Xtra Edge November - 2011

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 NOVEMBER 2011
Dear Students,
Everyone wants success. Some people spend their every waking moment pursuing
it, to the detriment of all else. For others, attaining success seems impossible. They
conclude that it is destined for a select few. The rest of us are to remain "content
with such things as we have". Having it all is not "in our stars".
When you strive for success with the wrong assumptions, you will never reach
it. It's like traveling somewhere with the wrong map.
Zig Ziglar says that, "Success is a process, not an event," "a journey, not a
destination." Jim Rohn describes it as " .... a condition that must be
attracted not pursued."
Success is something you must work hard and long to earn, for yourself. It has a
price, sometimes a very high one. And most people aren't really and truly ready
to pay that price, to do what success demands. If success has eluded you so far,
perhaps you should try changing your assumptions. You need to accept that :
You must go through a growing process, which will require time and
patience, in order to achieve success. There are no short cuts. Anything else
is a temporary illusion. Success that will remain with you, and bring you joy
rather than sorrow, requires a learning process, a time to grow out of old
habits and into new ones, a time to learn what works and what doesn't. And
you must pay your dues, in full, in advance! so don't be in a hurry.
You will need to acquire traits and skills that attract it. What does success mean
to you ? Identify, in specific terms, what you regard as success. What traits or
skills will you need to achieve this goal? Find 2 or 3 people who have what you
want. Write down the habits that have made them successuf and resolve to
copy them. This is called mentoring learning from others who have arrived
where you want to go. Once you learn to do what it takes, you qualify. And
when you qualify, success comes looking for you. You just can't be denied!
Remember, when parents try to teach their children to crawl, what they do?
They put their favorite toy in front of them and teased them forward, inch by
inch. They were after the toy, which kept them motivated. When they became
good at reaching the toy, they had learned to crawl. After that, they could reach
any destination they wanted. The DESTINATION was less important. They
became champion crawlers in the PROCESS!
When you are ready for success you attract it, with little effort. When you
are not, it runs from you, no matter how hard you chase. In other words,
you repel it! Most likely, this is the reason that success eludes people.
Now that you know how to attract success, why not get started on the journey
that will take you where you want to go. Any one can succeed, but
unfortunately not every one will. Fate does not foist it upon you. You can have
anything you want in life, if you're ready to pay the price. But if you consider the
process too hard, too slow, or too long and lonely, you have qualified your self as
a looser; painful but true.
So don't short change yourself with short-cuts. Go out there today and start
attracting success. It's literally yours for the taking!
Presenting forever positive ideas to your success.

Yours truly

Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi

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Maheshwari, 112, Shakti Nagar,
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Editor : Pramod Maheshwari

Impatience never commanded success.
Volume - 7 Issue - 5
November, 2011 (Monthly Magazine)
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Volume-7 Issue-5
November, 2011 (Monthly Magazine)

NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Much more IIT-JEE News.
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE- 2012 & 2013

S

Success Tips for the Months

" Always bear in mind that your own
resolution to succeed is more important
than any other thing."
"God gave us two ends. One to sit on and
one to think with. Success depends on
which one you use; head you win -- tails,
you lose."
"The ladder of success is best climbed by
stepping on the rungs of opportunity."
"Success is getting what you want.
Happiness is wanting what you get."
"The secret of success in life is for a man to
be ready for his opportunity when it
comes."
"I don't know the key to success, but the
key to failure is trying to please
everybody."
"The secret of success is to be in harmony
with existence, to be always calm to let
each wave of life wash us a little farther up
the shore."

CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE

NEWS ARTICLE 3
Government plans to recover costs from IIT
students
HRD to hand over 10,000 low-cost laptops to
IIT Rajasthan

IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 5
Mr. Subrah S. Iyer
KNOW IIT-JEE 6
Previous IIT-JEE Question

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 47

Class XII IIT-JEE 2012 Paper
Class XI IIT-JEE 2013 Paper

Regulars ..........

DYNAMIC PHYSICS 14
8-Challenging Problems [Set # 7]
Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
E.M.I. & A.C.
S.H.M.

CATALYSE CHEMISTRY 27

Key Concept
Nitrogen Compound
Nitrogen Family
Understanding :Physical Chemistry

DICEY MATHS 38

Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Differentiation
Straight Line & Circle
Study Time........
Test Time ..........

Government plans to recover
costs from IIT students
Students of the Indian Institutes of
Technology (IITs) are set to be under
a debt burden from their first day in
class.
According to a new proposal, general
category IIT graduates may soon have to
pay back the money that the government
incurs on their education as soon as they
find a job after passing out. The 15
premier engineering institutes and the
human resource development ministry
gave their "in principle" nod to the
proposal, which has been touted as a
workable alternative to hiking tuition
fees of the IITs.
The reimbursed amount will go to the
IIT from where a student graduates.
The step is believed to be in line with
the government's efforts to give more
administrative and financial autonomy
to the IITs.The landmark decision,
taken at Wednesday's meeting of
the IIT Council, the highest decision-
making body of these institutes, will
not apply to students from SC, ST and
OBC (noncreamy layer) categories.
Nor will it apply to those going in for
higher studies at the IITs.
HRD minister Kapil Sibal said the
idea of giving back to the institute was
agreed upon during a discussion on
the Kakodkar Committee
recommendation which had proposed
that the IITs increase their annual
tuition fee four times from Rs 50,000
each year to anything between Rs 2
lakh to Rs 2.5 lakh per annum.
"We have shot down that proposition
as we do not want to burden the
students' families. Students will
continue to pay Rs 50,000 as their
annual fee, but they will be expected
to pay the difference between the
tuition fee and the actual expenditure
incurred by the institute once they
start working," he said.
Sources said the payback proposal is
"reasonable". IIT graduates are in great
demand and command high salaries.
Roughly half the students of an IIT are
from the general category because 49.5
per cent of the seats are reserved. A
rough estimate pegs the total
expenditure on an IIT BTech graduate
over four years at Rs 6 lakh to Rs 8
lakh. The student will not be liable to
pay the difference between the tuition
fee and the actual expenditure in case
he studies further like pursue MTech,
PhD and so on.
But the moment a student gets a job,
irrespective of whether it is in the
government or the private sector, the
loan meter will start ticking. It was
decided at the meeting that students
will only need to return the amount in
installments.
"A student who eventually becomes a
researcher or joins an IIT as a faculty
member will also be exempted as we
want to encourage research and
students to become teachers. In case the
student remains unemployed, we won't
expect him to pay," Sibal added. It is,
anyway, rare for an IIT graduate to
remain unemployed. Even though the
ministry and the IITs have agreed upon
this proposal "in principle", it can only
be implemented if Sibal can get the
finance ministry on board. Obviously
then, as of now, there is no deadline for
implementation of this decision.
Another hurdle would be to ensure that
students do not shirk their
responsibility of paying back. Sibal said
the shift to "demat" degrees and
certificates will take care of this
problem.
Last year, the minister had announced
the start of a process for the
establishment of a national database of
academic qualifications (degrees or
certificates from school to graduate and
postgraduate levels, including
professional degrees), which will be
created and maintained in a digital
format by an identified, registered
depository. For this purpose, the
HRD ministry had constituted a task
force under the supervision of IIT-
Kanpur director Sanjay Dhande.
"The degree eventually goes to the
employer. Once the demat system is
in place, an IIT graduate's degree
will reflect the obligation to pay the
institute back and the money will
come via the employer," said Sibal,
adding that the details will be
worked out in consultation with the
IITs
HRD to hand over 10,000 low-
cost laptops to IIT Rajasthan
Jaipur: The much awaited low-cost
laptops in India will be introduced
through the IIT-Rajasthan. The
Union HRD ministry announced that
the first batch of low-cost laptops,
designed for use by students, will be
handed over to IIT Rajasthan.
"We would deliver the first lot of
10,000 laptops to IIT-Rajasthan in
June," a ministry official said. The
laptops would come for Rs 2,200 per
unit. The original price band for
these laptops was kept between
Rs1,000-1,500 per unit.
"One lakh laptops have been ordered
for students across the country. The
remaining 90,000 units would be
distributed in remaining states over
the next four months," the official
said.
The HRD ministry announced its
plans of rolling out low-cost
computing devices during a
conference of education ministers
from different states in New Delhi
two days ago. The project had been
in the pipeline for six years. The
conference, presided over by Union
HRD minister Kapil Sibbal, was
attended by school education
minister Bhanwar Lal Meghwal and
higher education minister Jitendra
Singh.
Officials at the IIT Rajasthan in
Jodhpur said the project of low-cost
laptops was underway. But, they said
they were not aware of the price band
at which it would be available or the
mode of distribution that would be
adopted. "It's a Union government
decision, an official of the institute
said.
Officials said the government would
subsidise 50 per cent of the cost and a
student would pay only around Rs
1,000 for the device. On the basis of
the feedback of the field trial, the
computers will be made available for
distribution among students under the
National Mission On Education
through Information and
Communication Technology.
The computers will be equipped with
WiFi connectivity, PDF Reader,
Office applications, a web browser
with remote device management
capability and video streaming. They
will come with 2 USB ports, built-in
keyboard, a 7-inch touch-screen and 2
GB RAM.
IIT-Bombay announces
Geomat12
IIT-B going to conduct Geomatrix12,
an International Conference on
Geospatial Technologies and
Applications to be held from 26th to
29th February 2012 at Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay (IITB).
Geomatrix12 is the third in a series of
conferences on geoinformatics tools,
techniques and applications being
organized by the Centre of Studies in
Resources Engineering (CSRE), IITB
since 2009. The first two conferences
were national level conferences;
Geomatrix12 is envisaged to be an
international event with strong
participation from national and
international researchers and institutes
of repute at both organization and
delegate level.
We are expecting participation of
delegates from various academic
institutes, research organizations and
industries to share their research
findings and professional experiences
with fellow researchers, professionals
and students from India and abroad. We
are looking forward to your enthusiastic
participation in Geomatrix12.
The focus of the conference would be on:
(a) tools and techniques of GIS, remote
Sensing, satellite image processing
and GPS, and
(b) applications of GIS and remote
sensing to exploration, assessment
and management of natural resources
(including minerals, water resources,
forests, snow and glaciers, etc.),
agriculture, natural hazard
assessment and disaster management,
environmental impact assessment
including climate change studies,
atmospheric studies, terrain studies,
land-use planning, and related fields
of earth sciences.
The specific themes include:
1. Advances in Tools and techniques
of GIS
2. Recent advances in microwave
remote sensing
3. State-of-the-art in satellite image
processing
4. Global positioning systems and
wireless sensor networks
5. Geospatial technology in mineral
system studies and mineral
exploration
6. Agroinformatics tools and
applications
7. Geoinformatics for coastal, marine,
and urban environments
8. Geospatial technology for
prediction and management of
natural hazards and disasters
9. Monitoring and managing our
glaciers and water resources using
remote sensing
10. Education and educational
technology in geoinformatics
Get a reality check: IITs well
behind Chinese peers, says PM
If you think that our Indian Institutes of
Technology are producing the best
brains of the world, think again. In a
recent speech at IIT-Kharagpur, Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh said the IITs
were well behind technology
counterparts in China when it came
to research and PhDs.
"The Kakodkar committee report
noted the number of PhDs is very
small in comparison to similar
technology institutions in
the USA and China," he said. It was
important as it emphasised the
challenge in creating an advanced
research-based innovation
ecosystem, with the involvement of
industry and national technology
programmes.
Talking about how Kakodkar panel
was set up last year to come up with a
report card of the progress of IITs in
the country, Singh said that the
recommendations of the committee
will soon be considered by the
Council of the IITs and then by the
Government of India. Of many
suggestions given by Kakodkar panel,
the most significant one is about
giving more autonomy to these
institutions.
The PM also stressed on the fact that
IITs need to take on a leadership role
on innovations to stimulate long-term
growth and development. He
emphasises the need for a second
Green Revolution. He said, "We
have to usher in a soft revolution in
our academic business and
administrative cultureour
scientific and entrepreneurial
energies should be channeled to
spark the second Green Revolution,
find new pathways for sustainable
growth and living and make green
growth a profitable business
proposition."
PM Manmohan Singh was
addressing the 60th anniversary and
the 57th convocation of IIT-Kgp. At
the event, 1,966 degrees were
awarded, of which 235 were PhDs,
29 MS, 692 M Tech, 84 MBAs, 380
B. Tech and 216 MSc, among others.
Several personalities, including
Bharti Airtel chairman Sunil Mittal
were awarded honourary doctorates.


Success Story
Success Story
This article contains story/interviews of persons who succeed after graduation from different IITs

Subrah S. Iyer (b.1957) is a leading technocrat,
entrepreneur and Web conferencing pioneer of Indian
origin. He is the founder and CEO of WebEx which has
recently merged with Cisco Systems.
Early life
Subrah S. Iyer was born and brought up in Mumbai. He
had descended from Tamil immigrants who had migrated
to Mumbai. He did his schooling in Mumbai and graduated
from the Indian Institute of Technology. On completion of
his graduation he moved to the US in the year 1982. He
worked with Intel, Apple Inc., Quarterdeck, and Teleos
Research prior to the establishment of WebEx.
Founding of WebEx
In his childhood days, his father had sternly warned him
against dreaming of becoming an entrepreneur. However,
he overruled him when in 1996; he founded WebEx in
partnership with Min Zhu.
The founding of the company by Subrah Iyar was fuelled
by a new-found interest in Web Conferencing. Min Zhu, a
Stanford-trained System Engineer had been struggling to
develop a web-conferencing tool. Coincidentally, during
this time, he befriended Subrah Iyar who was running
Quarterdeck's research lab and the two formed a
partnership.
Growth of WebEx
WebEx struggled to make a profit in its early days, low
bandwidth being one of the main reasons. Slowly, with the
advancement of technology and the shift to broadband
technology, WebEx began to emerge as a potent
competitor with clients such as Hoover's Online, Oracle
and Tibco Software. However, despite the below
performance of Webex in its early days, it was generally a
boom time for digital conferencing technology with the
emergence of standards such as ISDN and Switched
Digital Service. WebEx received its first funding of $25
million in December 1999.

Faced with a win or lose situation, the management of
WebEx accepted the challenge with a brave heart. As a
result of the new ideas propounded by Subrah Iyer, 2000
became a honeymoon year for WebEx. The revenues
crossed the million mark and Subrah Iyar's own net worth
rocketed from a paltry $450,000 in January 2000 to $129
million in November 2000. When enquired about it in an
interview at a later stage, Subrah Iyar remarked, "It didn't
get too scary, because I knew we had done everything
based on fundamentals. You always have a feeling of
uncertainty. But it was never a feeling of terror."
In 2003, when Microsoft purchased conferencing company
Place ware it was thought to be the end of the road for
Subrah Iyar and WebEx. However, WebEx survived and
completed a $45 million acquisition of Intranets.com in
2005. As per the company website, more than 3.5 million
people use Ciscos WebEx products every month to
communicate and collaborate online.
How WebEx went the Cisco route
In Silicon Valley, being at the top of your game in a hot
market means you can pretty much name your price. At
least that's what seems to have happened to Web
conferencing company WebEx.
In March 2007, Cisco Systems said it would pay $3.2
billion for the company. Cisco plans to integrate WebEx's
online collaboration and meeting services into its unified
communications business. Subrah Iyar, chairman and chief
executive officer, has been with WebEx since the
beginning as a co-founder. And through the years, he has
established the company as a leader in the Web
collaboration market, fending off tough competitors such
as Microsoft.
WebEx had already been partnering with Cisco to integrate
voice over IP capabilities into its Web conferencing
services. So when potential suitors came knocking on
WebEx's door, it made perfect sense for the company to
talk to Cisco about a deal.
SUBRAH S. IYER
Born : 1957, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation : CEO, WebEx
Net worth : US$129 million (2000)

PHYSICS

1. Two square metal plates of side 1 m are kept 0.01 m
apart like a parallel plate capacitor in air in such a
way that one of their edges is perpendicular to an oil
surface in a tank filled with an insulating oil. The
plates are connected to a battery of emf 500 V. The
plates are then lowered vertically into the oil at a
speed of 0.001 ms
1
. Calculate the current drawn
from the battery during the process. (Dielectric
constant of oil = 11,
0
= 8.85 10
12
C
2
N
1
m
1
)
[IIT-1994]
Sol. The adjacent figure is a case of parallel plate
capacitor, The combined capacitance will be

1m
d
1x
x
+
V

C = C
1
+ C
2

=
d
) 1 x ( k
0

+
d
] 1 ) x 1 [(
0

C =
d
0
[kx + 1 x] ...(i)
After time dt, the dielectric rises by dx. The new
equivalent capacitance will be
C + dC = C
1
' + C
2
'
=
d
0
[(x + dx) 1] +
d
] 1 ) dx x 1 [(
0

=
d
0
[kx + kdx + 1 x dx]

Change of capacitance in time dt
dC =
d
0
[kx + kdx + 1 x dx kx 1 + x]
=
d
0
(k 1)dx ...(ii)

dt
dC
=
d
0
(k 1)
dt
dx
=
d
0
(k 1)v ...(iii)
where v =
dt
dx

We know that q = CV

dt
dq
= V
dt
dV
...(iv)
I = V
d
0
(k 1)v
From (i) and (ii)
I =
01 . 0
10 85 . 8 500
12

(11 1) 0.001
= 4.425 10
9
Amp. Ans.
Alternatively
We can differentiate eq. (i) w.r.t. 't', we get

dt
dC
=
d
0
(K 1)
dt
dx
and then proceed further.

2. An electrons gun G emits electrons of energy 2keV
travelling in the positive x-direction. The electrons
are required to hit the spot S where GS = 0.1m, and
the line GS make an angle of 60 with the x-axis as
shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic field
B parallel to GS in the region outside the electron

gun. Find
B parallel to GS exists in the region

outside the electron gun. Find the minimum value of
B needed to make the electrons hit S. [IIT-1993]

S
x
G
90
v
B

Sol. Let us resolve the velocity two rectangular
components V
1
(= V cos ) and V
2
(Vsin 60), V
1

component of velocity is responsible to move the
charge particle in the direction of the magnetic field
whereas V
2
component is responsible for rotating the
charged particle in circular motion. The overall path
is helical. The condition for he charged particle to
strike S with minimum value of B is
Pitch of Helix = GS
T V
1
= GS
qB
m 2
v cos 60 = 0.1

2
1
mv
2
= E V =
m
E 2

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions

G
V
2
= v sin 60
V
1
= v cos 60
v
r = 0.1 m
S
B

B =
1 . 0 q
60 cos mV 2

B =
1 . 0 q
m 2

m
E 2
cos 60
=
1 . 0 q
2
mE 2 cos 60
=
1 . 0 10 6 . 1
14 . 3 2
19

=
19 3 31
10 6 . 1 10 2 10 1 . 9 2
2
1

=
19
10
8 . 149
0.316 10
23
= 47.37 10
4

= 4.737 10
3
T Ans.

3. A solenoid has an inductance of 10 henry and a
resistance or 2 ohm. It is connected to a 10 volt
battery. How long will it take for the magnetic energy
to reach of its maximum value? [IIT-1996]
Sol. Let I
0
be the current at steady state. The magnetic
energy stored in the inductor at this state will be

10V
R = 2 L = 10H

E =
2
1
LI
0
2
...(i)
This is the maximum energy stored in the inductor.
The current in the circuit for one fourth of this energy
can be found as

2
1
E =
2
1
LI
0
2
...(ii)
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)

4 / E
E
=
2
2
0
LI
2
1
LI
2
1
I =
2
I
0

Also, V = I
0
R I
0
=
R
V
=
2
10
= 5 Amp.
I =
2
I
0
=
2
5
= 2.5 Amp.
The equation for growth of current in L-R circuit is
I = I
0
[1
L
RT
e ] 2.5 = 5 [1
10
t 2
e ]

2
1
= 1 e
t/5
e
t/5
=
2
1
e
t/5
= 2

5
t
= log
e
2
t = 5 log
e
2 = 2 2.303 0.3010 = 3.466 sec. Ans.

4. Two identical prisms of refractive index 3 are
kept as shown in the figure. A light ray strikes the
first prism at face AB. Find, [IIT-2005]

A
60
60
B
C
60
60
D
E

(a) the angle of incidence, so that the emergent ray
from the first prism has minimum deviation.
(b) through what angle the prism DCE should be
rotated about C so that the final emergent ray also
has minimum deviation.
Sol. (a) For minimum deviation of emergent ray from the
first prism MN is parallel to AC
BMN = 90
r = 30
Applying Snell's law at M
=
r sin
i sin

sin i = sin r
sin i = 3 sin 30 =
2
3

i = 60

A
60
60
B
C
i N
Q
M
P
r

(b) When the prism DCE is rotated about C in
anticlockwise direction, as shown in the figure,
then the final emergent ray SR becomes parallel
to the incident ray TM. Thus, the angle of
deviation becomes zero.

5. A neutron of kinetic energy 65eV collides
inelastically with a singly ionized helium atom at
rest. It is scattered at an angle of 90 with respect
of its original direction. [IIT-1993]
(i) Find the allowed values of the energy of the
neutron and that of the atom after the collision.
(ii) If the atom get de-excited subsequently by
emitting radiation, find the frequencies of the
emitted radiation.
[Given: mass of He atom 4(mass of neutron),
Ionization energy of H atom = 13.6eV]

Sol.

m 4m
m
K
2

4m
K
1

y
x

Applying conservation of linear momentum in
horizontal direction
(Initial Momentum)
x
= (Final Momentum)
x

p
ix
= p
fx

Km 2 = cos K ) m 4 ( 2
1
...(i)
Now applying conservation of linear momentum
in Y-direction
p
iy
= p
fy

0 = m K 2
2
sin K ) m 4 ( 2
1

m K 2
2
= sin K ) m 4 ( 2
1
...(ii)
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
2Km + 2K
2
m = 2(4m)K
1
+ 2(4m)K
1

K
1
+ K
2
= 4K
1
K = 4K
1
K
2

4K
1
K
2
= 65 ...(iii)
When collision takes place, the electron gains
energy and jumps to higher orbit.
Applying energy conservation
K = K
1
+ K
2
+ E
65 = K
1
+ K
2
+ E ...(iv)
Possible value of E For He
+

Case (1)
E
1
= 13.6 (54.4eV) = 40.8 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 24.2 eV from (4)
Solving with (3), we get
K
2
= 6.36 eV; K
1
= 17.84 eV
Case (2)
E
2
= 6.04 (54.4 eV) = 48.36 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 16.64 eV from (4)
K
2
= 0.312 eV; K
1
= 16.328 eV
Case (3)
E
3
= 3.4 (54.4eV) = 51.1 eV
K
1
+ K
2
= 14 eV
K
2
= 15.8 eV; K
1
= 1.8 eV
But K.E. can never be negative therefore case (3)
is not possible.
Therefore the allowed values of kinetic energies
are only that of case (1) and case (2) and electron
can jump upto n = 3 only.

54.4eV
For He
+
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
13.6eV
3.4eV
6.04eV

(ii) Thus when electron jumps back there are three
possibilities
n
3
n
1
or n
3
n
2
and n
2
n
1

The frequencies will be

1
=
h
E E
2 3

2
=
h
E E
1 3

3
=
h
E E
1 2

= 1.8210
15
H
z
= 11.6710
15
H
z
= 9.8410
15
Hz

Ans.

CHEMISTRY

6. An organic compound C
x
H
2y
O
y
was burnt with twice
the amount of oxygen needed for complete
combustion to CO
2
and H
2
O. The hot gases when
cooled to 0 C and 1 atm pressure, measure 2.24 L.
The water collected during cooling weighed 0.9 g.
The vapour pressure of pure water at 20C is 17.5
mm of Hg and is lowered by 0.104 mm when 50 g of
the organic compound are dissolved in 1000 g of
water. Give the molecular formula of the organic
compound. [IIT-1983]
Sol. According to the question, an organic compound
C
x
H
2y
O
y
was burnt with twice the amount of oxygen.
Hence,
C
x
H
2y
O
y
+ 2x O
2
xCO
2
+ yH
2
O + xO
2

Volume of gases after combustion = 2.24 L (given)
Volume of gases left after combustion = xCO
2
+ xO
2

x + x = 2.24
or x = 1.12 L
22.4 L CO
2
= 1 mol CO
2

1.12 L CO
2
=
4 . 22
12 . 1
= 0.05 mol CO
2

and 18 g H
2
O = 1 mol H
2
O
0.9 g H
2
O =
18
9 . 0
= 0.05 mol H
2
O
Thus, the empirical formula of the organic compound
is CH
2
O.
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30
Vapour pressure of the pure liquid,

0
A
P = 17.5 mm of Hg
Lowering in vapour pressure
0
A
P P
A
=0.104mm of Hg
Mass of organic compound = 50 g
Mass of water = 1000 g
Mole fraction of organic compound =
18
1000
M
50
M / 50
+

where M is the molecular mass of the organic
compound, the molecular mass of water being 18.
We know,

0
A
A
0
A
P
P P
= Mole fraction of organic compound

5 . 17
104 . 0
=
18
1000
M
50
M / 50
+

or
104 . 0
5 . 17
= 1 +
50 18
M 1000

Solving, M = 150.5 150
n =
mass formula Empirical
mass Molecular
=
30
150
= 5
Molecular formula or organic compound
= 5(CH
2
O) = C
5
H
10
O
5

7. At room temperature, the following reactions proceed
nearly to completion :
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
N
2
O
4

The dimer, N
2
O
4
, solidified at 262 K. A 250 ml flask
and a 100 ml flask are separated by a stopcock. At
300 K, the nitric oxide in the larger flask exerts a
pressure of 1.053 atm and the smaller one contains
oxygen at 0.789 atm. The gases are mixed by opening
the stopcock and after the end of the reaction the
flasks are cooled to 200 K. Neglecting the vapour
pressure of the dimer, find out the pressure and
composition of the gas remaining at 220 K. (Assume
the gases to behave ideally) [IIT-1992]
Sol. According to the gas equation,
PV = nRT
or n =
RT
PV

At room temperature,
For NO, P = 1.053 atm, V = 250 ml = 0.250 L
Number of moles of NO =
300 0821 . 0
250 . 0 053 . 1

= 0.01069 mol
For O
2
, P = 0.789 atm, V = 100 ml = 0.1L
Number of moles of O
2
=
300 0821 . 0
1 . 0 789 . 0

= 0.00320 mol
According to the given reaction,
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
N
2
O
4

Composition of gas after completion of reaction,
Number of moles of O
2
= 0
1 mol of O
2
react with = 2 mol of NO
0.00320 mol of O
2
react with = 2 0.00320
= 0.0064 mol of NO
Number of moles of NO left = 0.01069 0.0064
= 0.00429 mol
Also, 1 mol of O
2
yields = 1 mol of N
2
O
4

Number of moles of N
2
O
4
formed = 0.00320 mol
N
2
O
4
condenses on cooling,
0.350 L (0.1 + 0.250) contains only 0.00429 mol
of NO
At T = 220 K,
Pressure of the gas,
P =
V
nRT
=
350 . 0
220 0821 . 0 00429 . 0
= 0.221 atm

8. One gram of an alloy of aluminium and magnesium
when treated with excess of dil. HCl forms
magnesium chloride, aluminium chloride and
hydrogen. The evolved hydrogen collected over
mercury at 0C has a volume of 1.20 litres at 0.92
atm pressure. Calculate the composition of the alloy.
[At wt. Mg = 24, Al = 27] [IIT-1978]
Sol. Let the alloy contains, Al = x g
then Mg = (1 x)g
Step 1.
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

2 27 = 54 g 3 22.4 = 67.2 L
At STP, 54 g of Al with HCl yields H
2
= 67.2 L
x g of Al with HCl yields H
2
=
54
2 . 67
x L
Step 2.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2

24 g 22.4 L
At STP, 24 g of Mg with HCl yields H
2
= 22.4 L
(1 x)g of Mg with HCl yields H
2

=
24
4 . 22
(1 x)L
Step 3. Also given that,
P
1
= 0.92 atm P
2
= 1 atm
V
1
= 1.20 L V
2
= ?
T
1
= 0C = 273 K T
2
= 273 K
Total volume V
2
of hydrogen collected over mercury
at STP is given by,

1
1 1
T
V P
=
2
2 2
T
V P

or V
2
=
1
1 1
T
V P

2
2
P
T
=
273
20 . 1 92 . 0

1
273
= 1.104 L
Now, Volume of H
2
evolved by Al + Volume of H
2

evolved by Mg = Total volume of H
2

or
54
2 . 67
x +
24
4 . 22
(1 x) = 1.104
or 67.2 24x + 22.4 54 1 22.4 54 x
= 1.104 24 54
or 1612.8x + 1209.6 1209.6x = 1430.78
or 403.2 x = 21.18
or x = 0.5486
Mass of Al = 0.5486 g
and Mass of Mg = 1 0.5486
= 0.4514 g
Step 4. % composition of Al in 1 g alloy
=
alloy of Mass
Al of Mass
100
=
1
0.5486
100 = 54.86% Al
% composition of Mg in 1 g alloy
=
alloy of Mass
Mg of Mass
100
=
1
0.4514
100 = 45.14 % Mg

9. An organic compound (X), C
5
H
8
O, does not react
appreciably with Lucas reagent at room temperatures
but gives a precipitate with ammonical AgNO
3

solution. With excess CH
3
MgBr; 0.42 g of (X) gives
224 ml of CH
4
at STP. Treatment of (X) with H
2
in
the presence of Pt catalyst followed by boiling with
excess HI gives n-pentane. Suggest structure of (X)
and write the equations involved. [IIT-1992]
Sol. Lucas test sensitive test for the distinction of p, s, and
t-alcohol. A t-alcohol gives cloudiness immediately,
while s-alcohol within 5 minutes. A p-alcohol does
not react with the reagent at room temperature. Thus,
the present compound (X) does not react with this
reagent, hence it is a p-alcohol.
(X) = C
4
H
6
.CH
2
OH(p-alcohol)
Since the compound gives a ppt. with ammonical
AgNO
3
, hence it is an alkyne containing one
C CH, thus (X) may be written as :
HCC C
2
H
4
CH
2
OH (X)
It is given that 0.42 g of the compound (which is
0.005 mol) produces 22.4 ml of CH
4
at STP (which is
0.01 mol) with excess of CH
3
MgBr. This shows that
the compound (X) contains two active H atoms (H
atom attached to O, S, N and CCH is called
active). Of these, one is due to the p-alcoholic group
(CH
2
OH) and the other is due to the CCH bond,
since both these groups are present in (X), hence it
evolves two moles of CH
4
on reaction with
CH
3
MgBr.
H CC.
) X (
4 2
H C CH
2
OH + 2CH
3
MgBr
BrMgCCC
2
H
4
CH
2
OMgBr + 2CH
4

Moreover, the treatment of (X) with H
2
/Pt followed
by boiling with excess of HI gives n-pentane
(remember that 2HI are required to convert one
CH
2
OH into CH
3
). This shows that the compound
(X) contains a straight chain of five carbon atoms.
H CCC
2
H
4
CH
2
OH
Pt / H 2
2

CH
3
CH
2
.C
2
H
4
CH
2
OH

HI 2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
+ H
2
O + I
2

n-pentane
On the basis of abvoe analytical facts (X) has the
structure :

HCC.CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH (X)
5 4 3 2 1
4-pentyne-1-ol

The different equations of (X) are :

) X (
2 2 2
OH CH CH CH C C H
. temp Room
HCl ZnCl
2

+
No reaction

AgNO
3
Ag CC CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH + NH
4
NO
3
White ppt.
NH
3
2CH
3
MgBr
Br MgCC.CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OMgBr + 2CH
4

2H
2
/Pt
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Pentanol-1
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

n-pentane
2 HI
, H
2
O; I
2

The production of 2 moles of CH
4
is confirmed as the
reactions give 224 ml of CH
4
.
Q 84 g(X) gives = 2 22.4 litre CH
4

0.42 g (X) gives =
84
42 . 0 4 . 22 2

= 224 ml of CH
4

10. A white amorphous powder A when heated gives a
colourless gas B, which turns lime water milky and
the residue C which is yellow when hot but white
when cold. The residue C dissolves in dilute HCl and
the resulting solution gives a white precipitate on
addition of potassium ferrocyanide solution. A
dissolves in dilute HCl with the evolution of a gas
which is identical in all respects with B. The solution
of A as obtained above gives a white precipitate D on
addition of excess of NH
4
OH and on passing H
2
S.
Another portion of this solution gives initially a white
precipitate E on addition of NaOH solution, which
dissolves on further addition of the base. Identify the
compound A to E. [IIT-1979]
Sol. The given information is as follows.
(a)
powder white
A
heat
milky
water lime turns
gas colourless
B +
cold when hot white
when yellow
residue
C
(b)C
HCl dilute
solution

6 4
) CN ( Fe K
white precipitate
(c)

A
dilute HCl
Solution + B
(i) NH4OH
(ii) H2S
(i) NaOH
D
white precipitate
E
white precipitate
dissolves
NaOH

From part (a), we conclude that B is CO
2
as it turns
lime water milky :
Ca(OH
2
) + CO
2

this to
due milky
3
CaCO + H
2
O
and C is ZnO as it becomes yellow on heating and is
white in cold. Hence, the salt A must be ZnCO
3
.
From part (b), it is confirmed that C is a salt of zinc
(II) which dissolves in dilute HCl and white
precipitate obtained after adding K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
is due
to Zn
2
[Fe(CN)
6
].
From part (c), it is again confirmed that A is ZnCO
3

as on adding dilute HCl, we get CO
2
and zinc (II)
goes into solution. White precipitate is of ZnS which
is precipitated in ammonical medium as its solubility
product is not very low. White precipitate E is of
Zn(OH)
2
which dissolves as zincate, in excess of
NaOH. Hence the given information is explained as
follows.
(a)
(A)
3
ZnCO
heat

(B)
2
CO +
(C)
ZnO
(b)
(C)
ZnO
HCl dil
solution
2
ZnCl
6 4
) CN ( Fe K
e precipitat White
6 2
] ) CN ( Fe [ Zn
(c) ZnCO
3

HCl dil

Solution
2
ZnCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
ZnCl
2
+ S
2

(D)
ZnS + 2Cl

Zn
2+
+ 2OH

(E)
2
Zn(OH)
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2OH

dissolves
- 2
2
ZnO + 2H
2
O

MATHEMATICS

11. Let f [(x + y)/2] = {f (x) + f (y)} / 2 for all real x and y,
If f (0) exists and equals 1 and f (0) = 1, find f (2).
[IIT- 1995]
Sol. f |
.
|
\
| +
2
y x
=
2
) ( ) ( y f x f +
x, y R (given)
Putting y = 0, we get
f |
.
|
\
|
2
x
=
2
) 0 ( ) ( f x f +
=
2
1
[1 + f (x)] [Q f (0) = 1]
2f (x/2) = f (x) + 1
f (x) = 2f (x/2) 1 x, y R ...(1)
Since f (0) = 1, we get

h
f h f
h
) 0 ( ) 0 (
lim
0
+
= 1
h
h f
h
1 ) (
lim
0
= 1
Now, let x R then applying formula of
differentiability.
f (x)=
h
x f h x f
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+
=
h
x f
h x
f
h
) (
2
2 2
lim
0
|
.
|
\
| +

=
h
x f
h f x f
h
) (
2
) 2 ( ) 2 (
lim
0

=
h
x f
h
f
x
f
h
) ( 1
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
lim
0
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|

[Using equations (1)]
=
h
x f h f x f
h
) ( } 1 ) ( 2 1 ) ( 2 {
2
1
lim
0
+

=
h
x f h f x f
h
) ( 1 ) ( ) (
lim
0
+

=
h
h f
h
1 ) (
lim
0
= 1
Therefore f (x) = 1 x R

dx x f ) ( =
dx 1
f (x) = x + k where k is a constant.
But f (0) = 1, therefore f (0) = 0 + k
f (x) = 1 x x R f (2) = 1

12. Find all the solutions of :
4 cos
2
x sin x 2 sin
2
x = 3 sin x [IIT-1983]
Sol. 4 cos
2
x sin x 2 sin
2
x = 3 sin x
4(1 sin
2
x) sin x 2 sin
2
x 3 sin x = 0
4 sin x 4 sin
3
x 2 sin
2
x 3 sin x = 0
4 sin
3
x 2 sin
2
x + sin x = 0
sin x (4 sin
2
x + 2 sin x 1) = 0
sin x = 0 or 4 sin
2
x + 2 sin x 1 = 0
sin x = sin 0 or sin x =
) 4 ( 2
16 4 2 +

x = n or sin x =
4
5 1

x = n or sin x = sin
10
or sin x = sin |
.
|
\
|
10
3

x = n + (1)
n
10
, n + (1)
n
|
.
|
\
|
10
3

General solution set
(x : x = n}
)
`

+ =
10
) 1 ( :
n
n x x

)
`
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
10
3
) 1 ( :
n
n x x

13. Let C
1
and C
2
be two circles with C
2
lying inside C
1
.
A circle C lying inside C
1
touches C
1
internally and
C
2
externally. Identify the locus of the centre to C.
[IIT-2001]
Sol. Let the given circles C
1
and C
2
have centres O
1
and
O
2
and radii r
1
and r
2
respectively.
Let the variable circle C touching C
1
internally, C
2

externally have a radius r and centre at O.

O
2
C
2 C
1
O

C

O
1
r
2
r
r
1

Now, OO
2
= r + r
2
and OO
1
= r
1
r
OO
1
+ OO
2
= r
1
+ r
2

which is greater than O
1
O
2
as O
1
O
2
< r
1
+ r
2

(Q C
2
lies inside C
1
)
locus of O is an ellipse with foci O
1
and O
2
.

14. Find the smallest positive number p for which the
equation cos (p sin x) = sin(p cos x) has a solution
x [0, 2]
[IIT-1995]
Sol. cos (p sin x) = sin (p cos x) (given) x [0, 2]
cos (p sin x) = cos |
.
|
\
|
x pcos
2

p sin x = 2n |
.
|
\
|
x p cos
2
, n I
[Q cos = cos = 2n , n I]
p sin x + p cos x = 2n + /2
or p sin x p cos x = 2n /2, n I
p. 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x x cos
2
1
sin
2
1
= 2n + /2
or p 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
x x cos
2
1
sin
2
1
= 2n /2, n I
p 2 |
.
|
\
|
+
x x cos
4
sin sin
4
cos = 2n +
2

or p 2 |
.
|
\
|
x x cos
4
sin sin
4
cos = 2n
2
, n I
p 2
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
sin x = (4n + 1)
2
, n I
or p 2
(
|
.
|
\
|
4
sin x = (4n 1)
2
, n I
Now, 1 sin (x /4) 1
p 2 p 2 sin (x /4) p 2
p 2
2
). 1 4 ( + n
p 2 , n I
or p 2
2
) 1 4 ( n
p 2 , n I
Second inequality is always a subset of first,
therefore, we have to consider only first.
It is sufficient to consider n 0, because for n > 0,
the solution will be same for n 0.
If n 0, 2 p (4n + 1) /2
(4n + 1) /2 2 p
For p to be least, n should be least
n = 0
2 p /2 p
2 2

Therefore least value of p =
2 2

15. Find the range of values of t for which
2 sin t =
1 2 3
5 2 1
2
2

+
x x
x x
, t
(
2
,
2
[IIT-2005]
Sol. Here, 2 sin t =
1 2 3
5 2 1
2
2

+
x x
x x
, t
(
2
,
2

Put, 2sin t = y 2 y 2
(3y 5)x
2
2x(y 1) (y + 1) = 0
Since x R {1, 1/3} {as, 3x
2
2x 1 0}
D 0
4(y 1)
2
+ 4(3y 5) (y + 1) 0
y
2
y 1 0

2
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
y
4
5
0

|
|
.
|
\
|

2
5
2
1
y
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
5
2
1
y 0
y
2
5 1
or y
2
5 1+

or 2 sin t
2
5 1
or sin t
2
5 1+

sin t sin |
.
|
\
|
10
or sin t sin |
.
|
\
|
10
3

t
10
or t
10
3

Thus, Range for t
(
2
,
2

(

2
,
10
3

Physics Facts

Wave Phenomena
1. Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical.
2. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and
has a shorter wavelength when it enters a higher
(n) value medium.
3. All angles in wave theory problems are measured
to the normal.
4. Blue light has more energy. A shorter wavelength
and a higher frequency than red light (remember-
ROYGBIV).
5. The electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared,
visible. Ultraviolet x-ray and gamma) are listed
lowest energy to highest.
6. A prism produces a rainbow from white light by
dispersion (red bends the least because it slows
the least).
7. Light wave are transverse (they can be polarized).
8. The speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is
3.0 x 10
8
m/sec in a vacuum.
9. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its
energy.
10. Constructive interference occurs when two waves
are zero (0) degrees out of phase or a whole
number of wavelengths (360 degrees.) out of
phase.
11. At the critical angle a wave will be refracted to 90
degrees.
12. According to the Doppler effect a wave source
moving toward you will generate waves with a
shorter wavelength and higher frequency.
13. Double slit diffraction works because of
diffraction and interference.
14. Single slit diffraction produces a much wider
central maximum than double slit.
15. Diffuse reflection occurs from dull surfaces while
regular reflection occurs from mirror type
surfaces.
16. As the frequency of a wave increases its energy
increases and its wavelength decreases.
17. Transverse wave particles vibrate back and forth
perpendicular to the wave direction.
18. Wave behavior is proven by diffraction,
interference and the polarization of light.
19. Shorter waves with higher frequencies have
shorter periods.
20. Radiowaves are electromagnetic and travel at the
speed of light (c).
21. Monochromatic light has one frequency.
22. Coherent light waves are all in phase.

Geometric Optics
23. Real images are always inverted.
24. Virtual images are always upright.
25. Diverging lens (concave) produce only small
virtual images.
26. Light rays bend away from the normal as they
gain speed and a longer wavelength by entering a
slower (n) medium {frequency remains constant}.
27. The focal length of a converging lens (convex) is
shorter with a higher (n) value lens or if blue light
replaces red.


1. A current I enters at A in a square
loop of uniform resistance and leaves
at B. The ratio of magnetic field at
the centre of square loop due to
segments AB and due to DC is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2. The potential difference across
a 2H inductor is as a function
of time is shown. At t = 0
current is zero. Then
(A) current at t = 2s is 5A
(B) current at t = 2s is 10A
(C) current versus time graph in inductor will be

(D) current versus time graph in inductor will be

3. A body is thrown from the surface of earth with
velocity
2
gR
(when R is radius of earth) at some
angle from the vertical. If the maximum height
reached by body is R/4 then angle of projection with
vertical is
(A)
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
sin
1
(B)
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
cos
1

(C)
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
3
sin
1
(D) None of these

4. There is an infinite straight chain of alternating charges
q and q. The distance between the two neighbouring
charges is equal to d. Then the interaction energy of any
charge with all the other charges is
(A)
d 4
q 2
0
2

(B)
d 4
2 log q 2
0
e
2

(C)
d 4
2 log q 2
0
e
2

(D) None of these

Passage # (Q. No. 5 to Q. No. 7)
A extension of Youngs double slit interference
experiment its to increase the number of slits from
two to a large number N. A three slit grating consists
three slits of width a and separated by spacing d.
Intensity due to single slit is I
0
.
5. The intensity pattern for a three-slit grating is given
by (assume a << and

=
sin d 2
) = angle of
diffraction
(A) I
= I
(1 + 4 cos + 4cos
2
)
(B) I
= I
0
(1 + 4 cos)
(C) I
= 0 (D) I
= I
0
(1 + 4 sin + 4 sin
2
)

6. The maximum intensity for above three-slit grating is
(A) I
0
(B) 5I
0
(C) 3I
0
(D) 9I
0
7. The value of where intensity is half of the
maximum intensity is
(A) cos
-1
(0.56) (B) sin
-1
(0.56)
(C) 30 (D) None of these
8. A satellite is revolving around earth in a circular
orbit of m radius r
0
with velocity v
0
. A particle of
mass is projected from satellite in forward direction
with relative velocity
0
v 1
4
5
v
(
(
= . During
subsequent motion of particle match the following
(assume M = mass of earth)
Column I Column II
(A) Magnitude of total energy (P) 5GMm/8r
0

of particle
(B) Minimum distance of (Q) r
0

particle from earth
(C) Maximum distance of (R) 3/5r
0

particle from earth
(D) Minimum kinetic energy (S) 5GMm/8r
0

of particle (T) None

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.

By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Physics Challenging Problems
Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
Set # 7

D
A B
C
I I

1. dQ = dW + dU as dQ = - dU

CdT 2 dU 2 dW = =

P.dV = 2CdT

R / C 2
VT CdT 2 dV .
V
RT
=
= constant.
Now, dQ = -dU
C.dT = -C
v
.
v
C C dT =

Option [A] is correct

2. As
=
R / C 2
VT
constant

C 2
R
V . T
= constant
Option [B] is correct

3.
x 1
T R
W
=
where PV
x
= constant
Option [B] is correct

4.
S D ; R , P C ; S , Q B ; R , P A

Conceptual.

5.
P D ; T C ; R B ; Q A

V
5
9
6
7 3
3
V V
D A
=
+
=

V
5
1
5
9
2 V V V 2 6
4 2
2
V V
B D B A
= = =
+
=

for no energy stored in capacitor V
D
= V
B
B A D A
V V V V =

=
+
=
3
14
Y 6
Y 2
2
5
9

6.
) t T ( at =

) t 2 T ( a
dt
d
E =
=
T
0
2
dt .
R
E
H

Option [D] is correct

7.
2
0
V T T + =

2
0
P
RT
T T |
.
|
\
|
+ =
as PV = RT

2 2 2
0
2
T R P T P . T + =

0
2
1
0
T 2 T 0
dT
dP
) T T ( RT . P = = =

2 / 1
0 0 0 min
) T T 2 ( T 2 . R . P
=

[2]

8.
] ) t 2 x ( 3 4 [
8 . 0
) 4 t 12 xt 12 x 3 (
8 . 0
y
2 2 2
+ +
=
+ + +
=
[2]

Solution
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 6
8
Quest i ons were Publ i shed i n Oct ober Issue
Space Shuttle

OK here is the deal with the space shuttle. It has
three rocket engines in the back, but there's
absolutely no room inside for all the fuel it needs to
launch itself up into space. All of that fuel is stored
outside the shuttle, in the big brown cylinder, called
the external tank.
The tank containing all the rocket fuel weighs seven
times more than the space shuttle itself! That's a lot
of really heavy fuel, and the space shuttle engines
aren't quite strong enough to push the combined
weight of the shuttle and the big bloated external
tank up off the ground.
That's what the two long white solid rocket boosters
strapped onto the sides of the external tank are for.
They lift the tank! Fortunately, it was not necessary
to strap an infinite series of smaller and smaller
rockets to the sides of the solid rocket boosters.
It is not widely known that just behind the main
flight deck of the space shuttle is a small Starbucks
adapted for use in zero gravity.

1. One end of an ideal spring is fixed to a wall at origin
O and axis of spring is parallel to x-axis. A block of
mass m = 1 kg is attached to free end of the spring
and its is performing SHM. Equation of position of
the block in co-ordinate system shown in figure is
x = 10 + 3. sin (10.t),t is in second and x in cm.
Another block of mass M = 3 kg, moving towards the
origin with velocity 30 cm/sec collides with the block
performing SHM at t = 0 and gets stuck to it
Calculate

3 Kg 1 Kg
x
O

(i) new amplitude of oscillations,
(ii) new equation for position of the combined body
and
(iii) loss of energy during collision. Neglect friction.
Sol. Natural length of the spring is 10 cm and force
constant of the spring is K = 100 Nm
1
.
Just before collision, velocities of 1 kg block and
3 kg block are (+ 0.30 ms
1
) and ( 0.30 ms
1
)
respectively. Let velocity of combined body just after
collision be v, then, according to law of conservation
of momentum, (1 + 3) v = 1 (0.30) + 3 ( 0.30)
or v = 0.15 ms
1
.
Negative sign indicates that combined body starts to
move leftward. But at the instant of collision spring is
in its natural length or combined body is in
equilibrium position. Hence at t = 0, phase of
combined body becomes equal to .
Now angular frequency of oscillations of combined
body is
' =
M m
K
+
=
3 1
100
+
= 5 rad sec
1
.
New amplitude of oscillations is
a' =
'
| v |
=
5
15 . 0
= 0.3 m or 3 cm Ans. (i)
Equation for position x of combined body is
given by
x = l
0
+ a' sin('t + )
or x = 10 + 3 sin (5t + ) cm
or x = 10 3 sin (5t) cm Ans. (ii)
Kinetic energy of two blocks (Just before collision)
=
2
1
m(0.3)
3
+
2
1
M(0.3)
2
= 0.18 joule
Kinetic energy of combined body (just after collision)
=
2
1
(m + M) v
2
= 0.045 Joule
Loss of energy, during collision
= 0.18 0.045 joule
= 0.135 joule Ans.(iii)

2. Two identical blocks A and B of mass m = 3 kg are
attached with ends of an ideal spring of force
constant K = 2000 Nm
1
and rest over a smooth
horizontal floor. Another identical block C moving
with velocity v
0
= 0.6 ms
1
as shown in fig. strikes
the block A and gets stuck to it. Calculate for
subsequent motion
(i) velocity of centre of mass of the system,
(ii) frequency of oscillations of the system,
(iii) oscillation energy of the system, and
(iv) maximum compression of the spring.

m m m
A B C v
0

Sol. When block C collides with A and get stuck with it,
combined body moves to the right, due to which
spring is compressed. Therefore, the combined body
retards and block B accelerates. In fact, deformation
of spring varies with time and the system continues to
move rightwards. In other words, centre of mass of
the system moves rightwards and combined body and
block B oscillate about the centre of mass of the
system.
Let just after the collision velocity of combined body
formed by blocks C and A be v. Then, according to
law of conservation of momentum,
(m + m)v = mv
0

or v =
2
v
0
= 0.3 ms
1

Velocity of centre of mass of the system,
v
c
=
m m 2
0 m v m 2
+
+
= 0.2 ms
1

Now the system is as shown in fig.
2m m

Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
PHYSI CS
Its reduced mass, m
0
=
m m 2
) m )( m 2 (
+
=
3
m 2

Frequency of oscillations,
f =
0
m
K
2
1
10 5
Hz. Ans.
Since, just after the collision, combined body has
velocity v, therefore, energy of the system at that
instant, E =
2
1
(2m)v
2
= 0.27 joule
Due to velocity v
C
of centre of mass of the system,
translational kinetic energy,
E
t
=
2
1
(3m)
2
c
v = 0.18 joule
But total energy E of the system = its translational
kinetic (E
t
) + oscillation energy (E
0
)
E
0
= E E
t
= 0.09 joule
At the instant of maximum compression, oscillation
energy is stored in the spring in the form of its strain
energy. Let maximum compression of spring be x
0
.
then
2
0
Kx
2
1
= E
0

x
0
= 90 10
3
m or 10 3 mm Ans.

3. Calculate the inductance of a closely wound solenoid
of length l whose winding is made of copper wire of
mass m. The winding resistance is equal to R. The
solenoid diametre is considerably less than its length.
Given, density of copper = d and resistivity = .
Sol. Let the radius of solenoid be a, total number of turns
N and let cross-sectional area of wire be S.
Then length of the wire of which the solenoid is
made = 2 aN
But its resistance is R
R = |
.
|
\
|
S
aN 2

or aN =
2
RS
...(i)
Mass of the wire is given as m
(2aN) S d = m
or aN =
Sd 2
m
...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
(aN)
2
=
d 4
mR
2

...(iii)
Self-Inductance of a solenoid is L =
l
2
0
AN

where A = a
2

L =
l
2 2
0
N a
=
l

0
d 4
mR
2

or L =
d 4
mR
0

l
Ans.
4. A wire frame of area A = 4 10
4
m
2
and

resistance
R = 20 is suspended freely by a thread of length
l = 0.40 m. A uniform horizontal magnetic field of
induction B = 0.8 T exists in the space such that
plane of the frame is perpendicular to the magnetic
field. At time t = 0, the frame is made to oscillate
under gravity by displacing it through a = 2 10
2
m
from its initial position along the direction of the
magnetic field. The plane of frame is always along
the thread and does not rotate about wire frame as a
function of time. Calculate also, maximum current in
the frame. (g = 10 ms
2
)
Sol. Since, frame oscillates under gravity, therefore, it
performs SHM with angular frequency
= l / g = 5 rad/sec
Since the frame is released after displacing it
through a distance a at t = 0, therefore, initial phase
of its harmonic oscillations is /2. Hence, at time t,
displacement x of frame from its mean position is
given by x = a sin (t + /2)
or x = 0.02 cos (5t) ...(i)
Since, the frame always remains along the thread,
therefore, at time t, its inclination with the vertical is
equal that of the thread as shown in figure.
x
B
l

This inclination is given by sin =
l
x
...(ii)
Since, x << l, therefore, sin or =
l
x
...(iii)
Since, magnetic field B is horizontal, therefore, its
component normal to plane of the frame is equal to
B cos .
Hence, at time t flux linked with the frame,
= AB cos
since, inclination varies with time, therefore, flux
also varies. Hence, an emf is induced in the frame.
Induced emf, e =
dt
d
= A B sin
dt
d

or e = A B sin q |
.
|
\
|
dt
dx
.
1
l

e = AB |
.
|
\
|
l
x
|
.
|
\
|
l
1
( 02 5) sin (5t)
or e = 2 10
6
sin (10 t) volt Ans.
Current, i =
R
e
= 10
7
sin (10 t) amp
Maximum current (I
max
) = 10
7
amp Ans.
5. A rod of mass m and having resistance R can rotate
freely about a horizontal axis O, sliding along a
metallic circular ring of radius a as shown in figure.
The ring is fixed in a vertical plane with axis
coinciding with the axis of rotation of the rod. A
uniform magnetic field of induction B exists in the
space parallel to the axis of
rotation. A voltage source is
connected across the ring and the
axis. Neglecting self inductance of
the circuit, calculate the law
according to which emf of the
source must vary so that rod
rotates with constant angular
velocity .
Sol. When the rod rotates, it cuts magnetic lines of flux.
Hence, an emf is induced in the rod. Magnitude of this
induced emf is equal to flux cut per second by the rod.
Induced emf, e = B area traced per second by
the rod =
2
1
Ba
2

According to Fleming's right hand rule, the induced
emf tries to flow a radially outward current through
the rod. It means that induced emf is in opposition to
emf of the source.
Assuming tht the magnitude of induced emf is greater
than that of the source, net emf of the circuit becomes
equal to (e E).
Current through the rod is i =
R
E e
.
(radially outward)
Due to the current, force experienced by the rod is
equal to F = Bia. Direction of this force is such that it
produces a retarding moment as shown in figure

E
i
F
O

+
mg
t

This retarding moment,
1
= F
2
a

or
1
=
R 2
Ba
2
(e E)
Weight mg of the rod produces an accelerating moment

2
= mg
2
a
sin (t)
Since, angular velocity of the rod remains constant,
therefore, the resultant torque on the rod must be
equal to zero.
Hence,
1
=
2

or E =
2
1
Ba
2

Ba
mgR
sin (t) Ans.

Physics Facts

Modern Physics
1. The particle behavior of light is proven by the
photoelectric effect.
2. A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
3. Large objects have very short wavelengths when
moving and thus can not be observed behaving as
a wave. (DeBroglie Waves)
4. All electromagnetic waves originate from
accelerating charged particles.
5. The frequency of a light wave determines its
energy (E = hf).
6. The lowest energy state of a atom is called the
ground state.
7. Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic
energy of the emitted photo-electrons.
8. As the threshold frequency increase for a photo-
cell (photo emissive material) the work function
also increases.
9. Increasing light intensity increases the number of
emitted photo-electrons but not their KE.

Internal Energy
10. Internal energy is the sum of temperature (ke)
and phase (pe) conditions.
11. Steam and liquid water molecules at 100 degrees
have equal kinetic energies.
12. Degrees Kelvin (absolute temp.) Is equal to zero
(0) degrees Celsius.
13. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy
of the molecules.
14. Phase changes are due to potential energy
changes.
15. Internal energy always flows from an object at
higher temperature to one of lower temperature.

General
16. The most important formulas in the physics
regents are:

17. Physics is fun. (Honest!)

E
i
O
+
t

Electromagnetic Induction (E.M.I.)
Faraday's law states that the induced emf in a closed
loop equals the negative of time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the loop. This relation is valid
whether the flux change is caused by a changing
magnetic field, motion of the loop, or both.
=
dt
d
B

A
B

Lenz's law states that an induced current or emf
always tends to oppose or cancel out the change that
caused it. Lenz's law can be derived from Faraday's
law, and is often easier to use.

B
(increasing)
Change in B
B
induced
I

If a conductor moves in a magnetic field, a motional
emf is induced.
= vBL
(conductor with length L moves in uniform B
r
field,
L
r
and v
r
both perpendicular to B
r
and to each other)
=
l
r r
r
d ). B v (
(all or part of a closed loop moves in a B
r
field)

a
a
F=qvB
v
F = qE
q
L
B
+

When an emf is induced by a changing magnetic flux
through a stationary conductor, there is an induced
electric field E
r
of non-electrostatic origin. This field
is non conservative and cannot be associated with a
potential.

l
r r
d . E =
dt
d
B

G
E
B
E
E
I
r

When a bulk piece of conducting material, such as a
metal, is in a changing magnetic field or moves
through a field, currents called eddy currents are
induced in the volume of the material.

I
I
0
B
0
B

A time-varying electric field generates a
displacement current i
D
, which acts as a source of
magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current.
i
D
=
dt
d
E
(displacement current)
Alternating Current (A.C.)

An alternator or ac source produces an emf varies
sinusoidally with time. A sinusoidal voltage or
current can be represented of the by a phasor, a
vector that rotates counterclockwise with constant
angular velocity equals to the angular frequency of
the sinusoidal quantity. Its projection on the
horizontal axis at any instant represents the
instantaneous value of the quantity.
Electromagnetic Induction & A.C.
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

i=I cos t O
I
t

For a sinusoidal current, the rectified average and rms
(root-mean-square) currents are proportional to the
current amplitude I. Similarly, the rms value of a
sinusoidal voltage is proportional to the voltage
amplitude V.
I
rav
=
2
I = 0.637 I
I
rms
=
2
I
; V
rms
=
2
V

In general, the instantaneous voltage between two
points in an ac circuit is not in phase with the
instantaneous current passing through points. The
quantity is called the phase angle of the voltage
relative to the current.
i = I cos t
v = V cos(t + )

V cos

O

t

I

V

The voltage across a resistor R is in phase with the
current. The voltage across an inductor L leads the
current by 90 ( = + 90), while the voltage across a
capacitor C lags the current by 90( = 90). The
voltage amplitude across each type of device is
proportional to the current amplitude I. An inductor
has inductive reactance X
L
= L and a capacitor has
capacitive reactance X
C
= 1/C.
V
R
= IR; V
L
= IX
L
; V
C
= IX
C

Resistor connected to
ac source
Inductor connected to
ac source
a
R
b a
L
b
i
i
a
C
b
Capacitor connected to
ac source
i
q q
i

In a general ac circuit, the voltage and current
amplitude are related by the circuit impedance Z. In
an L-R-C series circuit, the values of L, R, C, and the
angular frequency determine the impedance and
the phase angle of the voltage relative to the current.
V = IZ
Z =
2
C L
2
) X X ( R + =
2 2
)] C / 1 ( L [ R +
tan =
R
C / 1 L

V = IZ
V
L
= IX
L
V
L
V
C
V
R
= IR
V
C
= IX
C
O
I
t

The average power input P
av
to an ac circuit depend
on the voltage and current amplitudes (or,
equivalently, their rms values) and the phase angle
of the voltage relative to the current. The quantity
cos is called the power factor.
P
av
=
2
1
VI cos = V
rms
I
rms
cos
v, i, p
P
av
= VIcos
p
p
i
t

In an L-R-C series circuit, the current becomes
maximum and the impedance becomes minimum at
an angular frequency
0
= 1/ LC called the
resonance angular frequency. This phenomenon is
called resonance. At resonance the voltage and
current are in phase, and the impedance Z is equal to
the resistance R.
I(A)
200
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1000 2000
(rad/s)
500
2000

A transformer is used to transform the voltage and
current levels in an ac circuit. In an ideal transformer
with no energy losses, if the primary winding has N
1

turns and the secondary winding has N
2
turns, the
amplitudes (or rms values) of the two voltages are
related by Eq. The amplitudes (or rms values) of the
primary and secondary voltages and currents are
related by Eq.

1
2
V
V
=
1
2
N
N
; V
1
I
1
= V
2
I
2

Problem Solving Strategy (P.S.S.) :
Faraday' Law
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts: Faraday's law
applies when there is a changing magnetic flux. To
use the law, make sure you can identify an area
through which there is a flux of magnetic field. This
will usually be the area enclosed by a loop, usually
made of a conducting material. As always, identify
the target variable(s).
Step 2: Set up the problems using the following steps
Faraday's law relates the induced emf to the rate
of change of magnetic flux. To calculate this rate
of change, you first have to understand what is
making the flux change. Is the conductor moving?
Is it changing orientation? Is the magnetic field
changing? Remember that it's not the flux itself
that counts, but its rate of change.
Choose a direction for the area vector A
r
or A d
r
.
The direction must always be perpendicular to the
plane of the area. Note that you always have two
choice of direction. For instance, if the plane of
the area is horizontal, A
r
could point straight up
or straight down. It's like choosing which
direction is the positive one in a problem
involving motion in a straight line; it doesn't
matter which direction you choose, just so you
use it consistently throughout the problem.
Step 3: Execute the solution as follows :
Calculate the magnetic flux using Eq.

B
= A . B
r r
= BA cos if B
r
is uniform over the
area of the loop or eq.
B
=
A d . B
r r
=
BdA cos
if it is not uniform, being mindful of the direction
you chose for the area vector.
Calculate the induced emf using Eq. =
dt
d
B

(Faraday's law of induction) or = N
dt
d
B
.
If your conductor has N turns in a coil, do not
forget multiply by N. Remember the sign rule for
the positive direction of emf and use it
consistently.
If the circuit resistance is known, you can
calculate the magnitude of the induced current I
using = IR.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check your results for
the proper units, and double-check that you have
properly implemented the sign rules for calculating
magnetic flux and induced emf.

P.S.S. :: Inductors in Circuits :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : An inductor is
just another circuit element, like a source of emf, a
resistor, or a capacitor. One key difference is that
when an inductor is included in a circuit, all the
voltages, currents, and capacitor charges are in
general functions of time, not constants as they have
been in most of our previous circuit analysis. But
Kirchhoff's rules, which we studied in section, are
still valid. When the voltages and currents vary with
time, Kirchhoff's rules hold at each instant of time.
Step 2: Set up the problem using the following steps
Draw a large circuit diagram and label all
quantities known and unknown. Apply the
junction rule immediately at any junction.
Determine which quantities are the target
variables.
Apply Kirchhoff's loop rule to each loop in the
circuit.
As in all circuit analysis, getting the correct sign
for each potential difference is essential. To get
the correct sign for the potential difference
between the terminals of an inductor, remember
Lenz's law and the sign rule described in section
in conjunction with eq. = L
dt
di
(self-induced
emf) and fig. In Kirchhoff's loop rule, when we
go through an inductor in the same direction as
the assumed current, we encounter a voltage drop
equal to L di/dt, so the corresponding term in the
loop equation is L di/dt. When we go through an
inductor in the opposite direction from the
assumed current, the potential difference is
reversed and the term to use in the loop equation
is + L di/dt.
a
L
b
i

V
ab
= L
dt
di

Inductor with current i following from a to b:
If di/dt > 0 : potential drops from a to b
If di/dt < 0: potential increases from a to b
If i is constant (di/dt = 0): no potential difference
As always, solve for the target variables.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer is consistent with the way that inductors
behave. If the current through an inductor is
changing, your result should indicate that the
potential difference across the inductor opposes the
change. If not, you probably used an incorrect sign
somewhere in your calculation.

P.S.S. :: Alternating Current Circuits :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts: All of the
concepts that we used to analyze direct-current
circuits also apply to alternating current circuits.
However, we must be careful to distinguish between
the amplitudes of alternating currents and voltages
and their instantaneous values. We must also keep in
mind the distinctions between resistance (for
resistors), reactance (for inductors or capacitors), and
impedance (for composite circuits).
Draw a diagram of the circuit and label all known
and unknown quantities.
Determine the target variables.
In ac circuit problem it is nearly always easiest to
work with angular frequency . If you are given
the ordinary frequency f, expressed in Hz, convert
it using the relation = 2f.
Keep in mind a few basic facts about phase
relationships. For a resistor, voltage and current
are always in phase, and the two corresponding
phasor in a diagram always have the same
direction. For an inductor, the voltage always
leads the current by 90 (i.e., = + 90), and the
voltage phasor is always turned 90
counterclockwise from the current phasor. For a
capacitor, the voltage always lags the current by
90 (i.e., = 90), and the voltage phasor is
always turned 90 clockwise from the current
phasor.
Remember that with ac circuits, all voltages and
currents are sinusoidal functions of time instead
of being constant, but Kirchhoff's rules hold
nonetheless at each instant. Thus, in a series
circuit, the instantaneous current is the same in all
circuit elements; in a parallel circuit, the
instantaneous potential difference is the same
across all circuit elements.
Inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, and
impedance are analogous to resistance; each
represents the ratio of voltage amplitude V to
current amplitude I in a circuit element or
combination of elements. Keep in mind, however,
that phase relations play an essential role. The
effect of resistance and reactance have to be
combined by vector addition of the corresponding
voltage phasors, as in fig(i) & (ii). When you
have several circuit elements in series, for
example, you can't just add all the numerical
values of resistance and reactance to get the
impedance; that would ignore the phase relations.
V = IZ
V
L
= IX
L
V
L
V
C
V
R
= IR
V
C
= IX
C
O
I
t
Phasor diagram for the
case X
L
> X
C

V = IZ
V
L
= IX
L
V
R
= IR
V
L
V
C
O
I
t
Phasor diagram for the
case X
L
< X
C

V
C
=IX
C

Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)
Evaluate your answer : When working with a series
L-R-C circuit, you can check your results by
comparing the values of the inductive reactance X
L

and the capacitive reactance X
C
. If X
L
> X
C
, then the
voltage amplitude across the inductor is greater than
that across the capacitor and the phase angle is
positive (between 0 and 90). If X
L
< X
C
, then the
voltage amplitude across the inductor is less than that
across the capacitor and the phase angle is negative
between (0 and 90).

1. A coil of 160 turns of cross-sectional area 250 cm
2

rotates at an angular velocity of 300 rad/sec. about an
axis parallel to the plane of the coil in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.6 weber/metre
2
. What is the
maximum e.m.f. induced in the coil. If the coil is
connected to a resistance of 2 ohm, what is the
maximum torque that has to be delivered to maintain
its motion ?
Sol. We know that, e
max
= NAB
= 160 0.6 (250 10
4
) 300
= 720 volt.
Now i
max
=
R
e
max
=
2
720
= 360 amp
(torque) = NiBA sin

max
= NiBA
= 160 360 0.6 (250 10
4
)
= 864 newton metre
This torque opposes the rotation of the coil (Lenz's
Law). Hence to maintain the rotation of the coil, an
equal torque must be applied in opposite direction. So
the torque required is = 864 newton metre.

2. A closed coil having 50 turns, area 300 cm
2
, is
rotated from a position where it plane makes an angle
of 45 with a magnetic field of flux density 2.0
weber/metre
2
to a position perpendicular to the field
in a time 0.1 sec. What is the average e.m.f. induced
in the coil ?
Solved Examples
Sol. The flux linked initially with each turn of the coil is
= B.A = BA cos = BA cos 45
Substituting the values, we get
= 2.0 |
.
|
\
|
2
metre
weber
(300 10
4
metre
2
)(0.7071)
= 4.24 10
2
weber
The final flux linked with each turn of the coil
= BA cos 0 = BA
= 2.0 (300 10
4
)
= 6.0 10
2
weber
Change in flux =
= (6.0 10
2
) 4.24 10
2

= 1.76 10
2
Weber
This change is carried out in 0.1 sec. The magnitude
of the e.m.f. induced in the coil is given by
e = N
dt
) ( d

= 50
1 . 0
10 76 . 1
5
= 8.8 volt.

3. A vertical copper disc of diameter 20 cm makes
10 revolution per second about a horizontal axis
passing through it centre. A uniform magnetic field
10
2
weber/m
2
acts perpendicular to the plane of the
disc. Calculate the potential difference between its
centre and rim in volt.
Sol. The magnetic flux linked with the disc is given by
= BA
The induced e.m.f. (potential difference) between rim
and centre
e =
dt
d
=
dt
d
(BA) = B
dt
dA
(numerically)
where
dt
dA
is the area swept out by the disc in unit time.

dt
dA
= r
2
number of revolutions per second
= 3.14 (0.1)
2
10
= 0.314
e = (10
2
weber/m
2
) (0.314 m
2
/sec)
= 3.14 10
3
volt.

4. A resistance R and inductance L and a capacitor C all
are connected in series with an A.C. supply. The
resistance of R is 16 ohm and for a given frequency,
the inductive reactance of L is 24 ohm and capacitive
reactance of C is 12 ohm, If the current in the circuit
is 5 amp., find
(a) the potential difference across R, L and C
(b) the impedance of the circuit
(c) the voltage of A.C. supply
(d) phase angle
Sol. (a) Potential difference across resistance
V
R
= iR = 5 16 = 80 volt
Potential difference across inductance
V
L
= i (L) = 5 24 = 120 volt
Potential difference across condenser
V
C
= i (1/C) = 5 12 = 60 volt
(b) Z =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
2
C
1
L R
= ] ) 12 24 ( ) 16 [(
2 2
+ = 20 ohm
(c) The voltage of A.C. supply is given by
E = iZ = 5 20 = 100 volt
(d) Phase angle
= tan
1
(

R
) C / 1 ( L

= tan
1
(

16
12 24

= tan
1
(0.75) = 3646

5. A 100 volt A.C. source of frequency 500 hertz is
connected to a L-C-R circuit with L = 8.1 millinery,
C = 12.5 microfarad and R = 10 ohm, all connected
in series. Find the potential difference across the
resistance.
Sol. The impedance of L-C-R circuit is given by
Z = ] ) X X ( R [
2
C L
2
+
where X
L
= L = 2fL
= 2 3.14 500 (8.1 10
3
)
= 25.4 ohm
and X
C
=
C
1
=
fC 2
1

=
) 10 5 . 12 ( 500 14 . 3 2
1
6

= 25.4 ohm
Z = ] ) 4 . 25 4 . 25 ( ) 10 [(
2 2
+ = 10 ohm
i
r.m.s.
=
Z
E
s . m . r
=
ohm 10
volt 100
= 10 amp.
Potential difference across resistance
V
R
= i
r.m.s.
R = 10 amp 10 ohm = 100 volt.

Periodic motion is motion that repeats itself in a
definite cycle. It occurs whenever a body has a stable
equilibrium position and a restoring force that acts
when it is displaced from equilibrium. Period T is the
time for one cycle. Frequency f is the number of
cycles per unit time. Angular frequency is 2 times
the frequency.
f =
T
1
or T =
f
1
; = 2f =
T
2

y
O
x
a
F
n
mg
y
O
x
n
mg
y
O
x
a
F
n
mg

If the net force is a restoring force F that is directly
proportional to the displacement x, the motion is
called simple harmonic motion (SHM). In many
cases this condition is satisfied if the displacement
from equilibrium is small.
F
x
= kx; a
x
=
m
F
x
=
m
k
x

Restoring force Fx
F
x
= kx
Displacement x
x > 0
F
x
< 0
0
x < 0
Fx > 0

The circle of reference construction uses a rotating
vector called a phasor, having a length equal to the
amplitude of the motion. Its projection on the
horizontal axis represents the actual motion of a body
in simple harmonic motion.

Q
P
x
A
O
y
x= A cos
Displacement

The angular frequency, frequency, and period in
SHM do not depend on the amplitude, but only on the
mass m and force constant k.
=
m
k
; f =
2
=
m
k
2
1
; T =
f
1
= 2
k
m

In SHM, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration
are sinusoidal functions of time. The angular
frequency is = m / k ; the amplitude A and phase
angle are determined by the initial position and
velocity of the body.
x = A cos(t + )

A
x
O
A
T 2T
t

Energy is conserved in SHM. The total energy can be
expressed in terms of the force constant k and
amplitude A.
E =
2
1
mv
x
2
+
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
= constant

E = K+U
Energy
U
K
A
x
O A

In angular simple harmonic motion, the frequency
and angular frequency are related to the moment of
inertia I and the torsion constant k.
=
I
k
and f =
I
k
2
1

A simple pendulum consists of a point mass m at the
end of a massless string of length L. Its motion is
approximately simple harmonic for sufficiently small
amplitude; the angular frequency, frequency, and
period depend only on g and L, not on the mass or
amplitude.

T
L
mg sin
m
x

mg cos
mg

Simple Harmonic Motion
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
=
L
g
; f =
2
=
L
g
2
1

T =
2
=
f
1
= 2
g
L

A physical pendulum is a body suspended from an
axis of rotation a distance d from its center of gravity.
If the moment of inertia about the axis of rotation is I,
the angular frequency and period for small-amplitude
oscillations are independent of amplitude.
=
I
mgd
; T = 2
mgd
I

mg sin
mg cos
mg
O
z
d
cg
d sin

Problem Solving Strategy :
Simple Harmonic Motion I :
Step 1: Identify the relevant concepts : An oscillating
system under goes simple harmonic motion (SHM)
only if the restoring force is directly proportional to
the displacement. Be certain that this is the case for
the problem at hand before attempting to use any of
the results of this section. As always, identify the
target variables.
Identify the known and unknown quantities, and
determine which are the target variables.
It's useful to distinguish between two kinds of
quantities. Basic properties of the system include
the mass m and force constant k. (In some
problems, m, k, or both can be determined from
other information.) They also include quantities
derived from m and k, such as the period T,
frequency f, and angular frequency . Properties
of the motion describe how the system behaves
when it is set into motion in a particular way.
They include the amplitude A, maximum velocity
v
max
, and phase angle , as well as the values of
x,v
x
, and a
x
at the particular time.
If necessary, define an x-axis as.
Use the equations T = 1/f and = 2f = 2/T to
solve for the target variables.
If you need to calculate the phase angle, be
certain to express it in radians. The quantity t in
Eq. F
x
= kx is naturally in radians, so must be
as well.
If you need to find the values of x, v
x
, and a
x
at
various times, use Eqs.
f =
2
=
m
k
2
1
, v
x
=
dt
dx
= A sin (t + )
and a
x
=
dt
dv
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
2
A cos (t + ).
If the initial position x
0
and initial velocity v
0x
are
both given, you can determine the phase angle
and amplitude from Eqs. = arctan
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
x 0
x
v

(phase angle in SHM) and A =
2
2
x 0 2
0
v
x
+
(amplitude in SHM). If the body is given an
initial positive displacement x
0
but zero initial
velocity (v
0x
= 0), then the amplitude is A = x
0

and the phase angle is = 0. If it has an initial
positive velocity v
0x
but no initial displacement
(x
0
= 0), the amplitude is A = v
0x
/ and the
phase angle is = /2.
Step 4: Evaluate your answer : Check your results to
make sure that they're consistent. As an example,
suppose you've used the initial position and velocity
to find general expressions for x and v
x
at time t. If
you substitute t = 0 into these expressions, you
should get back the correct values of x
0
and v
vx
.
Simple Harmonic Motion II
The energy equation
E =
2
x
mv
2
1
+
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
= constant ...(i)
is a useful alternative relation between velocity and
position, especially when energy quantities are also
required. If the problem involves a relation among
position, velocity, and acceleration without reference
to time, it is usually easier to use Eq.
a
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
m
k
x ...(ii)
(from Newton's second law) or eq. (i) (from energy
conservation) than to use the general expressions for
x, v
x
, and a
x
as functions of time [Eqs.
x = A cos (t + ) (displacement in SHM),
v
x
=
dt
dx
= A sin (t + ) (velocity in SHM) and
a
x
=
dt
dv
x
=
2
2
dt
x d
=
2
A cos (t + ) (acceleration
in SHM), respectively ]. Because the energy equation
involves x
2
and v
x
2
, it cannot tell you the sign of x or
v
x
, you have to infer the sign from the situation. For
instance, if the body is moving from the equilibrium
position towards the point of greatest positive
displacement, then x is positive and v
x
is positive.

1. A body of mass 1 kg is executing simple harmonic
motion which is given by x = 6.0 cos (100 t + /4)
cm. What is the (i) amplitude of displacement,
(ii) frequency, (iii) initial phase, (iv) velocity,
(v) acceleration, (vi) maximum kinetic energy ?
Sol. The given equation of S.H.M. is
x = 6.0 cos (100 t + /4) cm
Comparing it with the standard equation of S.H.M.,
x = a cos (t + ), we have
(i) amplitude a = 6.0 cm (ii) frequency = 100 /sec
(iii) initial phase = /4
(iv) velocity v = ) x a (
2 2
= 100 ) x 36 (
2

(v) acceleration =
2
x = (100)
2
x = 10
4
x
(vi) kinetic energy =
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
m
2
(a
2
x
2
)
When x = 0, the kinetic energy is maximum, i.e.,
(K.E.)
max
=
2
1
m
2
a
2
=
2
1
1 10
4
|
.
|
\
|
metre
100
36

= 18 joules

2. A particle of mass 0.8 kg is executing simple
harmonic motion with an amplitude of 1.0 metre and
periodic time 11/7 sec. Calculate the velocity and the
kinetic energy of the particle at the moment when its
displacement is 0.6 meter.
Sol. We know that, v = ) y a (
2 2

Further = 2/T
v = ) y a (
T
2
2 2
=
) 7 / 11 (
14 . 3 2
] ) 6 . 0 ( ) 0 . 1 [(
2 2

= 3.2 m/sec
Kinetic energy at this displacement is given by
K =
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
0.8 (3.2)
2
= 4.1 joule

3. A person normally weighing 60 kg stands on a
platform which oscillates up and down harmonically
at a frequency 2.0 sec
1
and an amplitude 5.0 cm. If a
machine on the platform gives the person's weight
against time, deduce the maximum and minimum
reading it will show, take g = 10 m/sec
2
.
Sol. Acceleration of the platform a =
2
y
Maximum acceleration
a
max
=
2
A (A = Amplitude)
a
max
= (2)
2
A ( = frequency)
= 4(3.14)
2
(2)
2
0.05 = 7.88 m/sec
2

Maximum reading =
g
) a g ( m
max
+
=
10
) 88 . 7 10 ( 60 +

= 107.3 kg
Minimum reading =
g
) a g ( M
max
=
10
) 88 . 7 10 ( 60

= 12.7 kg.

4. A particle of mass m is located in a unidimensional
potential field where the potential energy of the
particle depends on the coordinate x as
U(x) = U
0
(1 cos C x); U
0
and C are constants. Find
the period of small oscillations that the particle
performs about the equilibrium position.
Sol. Given that U(x) = U
0
(1 cos C x)
We know that F = ma =
dx
) x ( dV

a =
m
1
(
dx
) x ( dU
=
m
1
[ U
0
C sin C]
or a =
m
C U
0
[C
x
] =
m
C U
2
0
x (Q sin Cx Cx)
Here acceleration is directly proportional to the
negative of displacement. So, the motion is S.H.M.
Time period T is given by
T =
2
=
) m / C U (
2
2
0
= 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
0
C U
m

5. Find the period of small oscillations in a vertical
plane performed by a ball of mass m = 40 g fixed at
the middle of a horizontally stretched string l = 1.0 m
in length. The tension of the string is assumed to be
constant and equal to F = 10 N.
Sol. The situation is showing in fig. The components of T
in upwards direction are T cos and T cos . Hence
the force acting on the ball = 2 T cos

T
T
x
l/2 l/2

ma =
) x 4 / (
Fx 2
2 2
+ l

Q T = F and cos =
) x 4 / (
x
2 2
+ l

As x is small, x
2
can be neglected from the
denominator.
a =
) 2 / ( m
Fx 2
l
= |
.
|
\
|
l m
F 4
x
or a =
2
x where
2
= (4 F/ml)
Here acceleration is directly proportional to the
negative of displacement x. Hence the motion is S.H.M.
T =
2
=
) m / F 4 (
2
l
= |
.
|
\
|
F
ml

Substituting the given values, we get
T = 3.14
|
|
.
|
\
|
10
) 0 . 1 )( 10 4 (
2
= 0.2 sec.

Solved Examples
Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals

Basicity of Amines :
Amines are relatively weak bases. They are stronger
bases than water but are far weaker bases than
hydroxide ions, alkoxide ions, and alkanide anions.
A convenient way to compare the base strengths of
amines is to compare the acidity constants (or pK
a

values) of their conjugate acids, the corresponding
alkylaminium ions. The expression for this acidity
constant is as follows :

3
H N R
+
+ H
2
O

RNH
2
+ H
3
O
+

K
a
=
] RNH [
] O H ][ RNH [
3
3 2
+
+
pK
a
= log K
a

The equilibrium for an amine that is relatively more
basic will lie more toward the left in the above
chemical equation than for an amine that is less basic.
Consequently, the aminium ion from a more basic
amine will have a smaller K
a
(larger pK
a
) than the
aminium ion of a less basic amine.
When we compare aminium ion acidities in terms of
this equilibrium, we see that most primary
alkylaminium ions (RNH
3
+
) are less acidic than
ammonium ion (NH
4
+
). In other words, primary
alkylamines (RNH
2
) are more basic than ammonia
(NH
3
):

Conjugate
acid pK
a
NH
3
CH
3
NH
2
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
9.26 10.64 10.75 10.67
We can account for this on the basis of the electron-
releasing ability of an alkyl group. An alkyl group
releases electrons, and it stabilizes the alkylaminium
ion that results from the acidbase reaction by
dispersing its positive charge. It stabilizes the
alkylaminium ion to a greater extent than it stabilizes
the amine :

R N H + H OH R N H + OH
H
H
+
H
By releasing electrons, R stabilizes
the alkylaminium ion through
dispersal of charge

This explanation is supported by measurements
showing that in the gas phase the basicities of the
following amines increases with increasing methyl
substitution :
(CH
3
)
3
N > (CH
3
)
2
NH > CH
3
NH
2
> NH
3

This is not the order of basicity of these amines in
aqueous solution, however. In aqueous solution the
order is
(CH
3
)
2
NH > CH
3
NH
2
> (CH
3
)
3
N > NH
3

The reason for this apparent anomaly is now known.
In aqueous solution the aminium ions formed from
secondary and primary amines are stabilized by
salvation through hydrogen bonding much more
effectively than are the aminium ions formed from
tertiary amines. The aminium ion formed from a
tertiary amine such as (CH
3
)
3
NH
+
has only one
hydrogen to use in hydrogen bonding to water
molecules, whereas the aminium ions from secondary
and primary amines have two and three hydrogens,
respectively. Poorer solvation of the aminium ion
formed from a tertiary amine more than counteracts
the electron-releasing effect of the three methyl
groups and makes the tertiary amine less basic than
primary and secondary amines in aqueous solution.
The electron-releasing effect does, however, make
the tertiary amine more basic than ammonia.
Basicity of Arylamines
Aromatic amines (e.g., aniline and p- toluidine) are
much weaker bases than the corresponding
nonaromatic amine, cyclohexylamine :

Conjugate
acid pK
a
Cyclo-C
6
H
11
NH
2
C
6
H
5
NH
2
p-CH
3
C
6
H
4
NH
2
10.64 4.58 5.08

We can account for this effect, in part, on the basis of
resonance contributions to the overall hybrid of an
arylamine. For aniline, the following contributors are
important :

NH
2
1
NH
2
2
NH
2
3
NH
2
4
NH
2
5
+ +

Structures 1 and 2 are the Kekule structures that
contribute to any benzene derivative. Structures 3-5,
however, delocalize the unshared electron pair of the
nitrogen over the ortho and para positions of the ring.
This delocalization of the electron pair makes it less

NITROGEN COMPOUND
available to a proton, and delocalization of the
electron pair stabilizes aniline.
When aniline accepts a proton it becomes an
anilinium ion :
C
6
H
5 2
H N

+ H
2
O

C
6
H
5 3
H N
+
+ H O

Anilinium ion
Once the electron pair of the nitrogen atom accepts
the proton, it is no longer available to participate in
resonance, and hence we are only able to write two
resonance structures for the anilinium ion the two
Kekule structures:

NH
3
NH
3
+ +

Structures corresponding to 3 5 are not possible for
the anilinium ion, and, consequently, although
resonance does stabilize the anilinium ion
considerably, resonance does not stabilize the
anilinium ion to as great an extent as it does aniline
itself. This greater stabilization of the reactant
(aniline) when compare to that of the product
(anilinium ion) means that H for the reaction
Aniline + H
2
O anilinium ion + OH

will be a larger positive quantity than that for the
reaction
Cyclohexylamine + H
2
O
cyclohexylaminium ion + OH

(See figure below) Aniline, as a result, is the weaker
base.
Another important effect in explaining the lower
basicity of aromatic amines is the electron-
withdrawing effect of a phenyl group. Because the
carbon atoms of a phenyl group are sp
2
hybridized,
they are more electronegative (and therefore more
electron withdrawing) than the sp
3
-hybridized carbon
atoms of alkyl groups.

E
n
t
h
a
l
p
y
NH
3
+ OH

+

Smaller resonance
stabilization of
anilinium ion
Larger resonance
stabilization of aniline
:NH
2

NH
3
+ OH
+
(1)
+ H
2
O
:NH
2

(2)
+ H
2
O
H
2
> H
1
H
2
H
1

Aminium Salts and Quaternary Ammonium Salts
When primary, secondary and tertiary amines act as
bases and react with acids, they form compounds
called aminium salts. In an aminium salt the
positively charged nitrogen atom is attached to at
least one hydrogen atom :
CH
3
CH
2

NH
2
+ HCl
O H
2

salt) aminium (an
chloride um Ethylamini
3 2 3
Cl H N CH CH
+

(CH
3
CH
2
)

NH + HBr
O H
2

bromide nium Diethylami
2 2 2 3
Br H N ) CH CH (
+

(CH
3
CH
2
)
3

N + HI
O H
2

bromide inium Triethylam
3 2 3
I H N ) CH CH (
+

When the central nitrogen atom of a compound is
positively charged but is not attached to a hydrogen
atom, the compound is called a quaternary
ammonium salt. For example
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
N
+
CH
2
CH
3
Br
CH
2
CH
3
Tetraethylammonium bromide
(a quaternary ammonium salt)

Quaternary ammonium halides because they do not
have an unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom
cannot act as bases :
acid) with reaction undergo not (does
bromide ammonium ethyl Tetra
+
Br N ) CH CH (
4 2 3

Quaternary ammonium hydroxides, however, are
strong bases. As solids, or in solution, they consist
entirely of quaternary ammonium cations (R
4
N
+
) and
hydroxide ions (OH
); they are, therefore, strong

bases as strong as sodium or potassium hydroxide.
Quaternary ammonium hydroxides react with acids to
form quaternary ammonium salts :
(CH
3
)
4
+
NOH
+ HCl (CH
3
)
4
+
NCl
+ H
2
O
Basicity of Aromatic Heterocyclic Amines
In aqueous solution, aromatic heterocyclic amines
such as pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrrole are much
weaker bases than nonaromatic amines or ammonia.
In the gas phase, however, pyridine and pyrrole are
more basic than ammonia, indicating that solvation
has a very important effect on their relative basicities;

N
Pyridine
pKa = 5.23
N
Pyrimidine
pKa = 2.70
N
N
Quinoline
pKa = 4.5
H
(Conjugate acid pKa)
N
Pyrrole
pKa = 0.40

Inorganic
Chemistry
Fundamentals

Reaction of HNO
3
on Metals.
(a) Metals lying below hydrogen in the
electrochemical series :
Metals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, etc., lying
below hydrogen in the electrochemical series
normally displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Nitric
acid also primarily behaves in the same manner. But,
since it is a strong oxidising agent and hydrogen is a
reducing agent, secondary reactions take place
resulting in the reduction of nitric acid to give NO,
N
2
O, N
2
or NH
3
, depending upon the nature of the
metal, the temperature and the concentration of the
acid. Thus, dilute nitric acid reacts with zinc in the
cold giving N
2
O or N
2
according to the following eq.:
4Zn + 10HNO
3
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O + 5H
2
O
5Zn + 12HNO
3
5Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
+ 6H
2
O
Very dilute nitric acid gives NH
3
which, of course, is
neutralised by nitric acid to form NH
4
NO
3
.
4Zn + 10HNO
3
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 3H
2
O + NH
4
NO
3

Similarly, iron and tin also give NH
4
NO
3
with dilute
nitric acid. Lead gives nitric oxide with dilute nitric
acid in cold. Magnesium and manganese give
hydrogen. Concentrated nitric acid essentially
behaves as an oxidising agent and metals like
aluminium, iron, chromium, etc., are rendered
'passive' probably due to surface oxidation.
(b) Metals lying above hydrogen in the
electrochemical series. : Metals such as Cu, Bi, Hg,
Ag, lying above hydrogen in the electrochemical
series, do not liberate hydrogen from acids. In case of
these metals, the action of nitric acid involves only
the oxidation of the metals into the metallic oxides
which dissolve in the acid to form nitrates
accompained by evolution of NO or NO
2
according
as the acid is dilute or concentrated. For instance,
concentrated acid attacks copper giving NO
2
.
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2NO
2

Dilute nitric acid gives NO.
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 4H
2
O + 2NO
(c) Noble metals : like Au, Pt, Rh and Ir are not
attacked by nitric acid. Gold and platinum, however,
are atacked by aqua regia (3 parts conc. HCl and 1
part conc. HNO
3
) which contains free chlorine.
HNO
3
+ 3HCl 2H
2
O + 2Cl + NOCl
This chlorine attacks gold and platinum forming soluble
chlorides which form complexes with HCl, e.g.,
Au + 3Cl AuCl
3

AuCl
3
+ HCl
acid c Aurochlori
4
HAuCl
Hydroxylamine, NH
2
OH :
It may be regarded as derived from ammonia by the
replacement of one H atom by an OH group.
It is prepared by the reduction of nitrites with sulphur
dioxide under carefully controlled conditions. A
concentrated solution of sodium nitrite is mixed with
a solution of sodium carbonate and sulphur dioxide at
a temperature below 3C is passed till the solution
becomes just acidic. The following reactions are
supposed to take place :
Na
2
CO
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O NaHSO
3
+ NaHCO
3

NaNO
2
+ 3NaHSO
3

sulphonate sodium
mine Hydroxyla
2 3
) Na SO ( HON + Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
The sulphonate can be easily hydrolysed to
hydroxylamine.
HON(SO
3
Na)
2

O H
2
NH
2
OH
Alternatively, it is prepared by the electrolytic
reduction of nitric acid in 50% H
2
SO
4
using
amalgamated lead cathode.
NO
2
OH + 6H
+
+ 6e
NH
2
OH + 2H
2
O
It is a colourless solid melting at 33C. It is freely
soluble in water and lower alcohols. It is unstable and
decomposes violently even at 20C.
3NH
2
OH NH
3
+ N
2
+ 3H
2
O
The aqueous solution of hydroxylamine is less basic
than ammonia (K
b
= 1.8 10
5
). Thus,
NH
2
OH(aq) + H
2
O NH
3
OH
+
+ OH
;
K
b
= 6.6 10
9

Like H
2
O
2
, it acts as an oxidising as well as a
reducing agent depending upon circumstances.
Nitrogen Trifluoride , NF
3
:
It is conveniently prepared by fluorinating ammonia.
4NH
3
+ 3F
2

catalyst Cu
NF
3
+ 3NH
4
F
It can also be prepared by the electrolysis of NH
4
F.
It is a colourless gas (m.p. 207C; b.p. 129C)
which is quite stable thermodynamically.
The gas acts as a fluorinating agent. It thus converts
Cu into CuF.
2NF
3
+ 2Cu N
2
F
4
+ 2CuF
As, Sb and Bi also get fluorinated by interaction with NF
3
.

NITROGEN FAMILY
KEY CONCEPT
NF
3
has a pyramidal structure with FNF angle = ~
102 and dipole moment = 0.24 D, compared with
HNH angle = ~ 107 and dipole moment = 1.48 D in
case of NH
3
. The difference in the dipole moments of
NF
3
and NH
3
(both of which have pyramidal
structure though) is due to the fact that while the
dipole moments due to N F bonds in NF
3
are in
opposite direction to the direction of the dipole
moment of the lone pair on N atom, the dipole
moments of N H bonds in NH
3
are in the same
direction as the direction of the dipole moment of the
lone pair on N atom, an illustrated below.

N

F
F
F
N

H
H
H

Because of its lower dipole moment, NF
3
is weaker
ligand than NH
3
.
NF
3
is known to form complexes such as [NF
4
]
+
and
F
3
NO. Thus,
NF
3
+ 2F
2
+ SbF
3

pressure High
200
[NF
4
+
] [SbF
6
]

2NF
3
+ O
2

re temperatu low
discharge Electric
2F
3
NO
Dinitrogen Difluoride, N
2
F
2
:
Dinitrogen difluoride is best prepared by reacting
NHF
2
with KF.
KF + HNF
2

e temperatur
low
KF.HNF
2

re temperatu Room
N
2
F
2
+ KHF
2

The reaction yields both cis and trans isomers, viz.,

N N
F F
N N
F
F

Both the isomeric forms are gases at room
temperature, cis form boiling at 106C and trans
form boiling at 112C. The cis form is
thermodynamically more stable than the trans form.
At above 70C, nearly 90% of N
2
F
2
is present in the
cis form :

> 70C
trans N
2
F
2
cis N
2
F
2

(~ 90%)

If, however, the isomeric mixture is treated with
AlCl
3
or the chlorides of bivalent Mn, Co, Ni and Fe,
at low temperature, the major product is trans N
2
F
2
.

The cis form reacts selectively with AsF
5
to form
[N
2
F]
+
[AsF
6
]
which when reacted with NaF HF,

regenerates the original compounds. The trans form
does not react with AsF
5
.

isomers trans and
cis of Mixture
2 2
F N + AsF
6

only F N cis
by Formed
6 2
2 2
] AsF [ ] F [N
+
+
trans
2 2
F N
[N
2
F]
+
[AsF
6
]

HF NaF
Na
+
[AsF
6
]

+
) cis (
2 2
F N
Dinitrogen Tetrafluoride, N
2
F
4
:
N
2
F
4
is prepared by reacting HNF
2
with NaClO.
2HNF
2

NaClO
N
2
F
4
+ H
2
O
HNF
2
, in turn, is obtained by first fluorinating urea
and then treating the fluorinated product with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
N
2
F
4
exists both in the staggered and the gauche
conformations :
N
F F
N
F F
N
F
F
N
F
F
Staggered form (Side View) Gauche Form

It is a colourless gas (b.p. 73C; m.p. 164C).
It is a strong fluorinating agent. Thus,
SiH
4
+ N
2
F
4
SiF
4
+ N
2
+ 2H
2

10 Li + N
2
F
4
4LiF + 2Li
3
N
AsF
5
+ N
2
F
4
[N
2
F
3
]
+
[AsF
6
]

N
2
F
4
reacts with sulphur to give a number of
fluorinated sulphur compounds such as SF
4
and
SF
5
.NF
3
.
N
2
F
4
easily yields, at room temperature, the free
radical. NF
2
which reacts readily with a number of
compounds. For example,

N
2
F
4
2(.NF
2
)
2ClNF
2
Cl
2
2ON.NF
2
2NO

Trisilylamine, N(SiH)
3
:
Trisilylamine is prepared by reacting
monochlorosilane with ammonia.
2SiH
3
Cl + 4NH
3
N(SiH
3
)
3
+ 3NH
4
Cl
Trisilyamine is a trigonal planar compound with N
orbitals in sp
2
hybrid state, unlike trimethyl or
triethylamine which is pyramidal and has N orbitals
in sp
3
hybrid state. There is considerable overlap
between the p orbital (containing the lone pair) of N
atom and the vacant d orbitals of Si atoms. The
trigonal planar structure of N(SiH
3
)
3
is, thus,
strengthened due to pd bonding.
Since the lone pairs of electrons of N atom are
engaged in p-d bonding between N and Si, they are
no longer available for donation to Lewis acids.
Trisilylamine, therefore, behaves as much weaker
base compared to trimethylamine or triethylamine.
Hence, trisilylamine does not form adducts with BH
3

even at low temperature whereas trimethylamine or
triethylamine does so readily. Due to the same
reason, N(SiH
3
)
3
acts as a much weaker ligand
compared to N(CH
3
)
3
and N(C
2
H
5
)
3
.

1. A container whose volume is V contains an
equilibrium mixture that consists of 2 mol each of
PCl
5
, PCl
3
and Cl
2
(all as gases). The pressure is 3
bar and temperature is T. A certain amount of Cl
2
(g)
is now introduced, keeping the pressure and
temperature constant, until the equilibrium volume is
2V. Calculate the amount of Cl
2
that was added and
the value of
0
p
K .
Sol. At equilibrium, we have

mol 2
5
PCl
mol 2
3
PCl +
mol 2
2
Cl
Total amount = 6 mol
Thus
K
p
=
) p / pPCl (
) p / pCl )( p / pPCl (
5
2 3
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
p / p
6
2
p / p
6
2
2

Substituting p = 3 bar, we get

0
p
K = 1
Let x be the amount of PCl
3
that combines when the
amount y of chlorine is added keeping p and T
constant. Thus, the amounts of PCl
3
, Cl
2
and PCl
5

become
n(PCl
3
) = 2 mol x
n(Cl
2
) = y + 2 mol x
n(PCl
5
= 2 mol + x
Since the final volume after the addition of Cl
2
is
twice the initial volume, it follows that the total
amount of gases in 2V is 2 6 mol = 12 mol. Since
n(PCl
3
) + n(PCl
5
) is 4 mol, the total amount of
chlorine is 8 mol.
Total amount = y + 6 mol x = 12 mol
Their partial pressures are

3
PCl
p =
mol 12
x mol 2
p =
mol 12
x mol 2
3 bar

2
Cl
p =
mol 12
mol 8
p =
mol 12
mol 8
3 bar = 2 bar

5
PCl
p =
mol 12
x mol 2 +
p =
mol 12
x mol 2 +
3 bar
Substituting these in the expression

K
p
=
) p / pPCl (
) p / pCl )( p / pPCl (
5
2 3
(where p = 1 bar)
we get
K
p
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +
|
|
.
|
\
|
mol 4
x mol 2
) 2 (
mol 4
x mol 2
=
) x mol 2 (
) 2 )( x mol 2 (
+
= 1
(as
K
p
= 1)
or 4 2 (x/ mol) = 2 + (x/mol)
or 3(x/mol) = 2 x/mol = 2/3 = 0.67
Therefore, the amount of Cl
2
added
y = 6 mol + x = 6.67 mol

2. A solution comprising 0.1 mol of naphthalene and
0.9 mol of benzene is cooled until some solid
benzene freezes out. The solution is then decanted off
from the solid, and warmed to 353 K, where its
vapour pressure is found to be 670 Torr. The freezing
and normal boiling points of benzene are 278.5 K and
353 K, respectively, and its enthalpy of fusion is
10.67 kJ mol
1
. Calculate the temperature to which
the solution was cooled originally and the amount of
benzene that must have frozen out. Assume
conditions of ideal solution.
Sol. The given data are :
n
1
= 0.9 mol, n
2
= 0.1 mol,

*
f
T = 278.5 K,
*
b
T = 353 K,
p* = 760 Torr, p = 670 Torr,

fus
H
1,.m
= 10.67 kJ mol
1

From the relative lowering of vapour pressure,
we obtain the amount fraction of the solute (i.e.
naphthalene).
x
2
=
* p
p * p
=
Torr 760
Torr 670 Torr 760
= 0.1185
Since x
2
= n
2
/(n
1
+ n
2
), we get
n
1
+ n
2
=
2
2
x
n
=
0.1185
mol 1 . 0
= 0.844 mol
Since n
2
= 0.1 mol, we get
n
1
= 0.844 mol n
2

= 0.844 mol 0.1 mol = 0.744 mol
Hence, the amount of benzene frozen out
0.9 mol 0.744 mol = 0.156 mol
The freezing point depression constant of benzene is
UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry
K
f
=
m , 1 fus
2 *
f 1
H
RT M

=
) mol J 10670 (
) K 5 . 278 )( mol K J 314 . 8 )( mol kg 078 . 0 (
1
2 1 1 1

= 4.714 K kg mol
1

Molality of the solution is
m =
1
2
m
n
=
1 1
2
M n
n

=
) mol kg 078 . 0 ( ) mol 744 . 0 (
) mol 1 . 0 (
1
= 1.723 mol kg
1

Finally T
f
= K
f
m

= (4.714 K kg mol
1
)(1.723 mol kg
1
) = 8.12 K

3. What is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH
3
?
Given : K
sp
(AgCl) = 1.7 10
10
M
2

K
1
= [Ag(NH
3
)
+
] / [Ag
+
] [NH
3
] = 2.33 10
3
M
1
and
K
2
= [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
]/[Ag(NH
3
)
+
][NH
3
] = 7.14 10
3
M
1

Sol. If x be the concentration of AgCl in the solution, then
[Cl
] = x
From the K
sp
for AgCl, we derive
[Ag
+
] =
] Cl [
K
sp
=
x
M 10 7 . 1
2 10

If we assume that the majority of the dissolved Ag
+

goes into solution as Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
then [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
] = x
Since two molecules of NH
3
are required for every
Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
ion formed, we have [NH
3
] = 0.20 M 2x
Therefore,
K
inst
=
] ) NH ( Ag [
] NH ][ Ag [
2 3
2
3
+
+
=
x
) x 2 M 20 . 0 (
x
M 10 7 . 1
2
2 10
|
|
.
|
\
|

= 6.0 10
8
M
2

From which we derive

2
2
x
) x 2 M 20 . 0 (
=
2 10
2 8
M 10 7 . 1
M 10 0 . 6
= 3.5 10
2

which gives x = [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
] = 9.6 10
3
M, which
is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH
3

4. The critical temperature and pressure for NO are 177
K and 6.485 MPa, respectively, and for CCl
4
these
are 550 K and 4.56 MPa, respectively. Which gas (i)
has smaller value for the van der Walls constant b;
(ii) has smaller value of constant a; (iii) has larger
critical volume; and (iv) is most nearly ideal in
behaviour at 300 K and 1.013 MPa.
Sol. We have T
c
(NO) = 177 K T
c
(CCl
4
) = 550 K
p
c
(NO) = 6.485 MPa p
c
(CCl
4
) = 4.56 MPa
(i) Since
c
c
T
p
=
Rb 27 / a 8
b 27 / a
2
=
b 8
R
therefore, b =
c
c
p 8
R T

Thus,
b(NO) =
) MPa 485 . 6 )( 8 (
) mol K cm MPa 314 . 8 )( K 177 (
1 1 3

= 28.36 cm
3
mol
1

and
b(CCl
4
) =
) MPa 56 . 4 )( 8 (
) mol K cm MPa 314 . 8 )( K 550
1 1 3

= 125.35 cm
3
mol
1

Hence b(NO) < b(CCl
4
)
(ii) Since a = 27p
c
b
2

therefore
a(NO) = (27) (6.485 MPa) (28.36 cm
3
mol
1
)
2

= 140827 MPa cm
6
mol
2
140.827 kPa dm
6
mol
2

a(CCl
4
) = (27) (4.56 MPa) (125.35 cm
3
mol
1
)
2

= 1934538 MPa cm
6
mol
2
1934.538 KPa dm
6
mol
2

Hence a(NO) < a(CCl
4
)
(iii) Since V
c
= 3b
therefore, V
c
(NO) = 3 (28.36 cm
3
mol
1
)
= 85.08 cm
3
mol
1

V
c
(CCl
4
) = 3 (125.35 cm
3
mol
1
)
= 376.05 cm
3
mol
1

Hence V
c
(NO) < V
c
(CCl
4
)
(iv) NO is more ideal in behaviour at 300 K and
1.013 MPa, because its critical temperature is less
than 300 K, whereas for CCl
4
the corresponding
critical temperature is greater than 300 K.

5. Calculate
r
U,
r
H and
r
S for the process
1 mole H
2
O (1,293 K, 101.325 kPa)
1 mol H
2
O (g, 523 K, 101.325 kPa)
Given the following data :
C
p,m
(1) = 75.312 J K
1
mol
1
;
C
p,m
(g) = 35.982 J K
1
mol
1

vap
H at 373 K, 101.325 kPa = 40.668 kJ mol
1

Sol. The changes in
r
U,
r
H and
r
S can be calculated
following the reversible paths given below.
Step I: 1 mole H
2
O(1,293 K, 101.325 kPa)
1 mole H
2
O(1,373 K, 101.325 kPa)
q
p
=
r
H = C
p,m
(1) T
= (75.312 J K
1
mol
1
) (80 K)
= 6024.96 J mol
1


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r
S = C
p,m
ln
1
2
T
T

= (75.312 J K
1
mol
1
) 2.303 log
|
|
.
|
\
|
K 293
K 373

= 18.184 J K
1
mol
1

r
U =
r
H p
r
V
~

r
H
Step II: 1 mol H
2
O(1,373 K, 101.325 kPa)
1 mol H
2
O (g, 373K, 101.325 kPa)
q
p
=
vap
H = 40.668 kJ mol
1

r
S =
K 373
mol J 40668
1
= 109.03 J K
1
mol
1

r
U =
r
H p
r
V
= 40668 J mol
1
(101.325 kPa)

|
|
.
|
\
|
K 273
K 373
) mol dm 414 . 22 (
1 3

= 40668 J mol
1
3 103 J mol
1

= 37565 J mol
1

Step III: 1 mol H
2
O(g, 373 K, 101.325 kPa)
1 mol H
2
O(g, 523 K, 101.325 kPa)

r
H = C
p,m
(g) T
= (35.982 J K
1
mol
1
) (150 K) = 5397.3 J mol
1

r
S = C
p,m
(g) ln
1
2
T
T

= (35.982 J K
1
mol
1
) 2.303 log
|
|
.
|
\
|
K 373
K 523

= (35982 J K
1
mol
1
) 2.303 0.1468
= 12.164 J K
1
mol
1

r
U =
r
H R(T)
= 5397.3 J mol
1
(8.314 J K
1
mol
1
) (150 K)
= 5397.3 J mol
1
1247.1 J mol
1

= 4 150.2 J mol
1

Thus U
total

= (6024.96 + 37565 + 4150.2) J mol
1

= 47740.16 J mol
1

H
total
= (6024.96 + 40668 + 5397.3) J mol
1

= 52090.26 J mol
1

S
total
= (18.184 + 109.03 + 12.164) J K
1
mol
1

= 139.378 J K
1
mol
1

Modern depiction of benzene
As is standard for resonance diagrams, a double-
headed arrow is used to indicate that the two
structures are not distinct entities, but merely
hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate
representation of the actual compound, which is best
represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures,
which can be seen at right. A C=C bond is shorter
than a CC bond, but benzene is perfectly
hexagonalall six carbon-carbon bonds have the
same length, intermediate between that of a single
and that of a double bond.
A better representation is that of the circular bond
(Armstrong's inner cycle), in which the electron
density is evenly distributed through a -bond above
and below the ring. This model more correctly
represents the location of electron density within the
aromatic ring.
The single bonds are formed with electrons in line
between the carbon nucleithese are called -bonds.
Double bonds consist of a -bond and a -bond. The
-bonds are formed from overlap of atomic p-orbitals
above and below the plane of the ring. The following
diagram shows the positions of these p-orbitals:
Benzene electron orbitals :

Since they are out of the plane of the atoms, these
orbitals can interact with each other freely, and
become delocalised. This means that instead of being
tied to one atom of carbon, each electron is shared by
all six in the ring. Thus, there are not enough
electrons to form double bonds on all the carbon
atoms, but the "extra" electrons strengthen all of the
bonds on the ring equally. The resulting molecular
orbital has symmetry.
Benzene orbital delocalisation :


1. Show that the lines 4x + y 9 = 0, x 2y + 3 = 0,
5x y 6 = 0 make equal intercepts on any line of
gradient 2.

2. ABC is a triangle with A = 90, AD is altitude.
a acts along AB such that | a | =1/AB, b acts along
AC such that | b | =
AC
1
. Prove that a + b is a
vector along AD and | a + b | =
AD
1
.

3. A circle passes through the origin O and cuts two
lines x + y = 0 and x y = 0 in P and Q respectively.
If the straight line PQ always passes through a fixed
point, find the locus of the centre of the circle.

4. Let f (x) = a
1
tan x + a
2
tan
2
x
+ a
3
tan
3
x
+....+ a
n
tan
n
x
, where a
1
, a
2
, a
3
,...a
n
R and n N. If |f (x)|
|tan x| for x
|
.
|
\
|
2
,
2
, prove that
=
n
i
i
i
a
1
1.

5. Three digit numbers are formed. What is the
probability that the middle digit is largest.

6. Prove that area of the region bounded by the curve
y = log
2
(2 x) and containing the points satisfying
the inequality (x |x|)
2
+ (y |y|)
2
4 is

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
27
log
4
2
2
2
e e
sq. units.

7. r
1
, r
2
, r
3
be the radii of the circles drawn on the
altitudes respectively MD, ME and MF of the
triangles respectively MBC, MCA, MAB, as
their diameters, where M be the circumcentre
of the acute angled triangle ABC. Prove that
2
1
2
r
a
+
2
2
2
r
b
+
2
3
2
r
c
144.

8. Equilateral triangles are described externally on the
sides BC, CA and AB of a given triangle ABC. Prove
using complex numbers that their centroids form an
equilateral triangle

9. Let a be a fixed real number satisfying 0 < a < ,
such that T
r
=
a
a
r u r
u r
2
cos 2 1
cos 1
du
Prove that
+ 1
lim
r
T
r

,T
1
,
1 r
lim T
r
form an A.P.

10. Let a, b, c be real numbers such that the roots of the
cubic equation x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 are all real.
Prove that no one of these roots is greater than
(2 b a 3
2
a)/3.

`t{xt|vt V{txzx
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
7
Set
Maths Funda

1.62

is the Golden Number, also called Phi.
Golden Number property: ( + 1)/ = /1
The fraction 1/998999 contains Fibonacci numbers,
i.e.:
1/998999=0.000001001002003005008013021034055
089...
Radii at 0 and approximately 222.49 divide a circle
in the golden ratio: B/A = /1
= ( 5 + 1)/2
= 1 + (1 / (1 + (1 / (1 + (1 / (1 + ... ))))))
= ( 4 + (4! - 4))/4
= -2sin(666) F
n+1
/ F
n
(F = Fibonacci numbers)
1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811...
The 3184th Fibonacci number is an apocalypse
number (Apocalpyse numbers are numbers having
exactly 666 digits).

1. Utilize the formula : If a
1
+ a
2
+ ....... + a
n
= k
(constant), then a
1
a
2
..... a
n
has the greatest value
when a
1
= a
2
= ...... = a
n
=
n
k
, where a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
n

are all positive.
(Using the concept of A.M. G.M.)
Let E = (a x) (b y) (c z) (ax + by + cz)
Then abc E = (a
2
ax)(b
2
by)(c
2
cz)(ax + by + cz)
Now we have
(a
2
ax) + (b
2
by) + (c
2
cz) + (ax + by + cz)
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(constant)
a
2
ax = b
2
by = c
2
cz = ax + by + cz
=
4
2 2 2
c b a + +

the greatest value of abc E =
abc
c b a
256
) (
4 2 2 2
+ +

2. xf (x) + f (x) = g(x) ...(1)
xf (x) = g(x) f (x) < 0; because f (x) < 0 & x > 0
So g(x) < f (x)
x g(x) < x f (x); as x > 0 ...(2)
Now from (1)
dx
d
(xf (x)) = g(x)
so xf (x) = dx x g
x
0
) ( use it is (2)
xg(x) < dx x g
x
0
) ( ; for x > 0

3. Let the eq
n
of chord be
x + y = p ...(1)

O
(p, 0)
135
32

In the limiting condition the line (1) will touch the
circle , Therefore p = 8,
so as required |p| < 8
4. Let OC =
c
|a|
2
= |b|
2
= |c|
2

since
AC
AB
=
1
2
So,
|
.
|
\
|

2
| |
| |
a
a
=
1
2

O
C A
2:1
B
b
a

where AOB =
= 2 = /3
Hence b a. = |a|
2
cos
3
=
2
1
|a|
2

c b. = |b|
2
cos
6
=
2
3
|b|
2
=
2
3
|a|
2
& c a. = 0
Let

+ = b y a x c
So c a. = x|a|
2
+ y b . a |
.
|
\
|
+
2
y
x |a|
2
= 0
x =
2
y

and c b. = x b a. + y|b|
2

2
3
|a|
2
=
2
1
|a|
2
x + y|b|
2

So, x + 2y = 3
& x =
2
y

So, x =
2
y
+ 2y = 3

2
3y
= 3 y =
3
2

Hence x =
2
y
=
3
1

So
c =
b
a
3
2
3

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES

SOLUTION FOR OCTOBER ISSUE (SET # 6)
5. Sum will be odd if 1 out of 4 chosen numbers is odd
and others are even or 1 is even & others are odd.
P(O) =
4
20
3
10
1
10
C
C . C 2
=
323
160

P(E) = 1
323
160
=
323
163

Hence P(E) > P(O)

6. Let the point be P (x, y)
so, 3x + 2y + 10 = 0 ...(1)
since |PA PB| is maximum
hence P, A, B must be colinear

1 2 4
1 4 2
1 y x
= 0
x y + 6 = 0 ....(2)
from (1) & (2)
x = 22 & y = 28
So, point P is (22, 28)

7. Let the point A be (x
1
, y
1
) and the circle be
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2

P
1
P
2

Q
1

Q
2

A

Line AP
1
is
cos
1
x x
=
sin
1
y y
= r
Solve it with circle.
(x
1
+ r cos )
2
+ (y
1
+ r sin )
2
= a
2

x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2rx
1
cos + 2ry
1
sin + r
2
= a
2

so r
2
+ (2x
1
cos + 2y
1
sin )r + x
1
2
+ y
1
2
a
2
= 0
r
1
. r
2
= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
a
2
= ( )
2
1
S
so, AP
1
. AQ
1
= ( )
2
1
S since
P
1
A . Q
1
A is independent on n, hence
AP
1
. AQ
1
= AP
2
. AQ
2
= ........ = AP
n
. AQ
n

8. (AB)
T
= (BA)
T
B
T
A
T
= A
T
B
T

so B
T
A
T
A = A
T
B
T
A
B
T
= A
T
B
T
A (as AA
T
= I)
AB
T
= AA
T
B
T
A
AB
T
= B
T
A (again as AA
T
= I) Hence proved.
9. iz =
a
c bi
+
1

1
1
+
iz
iz
=
a c bi
a c bi

+ +
1
1
=
) ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
ib a c
c a bi
+
+ +
...(i)
Now as given
(a + ib) (a ib) = 1 c
2
= (1 c) (1 + c)

1
1
+
+
iz
iz
=
ib a
c
c
c
b a
a bi
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
2
2 2
1
) 1 (
1
) (

=
] 1 [ ) 1 (
] ) 1 [( ) (
2
2
c ib a c
ib a c ib a
+ + +
+ + +

=
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
c
ib a
.
1
1
+
iz
iz
(using (1))

iz
iz
+
1
1
=
1 +
+
c
ib a
(Hence proved)

10. Let n(n
2
1) = (n 1) n (n + 1)
Since n is odd so (n 1) (n + 1) is the product of two
consecutive even numbers, so it is divisible by 8.
Since (n 1) n (n + 1) is the product of 3 consecutive
integers so it is divisible by 3 also Hence n(n
2
1) is
divisible by 24.

Interesting Science Facts

The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies
or the Alps were formed.
Female black widow spiders eat their males after
mating.
When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20
times that of the space shuttle during launch.
The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around
2300 BC.
If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest
star would be 445 miles away.
The Australian billy goat plum contains 100
times more vitamin C than an orange.
Astronauts cannot belch - there is no gravity to
separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.
The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029
feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.
One million, million, million, million, millionth
of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was
the size of a pea.
DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss
Friedrich Mieschler.

1. Let S() be the area included between the parabola
y = x
2
+ 2x 3 and the line y = x + 1. Find the least
value of S().
Sol.

Solve y = x
2
+ 2x 3 & y = x + 1.
To get x
2
+ (2 ) x 4 = 0
+ = 2, = 4
S() =
[(x + 1) (x
2
+ 2x 3)] dx
S() =
d
d
[(x + 1) (x
2
+ 2x 3)]dx
=
dx x =
2
2 2

S() =
2
) )( ( +

= 16 ) 2 (
2
) 2 (
2
+

= 0
= 2
Area is minimum for = 2
min
m
Area =
3
32
(find your self)

2. Find the area enclosed by the curve,
max {|x + y|, |x y|} = 1
Sol. Case I :
If |x + y| |x y|

A
C
D
B

|x + y| = 1
locus of point (x, y) is two line segments AB and
CD.
Case II
If |x + y| |x y| |x y| = 1
locus of point (x, y) is two line segments BD and
AC.
Then area bounded by the locus of (x, y) point is
2 (unit)
2
, (because locus is a square of side one unit).

3. If normals at the points P and Q of the parabola
y
2
= 4ax meet at the point R of the parabola. Show
that the locus of centroid of the PQR is a ray. Find
the equation of the ray.
Sol. Let P = (at
2
, 2at). Then Q is

(
(
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
a
t
a
2
2 ,
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
t
a
t
a 4
,
4
2

and R is (aT
2
, 2aT). where T = t
t
2

centroid of the PQR
=
(
(
+ + + +
3
2 / 4 2
,
3
/ 4
2 2 2
aT t a at aT t a at

y co-ordinates of the centroid
= 2at +
t
a 4
+ 2a |
.
|
\
|

t
t
2
= 0
Thus centrocid of the PQR for any choice of P on
the parabola lies on the axis of the parabola.
x-coordinates of the centroid
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
2
2
2
2 4
3 t
t
t
t
a

=
(
+ + 2
4
3
2
2
2
t
t
a

3
2a
(4 + 2) = 4a
Hence equation of the ray is given by y = 0, x > 4a

4. In a class of 20 students, the probability that exactly x
students pass the examination is directly proportional
to x
2
(0 x 20). Find out the probability that a
student selected at random has passed the
examination. If a selected students has been found to
pass the examination find out the probability that
he/she is only student to have passed the
examination.
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
MATHS
Sol. Let E
x
: event that exactly x out of 20 students
pass the examination
and A : event that a particular student passes
the examination
P(E
x
) = kx
2
(k is the proportionality constant)
Now, E
0
, E
2
, ....., E
20
are mutually exclusive and
exhaustive events.
P(E
0
) + P(E
1
) + P(E
2
) + ... + P(E
20
) = 1
0 + k(1)
2
+ k(2)
2
+ .... + k(20)
2
= 1
k
(
+ +
6
) 1 40 )( 1 20 )( 20 (
= 1
k =
2870
1

Now, P(A) =
=
20
0
) / ( ). (
x
x x
E A P E P
=
=
20
0
2
x
kx .
20
x
=
=
20
0
3
20
x
x
k

=
2
2
) 1 20 ( 20
2870 20
1
(
=
82
63

and P(E
1
/A) =
) A ( P
) E / A ( P ). E ( P
1 1

=
82
63
20
1
. ) 1 (
2870
1
2
=
44100
1

5. Let ABCD be any arbitrary plane quadrilateral in the
space having E as the point of intersection of its
diagonals. If
1
and
2
be the areas of triangles DEC
and AEB, using vector method prove that

1
+
2
, where is the area of the
quadrilateral ABCD. Also discuss the case when the
equality holds.
Sol. Let the position vector of the points A, B, C and and
D with respect to E be
a ,
b ,
1
.
a and
2
b ;
where ,
2
R
+

Now,
1
=
2
1
| D E C E |

= | |
2
2 1

b a
) 0 ( E
) a , ( C
1

) b ( B
) a ( A
) b , ( D
2

1
= | 2 || |
2
1
1

b a =
2
| |

b a
2 1
...(i)
and
2
= | EA B E |
2
1
=
2
1
| |

b a

2
=
2
| |

b a
...(ii)
also = | D B C A |
2
1
=
2
) 1 )( 1 (
2 1
+ +
| |

b a
=
2
| |

b a
) 1 )( 1 (
2 1
+ +
=
2
| |

b a
2 1 2 1
1 + + +
where,
2
2 1
+

2 1

=
2
| |

b a
2 1 2 1
2 1 + +
| |
2
1
b a +
2
2 1
) 1 ( +
=
2
| |

b a
+
2
| | | |
2 1

b a

2
+
1
{using (i) and (ii)
It is clear that equality holds if
1
=
2
and in this
case side AB and DC will become parallel.

6. Let a
1
, a
2
, ......, a
n
be real constant, x be a real variable
and f (x) = cos(a
1
+ x) +
2
1
cos(a
2
+ x) +
4
1
cos(a
3
+ x) +
...... +
1
2
1
n
cos(a
n
+ x). Given that f (x
1
) = f (x
2
) = 0,
prove that (x
2
x
1
) = m for integer m.
Sol. f (x) may be written as,
f (x) =
n
k
k
1
1
2
1
cos(a
k
+ x)
=
n
k
k
1
1
2
1
{cosa
k
. cos x sin a
k
. sin x}
= cos x .
|
|
.
|
\
|
n
k
k
k
a
1
1
2
cos
sin x
|
|
.
|
\
|
n
k
k
k
a
1
1
2
sin

= A cos x B sin x, where A =
n
k
k
k
a
1
1
2
cos
and
B =
n
k
k
k
a
1
1
2
sin
since f (x
1
) = f (x
2
) = 0
A cos x
1
B sin x
1
= 0 and A cos x
2
B sin x
2
= 0
tan x
1
=
B
A
tan x
2
=
B
A

tan x
1
= tan x
2
(x
2
x
1
) = m

Differentiation and Applications of Derivatives :
If y = f (x), then
1.
dx
dy
=
h
x f h x f
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+

2.
a x
dx
dy
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
a x
a f x f
a x
) ( ) (
lim
3.
a x
dx
dy
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
a f h a f
h x
) ( ) (
lim
+

If u = f (x), v = (x), then
1.
dx
d
(k) = 0
2.
dx
d
(ku) = k
dx
du

3.
dx
d
(u v) =
dx
du

dx
dv

4.
dx
d
(uv) = u
dx
dv
+ v
dx
du

5. |
.
|
\
|
v
u
dx
du
=
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v

6. If x = f (t), y = (t), then
dx
dy
=
dt
dx
dt
dy

7. If y = f[(x)], then
dx
dy
= f[(x)].
dx
d
[(x)]
8. If w = f (y), then
dx
dw
= f (y)
dx
dy

9. If y = f (x), z = (x), then
dz
dy
=
dx
dy
.
dz
dx

10.
dx
dy
.
dy
dx
= 1 or
dx
dy
=
dy dx /
1

1.
dx
d
(k) = 0
2.
n
x
dx
d
= nx
n1

3.
dx
d
n
x
1
=
1 + n
x
n

4.
dx
d
x =
x 2
1

5.
dx
d
e
x
= e
x

6.
dx
d
a
x
= a
x
log a
7.
dx
d
log x =
x
1

8.
dx
d
log
a
x =
x
1
log
a
e
9.
dx
d
sin x = cos x
10.
dx
d
cos x = sin x
11.
dx
d
tan x = sec
2
x
12.
dx
d
cot x = cosec
2
x
13.
dx
d
sec x = sec x tan x
14.
dx
d
cosec x = cosec x cot x
15.
dx
d
sin
1
x =
2
1
1
x

16.
dx
d
cos
1
x =
2
1
1
x

17.
dx
d
tan
1
x =
2
1
1
x +

18.
dx
d
cot
1
x =
2
1
1
x +

19.
dx
d
sec
1
x =
1
1
2
x x

20.
dx
d
cosec
1
x =
1
1
2
x x

DIFFERENTIATION
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

Suitable substitutions : The functions any also be
reduced to simplar forms by the substitutions as
follows.
1. If the function involve the term ) (
2 2
x a , then
put x = a sin or x = a cos .
2 2
x a + , then
put x = a tan or x = a cot .
2 2
a x , then
put x = a sec or x = a cosec .
4. If the function involve the term
x a
x a
+
, then put
x = a cos or x = a cos 2
All the above substitutions are also true, if a = 1
Differentiation by taking logarithm :
Differentiation of the functions of the following types
are obtained by taking logarithm.
1. When the functions consists of the product and
quotient of a number of functions.
2. When a function of x is raised to a power which is
itself a function of x.
For example, let y = [f (x)]
(x)

Taking logarithm of both sides, log y = (x) log f (x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 'x',

y
1
dx
dy
= (x) log f (x) + (x).
) (
) (
x f
x f

= [f (x)]
(x)
log f(x).(x) + (x) . [f (x)
(x) 1
.f(x)

dx
dy
= Differential of y treading f (x) as constant
+ Differential of y treating (x) as constant.
It is an important formula.
Differentiation of implicit functions :
1. If f(x, y) = 0 is a implicit function, then

dx
dy
=
y / f
x / f

=
constant x keeping y w.r.t. f of Diff.
constant y keeping x w.r.t. f of . Diff

For example, consider f (x, y) = x
2
+ 3xy + y
2
= 0,
then

dx
dy
=
y f
x f

/
/
=
y x
y x
2 3
3 2
+
+

1. If y = f (x), then

dx
dy
= y
1
= f(x),
2
2
dx
y d
= y
2
= f(x), .....

n
dx
y d
2
= y
n
= f
n
(x)
2.
n
n
dx
d
(ax + b)
n
= n ! a
n

3.
n
n
dx
d
(ax + b)
m
= m(m 1)
.... (m n + 1) a
n
(ax + b)
mn

4.
n
n
dx
d
e
mx
= m
n
e
mx

5.
n
n
dx
d
a
mx
= m
n
a
mx
(log a)
n

6.
n
n
dx
d
log(ax + b) =
n
n n
b ax
n a
) (
! ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
+

7.
n
n
dx
d
sin (ax + b) = a
n
sin |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
n
b ax
8.
n
n
dx
d
cos (ax + b) = a
n
cos |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
n
b ax

Leibnitz's theorem : If u and v are any two functions
of x such that their desired differential coefficients
exist, then the n
th
differential coefficient of uv is
given by
D
n
(uv) = (D
n
u)v +
n
C
1
(D
n1
u)(Dv)
+
n
C
2
(D
n2
u)(D
2
v) +...... + u(D
n
v)

Ability

We can accomplish almost anything win tin our
ability if we but think we can.
He is the best sailor who can steer within fewest
points of the wind, and exact a motive power
out of the greatest obstacles.
Our work is the presentation of our capabilities.
The wind and the waves are always on the side
of the ablest navigator.

Different standard form of the equation of a straight
line :
General form : Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B, C are any real numbers not all zero.
Gradient (Tangent) form : y = mx + c
It is the equation of a straight line which cuts off an
intercept c on y-axis and makes an angle with the
positive direction (anticlockwise) of x-axis such that
tan = m. The number m is called slope or the
gradient of this line.
Intercept form :

a
x
+
b
y
= 1
It is the equation of straight line which cuts off
intercepts a and b on the axis of x and y respectively.
Normal form (Perpendicular form) :
x cos + y sin = p
It is the equation of a straight line on which the
length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and
is the angle which , this perpendicular makes with the
positive direction of x-axis.
One point form :
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through a
given point (x
1
, y
1
) and having slope m.
Parametric equation :

cos
1
x x
=
sin
1
y y
= r
It is the equation of a straight line passes through a
given point A(x
1
, y
1
) and makes an angle with
x-axis.
Two points form :
y y
1
=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
(x x
1
)
It is the equation of a straight line passing through
two given points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
), where
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

is its slope.
Point of intersection of two lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0
and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
,
b a b a
c a c a
b a b a
c b c b

Angle between two lines :
The angle between two lines whose slopes are m
1

and m
2
is given by
tan =
2 1
2 1
1 m m
m m
+

If is angle between two lines then is also the
angle between them.
The equation of any straight line parallel to a given
line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line perpendicular to a
given line, ax + by + c = 0 is bx ay + k = 0.
The equation of any straight line passing through the
point of intersection of two given lines l
1
a
1
x + b
1
y
+ c
1
= 0 and l
2
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 is l
1
+ l
2
= 0
where is any real number, which can be determined
by given additional condition in the question.
The length of perpendicular from a given point
(x
1
, y
1
) to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is

) (
2 2
1 1
b a
c by ax
+
+ +
= p (say)
In particular, the length of perpendicular from origin
(0, 0) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is
2 2
b a
c
+

Equation of Bisectors :
The equations of the bisectors of the angles between
the lines a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 and a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 are

2
1
2
1
1 1 1
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +

Distance between parallel lines :
Choose a convenient point on any of the lines
(put x = 0 and find the value of y or put y = 0 and find
the value of x). Now the perpendicular distance from
this point on the other line will give the required
distance between the given parallel lines.
Pair of straight lines :
The equation ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 represents a pair of
straight lines passing through the origin.

STRAIGHT LINE & CIRCLE
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
S

Let the lines represented by ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 be
y m
1
x = 0 and y m
2
x = 0, then
m
1
+ m
2
=
b
h 2
and m
1
m
2
=
b
a

General equation of second degree in x, y is
ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i)
This equation represents two straight lines, if
= abc + 2fgh af
2
bg
2
ch
2
= 0
or
c f g
f b h
g h a
= 0
and point of intersection of these lines is given by
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
,
h ab
af hg
h ab
bg hf

The angle between the two straight lines represented
by (i) is given by
tan =
b a
ab h
+
2
2

If ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 represents a
pair of parallel straight lines, then the distance
between them is given by
2
) (
2
b a a
ac g
+
or 2
) (
2
b a b
bc f
+

Circle:
Different forms of the equations of a circle :
Centre radius form : the equation of a circle whose
centre is the point (h, k) and radius 'a' is
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2

General equation of a circle : It is given by
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 ...(i)
Equation (i) can also be written as
|x ( g)|
2
+ |y (f )|
2
= | c f g +
2 2
|
2

which is in centre-radius form, so by comparing, we
get the coordinates of centre ( g, f ) and radius is
c f g +
2 2
.
Parametric Equations of a Circle :
The parametric equations of a circle
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= a
2
are x = h + a cos and
y = k + a sin , where is a parameter.
Lengths of intercepts on the coordinate axes made by
the circle (i) are 2 c g
2
and 2 c f
2

Equation of the circle on the line joining the points
A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) as diameter is given by

|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
x x
y y
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
x x
y y
= 1
If C
1
, C
2
are the centres and a
1
, a
2
are the radii of two
circles, then
(i) The circles touch each other externally, if
C
1
C
2
= a
1
+ a
2

(ii) The circles touch each other internally, if
C
1
C
2
= |a
1
a
2
|
(iii) The circles intersects at two points, if
|a
1
a
2
| < C
1
C
2
< a
1
+ a
2

(iv) The circles neither intersect nor touch each other, if
C
1
C
2
> a
1
+ a
2
or C
1
C
2
< |a
1
a
2
|
Equation of any circle through the point of
intersection of two given circles S
1
= 0 and S
2
= 0 is
given by S
1
+ S
2
= 0 ( 1) and can be
determined by an additional condition.
Equation of the tangent to the given circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x
1
, y
1
) on it,
is xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f (y + y
1
) + c = 0
The straight line y = mx + c touches the circle x
2
+ y
2

= a
2
, if c
2
= a
2
(1 + m
2
) and the point of contact of the
tangent y = mx a
2
1 m + , is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2 2
1
,
1 m
a
m
ma m

Length of tangent drawn from the point (x
1
, y
1
) to the
circle S = 0 is
1
S , where
S
1
= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
+ 2gx
1
+ 2f y
1
+ c
The equation of pair of tangents drawn from point
(x
1
, y
1
) to the circle
S = 0 i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2f y + c = 0, is SS
1
= T
2
,
where T xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x + x
1
) + f (y + y
1
) + c and S
1
as
mentioned above.
Chord with a given Middle point :
the equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 whose
mid-point is (x
1
, y
1
) is given by T = S
1
, where T and
S
1
as defined a above.
If be the angle at which two circles of radii r
1
and r
2

intersect, then
cos =
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
2 r r
d r r +

where d is distance between their centres.
Note: Two circles are said to be intersect
orthogonally if the angle between their tangents at
their point of intersection is a right angle i.e.
r
1
2
+ r
2
2
= d
2
or
2g
1
g
2
+ 2f
1
f
2
= c
1
+ c
2

Radical axis : The equation of the radical axis of the
two circle is S
1
S
2
= 0 i.e.
2x(g
1
g
2
) + 2y(f
1
f
2
) + c
1
c
2
= 0


PHYSICS

Questions 1 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Mark your response in
OMR sheet against the question number of that
question. + 3 marks will be given for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
1. Given are four arrangements of three fixed electric
charges. In each arrangement, a point labeled P is
also identified a test charge, +q, is placed at point P.
All of the charges are the same magnitude Q. But
they can be either +ve or ve as shown. The charges
and point P all lie on a straight line. The distance
between adjacent items, either between two charges
or between a charge and point P are all the same

(I) P (II) P

(III) P

(IV) P

Correct order of choices in a decreasing order of
magnitude force on P is -
(A) II > I > III > IV (B) I > II > III > IV
(C) II > I > IV > III (D) III > IV > I > II

2. A segment of angle is cut from a half disc,
symmetrically as shown. If the centre of mass of
the remaining part is at a distance 'a' from O and the
centre of mass of the original half disc was at
distance d then it can be definitely said that :
O

(A) a = d
(B) a > d
(C) a < d
(D) all the above are possible depending on

3. The moment of inertia of a hollow thick spherical
shell of mass M and its inner radius R
1
and outer
radius R
2
about diameter is :
(A)
) ( 5
) ( 2
3
1
3
2
5
1
5
2
R R
R R M
(B)
) ( 3
) ( 2
3
1
3
2
5
1
5
2
R R
R R M

(C)
) ( 5
) ( 4
3
1
3
2
5
1
5
2
R R
R R M
(D)
) ( 3
) ( 4
3
1
3
2
5
1
5
2
R R
R R M

4. A cyclic process ABCA is shown in a V-T diagram.
The corresponding PV diagram will be
V
T
B
C
A

(A)
P
V
A C
B

(B)
P
V
A B
C

(C)
P
V
B C
A
(D)
P
V
C
B
A

IIT-JEE 2012
XtraEdge Test Series # 7
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section I : Question 1 to 10 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section II : Question 11 to 15 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for
correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section III : Question 16 to 21 are passage based single correct type questions. +3 marks will be awarded for
correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer
Section IV : Question 22 to 23 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete
correctly matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer.
5. A rectangular metal plate of dimension (a b)
having two holes of radii r
1
and r
2
(r
1
> r
2
) and their
positions are shown in the figure, now the plate is
heated such that its temperature rises by T. Then
separation between the holes :
d
a

(A) decreases (B) increases
(C) remain constant (D) can not say

6. Assuming all surface to be smooth minimum value
of horizontal acceleration 'a' so that sphere losses
contact at P is
P
Q

a

(A) g sin (B) g tan (C) g cot (D) g cosec
7. A uniform rod of mass M and length L lies flat on a
frictionless horizontal surface. Two forces F and 2F
are applied along the length of the rod as shown.
The tension in the rod at the point P is

L
P
L/4
2F F

(A)
4
3F
(B) 3F (C)
4
5F
(D)
4
7F

8. The K
wavelength of an element with atomic

number z is
z
. The k

wavelength of an element
with atomic number 3z is
3z
. Then
(A)
z
> 9
3z
(B)
z
< 9
3z
(C)
z
= 9
3z

(D) Depending on z,
z
can be greater or smaller
then (9
3z
).
9. The BE per nucleon of deutron (
1
H
2
) and helium
nucleus (
2
He
4
) is 1.1 MeV and 7 MeV respectively.
If two deutron react to form a single helium
nucleus, then energy released is -
(A) 23.6 MeV (B) 4.8 MeV
(C) 25.8 MeV (D) None of these
10. In a radioactive decay, let N represent the number
of residual active nuclei, D the number of daughter
nuclei, and R the rate of decay at any time t. Three
curves are shown in Fig. The correct ones are

t
(1)
N
N
R

t
(2)
t
(3)
D

(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 2 (D) all three

Questions 11 to 15 are multiple choice questions.
Each question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D),
out of which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is
correct. Mark your response in OMR sheet against
the question number of that question. + 4 marks will
be given for each correct answer and 1 mark for
each wrong answer.
11. Consider a hypothetical binding energy per nucleon
curve. Which of the following fission or fusion may
occur ?

50 100 150 200
2
4
6
8
10
(BE)
n
(MeV/n)

(A) X
250
Y
160
+ Z
90
(B) X
220
Y
180
+ Z
40
(C) X
40
+ Y
70
Z
110
(D) X
40
+ Y
120
Z
160

12. In series R-C circuit :

R
C
V = V
0
sin t

(A) current leads the applied voltage by
= tan
1
RC
1

(B) current lags the applied voltage by < 90
(C)
0
0
V V
c
< , where
0
c
V and V
0
are the maximum
values of the voltage across the capacitor and
applied voltage respectively
(D) applied voltage, voltage across the resistor and
current are in phase.
13. A sound wave of frequency 'f ' travels horizontally
to the right. It is reflected from a large vertical
plane surface moving to the left with speed v
0
. The
speed of sound in the medium is v. Choose the
correct statement.
(A) The number of waves striking the surface per
second is |
.
|
\
| +
v
v v
0
f
(B) The wavelength of the reflected wave is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
v v
v v
f
(C) The frequency of the reflected wave is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
0
v v
v v
f
(D) The number of beats heard by a stationary
listener to the left of the reflecting surface is
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
0
v v
v
f

14. Illustrated below is a uniform cubical block of mass
M and side a. Mark the correct statement(s)

p A
C
B
M
D
a

(A) The moment of inertia about axis A, passing
through the centre of mass is I
A
=
6
1
Ma
2

(B) The moment of inertia about axis B, which
bisect one of the cube faces is I
B
=
12
5
Ma
2

(C) The moment of inertia about axis C, along one
of the cube edges is I
C
=
3
2
Ma
2

(D) The moment of inertia about axis D, which
bisects one of the horizontal cube faces is
12
7
Ma
2

15. In the figure the block on the smooth table is set
into motion in a circular orbit of radius r round the
centre hole. The hanging mass is identical to the
mass on the table and remains in equilibrium,
neglect friction. The string connecting the two
blocks is massless and intextensible. Select the
correct answer.

m
r
m

(A) the angular speed of the block in its circular
motion is r g /
(B) kinetic energy as function of r is given by
mgr/2
(C) angular momentum about the hole is conserved
even if hanging block is pulled down
(D) The block on table is in equillibrium
This section contains 3 paragraphs; each has 2
multiple choice questions. (Questions 16 to 21) Each
question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of
question. +3 marks will be given for each correct

Passage # 1 (Ques. 16 - 17)
Consider an electron moving in a circular orbit of
radius 'r' in an external uniform and steady
magnetic field B. Assume that Bohr's quantization
principle regarding the angular momentum is true
in this case. Now answer the following question :

16. If radius of n
th
orbit is r
n
and speed in this orbit is v
n

then correct relationship between them
(A) r
n
v
n
(B) r
n
v
n
2
(C) r
n
2
v
n
(D) r
n
1/v
n

17. If total energy of e
in moving these orbit is sum of

KE and potential energy of interaction between the
magnetic moment of orbital current and magnetic
field B. Then total energy in n
th
orbit is
(e = charge of electron, m = mass of e
, h = plank's
constant)
(A) E
n
=
m
nheB
2
(B) E
n
=
m
nheB
4

(C) E
n
= zero (D) E
n
=
m
nheB
2

When the strain is small (say < 0.01), the stress is
proportional to the strain. This is the region where
Hook's law is valid and where young's modulus is
defined. The point a on the curve represents the
proportional limit up to which stress and strain are
proportional. If the strain is increased a little bit, the
stress is not proportional to the strain. However,
the wire still remains elastic. This means, if the
stretching force is removed, the wire acquires its
natural length. This behaviour is shown up to a
point b on the curve known as the elastic limit on
the yield point. If the wire is stretched beyond the
elastic limit, the strain increases much more
rapidly. If the stretching force is removed, the wire
does not come back to its natural length. Some
permanent increase in length takes places. In figure,
we have shown this behaviour by the dashed line
from C. The behaviour of the wire is now plastic.
If the deformation is increased further, the wire
breaks at a point d known as fracture point. If large
deformation takes place between the elastic limit
and the fracture point, the material is called ductile.
If it breaks soon after the elastic limit is crossed, it
is called brittle.

d
plastic behaviour
III
II
c
b
a
I
Elastic behaviour
o
0.3
stress
strain
Permanent set
a = proportional limit
b = Elastic limit
d = fracture point

18. A metal wire will retain its original shape when
load is removed in region.
(A) oc (B) cd (C) ac (D) od

19. Yield point and elastic limit point coincide for
(A) ductile material (B) malleable material
(C) brittle material (D) elastic material

A uniform dense solid cylinder of mass m and
radius R is released from rest on an inclined plane.
After releasing from rest it starts performing pure
rolling (i.e. rolling without slipping). As there is no
slipping the friction force acts is static in nature.
Therefore the relative velocity between the points
in contact is zero.
We know that rolling is combined rotation and
translation. During its downward journey along the
incline the cylinder moves distance l along the
incline. The angle of
inclination from horizontal is
and the coefficient of
friction is given as . The
acceleration due to gravity is
g downwards. Air resistance
is not present.

20. The acceleration of centre of mass of cylinder is-
(A) g sin g cos (B) g sin
(C)
3
2g
sin (D) none of these

21. (The final angular speed of cylinder is
(A)
2
sin
3
4
R
g l
(B)
2
sin
3
2
R
g l

(C)
2
sin
3
1
R
g l
(D) none of these
This section contains 2 questions (Questions 22, 23).
Each question contains statements given in two columns
which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in
Column I have to be matched with statements (P, Q, R,
S, T) in Column II. The answers to these questions have
to be appropriately bubbled as illustrated in the
following example. If the correct matches are A-P, A-S,
A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and D-S, D-T then the
correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows :
A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

Mark your response in OMR sheet against the
question number of that question in section-II.
+ 8 marks will be given for complete correct answer
(i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative
marks for wrong answer.

22. Assume that 2 bodies collide head on. The graph of
their velocities with time are shown in column-I
match them with appropriate situation in column II
Column -I Column-II
(A)
v
t
(1)
(2)

(P)
m
1
m
2
m
1
< m
2
, 0 < e <1

(B)
v
t
(1)
(2)

(Q)

m
1
wall
2
nd
body is massive
2

(C)
v
t
(1)
(2)

(R)
putty
ball

(D)
v
t
(1)
(2)

(S)
v
1 v
2

m
1
= m
2
e = 1
v
1
> v
2

(T)
m
1
m
2

m
1
> m
2
e = 1

23. Match the Column :
Column -I Column-II
(A)The charge q is projected
perpendicular to the electric
field. Then it moves through the
magnetic field
E B
q

(P)
(B) The charge is released from rest
in a crossed B
r
and E
r

B
E
q

(Q)

(C) The charge is projected
perpendicular to E in a crossed
E
r
and E
r

B
E
q

(R)

(D) The charge is projected at a non-
zero angle (< 90) with the
magnetic induction

B
v
q

(S)

(T)

CHEMISTRY

1. The IUPAC name of compound
HO C = O
NH
2
C ==== C C H
NH
2

CH
3

Cl
is
(A) 2, 3 diamino-4-chloro-2-pentenoic acid
(B) 4-chloro-3, 3-diamino-2-pentenoic acid
(C) 3, 3diamino-3-chloro-pentenoic acid
(D) All of the above
2. Identify the correct statements -
(A) The compound
H
3
C
CH
3

COOH
O
fails to undergo
decarboxylation
(B) A Grignard reagent can be successfully made
from the following dibromide
Br
Br
(C) Cyclopentan 1, 3 dione exists almost 100%
in the enol form whereas diacetyl
(CH
3
COCOCH
3
) can exist in the keto form as
well as the enol form
(D) Among the following resonance structure given
below, (ii) will be the major contributor to the
resonance hybrid.

CCH
3
CCH
3

O : O
:
..

..
(i) (ii)

3. Which of the following graphs are properly
represented ?
(A)
For normal reaction
R
a
t
e

Temperature

(B)

For explosive reaction
R
a
t
e

Temperature

(C)

For all normal reaction
R
a
t
e

Temperature

(D)
For explosive reaction
R
a
t
e
Temperature
45C

4. A hydrogen electrode is placed in a buffer solution
of sodium acetate and acetic acid in the ratio a : b
and other in the ratio b : a was taken. If electrode
potential values are found to be E
1
and E
2
then
which of the following is/are correct for the pK
a

value of the acid.
(A)
118 . 0
E E
2 1
(B)
118 . 0
E E
2 1
+

(C)
2
1
E
E
0.118 (D)
118 . 0
E E
1 2

5. Identify the incorrect statement
(A) In solid state N
2
O
5
exist as NO
2
+
and NO
3
ions
(B) Solid PCl
5
contains PCl
4
+
and PCl
6
ions
(C) Solid PBr
5
has PBr
4
+
and Br

(D) In N
4
S
4
all the bond angles are equal

6. A bulb of constant volume is attached to a
manometer tube open at other end as shown in
figure. The manometer is filled with a liquid of
density (1/3
rd
) that of mercury. Initially h was 228
cm.

Gas
h

Through a small hole in the bulb gas leaked
assuming pressure decreases as
dt
dp
= kP.
If value of h is 114 cm after 14 minutes. What is the
value of k (in hour
1
) ?
[Use : ln(4/3) = 0.28 and density of Hg = 13.6
g/mL]
(A) 0.6 (B) 1.2
(C) 2.4 (D) None of these
7. The dipole moment of HCl is 1.03D, if HCl bond
distance is 1.26, what is the percentage of ionic
character in the HCl bond ?
(A) 60% (B) 29% (C) 17% (D) 39%

8. Arrange NH
4
+
, H
2
O, H
3
O
+
, HF & OH
in increasing
order of acidic nature -
(A) OH
< H
2
O < NH
4
+
< HF < H
3
O
+

(B) H
3
O
+
> HF > H
2
O > NH
4
+
> OH

(C) NH
4
+
< HF < H
3
O
+
< H
2
O < OH

(D) H
3
O
+
< NH
4
+
< HF < OH
< H
2
O

9. A compression of an ideal gas is represented by
curve AB, which of the following is wrong
B(v
B
)
A(v
A
)
log V
log P

(A) number of collision increases
B
A
V
V
times
(B) number of moles in this process is constant
(C) it is isothermal process
(D) it is possible for ideal gas

10. A compound containing only sodium, nitrogen and
oxygen has 33.33% by weight of sodium. What is
the possible oxidation number of nitrogen in the
compound?
(A) 3 (B) + 3 (C) 2 (D) + 5

each wrong answer.
11. Which of the following is/are correct regarding the
periodic classification of elements ?
(A) The properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic number
(B) Non metals are lesser in number than metals
(C) The first ionization energies of elements in a
period do not increase with the increase in
atomic numbers
(D) For transition elements the d-subshells are
filled with electrons monotonically with the
increase in atomic number
12. In the purification Zr and B, which of the following
is/are true ?
(A) Zr + 2I
2
ZrI
4
(g)
over passed
W hot white the

the pure Zr is deposited on W
(B) 2B + 3I
2
2BI
3
(g)
over passed
W hot white the

the pure B is deposited on W
(C) Zr + 2I
2
ZrI
4
(s)
W with mixed
heated then &

ZrI
4
is reduced to ZrI
2
(D) none of these

13. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) At 273C, the volume of a given mass of a gas
at 0C and 1 atm. pressure will be twice its
volume
(B) At 136.5C, the volume of a given mass of a
gas at 0C and 1 atm. pressure will be half of its
volume
(C) The mass ratio of equal volumes of NH
3
and
H
2
S under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure is 1 : 2
(D) The molar ratio of equal masses of CH
4
and
SO
2
is 4 : 1

14. Dopamine of a drug used in the treatment of
parkinson's disease.

CH
2
CH
Dopamin
NH
2

COOH
HO
HO

Which of the following statements about this
compound are correct ?

(A) It can exist in optically active forms.
(B) One mole will react with three moles of sodium
hydroxide to form a salt
(C) It can exist as a Zwitter ion in the aqueous solution
(D) It gives nitroso compound on treatment with
HNO
2
.
15. In the given table types of H bonds and some H
bond energies are given and other H bond energies
are not given. You are to perdit the unknown H-
bond energies.
Types of H-bonds H-bond energies in
KJ/mol
(I) F H
..
O
F H
..

F 30
(II) O H
..

O
O H
..

F 15
(III) F H
..

F

(IV) N H
..

N
Correct prediction are
(A) H-bond energy for (I) may be 20 kJ/mol
(B) H-bond energy for (II) may be 25 kJ/mol
(C) H-bond energy for (III) may be 113 kJ/mol
(D) H-bond energy for (IV) may be 12 kJ/mol
Freezing point of a liquid is defined as that
temperature at which it is in equilibrium with its
solid phase.

solvent
P = 1 atm
Solid
solution
T
f

Vapour
Pressure
T T
0

T
0
> T
Temperature

Phase diagram for a pure solvent and solution for
depression in freezing point.
16. The freezing point of the solvent is -
(A)
S T
G H

(B)
S
H

(C)
S
G
(D)
H
S

17. Freezing point of the solution is smaller than the
freezing point of the solvent. Because -
(A) H of solution and H of solvent are almost
same due to identical intermolecular forces
(B) S of the solution is larger than S of solvent
(C) S of the solution is smaller than the S of
solvent
(D) H of the solution is much higher than the H
of solvent but S of solution is smaller than that
of the solvent

Effect of temperature on the equilibrium process is
analysed by using the thermodynamics.
From the thermodynamics relation
G = 2.3 RT logK........(1) G = Standard free
energy change
G =H TS.(2) H = Standard heat of
the reaction
From (1) & (2)
2.3 RT log K = H TS ; S : Standard
Entropy change,
log K =
RT 3 . 2
H
+
R 3 . 2
S
........(3)
Clearly if a plot of log K vs 1/T is made then it is a
straight line having slope
=
R 3 . 2
H
& yintercept =
R 3 . 2
S
.
If at a temperature T
1
equilibrium constant be K
1

and at temperature T
2
equilibrium constant be K
2

then, the above equation reduces to :
log K
1
=
1
RT 3 . 2
H
+
R 3 . 2
S
........(4)
log K
2
=
2
RT 3 . 2
H
+
R 3 . 2
S
........ (5)
Subtracting (4) from (5) we get.
log
1
2
K
K
=
R 3 . 2
H
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
T
1
T
1

18. If standard heat of dissociation of PCl
5
is 230 Cal.
then the slope of the graph of log K vs
T
1
is -
(A) + 50 (B) 50
(C) 10 (D) None of these

19. For exothermic reaction of S
o
< 0 then the sketch
of log K vs
T
1
may be -
(A)

1/T
log K
(B)

1/T
log K

(C)

1/T
log K
(D)
1/T
log K

A pleasant smelling optically active compound,
monoester 'F' has molecular weight 186. It doesn't
react with Br
2
in CCl
4
. Hydrolysis of 'F' gives two
optically active compounds 'G', which is soluble in
NaOH and 'H'. H gives a positive iodoform test, but
on warming with conc. H
2
SO
4
gives I with no
disastereomers. When the Ag
+
salt of 'G' is reacted
with Br
2
, racemic 'J' is formed. Optically active J is
formed when 'H' is treated with tosyl chloride
(TsCl), and then with NaBr.

20. The pleasant smelling optically active compound, F
is -
(A) (CH
3
)
2
CH
3
CH
|
CHC
||
O
O
3
CH
|
CH
CH(CH
3
)
2

(B) (CH
3
)
3
CCH
2
C
||
O
O
3
CH
|
CH CH(CH
3
)
2

(C) CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
3
CH
|
CH C
||
O
O
3
CH
|
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

(D) CH
3
CH
2
3
CH
|
CH CH
2
2
COCH
||
O
3
2
CH
|
CHCH CH
3

21. How would be the structure of F if I exists as
diastereomers ?
(A) (CH
3
)
2
CH
3
CH
|
CHCO
||
O
3
2 3
CH
|
) CH ( CHCH
(B) (CH
3
)
3
CCH
2
C
||
O
O
3
2 3
CH
|
) CH ( CHCH
(C) CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
3
CH
|
CHCO
||
O
3
3 2 2
CH
|
CH CH CHCH

(D) CH
3
CH
2
3
2
H C
|
CHCH C
||
O
OCH
2
3
3 2
CH
|
CH CHCH

correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows:

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

question number of that question in section-II. + 8
marks will be given for complete correct answer (i.e.
+2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative
Column-I Column-II
(A) 5.4 g of Al (P) 0.5 N
A
electrons
(B) 1.2 g of Mg
2+
(Q) 15.9994 amu
(C) Exact atomic weight (R) 0.2 mole atoms
of mixture of oxygen isotopes
(D) 0.9 mL of H
2
O (S) 0.05 moles
(T) 3.1 10
23
electrons
Column -I Column-II
(A) Two electron three centre
bond
(P) (BN)
x
(B) Four electron three centre
bond
(Q) B
2
H
6
(C) sp
3
hybrid orbitals (R) AlCl
3
(D) Inorganic graphite (S)
(T)
B
4
H
10
HF

MATHEMATICS

1. The differential equation of all ellipse centred at the
origin is
(A) y
2
+ xy
1
2
yy
1
= 0
(B) xyy
2
+ xy
1
2
yy
1
= 0
(C) yy
2
+ xy
1
2
xy
1
= 0
(D) none of these

2. The value of x for which the matrix
A =
(
(
(
1 2 1
0 1 0
7 0 2
is inverse of
B =
(
(
(
x x x
x x x
2 4
0 1 0
7 14
is
(A)
2
1
(B)
3
1
(C)
4
1
(D)
5
1

3. If x = (7 + 3 4 )
2n
= [x] + f , then x(1 f ) if equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

4. The number of values of x [0, n], n I that
satisfy log
|sinx|
(1 + cos x) = 2 is
(A) 0 (B) n (C) 2n (D) none

5. Reflection of the line z a + z a = 0 in the real axis is
(A) z a + az = 0 (B)
a
a
=
z
z

(C) (a + a ) (z + z ) = 0 (D) None of these

6. The tangent to the curve x = a 2 cos cos ,
y = a 2 cos sin at the point corresponding to
= /6 is -
(A) parallel to the x-axis (B) parallel to the y-axis
(C) parallel to line y = x (D) none of these
7. The exponent of 7 in
100
C
50
is -
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) none of these

8. Let f (x) =
=
<
0
2 | | 0
1
| |
x for
x for x
, then at x = 0, f has -
(A) a local maximum (B) no local maximum
(C) a local minimum (D) no extremum

9. If f (x) is a polynomial satisfying
f (x).f (1/x) = f (x) + f (1/x), and f (3) = 28, then f (4)
is given by -
(A) 63 (B) 65 (C) 67 (D) 68

10. The integer n for which
n
x
x
x
e x x ) )(cos 1 (cos
lim
0

is a finite nonzero number is -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

each wrong answer.
11. If f (x) =
2
1 1 x , then
(A) f is continuous on [1, 1]
(B) f is continuous at x = 0
(C) f is not differentiable at x = 0
(D) f is differentiable everywhere

12. The line y = mx + c intersects the circle x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

at two real distinct points if
(A) r
2
1 m + < c 0 (B) 0 c < r
2
1 m +
(C) c
2
1 m < r (D) r < c
2
1 m +

13. Let , be the roots of x
2
4x + A = 0 and , be
the roots of x
2
36x + B = 0. If , , , forms an
increasing G.P., then
(A) B = 81 A (B) A = 3
(C) B = 243 (D) A + B = 251

14. Given an isosceles triangle with equal sides of
length b, base angle < /4, R, r the radii and O, I
the centres of the circumcircle and incircle,
respectively. Then
(A) R =
2
1
b cosec (B) = 2b
2
sin 2
(C) r =
) cos 1 ( 2
2 sin b
+
(D) OI =
) 2 / cos( sin 2
) 2 / 3 cos(

b

15. If
0 cos cos 1 x
dx
=
sin
A
+ B (a 0). Then
possible values of A and B are
(A) A =
2
, B = 0 (B) A =
4
, B =
sin 4

(C) A =
6
, B =
sin
(D) A = , B =
sin

We can derive reduction formulas for the integral of
the form
, sin dx x
n
dx x
n
cos ,
, tan dx x
n

dx x
n
cot and other integrals of these form using
integration by parts. In turn these reduction
formulas can be used to compute x etc.
16. If
dx x
5
sin =
5
1
sin
4
x cos x + A sin
2
x cos x
15
8
cos x + C then A is equal to -
(A) 2/15 (B) 3/5
(C) 4/15 (D) 1/15
17. If
dx x
6
tan =
5
1
tan
5
x + A tan
3
x + tan x x + C
then A is equal to -
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(C) 2/3 (D) 1/3
Using differentiability and continuity of a function
f which satisfies certain functional equation, we can
determine in some cases the function explicity. E.g.
If f satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y R and
f (x) 0 for any x R and f (0) = 1 then
f (x) = e
x
.
18. If a function f satisfy f |
.
|
\
| +
3
y x
=
3
) ( ) ( 2 y f x f + +

for real x and y and f (2) = 3, then f (x) is equal to -
(A)
12
1
x
3
+ x
2
(B) 24 log (3x + 2)
(C) 3x + 2 (D)
4
3
x
2
+ 2
19. If f is a differentiable function on R and f (0) = 2
satisfying f (x + y) =
) ( ) ( 1
) ( ) (
y f x f
y f x f
+
then f (/8) is
equal to -
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 3/2 (D) tan /8
Let k be the length of any edge of a regular
tetrahedron. (A tetrahedron whose edges are all
equal in length is called a regular tetrahedron.) The
angle between a line and a plane is equal to the
complement of the angle between the line and the
normal to the plane whereas the angle between two
planes is equal to the angle between the normals.
Let O be the origin of reference and A, B and C
vertices with position vectors a, b and c
respectively of the regular tetrahedron.
20. The angle between any edge and a face not
containing the edge is
(A) cos
1
(1/2) (B) cos
1
(1/4)
(C) cos
1
(1/ 3 ) (D) /3

21. The value of [a b c]
2
is
(A) k
2
(B) (1/2)k
2
(C) (1/3)k
2
(D) k
3

correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows:

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

marks will be given for complete correct answer
22. Match the following-
Column -I

Column -II
(A) If the lines
1
2 x
=
1
3 y
=
4 z

and
1 x
=
2
4 y
=
1
5 z
1
5 z

intersect at (, , ) then =

(P) 0
(B) If
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
2
1
tan
4
4 lim
1
x
x
x
x
=
y
2
+ 4y + 5 then y =

(Q) 1

(C) If chord x + y + 1= 0 of parabola
y
2
= ax subtends 90 at (0, 0)
then a =

(R) 3
(D) If
a =
^
i +
^
j +
^
k ,
a .
b = 1
and
b =
^
j
^
k , then |
b | is
equal to

(S) 1

(T) 2

23. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is
chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed by
replacing the elements of the subset P. A subset Q
of A is again chosen at random. The probability
that (where |x| = number of elements in X)
Column-I Column-II
(A) P Q = (P) n(3
n1
)/4
n
(B) P Q is a singleton (Q) (3/4)
n
(C) P Q contains 2 (R)
2n
C
n
/4
n

elements
(D) |P| = |Q| (S) 9n(n1)/2(4
n
)
(T) None

COMPLEMENTARY COLOURS

If you arrange some colours in a circle, you get a
"colour wheel". The diagram shows one possible
version of this. An internet search will throw up
many different versions!

Colours directly opposite each other on the colour
wheel are said to be complementary colours. Blue
and yellow are complementary colours; red and
cyan are complementary; and so are green and
magenta.
Mixing together two complementary colours of light
will give you white light.
What this all means is that if a particular colour is
absorbed from white light, what your eye detects by
mixing up all the other wavelengths of light is its
complementary colour. Copper(II) sulphate solution
is pale blue (cyan) because it absorbs light in the red
region of the spectrum. Cyan is the complementary
colour of red.
The origin of colour in complex ions
Transition metal v other metal complex ions

PHYSICS


1. When sound wave is refracted from air to water,
which of the following will remain unchanged ?
(A) wave number (B) wavelength
(C) wave velocity (D) frequency

2. In stationary wave
(A) All the particles of the medium vibrate in
phase
(B) All the nodes vibrate in phase
(C) All the antinodes vibrate in phase
(D) All the particles between consecutive nodes
vibrate in phase

3. A 20 N metal block is suspended by a spring balance.
A beaker containing some water is placed on a
weighing machine which reads 40 N. The spring
balance is now lowered so that the block gets
immersed in water. The spring balance now reads
16N. The reading of the weighing machine will be -
(A) 36 N (B) 44 N
(C) 60 N (D) None

4. The springs shown in figure is unstretched when
James bond starts pulling on the cord. The mass of
the block is m. If he exerts a constant force F. The
amplitude of the motion of the block will be-

m
k
k
F(const.)
Smooth

(A)
k
F
2
(B)
k
F
(C)
k
F 2
(D) None

5. Ideal fluid flows along a flat tube of constant cross-
section, located in a horizontal plane and bent as
shown in figure (top view). The flow is steady. The
velocities of fluid at point 1 and at point 2 are v
1

and v
2
respectively then correct relation is

1
2

(A) v
1
> v
2
(B) v
2
> v
1
(C) v
1
= v
2
(D) None of these

6. A body is moving down a long inclined plane of
inclination . The coefficient of friction between
the body and the plane varies as = 0.5 x, where x
is the distance moved down the plane. The body
will have maximum velocity, when it has travelled
a distance x given by -
(A) x = 2 tan (B) x =
tan
2

(C) x = 2 cot (D) x =
cot
2

Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Syllabus : Physics : Full Syllabus, Chemistry : Full Syllabus, Mathematics : Full syllabus
Instructions :
Section I : Question 1 to 10 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section II : Question 11 to 15 are multiple choice question with multiple correct answer. +4 marks will be awarded for
correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Section III : Question 16 to 21 are passage based single correct type questions. +3 marks will be awarded for
correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer
Section IV : Question 22 to 23 are Column Matching type questions. +8 marks will be awarded for the complete
correctly matched answer (i.e. +2 marks for each correct row) and No Negative marks for wrong answer.
XtraEdge Test Series # 7
IIT-JEE 2013
Based on New Pattern
7. A system consists of three particles, each of mass m
and located at (1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3). The co-
ordinates of the centre of mass are -
(A) (1, 1) (B) (2, 2)
(C) (3, 3) (D) (6, 6)

8. A thin wire of length l and mass m is bent in the
form of a semicircle. Its moment of inertia about an
axis joining its free ends will be

O
m
P

(A) ml
2
(B) zero
(C)
2
2
ml
(D)
2
2
2
ml

9. What is the velocity v of a metallic ball of radius r
falling in a tank of liquid at the instant when its
acceleration is one half that of a freely falling
body? (The densities of metal and of liquid are
and respectively and the viscosity coefficient of
the liquid is ) -
(A)
9
2
g r
( 2) (B)
9
2
g r
(2 )
(C)
9
2
g r
( ) (D)
9
2
2
g r
( )

10. An anisotropic material has coefficient of linear
thermal expansion
1
and
2
along x and y
respectively. Coefficient of superficial expansion of
its material will be equal to
(A)
1
+
2
(B)
1
+ 2
2
(C) 3
1
+ 2
2
(D)
2
2 1
+

each wrong answer.
11. A man is standing on a road and observes that the
rain is falling at angle 45 with the vertical. The
man starts running on the road with constant
acceleration 0.5 m/s
2
. After a certain time from the
start of the motion, it appears to him that the rain is
still falling at angle 45 with the vertical, with speed
2 2 m/s. Motion of the man is in the same vertical
plane in which the rain is falling. Then which of the
following statement(s) are true -
(A) It is not possible.
(B) Speed of the rain relative to the ground is
2 m/s
(C) Speed of the man when he finds rain to be
falling at angle 45 with the vertical, is 4 m/s
(D) the man has travelled a distance 16 m on the
road by the time he again finds rain to be
falling at angle 45

12. All the blocks shown in the figure are at rest. The
pulley is smooth and string is light. Coefficient of
friction at all the contacts is 0.2. A frictional force
of 10N acts between A and B. The block A is about
to slide on block B. The normal reaction and
frictional force exerted by the ground on the block
B is -
B
5kg
A
C

(A) The normal reaction exerted by the ground on
the block B is 110 N.
(B) The normal reaction exerted by the ground on
the block B is 50 N.
(C) The frictional force exerted by the ground on
the block B is 20 N
(D) The frictional force exerted by the ground on
the block B is zero.

13. The value of mass m for which the 100 kg block
remain is static equilibrium is

37
= 0.3
100

(A) 35 kg (B) 37 kg
(C) 83 kg (D) 85 kg

14. A particle is describing circular motion in a
horizontal plane in contact with the smooth inside
surface of a fixed right circular cone with its axis
vertical and vertex down. The height of the plane of
motion above the vertex is h and the semi vertical
angle of the cone is . The period of revolution of
the particle

h

(A) increases as h increases
(B) decreases as h increases
(C) increases as increases
(D) decreases as increases

15. A wire of density 9 10
3
kg / m
3
is stretched
between two clamps 1 m apart and is stretched to
an extension of 4.9 10
4
metre. Young's modulus
of material is 9 10
10
N/m
2
then -
(A) The lowest frequency of standing wave is 35 Hz
(B) The frequency of 1st overtone is 70 Hz
(C) The frequency of 1st overtone is 105 Hz
(D) The stress in the wire is 4.41 10
7
N/m
2


In the figure shown a uniform solid sphere is
released on the top of a fixed inclined plane of
inclination 37 and height h. It rolls without
sliding (take sin 37 = 3/5)
37

16. The acceleration of the centre of the sphere is -
(A)
5
3g
(B)
5
4g
(C)
7
4g
(D)
7
3g

17. The speed of the point of contact of the sphere with
the inclined plane when the sphere reaches the
bottom of the incline is -
(A) gh 2 (B)
7
10gh

(C) Zero (D) gh 2 2

In a standing wave experiment, a 1.2 kg horizontal
rope is fixed in place at its two ends (x = 0 and
x = 2.0 m) and made to oscillate up and down in the
fundamental mode at frequency 5.0 Hz. At t = 0, the
point at x = 1.0 m has zero displacement and is
moving upward in the positive direction of y axis
with a transverse velocity 3.14 m/s
18. Speed of the participating travelling wave on the
rope is -
(A) 6 m/s (B) 15 m/s (C) 20 m/s (D) 24 m/s

19. What is the correct expression of the standing wave
equation -
(A) (0.1) sin |
.
|
\
|
2
sin ( ) 10 t
(B) (0.1) sin () sin (10) t
(C) (0.05) sin |
.
|
\
|
2
cos ( ) 10 t
(D) (0.04) sin () sin (10) t

Transverse and longitudinal standing waves are
easily represented by sine waves. The distance
between an adjacent node and antinode (N A) is a
quarter of the wavelength,
4
.
A
A
N N
N
/4
/4

Fundamental and first overtone for a pipe closed at
one end
L
/4
A N
/4
L
A N N A
L/3

4
= L
3 4
L
=

Therefore
0
= 4L Therefore,
1
= 4 |
.
|
\
|
3
L

and
0
=
L
V
4
& v
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
3
4L
V
= 3
(
L
v
4

overtones are for the first overtone
multiplies of
0
: n = 3, the third
n
0
= n
(
L
v
4
harmonic.
This implies that the
ratio of natural frequency
is n = 1 : 3 : 5.........

20. When an organ pipe is open at both ends, it
resonates with a fundamental frequency of
240 Hz. What is the fundamental frequency of the
same pipe if it is closed at one end-
(A) 64 Hz (B) 120 Hz
(C) 360 Hz (D) 480Hz

21. A pipe resonates at 60 Hz, 100 Hz and 140 Hz
consecutive frequencies. How long is the pipe ?
(A) 1.4 m (B) 2.8 m
(C) 4.3 m (D) 8.5 m

Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with
statements (P, Q, R, S, T) in Column II. The answers
to these questions have to be appropriately bubbled
as illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-P, A-S, A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix
should be as follows :

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T


22. Let V and E denote the gravitational potential and
gravitational field respectively at a point due to
certain uniform mass distribution described in four
different situation of column I, then

Column -I Column -II
(A) At centre of thin
spherical shell
(P) E = 0

(B) At centre of solid
sphere
(Q) E 0

(C) At the centre of a
thick hemi
spherical shell
(R) V 0

(D) At centre of line
joining two point
masses of equal
magnitude
(S)

(T)
V = 0

None

23. Two blocks A and B of mass m and 2m respectively
are connected by a massless spring of spring
constant K. This system lies over a smooth
horizontal surface. At t = 0 the block A has velocity
u towards right as shown while the speed of block
B is zero, and the length of spring is equal to its
natural length at that instant. In each situation of
column-I, certain statements are given and
corresponding results are given in column-II,
Match the statements in column-I to the
corresponding results in column-II :

m 2m
K
A B
u
smooth horizontal surface

Column I Column II
(A) The velocity of (P) Can never be zero
block A
(B) The velocity of (Q) may be zero at
block B certain instants of
time
(C) The kinetic energy (R) is minimum at
of system of maximum
two blocks compression
of spring
(D) The potential (S) is maximum at
energy of spring maximum
extension
of spring
(T) None

CHEMISTRY


1. At constant pressure P, A dissociates on heating
according to the equation
A(g) B(g) + C(g)
The equilibrium partial pressure of A at T K is 1/9
P, the equilibrium K
p
at TK is
(A)
9
8
P (B)
9
64
P (C)
9
16
P (D) 9 P

2. Calculate the pH of 6.66 10
3
M solution of
Al(OH)
3
. Its first dissociation is 100% where as
second dissociation is 50% and third dissociation is
negligible.
(A) 2 (B) 12
(C) 11 (D) 13

3. pH of the blood in the body is maintained by buffer
solution of
(A) glucose and salt concentration
(B) protein and salt concentration
(C) CO
3
3
and HCO
3

(D) Salt and carbonate ion

4. IUPAC name of the following compound is :
OH
CH
3

(A) 2-methyl-3-cyclohexenol
(B) 3-methyl-1-cyclohexen-4-ol
(C) 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-cyclohexene
(D) 2-hydroxy-1-methylcyclohexene

5. Which will form geometrical isomers ?
(A)
Cl
Cl
(B) CH
3
CH = NOH
(C)

(D) All

6. The dissolution of Al(OH)
3
by a solution of NaOH
results in the formation of
(A) [Al(H
2
O)
4
(OH)
2
]
+
(B) [Al(H
2
O)
3
(OH)
3
]
(C) [Al(H
2
O)
2
(OH)
4
]
(D) [Al(H
2
O)
6
](OH)
3

7. Helium-oxygen mixture is used by deep sea divers
in preference to nitrogen-oxygen mixture because
(A) helium is much less soluble in blood than
nitrogen
(B) nitrogen is highly soluble in water
(C) helium is insoluble in water
(D) nitrogen is less soluble in blood than helium

8. SF
4
+ BF
3
(A). The compound 'A' is
(A) [SF
5
]
[BF
2
]
+
(B)[SF
3
]
+
[BF
4
]

(C) SF
6
(D) S
2
F
4

9. Which of the following reactions is a redox
reaction?
(A) Cr
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2CrCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
(B) CrO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
O
(C) 2CrO
4
2
+ H
+

Cr
2
O
7
2
+ OH

(D) Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 6I

+ 14H
+

2Cr
3+
+ 3I
2

+ 7H
2
O

10. The combustion reaction occurring in an
automobile is 2C
8
H
18
(s) + 5O
2
(g) 16CO
2
(g) +
18H
2
O(1). This reaction is accompanied with
(A) H = ve, S = + ve, G = + ve
(B) H = + ve, S = ve, G = + ve
(C) H = ve, S = +ve, G = ve
(D) = +ve, S = +ve, G = ve

each wrong answer.
11. Which of the following species are correctly
matched with their geometries according to the
VSEPR theory -
(A) ClF
2
linear
(B) IF
4
+
see saw
(C) SnCl
5
trigonal bipyramidal
(D)
3 3

) SiH ( N pyramidal
12. KCl has a dipole moment of 10 D. The inter ionic
distance in KCl is 2.6 . Which of the following
statement are true for this compound ?
(A) The theoretical value of dipole moment, if the
compound were completely ionic is 12.5 D.
(B) The % ionic character of the compound is 85 %
(C) It is a poor conductor of electricity
(D) The forces operating in this molecule are
coulombic type

13. The major product of reaction

2
Br
is

(A)
Br
Br

(B)
Br
Br

(C)
Br Br

(D) None of these

14.
Br
Br

+ KOH (alc)
Which of the following can be formed.
(A) (B)
Br

(C)
Br
Br
(D)
Br

15. Reduction of But-2-yne with Na and liquid NH
3

gives an alkene which upon catalytic
hydrogenation with D
2
/ Pt gives an alkane. The
alkene and alkane formed respectively are -
(A) cis-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(B) trans-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(C) trans-but-2-ene and
recemic-2, 3-dideuterobutane
(D) cis-but-2-ene and
meso-2, 3-dideuterobutane


In order to explain the existance of doublets in the
spectra of alkali metals, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck
in 1925 proposed that electron has an intrinsic
angular momentum due to spining about its own
axis.
The value of spining a angular momentum of
electron can be described by 2 spin quantum
number s and m
s
. The physical significance of s
and m
s
is similar as of l and m
l
.
16. The possible value of s for electron is -
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/2
(C) 0 (D) 1

17. Relation between s and m
s
is :
(A) ) 1 s ( s +
2
h
. cos = m
s

(B) ) 1 s ( s + cos = m
s

(C)
4
h 3
= m
s

(D) None of these

The expression for the reaction quotient, Q, is
similar to that for equilibrium constant K. The
value of Q for the given composition of a reaction
mixture helps us to know whether the reaction will
move forward or backward or remain in
equilibrium. It also helps to predict the effect of
pressure on the direction of the gaseous reaction. In
certain reactions, addition of inert gas also favours
either the formation of reactants or products. The
value of equilibrium constant of a reaction changes
with change of temperature and the change is given
by van't Hoff equation, d ln K
p
/dT = H/RT
2

where enthalpy change, H, is taken as constant in
the small temperature range.

18. The reaction N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g)

2NH
3
(g) is in
equilibrium. Now the reaction mixture is
compressed to half the volume
(A) More of ammonia will be formed
(B) Ammonia will dissociate back into N
2
and H
2

(C) There will be no effect on equilibrium
(D)Equilibrium constant of the reaction will
change
19. For the above reaction in equilibrium, helium gas
was added but the mixture was allowed to expand
to keep the pressure constant. Then
(A) More of ammonia will be formed
(B) Ammonia will dissociate back into N
2
and H
2

(C) There will be no effect on equilibrium
(D) Equilibrium constant of the reaction will change

Lithium only forms monoxide when heated in
oxygen. Sodium forms monoxide and peroxide in
excess of oxygen. Other alkali metals form super
oxide with oxygen i.e., MO
2
. The abnormal
behaviour of lithium is due to small size. The larger
size of nearer alkali metals also decides the role in
formation of superoxides. The three ions related to
each other as follows :

ion Oxide
2
O

2
O 2 / 1

ion Peroxide
2
2
O

2
O

ion Superoxide
2
O 2

All the three ions abstract proton from water.
20. Consider the following reaction :
M + O
2

oxide) per su (
2
MO (M = alkali metal)
Select the correct statement :
(A) M can not be Li and Na
(B) M can not be Cs and Rb
(C) M can not be Li and Rb
(D) None of these
21. Lithium does not form stable peroxide because :
(A) of its small size
(B) d-orbital are absent in it
(C) it is highly reactive and form superoxide in
place of peroxide
(D) covalent nature of peroxide

matches are A-P, A-S, A-T;
B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and D-S, D-T then the correctly
bubbled 4 5 matrix should be as follows :
A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

Column I Column II
(A) pK
b
of X
(Ka of HX = 10
6
) (P) 6.9
(B) pH of 10
8
M HCl (Q) 8
(C) pHof 10
2
M acetic acid solution (R) 3.3
(Ka = 1.6 10
5
)
(D) pH of a solution obtained by (S) 3.4
mixing equal volumes of solution
with pH 3 & 5. (t)

Column I Column II
(A)
Br
O
(p) Nucleopilic substitution
(B)

OH
(q) Elimination
(C)

OH
CHO
(r) Nucleophilic addition
(D)

NO
2

Br

(s)

Esterification with
acetic anhydride

(t) Dehydrogenation

MATHEMATICS


1. In a certain test there are n questions. In this test 2
k

students gave wrong answers to at least (n k)
questions, where k = 0, 1, 2, ...... , n. If the total
number of wrong answers is 4095, then value of n is
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 15

2. The values of x between 0 and 2 which satisfy the
equation sin x x
2
cos 8 = 1 are in A.P. The
common difference of the A.P. is
(A) /8 (B) /4 (C) 3/8 (D) 5/8

3. If p
1
, p
2
, p
3
are respectively the perpendicular from
the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then
1
cos
p
A
+
2
cos
p
B
+
3
cos
p
C
is equal to
(A) 1/r (B) 1/R (C) 1/ (D) None
4. The positive integer n for which
2 2
2
+ 3 2
3
+ 4 2
4
+ .... + n 2
n
= 2
n + 10
is
(A) 510 (B) 511
(C) 512 (D) 513
5. A vector c, directed along the internal bisector of
the angle between the vectors a = 7i 4j 4k and
b = 2i j + 2k, with |c| = 5 6 , is -
(A)
3
5
(i 7j + 2k) (B)
3
5
(5i + 5j + 2k)
(C)
3
5
(i + 7j + 2k) (D)
3
5
(5i + 5j + 2k)

6. The locus of the mid-point of the line segment
joining the focus to a moving point on the parabola
y
2
= 4ax is another parabola with directrix -
(A) x = a (B) x = a/2
(C) x = 0 (D) x = a/2

7. A flagstaff stands in the centre of a rectangular field
whose diagonal is 1200 m, and subtends angles 15
and 45 at the mid points of the sides of the field.
The height of the flagstaff is -
(A) 200 m (B) 300 3 2 + m
(C) 300 3 2 m (D) 400 m

8. If two vertices of a triangle are (2, 3) and (5, 1),
orthocentre lies at the origin and centroid on the
line x + y = 7, then the third vertex lies at
(A) (7, 4) (B) (8, 14)
(C) (12, 21) (D) None

9. If tan x + tan(x + /3) + tan (x + 2/3) = 3, then -
(A) tan x = 1 (B) tan 2x = 1
(C) tan 3x = 1 (D) none of these

10. The number of seven digit integers, with sum of the
digits equal to 10 and formed by using the digits 1,
2 and 3 only, is
(A) 55 (B) 66 (C) 77 (D) 88

each wrong answer.
11. The coordinates of a point on the line

2
1 x
=
3
1
+ y
= z at a distance 14 4 from the
point (1, 1, 0) are
(A) (9, 13, 4)
(B) ( 14 8 + 1, 12 14 1, 4 14
(C) (7, 11, 4)
(D) ( 14 8 + 1, 12 14 1, 4 14

12. If x
2
+ 2hxy + y
2
= 0 represents the equations of the
straight lines through the origin which make an
angle with the straight line y + x = 0, then
(A) sec 2 = h
(B) cos =
h
h
2
1+

(C) 2 sin =
h
h + 1

(D) cot =
1
1
+
h
h

13. If z
1
, z
2
, z
3
, z
4
are the vertices of a square in that
order, then
(A) z
1
+ z
3
= z
2
+ z
4

(B) |z
1
z
2
| = |z
2
z
3
| = |z
3
z
4
| = |z
4
z
1
|
(C) |z
1
z
3
| = |z
2
z
4
|
(D) (z
1
z
3
)/(z
2
z
4
) is purely imaginary

14. The equation of a tangent to the hyperbola
3x
2
y
2
= 3, parallel to the line y = 2x + 4 is -
(A) y = 2x + 3
(B) y = 2x + 1
(C) y = 2x 1
(D) y = 2x + 2
15. If m is a positive integer, then ] ) 1 3 [(
2m
+ + 1,
where [x] denotes greatest integer n, is divisible
by-
(A) 2
m
(B) 2
m+1

(C) 2
m+2
(D) 2
2m


f (x) = sin {cot
1
(x + 1)} cos (tan
1
x)
a = cos tan
1
sin cot
1
x
b = cos (2 cos
1
x + sin
1
x)
16. The value of x for which f (x) = 0 is
(A) 1/2 (B) 0
(C) 1/2 (D) 1

17. If a
2
= 26/51, then b
2
is equal to -
(A) 1/25 (B) 24/25
(C) 25/26 (D) 50/51

To solve equation or inequality involving
exponential expression f(x)
g(x)
, we may use
logarithm or the identity x
y
=
x y
a
a
log

where a > 0, a 1.

18. Solution set of the inequality 3
x
(0.333 ....)
x3
(1/27)
x
is
(A) [3/2, 5] (B) ( , 3/2]
(C) (0, ) (D) None of these

19. Solution set of the inequality
2(25)
x
5(10
x
) + 2(4
x
) 0 is
(A) (1, ) (B) (0, )
(C) (2, ) (D) None of these

C : x
2
+ y
2
= 9, E :
9
2
x
+
4
2
y
= 1, L : y = 2x
20. P is a point on the circle C, the perpendicular PL to
the major axis of the ellipse E meets the ellipse at
M, then
PL
ML
is equal to
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(C) 1/2 (D) none of these

21. Equation of the diameter of the ellipse E conjugate
to the diameter represented by L is
(A) 9x + 2y = 0 (B) 2x + 9y = 0
(C) 4x + 9y = 0 (D) 4x 9y = 0

matches are A-P, A-S, A-T; B-Q, B-R; C-P, C-Q and
D-S, D-T then the correctly bubbled 4 5 matrix
should be as follows :

A
B
C
D
P
Q R S T
T S
P
P
P Q R
R
R
Q
Q
S
S T
T
P Q R S T

marks will be given for complete correct answer

22. Match the following -

Column- I Column- II
(A) If a, b, c are unequal
positive numbers and b
is A.M. of a and c then
the roots of
ax
2
+ 2bx + c = 0 are
(P) of opposite signs
(B) If a R, then the roots
of the equation
x
2
(a +1) x a
2
4 = 0 are
(Q) rational numbers
(C) If a, b, c are unequal
positive numbers and b
is H.M. of a and c then
the roots of
ax
2
+ 2bx + c = 0 are

(R) real and unequal
(D) If |a b| < c and a = 0
then the roots of
a
2
x
2
+ (b
2
+ a
2
c
2
)x
+ b
2
= 0 are
(S) imaginary

(T) None

Column-I Column-II
(A) Equation of the polar (P) 8x + 2y 23 = 0
of (7, 9) with
respect to the circle
x
2
+ y
2
12x 8y 48 = 0
(B) Equation of the (Q) 13x + 13y 30 = 0
common chord of the
circles x
2
+ y
2

+ 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 and
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
(C) Equation of the (R) 2x + y + 1 = 0
tangent at (7, 9) to
the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 12x
+ 8y + 26 = 0
(D) Equation of the radical (S) x + 5y + 52 = 0
axis of the circles
2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 4x + 4y + 9 = 0
and x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x+3y 7 = 0
(T) x + y 1 = 0

Regents Physics
You Should Know
Nuclear Physics :
Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei
and have the symbol .
The atomic number is equal to the number of
protons (2 for alpha)
Deuterium ( ) is an isotope of hydrogen
( )
The number of nucleons is equal to protons +
neutrons (4 for alpha)
Only charged particles can be accelerated in a
particle accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van
Der Graaf generator.
Natural radiation is alpha ( ), beta ( )
and gamma (high energy x-rays)
A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in
atomic number.
All nuclei weigh less than their parts. This mass
defect is converted into binding energy.
(E=mc
2
)
Isotopes have different neutron numbers and
atomic masses but the same number of protons
(atomic numbers).
Geiger counters, photographic plates, cloud and
bubble chambers are all used to detect or
observe radiation.
Rutherford discovered the positive nucleus
using his famous gold-foil experiment.
Fusion requires that hydrogen be combined to
make helium.
Fission requires that a neutron causes uranium
to be split into middle size atoms and produce
extra neutrons.
Radioactive half-lives can not be changed by
heat or pressure.
One AMU of mass is equal to 931 meV of
energy (E = mc
2
).
XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans C C A A B B D A A B A,C
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, C, D A A, B, C A, B, C A A D C C A

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A S; B R; C Q; D P A R; B P; C S; D Q
CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans A A B B D B C A A B A,B,D
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, B A, B, C, D A B, C B B B B A C

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A R; B P,S,T; C Q; D P,T A Q,R; B S; C Q,R; D P
MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans B D A A A A A D B C A,B,C
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, B A, B, C A, C, D A, B C D C B C B

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A P,Q; B Q,R; C Q; D S A R; B P; C S; D R

PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans D D B A B A B D A C C,D
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, D B, C A, C A, B D C C A B C

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A P,R; B P,R; C Q,R; D P,R A P; B Q; C P,R; D Q,S

CHEMISTRY
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans C B C A D C A B D C A,B,C
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, C, D A A, B, C, D C, D A B A B A A

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A Q; B P; C S; D R A P,Q; B P,S,T; C R,S; D P
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans B B B B A C C D A C A,C
Ques 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans A, B, D A, B, C, D B, C A, B A B B D B B

Ques 22 23 Column
Match Ans A R; B P,R; C S; D R A Q; B R; C S; D P

IIT- JEE 2012 (November issue)
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[kx + kdx + 1 x dx]

B parallel to GS in the region outside the electron

B parallel to GS exists in the region

(D) None of these

); they are, therefore, strong

which when reacted with NaF HF,

wavelength of an element with atomic

in moving these orbit is sum of

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