Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
GROWTH
Normal, progressive anatomic, physiologic, psychological, intellectual, social & cultural development from infancy to adulthood as a result of gradual & normal processes of accretion & assimilation An increase in physical measurement Structural aspect of development Quantitative 2 rapid phases of growth: Infancy: 3 time BW, 2 times of Ht. Puberty: adult ht, secondary sexual characteristics
DEVELOPMENT
Development includes maturation of organs and systems, acquisition of physical, intellectual, and interpersonal skills, ability to adapt more readily to stress and assumption of personal responsibility, and capacities for creative expression Acquisition & refinement of skills Development Motor Gross Fine Reflex Speech & Language Cognitive Psychosocial Psychosexual Moral
Head Circumference
Size and shape A tower-head, or oxycephalic skull Suggests premature closure of sutures and is associated with craniosynostosis A broad forehead may indicate hydrocephalus Small head microcephaly Square or a box-shaped skull Suggest chronic subdural hematomas because the long-standing presence of fluid in the subdural space causes enlargement of the middle fossa Inspection: Scalp venous pattern Cutaneous abnormalities Face (eyes, ears, nose, lips, dentition, palate) Fontanels Two fontanels at birth: Anterior fontanel Posterior Fontanel
Diamond-shaped open anterior fontanel Situated in the midline at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures Measurement approximates 2 by 2 cm Average time of closure is 18 mos, but may normally close as early as 9 mo. A very small or absent anterior fontanel indicate premature fusion of the sutures or microcephaly
Very large fontanel could signify a variety problems Posterior fontanel Between the intersection of the occipital and parietal bones Usually closed and nonpalpable after the 1st 68 wk of life; Its persistence suggests underlying hydrocephalus or the possibility of congenital hypothyroidism
The fontanel is normally slightly depressed and pulsatile Best evaluated when an infant is held upright while asleep or feeding A bulging fontanel is a reliable indicator of increased ICP, but vigorous crying can cause a protuberant fontanel in a normal infant
Genes & Environment Body size influenced by multiple genes Each has small effect Some do not function until birth When individual differences emerge Body size influence by: Environment Nutrition Length / Height / Stature Birth 12 months 4 years Early school age Prepubescence/ad olsecence 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm 5 cm (annually) 5-8 cm (annually)
Computation: HEIGHT HEIGHT At birth At 1 yr 212 yr CENTIMETERS 50 75 age (yr) 6 + 77 INCHES 20 30 age (yr) 2 + 30
WEIGHT
Average infant weighs approximately 7 pounds 5 ounces (3.33 kg at birth) Within the first few days of life the newborn loses up to 10% of the birth weight Birth weight doubles between 4 and 5 months of age Triples by the end of the first year Quadruples by the end of the childs second year Between ages 2 & 9 years the annual increment in weight averages about 5 pounds (2.25 kg) per year
Weight
Birth (full term) 5 months 12 months Until adolescent growth spurt 3400 g Double Triple 2 kg (annually)
Computation: Weight
WEIGHT At birth 312 mo 16 yr 712 yr KILOGRAMS 3.25 age (mo) + 9 / 2 age (yr) 2 + 8 age (yr) 7 5 / 2 POUNDS 7 age (mo) + 11 age (yr) 5 + 17 age (yr) 7 + 5