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Noise regulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. After the watershed passage of the United States Noise Control Act of 1972,[1] other local and state governments passed further regulations. Although the UK and Japan enacted national laws in 1960 and 1967 respectively, these laws were not at all comprehensive or fully enforceable as to address generally rising ambient noise, enforceable numerical source limits on aircraft and motor vehicles or comprehensive directives to local government.
Contents
1 History of noise regulation 1.1 United States initial legislation 1.2 Japan 1.3 Follow-up on initial U.S. laws 1.4 Europe and Asia 2 National controls in the U.S. program 3 U.S. State and local planning 4 Local noise ordinances in U.S. and Europe 5 Building codes 6 U.S. occupational safety regulations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links
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ordinances prohibit sound above a threshold intensity from trespassing over property line at night, typically between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., and during the day restricts it to a higher sound level; however, enforcement is uneven. Many municipalities do not follow up on complaints. Even where a municipality has an enforcement office, it may only be willing to issue warnings, since taking offenders to court is expensive. A notable exception to this rule is the City of Portland, Oregon, which has instituted an aggressive protection for its citizens with fines reaching as high at $5000 per infraction, with the ability to cite a responsible noise violator multiple times in a single day.[3]
Sound level meter, a basic tool in measuring sound.
Japan
Japan actually passed the first national noise control act, but its scope was much more limited than the U.S. law, addressing mainly workplace and construction noise.[4]
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Office at the City's Bureau of Development Services. Today its code is still one of the only comprehensive codes in the U.S. that not only regulates based on a given decibel level, but also includes sound limitations based on the specific pitch or frequency of the given noise.[citation needed]
Building codes
In the case of construction of new (or remodeled) apartments, condominiums, hospitals and hotels, many U.S. states and cities have stringent building codes with requirements of acoustical analysis, in order to protect building occupants from exterior noise sources and sound generated within the building itself.[8]. With regard to exterior noise, the codes usually require measurement of the exterior acoustic environment in order to determine the performance standard required for exterior building skin design. The architect can work with the acoustical scientist to arrive at the best cost-effective means of creating a quiet interior (normally 45 dBA). The most important elements of design of the building skin are usually: glazing (glass thickness, double pane design, etc.), roof material, caulking standards, chimney baffles, exterior door design, mail slots, attic ventilation ports and mounting of through the wall air conditioners. A special case of building skin design arises in the case of aircraft noise, where the FAA has funded extensive work in residential retrofit. Regarding sound generated inside the building, there are two principal types of transmission. First, airborne sound travels through walls or floor/ceiling assemblies and can emanate from either human activities in adjacent living spaces or from mechanical noise within the building systems. Human activities might include voice, amplified sound systems or animal noise. Mechanical systems are elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration or air conditioning systems, generators and trash compactors. Since many of these sounds are inherently loud, the principle of regulation is to require the wall or ceiling assembly to meet certain performance standards (typically Sound Transmission Class of 50), which allows considerable attenuation of the sound level reaching occupants. The second type of interior sound is called Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. This effect arises not from airborne transmission, but rather from transmission of sound through the building itself. The most common perception of IIC noise is from footfall of occupants in living spaces above. This type of noise is somewhat more difficult to abate, but consideration must be given to isolating the floor assembly above or hanging the lower ceiling on resilient channel. Commonly a performance standard of
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IIC equal to 50 is specified in building codes. California has generally led the U.S. in widespread application of building code requirements for sound transmission; accordingly, the level of protection for building occupants has increased markedly in the last several decades.
See also
A-weighting scale regarding the unit normally used in noise regulation Aircraft noise for a broader discussion of aircraft noise regulation Noise health effects for an exposition of human health and annoyance implications Noise pollution for a more full explanation of the underlying issues of environmental noise Timeline of environmental events shows relationship to other federal laws Loud music
References
1. ^ U.S. Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, P.L. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234, 42 U.S.C. 4901 (http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/4901.html) - 42 U.S.C. 4918 (http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/4918.html) 2. ^ U.S. Senate Public Works Committee. "Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972." S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session 3. ^ "City of Portland Code and Charter." Title 18, Chapter 18.18 "Title 18 Noise Control" (http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?c=28714#cid_18511) 4. ^ Government of Japan. Ministry of Environment. Law No. 98 of 1968. Latest amendment by Law No. 91 of 2000. 5. ^ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development survey. As reported by Kenneth Eldred at the Fifth International Congress on Noise as an International Problem, Sweden, 1988. 6. ^ a b Noise Pollution Clearinghouse, Montpelier, VT. "Noise Regulations & Ordinances of U.S. Cities, Counties and Towns." (http://www.nonoise.org/lawlib/cities/cities.htm) Accessed 2010-08-19. 7. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (09 1973). "Analysis of Highway Noise" (http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/) . Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (Springer) 2 (3): 387392. doi:10.1007/BF00159677 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00159677) . ISSN 0049-6979 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0049-6979) . http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/. 8. ^ Harris, David A. (1997). Noise Control Manual for Residential Buildings. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0070269422. 9. ^ U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Washington, D.C. "Occupational noise exposure." (http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9735) Code of Federal Regulations, 29 C.F.R. 1910.95 (http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/get-cfr.cgi? TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=current&TITLE=29&PART=1910&SECTION=95)
External links
U.S. EPA - Noise Pollution (http://www.epa.gov/air/noise.html) - General information and resources Airport Noise Law (http://www.airportnoiselaw.org/) - U.S.
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British noise laws (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/noise/index.htm) Addressing Wind Turbine Noise (http://www.danielalberts.info/papers/AddressingWindTurbineNoise.pdf) A primer for understanding noise control ordinances Noise Pollution Clearing House (http://www.nonoise.org/) - U.S. Acoustical Society of America (http://asa.aip.org/) American Institute of Architects (http://www.aia.org/) National Council of Acoustical Consultants (http://www.ncac.com/) Business & Institutional Furniture Manufacturer's Association (http://www.bifma.com/) Cambridge Sound Management (http://cambridgesoundmanagement.com/) Rutgers Noise Technical Assistance Center (http://www.envsci.rutgers.edu/org/rntac/tech.shtml/) Got Noise? (http://www.gotnoisect.org/) Working towards limiting traffic noise from I-95 in SW Connecticut. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise_regulation&oldid=460804595" Categories: Environmental science Noise pollution This page was last modified on 15 November 2011 at 17:21. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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