THE

ERRORS

OF

SIR

HALFORD

J.

MACKINDER,

AND

THE

SUCCESSES OF LEWIS TUMBS. Dr. Alexander Hillar-Puxeddu Famous English geopolitical Sir Halford John Mackinder, was born the 15 February of 1861, and died the 6 of March of 1947. Lewis Tumbs is one of the best specialists, in American geopolitics. On the errors of Mackinder, and the successes of Tumbs, we will speak next. 150 years of the birth of first finish being marked themselves. Although it had remarkable predecessors - Carl Ritter, Rudolf Kjellen, Alfred Mahan, Friedrich Ratzel and others, Mackinder was first with in anticipating a globalised geopolitics, when offering a universal and integrated geopolitical vision, although basically errors in his appreciations.

It initially proposed them in his work, the geographic pivot of history, dictated conference the 26 of January of 1904 in the Royal Geographic Society of London. There it incorporated his concept of pivot or `heartland' (terrestrial heart, vital nucleus). Soon and refined to its thesis in Democratic ideals reality (1919), with ideas used by the British in the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I (1914-1918). In that work it coined the expression: The one that commands in Eastern Europe, dominates the vital nucleus (heartland); who commands in the vital nucleus, dominates the world-wide island; the one that commands in the world-wide island, dominates the world. These ideas are erroneous in absolute way, because they try to make think that the nucleus of the world-wide dominion is in the axis Berlin-Moscow, and partly can have inspired to Haushofer, and soon to Hitler through this.

The dominion of the world, far from the thought of Mackinder, happens through axis of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India and China), and its satellites, like Argentina, Bolivia, Peru and Chile, in the case Brazil, Korea and Japan in the case of China, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore, in the case of India, and the ex- members of the USSR, in the case of Russia, these states are the owners of the world, and will bring about the European and North American decadence. Mackinder reflected the historical rivalry between terrestrial powers and marine, forgetting that it can have powers that reunite to both qualities, that is to say extensive territories with ample territorial sea, it repair that there are including Bolivia, because we

discarded an agreement with Chile, so that it facilitates the exit of his products by the Pacific. It affirmed that the nation (the pivot) that occupies the vast nears space of Eurasia someday would control planetary. This concept - mutatis mutandis- also served to analyze other regions, South America among them. Righter it has been Lewis Tambs, in its work on the geopolitics of Brazil, one of the BRICS, the axis of the world-wide dominion is moving from Europe towards the BRICS, and it includes the decadence of the EE.UU. and Europe, that is while more power is conquered by those states, but hard it will be the decadence of Europe and the EE.UU, vision that was not perceived by Mackinder, of there also which the ocean of the future is the Pacific, and not the Atlantic. With the height of the railroads, automotive and airplanes, Mackinder considered that the eurasitics steppes would fill with ways, airports and rails with external projections. That gigantic one to be able terrestrial would threaten the position - in that then preponderant one of Great Britain, traditional marine power. Another one of the nightmares of Mackinder was the possibility of an alliance GermanRussian able of controlling `heartland'. These ideas later were developed by German general Karl Haushofer. After the ephemeral pact of 1939 - that seemed to confirm the fears of Mackinder-, Germany and Russia, instead of

to be united, they fought bloodily to each other during 1941 and 1945, overcoming this last one, in a process that almost to him the existence to the German state costs, and try to what extent the ideas of Mackinder were mistaken. Throughout its 87 years of life, Mackinder had an enormous influence in the foreign policy of the USA and England. The father of `considers itself theory of wall' on the extinct Union Soviet, and imposed by USA. Also he is pioneering of the Organization of the Treaty of the North Atlantic (NATO), there he prophesied because it per 1924. Many of the ideas of Mackinder already fulfilled more of a century, and have stayed as part of the history of political geography, few continue being valid for the contemporary geopolitical analysis, in the international context -

interdependent and globalised of the present era, their conceptual errors have been very serious, and it has been reflected in the errors of the English diplomacy, that for example had to restitute the Falklands, and to retain Hong Kong. The collapse of the USSR in 1991, brought with himself the independence of countries that today comprise of the gigantic land mass of Central Asia, announced `heartland' of Mackinder. Who and how it will dominate those extensive places - from Kazakhstan to the desert of Gobi-, natural plenary sessions of internal rivalries and wealth, are a question for the future, but it in no way will affect the power of the Brics. But the power dominates that them (Russia, China, the USA) indeed it will not dominate the world-wide island: Europe, Asia and Africa. Central Asia is today object of particular interest, of all the institutes specialized in geostrategy. The destiny of the humanity cannot gamble there, but in the area of the Brics and its satellites. The errors of Mackinder have been to him expensive to the world and the West, and are the cause of the decay of the West, unless their ideas are rethink.

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