KLIUC

KUALA LUMPUR INFRASTRUCTURE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BEC208 HYDRAULIC & HYDROLOGY

GROUP ASSIGNMENT
TITLE : Design and Implementation New Dam
Ahmed Mohammed Mansoor 093905072 093905041

NAME and MATRIC NO:

Abdullah Taher

SUBMISSION DATE LECTURERS NAME

13 sep 2011 Dr. FARIS GORESHI

Table Of Content No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Content Background Design of the Bana Dam Implementation Bana Dam and its impact Conclusion Reference Page 3-4 4-8 9-10 11-15 16 17

BANA DAM
1-Background :
Bana Dam Bana dam is Yemenis most famous future project . It will be most colossal structure in the Arab world in the future . This great Yemeni icon will be the largest and heaviest dam, producing the largest amount of Hydro electric power in the Arab world. 5000 men will take part in its construction and many of those workers will expose their lives to danger to complete this structure.

Though its not the superior dam but will be most famous, iconic and greatest dam ever built. Situated in Nadera , 30 Km south-east of Ibb city. Built on Bana valley , the construction site is extremely difficult. The risks will involve huge and the consequences could have been catastrophic, if the dam failed. Bana dam Consists mainly of the body of the dam wall , the bottom outlet ,the water intake and spillway .. The body of the dam is usually carried out in the narrowest gorge provided by nature on the course of the valley, in order to reduce the size of the dam and the cost to a minimum, provided that accommodates the course of the valley before the dam site to form a water reservoir manner to provide this resource, water flow to warrant the establishment of the dam. It is also available in the dam site geological conditions to ensure that bear the stresses applied by addition to the availability Hydrology appropriate conditions to ensure that the foundations of the dam and Lake storage to reduce water losses, to the extent economically acceptable

Bana Dam is 150 m high, 160 meters thick and 300000 cubic meters of concrete will be use in its construction.

Dam structure and design Concrete Arch

Concrete arch dams are built in narrow, steep-walled canyons. The canyon walls take up the thrust exerted by the arch and the pressure of the water. Such dams can be extraordinarily thin. Vaiont Dam is 265 metres high, but only 22.7 metres thick at its base. In comparison, Hoover Dam is 221 metres high and 201 metres thick at its base and has a partial arch effect. Glen Canyon Dam, which spans the Colorado River in Arizona, is the highest arch dam in the United States. It is 216 metres high and 475 metres long but contains less than four million cubic metres of concrete. Arch dams can be less expensive to build than gravity dams.

2-Bana Dam Desgin

Bana is an arch gravity dam, incorporating two principles.

Bana is a gravity dam stabilized by its weight

According to the first principle, the weight of the dam forces it into the ground due to its weight, thus helping it to remain stable. In another principle, the arch shape of the dam deflects the force of the water into the canyon walls through the compression of dam's concrete walls, using the compressive strength of concrete (concrete is very strong in compression).

Pressure deflection in Bana design

Major problem is the pouring of 300000 cubic meters of concrete. Plants will be install at the construction site to produce concrete locally. But the dam is too big to be made into a single concrete mount. If the concrete in the dam was poured in only one go, the concrete would not have settle. It is because when ingredients of concrete cement, sand, coarse aggregate combine in the presence of water, they start a chemical reaction, resulting in the generation of internal heat, thus slowing down the curing process. The large the pour, the larger the cure. If heat is not dispersed, cracks would form, weakening the structure.

To counteract the problem of heat generation, Bana dam will be build in series of inter locking blocks. This idea was conceived by a previous dam called Lower Crystal Spring dams.

Blocks used in construction of Bana

But Bana will be 20 times less than gigantic Lower Crystals Spring Dam. Each block is 5 ft high and is inter lock with the neighboring one and water will force between them.

Cooling of blocks through water pipes

To accelerate the setting of concrete, cool water pipes will pass through each block. Concrete mix will cool and cure faster. To speed up pouring of concrete in the mega structure, an elaborate overhead network of cables and pulleys will be designed, carrying vast buckets of concrete. Labors stayed on the site to spread, place and compact the poured in concrete. Due to this new method, a record breaking volume 1000 cubic meters of concrete will be pour in a single day.

Construction and Benefits

Before the construction could start, the Bana valley have to be diverted through tunnels. These tunnels would allow the water to bypass the site of the dam foundation, and later would contain the electric plant generators.

Building tunnels directly through the canyon rock walls required huge amounts of dynamite in order to remove rock, and enormous support structures to maintain the passageways. Once the first two tunnels where in place, cofferdams were built to divert the Bana valley. This accomplishment signaled that the actual dam construction could begin.
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Base Surface.
Because of its importance in the overall integrity of the dam, the foundation was a major factor in building a structure that would be assured not to fail. This necessitated the removal of the mud and muck at the valley bottom. Workers with the assistance of power shovels will excavate over (500,000 cubic yards) of these deposits. The massive undertaking that create Bana Dam captivate the public. Here a tour guide explains the dam's features to sightseeing visitors in 2012. Bana Dam will be a popular tourist attraction. Reach bedrock, sometimes over 12 meters (40 feet) below. At the same time, workers called "high scalars" blasted the walls to create a smooth joining surface for the dam.

Pouring Concrete.
The pouring of concrete will begin at the dam's base. Two-hundred-thirty blocks of concrete, totaling a volume of (.500000cubic yards), were used to complete the base . This pouring process is necessary to allow the concrete to properly dry.

Why we should Build Bana Dam?

The main reason for building Bana Dam is to supply the electrical power necessary to transport 2.4 million acre-feetover a quarter of the Bana valley average annual flowto Ibb city Soon, the dam also would supply water to Naderah, whose revenue will be used to finance more water projects. Bana Dam also will allowe waterworks along the lower Naderah to be safely construct and maintaine as they operate upstream on a (now) tamely flowing valley.

Benefits and Impacts

Because of Bana Dam, the Bana valley will be under ontrolle for the first time in history. Farmers will receive a dependable supply of water in Naderah, andTurbah city. Numerous cities such as Ibb city will be given an inexpensive source of electricity, permitting population growth and industrial development. Bana Dam also provided for flood control and irrigation. Even prior

to its completion however, concerns is expresse over the potential impacts of Bana Dam on aquatic systems.

3-Implementation

BanaTunnels

Bana tunnels diverting water from dam site There will be blasting for construction of plain dry area, upon which dam would be build, begin. To divert the Bana valley 4 tunnels will be excavate on each side of the Canyon measuring 1000 ft long and the diameter of the tunnel was 30ft, these were acting as diversion channels.

Bana Coffer Dams 2 small cofferdams will be build to force water into the tunnels. Also the drilling will continue. The digging, blasting, and debris removal as well will continue for 8 months, with men working 3 shifts 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Holidays will be observe only at Eid fiter , Eid Al-adha and 14rth October(the national day for Yemen) and Labor Day. The workers maybe will face harsh conditions but they will get 40% extra money. Proper ventilation will be provide, which work is extremely physically demanding. Men have to to swing 7's of feet down the canyon walls to remove dangerous loose rocks, using jacks and dynamites. Due to lack of safety measure men required nerves of steel. Since there was no paved roads , led into the canyon, men (as well as equipment) will be arrive at the work site by heavy vehicles. Workers used 70 pneumatic drills, hoses, and compressors to make holes in the canyon rock where explosives could be placed. Once holes will be drill, workers will use dynamite to blast into the rock and break it into smaller pieces that could be hauled away by dump trucks. A ton (0.1 metric tons) of dynamite will be required for every 5 feet (1.3 meters) of tunnel that workers dug into the canyon wall. Special team will visit the inside of the tunnels to ensure it will remain same for workers to work inside it. The tunnels will be lined with concrete and By sliding sticks of dynamite into holes bore into the canyon wall, workers will be able to blast and excavate large diversion tunnels. These tunnels, each about the size of a 4-lane highway, which is lined with 1 feet of concrete, allowing valley water to be transported away from the construction site at a rate of 300000 gallons per second.

4-Bana Dam and its impact:

Bana Dam will be a marvelous arch dam;will represent the great efforts and the height of architecture of human. It will show the Arab world a beautiful face with so many advantages such as a source of clean hydropower, an impressive wonder, amazing landscape etc. Bana, behind the positive appearance, Bana dam causes a lot of negative effects on the environment: valley bed lowering, greenhouse gases ejecting, ecosystem destroying and problems about the water itself.

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Valley bed lowering: After Bana dam will be construct, people gradually will realize that the groundwater table will be getting deeper. The reason for that phenomenon is the lowering of Bana Valley. During the coming years, the water stored in Lake Turbah kept digging the valley bed and it will made the valley bed below Bana dam get 4 meters deeper . The groundwater became deeper, and it will bring along with it a bunch of bad effects. Many plants in the floodplain are threatened, because they wont reach the new depth of the groundwater table. Greenhouse gases ejecting: The hydropower dams are supposed to help decrease the global warming problems by reducing the greenhouse gases. If people use electricity from hydropower plants instead of those made from fossil fuel, there will be less greenhouse gases. It is logical! However, the dams themselves are a great source of greenhouse gases. A study created by National Institute for Research in the Amazon pointed out that hydropower dams can release greenhouse gases from their reservoirs
(5*)

. These gases are carbon

dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), which is 25-times stronger than carbon dioxide. This is the valley of Bana vlley, before Bana dam project end of it is establishment. There were many trees along side the vally (Figure 2.1).

Bana Valley

Figure 2.1 11

When the dam will be complete, the water from upstream will store behind the dam, forming its reservoir. Bana dam has Lake Turbah as its reservoir. It expands to the length of 180km after the dam, contains approximately 35 km of water. It covers all the trees in 640 sq km of valley (7*) (Figure 2.2).

The water covered the valley

Figure 2.2

Because the trees may covere in water, they could not obtain any more sunlight and oxygen, and they will die. Then, under the process of bacteria, these trees will rot. As they rot, they release carbon dioxide and methane and these gases will come from the bottom of the lake or valley to the surface as bubbles (Figure 2.3).

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CO2 and CH4

Figure 2.3

When the bubbles reach the surface, they will ejects all the gases into the air (Figure 2.4).

CO2 and CH4 released

Figure 2.4

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But it is not just the plants create the greenhouse gases, the soil and animals can do it too. The soil contains a large amount of nutritive substance, and as it is store behind the dam, it just rots. Just the same as animals and fish which will die there, the soil will release methane and nitrous oxide into the air. Ecosystem destroying: The Bana Dam ecosystem, a part of the Nadera, is home to a number of animal species, including the bighorn sheep, coyote, ground squirrel. The valley tortoise in particular will suffere from the impact of the Bana Dam through the disruption of nesting grounds and destruction of nests by construction and visitors. The roadrunner, golden eagle and turkey vulture are just a few of the bird species found in the area, and the valley is also home to scorpions, and lizards. Attempts to avoid altering the bighorn sheep's natural environment guide the original construction plans of the dam, but more considerations of Bana Dam wildlife will include in the Bana Dam Bypass Project. The Bana Dam Bypass Project initiate in the 2011s to alleviate the impact of road traffic and potential road hazards on area wildlife by providing an alternate valley crossing. This project will provide Bana Dam wildlife crossing areas and tortoise protection policies for the construction of the dam, with the hopes of minimizing the impact of new construction on wildlife. The valley animals in the Bana Dam ecosystem live in a delicate balance that depends on specialized plant life to survive. A range of cactus types, valley flowers and bushes and nettles provide the basis of a fragile food chain. Plant life maybe will be affected by the change in the Bana Valley watershed and the harnessing of water flow, the erosion of the valley banks and the pollution maybe resulte from increased vehicle traffic. The draws of the Lake turbah recreational area and the Bana Dam visitor center also will increase the human impact of individuals through foot traffic, damage or removal of plants and litter. Several species of native and introduced fish that live in the Bana Valley also will feel the impact of Bana Dam. The catfish, sunfish and other fishes inhabiting the Bana Dam ecosystem will affect by a number of specific aspects of the dam, most notably the change in water temperature. The Bana Dam turbines lower the water temperature drastically, which result in the immediate extinction of several species of warm-water wish after the dam's completion. Furthermore, introduction of rainbow trout, which are cold-water fish, for recreational fishing has created competition with native species for resources. The impact of Bana Dam also includes significant yearly erosion of the banks of the valley as a result of pour

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concrete preventing natural silt deposits. This erosion will also affect the feeding and reproductive environments of the native species of fish. Problems with the water: The water will store behind Bana dam and it often is release from some depth, so the temperature of the water below the dam is usually not as high as it would be before the dam is there. The water flows temperature often remains unchanged, not affected by the natural seasonal variations that would have been the case in the free-flowing valley. Similarly, the chemistry of the water may be altered. The freeflowing water usually has higher oxygen level and lower dissolved salts level than the water in the Lake turbah.

The water will impound, and the potential of evaporation increases many times. Lake turba will have the great surface of 640 sp km, thousands of times larger than the Bana valleys surface. Because of such extensive area, the water lost by evaporation must be considered. The evaporation losses in Lake turbah in one year can be as great as 350 billion gal (1.3 trillion liters)

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5-Conclusion:
Bana DAM: The construction of the dam will start in 2011 in Yemen Purpose to produce electricity and to control floods Type gravity arch dam It will be The great Dam but renamed to The Bana Dam due to Banas massive role in its construction as a engineer, secretary of commerce and president of the Republic of Yemen. The main reason for building Bana Dam to supply the electrical power necessary to transport 2.4 million acre-feetover a quarter of the Bana valley's average annual flowto Naderah and Ibb city. the dam also will supply water to Turbah, whose revenue will be used to finance more water projects. Bana Dam also will allow waterworks along the lower Bana to be safely construct and maintain as they operate upstream on a (now) tamely flowing valley.

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6-Reference
http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Constructio n http://satellite-view.blogspot.com/2007/09/todays-site-from-space-hoover-dam.html http://www.sightseebyspace.com/view_link.php?txt_link_autoid=114 http://books.google.com.my/books?id=SYeEmU2aW9EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+o f+Dam&hl=en&ei=n7djTMHABo6ycdTg7ZYF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved= 0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.engpedia.com/index.php/Hoover_Dam,_Facts,_Statistics_and_Project_Construction http://www.alhandasa.net/forum/showthread.php?p=1930028

BUILDING AMERICA THEN AND NOW Yemen tourist authority http://www.alsahwa-yemen.net/arabic/

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