud on the Internet, Internet Research, Vol. 9, No. 5 (1999). Barzilai-Nahon, K., and G. Barzilai, Cultured Technology: The Internet and Religious Fundamentalism, The Information Society, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2005). Bellman, S., E. Johnson, S. Kobrin, and G. Lohse, International Differences in Information Privacy Concerns: A Global Survey of Consumers, The Information Society, Vol. 20, No. 5 (2004). Benassi, P., TRUSTe: An Online Privacy Seal Program, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1999). Berendt, B., O. Gnther, and S. Spiekermann, Privacy in E-Commerce: Stated Preferences vs. Actual Behavior, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2005). Berry, D. M., Internet Research: Privacy, Ethics and Alienation: An Open Source Approach, Internet Research, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2004). Brown, M., and R. Muchira, Investigating the Relationship Between Internet Privacy Concerns and Online Purchase Behavior, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004). Brungs, A., and R. Jamieson, Identification of Legal Issues for Computer Forensics, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2005). Bughin, J., and J. Hagel, The Operational Performance of Virtual CommunitiesTowards a Successful Business Model? Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2000). Bughin, J., and M. Zeisser, The Marketing Scale Effectiveness of Virtual Communities, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2001). Carroll, B., Price of Privacy: Selling Consumer Databases in Bankruptcy, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2002). Castelfranchi, C., and Y. Tan, The Role of Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 6, No. 3 (2002). Chellappa, R. K., and S. Shivendu, Economic Implications of Variable Technology Standards for Movie Piracy in a Global Context, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2003). Chen, Y., and I. Png, Information Goods Pricing and Copyright Enforcement: Welfare Analysis, Information Systems Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2003). Chou, D. C., The Economics of Taxing Electronic Commerce, Information Systems Management, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1999). Claessens, J., C. Diaz, C. Goemans, B. Preneel, J. Vandewalle, and J. Dumortier, Revocable Anonymous Access to the Internet? Internet Research, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2003). Clarke, R., Internet Privacy Concerns Confirm the Case for Intervention, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1999). Cohen, J. E., DRM and Privacy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2003). Delvecchio, S., H. Meric, C. Foltz, and J. R. Pelletier, Exploring Consumers Perceptions of Online Credit Card Theft, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2002). Dhillon, G. S., and T. T. Moores, Internet Privacy: Interpreting Key Issues, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2001). Earp, J. B., and D. Baumer, Innovative Web Use to Learn About Consumer Behavior and Online Privacy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2003). Easley, R. F., J. G. Michel, and S. Devaraj, The MP3 Open Standard and the Music Industrys Response to Internet Piracy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 11 (2003). Evfimievski, A., R. Srikant, R. Agrawal, and J. Gehrke, Privacy Preserving Mining of Association Rules, Information Systems, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2004). Fisher, J., and G. Harindranath, Regulation as a Barrier to Electronic Commerce in Europe: The Case of the European Fund Management Industry, European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2004). Froomkin, A. M., Legal Issues in Anonymity and Pseudonymity, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Kavanaugh, A. L., D. D. Reese, J. M. Carroll, and M. B. Rosson, Weak Ties in Networked Communities, The Information Society, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2005). Kling, R., Y. C. Lee, A. Teich, and M. Frankel, Assessing Anonymous Communication on the Internet: Policy Deliberations, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999). Koh, J., and YG. Kim, Sense of Virtual Community: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Validation, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003). Kopp, S. W., and T. A. Suter, Fan Sites and Hate Sites on the World Wide Web: Issues in Managing Intellectual Property in the Digital Era, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 4 (2001). Kwok, S. H., Watermark-Based Copyright Protection System Security, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 10 (2003). Kwok, S. H., and C. C. Yang, Copyright Protection Schemes for Online Media Distribution E-Services, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003). Kwok, S. H., C. C. Yang, and K. Y. Tam, Intellectual Property Protection for Electronic Commerce Applications, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2004). Kwok, S. H., S. M. Lui, S. C. Cheung, and K. Y. Tam, Digital Rights Management with Web Services, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2003). Lahlou, S., M. Langheinrich, and C. Rcker, Privacy and Trust Issues with Invisible Computers, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 3 (2005). Lawler, J. P., Customer Loyalty and Privacy on the Web, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Lee, J. K., and Y. Hwangbo, Cyberconsumption Taxes and Electronic Collection Systems: A Canonical Consumerdelivered Sales Tax, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2000). Lee, K., and D. E. Booth, Prototype System Developed for Digital Rights Management in Electronic Commerce, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004). Leimeister, J. M., W. Ebner, and H. Krcmar, Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Trust-Supporting Components in Virtual Communities for Patients, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 4 (2005). Liu, C., J. T. Marchewka, J. Lu, and C. Yu, Beyond ConcernA Privacy-Trust-Behavioral Intention Model of Electronic Commerce, Information and Management, Vol. 42, No. 2 (2005). Lukas, A., Tax Competition or Tax Collusion? State and Local Government versus the Internet, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2000). Luo, X., Trust Production and Privacy Concerns on the Internet: A Framework Based on Relationship Marketing and Social Exchange Theory, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 31 (2002). Malhotra, N. K., S. S. Kim, and J. Agarwal, Internet Users Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2004). Marx, G. T., Whats in a Name? Some Reflections on the Sociology of Anonymity, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999). Milne, G. R., and M. J. Culnan, Strategies for Reducing Online Privacy Risks: Why Consumers Read (or Dont Read) Online Privacy Notices, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2004).

Gabber, E., P. B. Gibbons, D. M. Kristol, et al., Consistent, Yet Anonymous, Web Access with LPWA, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1999). Gauzente, C., Web Merchants Privacy and Security Statements: How Reassuring Are They for Consumers? A Two-Sided Approach, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2004). Gay, R. H., R. A. Davis, D. T. Phillips, and D. Z. Sui, Modeling Paradigm for the Environmental Impacts of the Digital Economy, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005). Geng, X., A. B. Whinston, and H. Zhang, Health of Electronic Communities: An Evolutionary Game Approach, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 21, No. 3 (2004). Gillespie, T., Copyright and Commerce: The DMCA, Trusted Systems, and the Stabilization of Distribution, The Information Society, Vol. 20, No. 4 (2004). Grosso, A., The Promise and Problems of the No Electronic Theft Act, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2000). Grosso, A., Why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act Is a Failure of Reason, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 2 (2002). Grupe, F. H., W. Kuechler, and S. Sweeney, Dealing with Data Privacy Protection: An Issue for the 21st Century, Information Systems Management, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2002). Hailperin, M., Viewpoint: The COPA Battle and the Future of Free Speech, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1999). Halaris, C., S. Kerridge, G. Bafoutsou, G. Mentzas, and S. Kerridge, An Integrated System Supporting Virtual Consortia in the Construction Sector, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 13, No. 34 (2003). Hall, H., and D. Graham, Creation and Recreation: Motivating Collaboration to Generate Knowledge Capital in Online Communities, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2004). Hess, G. M., Combating Online Software Piracy, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 3 (2003). Hoffman, D. L., T. P. Novak, and M. A. Peralta, Information Privacy in the Marketspace: Implications for the Commercial Uses of Anonymity on the Web, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999). Jackson, L. A., A. von Eye, G. Barbatsis, F. Biocca, H. E. Fitzgerald, and Y. Zhao, The Impact of Internet Use on the Other Side of the Digital Divide, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 7 (2004). Jarvenpaa, S. L., T. R. Shaw, and D. S. Staples, Toward Contextualized Theories of Trust: The Role of Trust in Global Virtual Teams, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2004). Jin, D. Y., E-Tax or E-Commerce: The Debate on Taxing Electronic Commerce Transactions, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2003). Junglas, I. A., and R. T. Watson, National Culture and Electronic Commerce, e-Service Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2004). Kankanhalli, M. S., and K. F. Hau, Watermarking of Electronic Text Documents, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 2, No. 12 (2002). Kardaras, D., B. Karakostas, and E. Papathanassiou, The Potential of Virtual Communities in the Insurance Industry in the UK and Greece, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2003). Kaufman, J. H., S. Edlund, D. A. Ford, and C. Powers, The Social Contract Core, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2005).

Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Milne, G. R., and M. J. Culnan, Using the Content of Online Privacy Notices to Inform Public Policy: A Longitudinal Analysis of the 19982001 U.S. Web Surveys, The Information Society, Vol. 18, No. 5 (2002). Moores, T., Do Consumers Understand the Role of Privacy Seals in E-Commerce? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48, No. 3 (2005). Moores, T. T., and G. Dhillon, Do Privacy Seals in E-Commerce Really Work? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 12 (2003). Mulligan, D. K., Digital Rights Management and Fair Use by Design, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2003). Mykytyn, K., and P. P. Mykytyn, Jr., The Importance of the Law for E-Commerce Strategies, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2005). Nicholas, K., Geo-Policy Barriers and Rural Internet Access: The Regulatory Role in Constructing the Digital Divide: Special Issue: Remapping the Digital Divide, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2003). Oates, B., Cyber Crime: How Technology Makes It Easy and What to Do About It, Information Systems Management, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2001). Panko, R. R., and H. G. Beh, Monitoring for Pornography and Sexual Harassment, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, No. 1 (2002). Papazafeiropoulou, A., and A. Pouloudi, Social Issues in Electronic Commerce: Implications for Policy Makers, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2001). Paul, S., P. Seetharaman, I. Samarah, and P. P. Mykytyn, Impact of Heterogeneity and Collaborative Conflict Management Style on the Performance of Synchronous Global Virtual Teams, Information and Management, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2004). Pauleen, D. J., An Inductively Derived Model of Leader-Initiated Relationship Building with Virtual Team Members, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2003). Peslak, A. R., Internet Privacy Policies: A Review and Survey of the Fortune 50, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2005). Phelps, J., G. DSouza, and G. J. Nowak, Antecedents and Consequences of Privacy Concerns: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2001). Phelps, J., and M. D. Bunker, Direct Marketers Use of Public Records: Current Legal Environment and Outlook for the Future, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2001). Piccoli, G., and B. Ives, Trust and the Unintended Effects of Behavior Control in Virtual Teams, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2003). Pietro, R. D., and L. V. Mancini, Security and Privacy Issues of Handheld and Wearable Wireless Devices, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 9 (2003). Pitknen, O., M. Mntyl, M. Vlimki, and J. Kemppinen, Assessing Legal Challenges on the Mobile Internet, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2003). Reagle, J., and L. F. Cranor, The Platform for Privacy Preferences, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1999). Reiter, M. K., and A. D. Rubin, Anonymous Web Transactions with Crowds, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 2 (1999). Rennhard, M., S. Rafaeli, L. Mathy, B. Plattner, and D. Hutchison, Towards Pseudonymous E-Commerce, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 12 (2004). Samuelson, P., Trade Secrets vs. Free Speech, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2003).

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Schubert, P., and M. Ginsburg, Virtual Communities of Transaction: The Role of Personalization in Electronic Commerce, Electronic Markets, Vol. 10, No. 1 (2000). Sheehan, K., Toward a Typology of Internet Users and Online Privacy Concerns, The Information Society, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2002). Shin, S. K., R. D. Gopal, G. L. Sanders, and A. B. Whinston, Global Software Piracy Revisited, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 1 (2004). Shughart, W. F., II, A Public Choice Perspective, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2000). Sine, W. D., S. Shane, and D. D. Gregorio, The Halo Effect and Technology Licensing: The Influence of Institutional Prestige on the Licensing of University Inventions, Management Science, Vol. 49, No. 4 (2003). Sipior, J. C., and B. T. Ward, A Strategic Response to the Broad Spectrum of Internet Abuse, Information System Management, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2002). Sipior, J. C., B. T. Ward, and P. G. Bonner, Should Spam Be on the Menu? Communications of the ACM, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2004). Sipior, J. C., B. T. Ward, and G. R. Roselli, The Ethical and Legal Concerns of Spyware, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2005). Smith, A. D., Accountability in EDI Systems to Prevent Employee Fraud, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2005). Stamp, M., Digital Rights Management: The Technology Behind the Hype, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003). Sundararajan, A., Managing Digital Piracy: Pricing and Protection, Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2004). Teich, A., M. S. Frankel, R. Kling, and Y. C. Lee, Anonymous Communication Policies for the Internet: Results and Recommendations of the AAAS Conference, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999). Thatcher, M., and E. Clemons, Managing the Costs of Informational Privacy: Pure Bundling as a Strategy in the Individual Health Insurance Market, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 17, No. 2 (2000). Turner, E. C., and S. Dasgupta, Privacy on the Web: An Examination of User Concerns, Technology, and Implications for Business Organizations and Individuals, Information Systems Management, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003). Vijayasarathy, L. R., Internet Taxation, Privacy, and Security: Opinions of the Taxed and Legislated, Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2002). Volokh, E., Personalization and Privacy, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 8 (2000). Wachter, R. M., J. N. D. Gupta, and M. A. Quaddus, IT Takes a Village: Virtual Communities in Support of Education, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 20 (2000). Wang, J. C., and C. L. Chen, An Automated Tool for Managing Interactions in Virtual CommunitiesUsing Social Network Analysis Approach, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004). Wang, Y., and D. R. Fesenmaier, Assessing Motivation of Contribution in Online Communities: An Empirical Investigation of an Online Travel Community, Electronic Markets, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2003). Ward, B. T., and J. C. Sipior, To Tax or Not to Tax E-Commerce: A United States Perspective, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 5, No. 3 (2004). Warschauer, M., Dissecting the Digital Divide: A Case Study in Egypt, The Information Society, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2003).

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Appendix A: Current Electronic Commerce Research Zwick, D., and N. Dholakia, Contrasting European and American Approaches to Privacy in Electronic Markets: Property Right Versus Civil Right, Electronic Markets, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2001).

Wayner, P., Technology for Anonymity: Names by Other Nyms, The Information Society, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1999). Yap, A. Y., Enabling E-Commerce Growth Through the Social Construction of a Virtual Communitys Culture, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2002).

A.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

This online appendix attempts to help readers find articles relating to their own interests by categorizing articles into topics and introducing the references for each topic. Based on the review of EC research, we found the following research trends: 1. Web Services, Semantic Web, Software Agents, and Ubiquitous Computing are the major technological drivers of the next generation platform for e-commerce. 2. Agent research is popular in many application areas such as e-marketplaces, purchase support, B2B, m-commerce, and e-auctions. However, it is not clear how far humans will allow agents to replace their roles. Therefore, studies on the real-world performance of agents and their scope of human adoption seem necessary to lead to the development of more useful agents. 3. A great deal of research has been done on trust in multiple contexts, such as consumers trust, security and trust, trust in B2B partnerships, and fraud regulation to enhance trust in EC transactions. 4. Research on identifying the critical success factors for various types of e-business models seems necessary. Interesting issues include development of evaluation metrics from the perspective of the balanced scorecard. 5. Pricing schemes for e-channels and studies on the comparative discount performance via e-channels need continued observation in various contexts of product types and demographics. 6. Computer scientists are actively investigating the development of complex auction schemes and experimental simulation of market mechanisms under the heading of Computational Economics. Experimental research needs to progress toward the study of empirical performance and the attitude of decision makers delegation to automated decision mechanisms. 7. The boundary between EC and information systems research is blurred in the topics of groupware, workflow, EDI, security, outsourcing policy, and development platforms and strategies. 8. The EC research boundary with management practice is also blurred in the study of consumer behavior, pricing, CRM, and SCM. 9. There are fewer academic publications than expected in the areas of Internet advertising, public B2B exchanges, and e-payment. 10. Connectivity to small enterprises is a common social barrier to high EC penetration, so it needs attention to encourage the diffusion of EC. 11. Privacy, digital rights management, and trust are primary policy issues that have generated a high number of academic publications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Jong Han Park and Sohyung Kim, research assistants in the School of Information Systems at Singapore Management University (SMU), who selected articles from the vast number of journal articles and made the initial classifications. Christopher Choo at SMU and Alan Tan at Nanyang Polytechnic have done a superb job editing the huge number of references and deriving the statistics for the exhibitions. Jong Han Park, Sung Byung Yang, and Jong Hyun Park, doctoral candidates in the Graduate School of Management at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, significantly contributed to the earlier version of the project. We deeply thank them for their dedicated work on this endeavor. Without the full support of Dean Steven Miller at the School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, this project would not have been possible. I profoundly thank him. Puay Siang Tan and Chew Hong Ong at the general administration office of the School of Information Systems arranged all the support that was necessary without any delay. I am so happy for their constant help and thankful that they are my colleagues; I deeply appreciate their support. I also want to thank Jana Rumminger for her wonderful English editing. For any inquiries about this appendix, contact Jae Kyu Lee (jklee@smu.edu.sg).